The Cell Theory The Cell Theory •All living things are made of All living things are made of cellscells• Cells are the units of Cells are the units of structure and function of all structure and function of all living thingsliving things•Living cells come only from Living cells come only from other living cells other living cells

Cell structures or cell Cell structures or cell organellesorganelles• Provide support and protectionProvide support and protection• Provide a barrier between the cell Provide a barrier between the cell

and its environmentand its environment• Repair cell partsRepair cell parts• Transport materialsTransport materials• Store and release energyStore and release energy• Eliminate wastesEliminate wastes• Allow cells to increase in number Allow cells to increase in number

Cell WallCell Wall

• Made of ____________Made of ____________

• _____ living_____ living

• Protects and _________ the plant cell Protects and _________ the plant cell

• Found only in _______ cells not Found only in _______ cells not ________ cells________ cells

Cell WallCell Wall

• Made of celluloseMade of cellulose

• Non livingNon living

• Protects and supports the plant cell Protects and supports the plant cell

• Found only in plant cells not animal Found only in plant cells not animal cellscells

Cell membraneCell membrane

• Outer covering of the _______Outer covering of the _______

• Protects and _________ the cellProtects and _________ the cell

• Animal cell membranes contain ________ Animal cell membranes contain ________ and plant cell membranes ________and plant cell membranes ________

• Controls the passage of materials Controls the passage of materials _____________of the cell_____________of the cell

• Semi-permeable (allows ______substances Semi-permeable (allows ______substances to pass in and out but not others)to pass in and out but not others)

Cell membraneCell membrane

• Outer covering of the cellOuter covering of the cell

• Protects and supports the cellProtects and supports the cell

• Animal cell membranes contain cholesterol Animal cell membranes contain cholesterol and plant cell membranes do notand plant cell membranes do not

• Controls the passage of materials into and Controls the passage of materials into and out of the cellout of the cell

• Semi-permeable (allows some substances Semi-permeable (allows some substances to pass in and out but not others)to pass in and out but not others)

NucleusNucleus

• Control center of the cellControl center of the cell

• Regulates or controls the ________ of Regulates or controls the ________ of the cellthe cell

• Surrounded by the ______________which Surrounded by the ______________which contains pores allowing the nucleus to contains pores allowing the nucleus to communicate the other organellescommunicate the other organelles

• _______directs the production of all _______directs the production of all cellular proteinscellular proteins

NucleusNucleus

• Control center of the cellControl center of the cell

• Regulates or controls the activities of the Regulates or controls the activities of the cellcell

• Surrounded by the nuclear membrane Surrounded by the nuclear membrane which contains pores allowing the nucleus which contains pores allowing the nucleus to communicate the other organellesto communicate the other organelles

• DNA directs the production of all cellular DNA directs the production of all cellular proteinsproteins

Cytoplasm Cytoplasm

• Clear thick jellylike substance Clear thick jellylike substance composed mostly of _______composed mostly of _______

• Organelles are suspended in the Organelles are suspended in the ____________________

CytoplasmCytoplasm

• Clear thick jellylike substance Clear thick jellylike substance composed mostly of watercomposed mostly of water

• Organelles are suspended in the Organelles are suspended in the cytoplasm cytoplasm

Endoplasmic ReticulumEndoplasmic Reticulum

• Clear _________ network of Clear _________ network of passageways passageways

• _____________ channel in the cell_____________ channel in the cell

Endoplasmic Reticulum Endoplasmic Reticulum

• Clear tubular network of Clear tubular network of passageways passageways

• Transport channel in the cellTransport channel in the cell

RibosomesRibosomes

• Produced in the __________Produced in the __________

• Site of ________________ Site of ________________

• Made primarily of ________Made primarily of ________

• Many are located along the Many are located along the __________________________________________________________

Ribosomes Ribosomes

• Produced in the nucleolusProduced in the nucleolus

• Site of protein synthesis Site of protein synthesis

• Made primarily of RNAMade primarily of RNA

• Many are located along the Many are located along the endoplasmic reticulum endoplasmic reticulum

MitochondriaMitochondria

• ____________of the cell____________of the cell

• Site of ______________ – sugar is Site of ______________ – sugar is broken down and energy is releasedbroken down and energy is released

• Has its own _______ Has its own _______

• Scientists believe that they may have Scientists believe that they may have been independent cells that invaded been independent cells that invaded other cells millions of years agoother cells millions of years ago

MitochondriaMitochondria

• Powerhouse of the cellPowerhouse of the cell

• Site of cellular respiration – sugar is Site of cellular respiration – sugar is broken down and energy is releasedbroken down and energy is released

• Has its own DNA Has its own DNA

• Scientists believe that they may have Scientists believe that they may have been independent cells that invaded been independent cells that invaded other cells millions of years agoother cells millions of years ago

VacuolesVacuoles

• Storage sacks for ________ _________ Storage sacks for ________ _________ or ____________or ____________

• Plant cells usually have _____ large Plant cells usually have _____ large vacuolevacuole

• Animal cells usually have a ______ Animal cells usually have a ______ small vacuolessmall vacuoles

VacuolesVacuoles

• Storage sacks for food water or Storage sacks for food water or wastewaste

• Plant cells usually have one large Plant cells usually have one large vacuolevacuole

• Animal cells usually have a few small Animal cells usually have a few small vacuolesvacuoles

LysosomeLysosome

• Common in ________ cells but not often Common in ________ cells but not often found in plant cellsfound in plant cells

• Small round organelles containing Small round organelles containing __________________

______________________

• Responsible for _________ food, digesting Responsible for _________ food, digesting old ____ _______ as part of the aging old ____ _______ as part of the aging process, absorption of tadpole tail in frog process, absorption of tadpole tail in frog developmentdevelopment

LysosomeLysosome

• Common in animal cells but not often Common in animal cells but not often found in plant cellsfound in plant cells

• Small round organelles containing Small round organelles containing digestive enzymesdigestive enzymes

• Responsible for digesting food, Responsible for digesting food, digesting old cell parts as part of the digesting old cell parts as part of the aging process, absorption of tadpole aging process, absorption of tadpole tail in frog developmenttail in frog development

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

• Contain the pigment ______________Contain the pigment ______________

• Site of _______________Site of _______________

• Found only in __________Found only in __________

ChloroplastsChloroplasts

• Contain the pigment chlorophyllContain the pigment chlorophyll

• Site of photosynthesisSite of photosynthesis

• Found only in plantsFound only in plants

Cell specializationCell specialization

• One celled organisms perform all One celled organisms perform all necessary life functionsnecessary life functions

• In multicellular organisms cells In multicellular organisms cells perform specialized functions perform specialized functions

Levels of Organization Levels of Organization

• Cells tissues organs Cells tissues organs

organ systems organisms organ systems organisms

Tissues – consist of cells similar in structure Tissues – consist of cells similar in structure and function ex: bone tissue or muscle and function ex: bone tissue or muscle tissuetissue

Organ – groups of tissues that work together Organ – groups of tissues that work together

Ex: heart (muscle tissue, blood tissue, Ex: heart (muscle tissue, blood tissue, nerve tissue) nerve tissue)

Levels of OrganizationLevels of Organization

• Organ system – groups of organs Organ system – groups of organs that work together (ex: circulatory that work together (ex: circulatory system (heart, arteries, veins, system (heart, arteries, veins, capillaries, blood)capillaries, blood)

• Organism – a group of organ systems Organism – a group of organ systems that work together (ex: humans, that work together (ex: humans, dogs, cats, trees, etc.)dogs, cats, trees, etc.)