the cenozoic era 1.8 5.0 23.7 33.5 54.5 66.4 ma. major themes of the cenozoic earth –overall...
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The Cenozoic Era
1.8
5.0
23.7
33.5
54.5
66.4
Ma
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Major themes of the Cenozoic
• Earth– overall climatic cooling (“greenhouse to icehouse”)– changes in ocean circulation– Pangea breakup continues but slows– changes in position of land and sea– changes in oceanic nutrient levels
• Life– diversification and dominance of mammals– dominance of angiosperms– continuation of the Mesozoic Marine Revolution
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The Earth in the Cenozoic
• Changes in position of land and sea– destruction of Tethys– effects on climate– effects on ocean circulation– land bridges
• Changes in ocean circulation– cooling more vigorous circulation– continental position new current patterns
• Overall climatic cooling– continental position S. Hemisph. glaciation
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Glomar Challenger
JOIDES Resolution
The Deep Sea Drilling /Ocean Drilling Project(DSDP/ODP)
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Oxygen isotope paleothermometry
• O isotope fractionation is temperature-dependent (warmer temps more 16O, less 18O)
• expressed as ppt relative to PDB (Pee Dee Belemnite)
• need to correct for ice volume (more glacial ice SW enriched in 18O)
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Oxygen isotope paleothermometry
18O negative =warmer
18O positive =cooler
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Major climate events of the Cenozoic
• Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (LPTM)
• Eocene-Oligocene cooling / Antarctic glaciation
• Miocene cooling
• Pleistocene glaciation
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The carbon isotopic excursion at the P-E boundary
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Possible cause(s) for the LPTM
more hydrothermal activity
more CO2 warming release of
methane clathrates more CO2
warming
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Methane Hydrates
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Major climate events of the Cenozoic
• Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (LPTM)
• Eocene-Oligocene cooling / Antarctic glaciation
• Miocene cooling
• Pleistocene glaciation
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The breakup of Gondwanaland:the death of Tethys and the formation
of the Circumantarctic Current
• India collides with southern Asia (ca. 55 Ma)
• Australia separates from Antarctica (ca. 58 Ma)
• South America separates from Antarctica -- the Drake Passage (33.5-23.5 Ma)
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Major climate events of the Cenozoic
• Late Paleocene Thermal Maximum (LPTM)
• Eocene-Oligocene cooling / Antarctic glaciation
• Miocene cooling
• Pleistocene glaciation
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The rise of mammals
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Eocene Miocene
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The evolution of whales
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http://www.indiana.edu/~ensiweb/images/whal.amb.jpeg
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An artist's rendering of Rodhocetus. This mammal lived near the
shores of the Tethys Sea, between Asia and the South
Asian subcontinent, about 47 million years ago.
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The real fossil bones of the walking and swimming whale, Ambulocetus natans, are spread out in this picture with a sledgehammer for scale. The skeleton was about 12 feet long and is about 49 million years old. It was found in Pakistan.
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Basilosaurus, Eocene of Alabama
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