the cell ch 3 i. cell fundamentals 1.all living things are made of cells 2.cells come from other...

THE THE CELLCELLTHE THE CELLCELL

CH 3CH 3CH 3CH 3

I. CELL FUNDAMENTALSI. CELL FUNDAMENTALSI. CELL FUNDAMENTALSI. CELL FUNDAMENTALS

1.1. All living things are made All living things are made of of cellscells

2.2. Cells come from other cellsCells come from other cells3.3. Cells maintain homeostasis at Cells maintain homeostasis at

the cellular levelthe cellular level4.4. Homeostasis at higher Homeostasis at higher

levels reflect the levels reflect the coordinated activities coordinated activities of of many cellsmany cells

A. Cells – The Functional UnitA. Cells – The Functional UnitA. Cells – The Functional UnitA. Cells – The Functional Unit

1.1. Somatic CellsSomatic Cells• Body cellsBody cells• Contain 46 (23 pr) of Contain 46 (23 pr) of

chromosomes - diploidchromosomes - diploid2.2. GametesGametes

• Sex cellsSex cells• Contain 23 unpaired Contain 23 unpaired

chromosomes - haploidchromosomes - haploid• Include eggs and spermInclude eggs and sperm

B. Two Classes of CellsB. Two Classes of Cells

C. FluidsC. Fluids 1.1.Extracellular Fluids (ECF)Extracellular Fluids (ECF)

– Bathe the outside of cellsBathe the outside of cells– Called Called interstitial fluids interstitial fluids

when found between cells in when found between cells in a tissuea tissue

2.2. Intracellular Fluids (ICFIntracellular Fluids (ICF))– Found inside cellsFound inside cells

3.3.ECF and ICF are ECF and ICF are separated by a separated by a

cell membranecell membrane

II.II. Cell MembraneCell Membrane Also called the Also called the Plasma Plasma MembraneMembrane or or Plasmalemma Plasmalemma

II.II. Cell MembraneCell Membrane

1.1. Physical IsolationPhysical Isolation

2.2.Regulation of exchange Regulation of exchange

3.3.Cellular communicationCellular communication

A. A. FunctionFunction

1. Made of 1. Made of phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer

a. hydrophobichydrophobic tailstails point inward

b.b. hydrophilic headshydrophilic heads point outward

B. Fluid Mosaic ModelB. Fluid Mosaic Model

c. c. FluidFluid1. Made of 1. Made of phospholipid bilayerphospholipid bilayer

2.2. Made of proteins, Made of proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterolcarbohydrates and cholesterol


a. Cholesterol mca. Cholesterol mc


• are scattered throughout membrane

• help stabilize membrane

2.2. Proteins, carbohydrates and Proteins, carbohydrates and cholesterolcholesterol

2.2. Proteins, carbohydrates Proteins, carbohydrates and cholesteroland cholesterol

b. Carbohydratesb. Carbohydrates• Lubricate

and protect the cell

• Anchor the cell in place

• Act as receptors or identity markers

c.c. ProteinsProteins

1) Kinds:1) Kinds:

2. Proteins, carbohydrates 2. Proteins, carbohydrates and and cholesterolcholesterol

• IntegralIntegral

• PeripheralPeripheral

c.c. ProteinsProteins 2) functions

3) Some Transport 3) Some Transport ProteinsProteins

•UniportUniport•SymportSymport•AntiportAntiport

c.c. ProteinsProteins

A. Membrane PermeabilityA. Membrane Permeability

1. Selectively permeable

III. Membrane TransportIII. Membrane Transport

A. Membrane PermeabilityA. Membrane Permeability

2.2.Factors Factors affecting affecting permeabilitpermeabilityy


• Mc size• Solubility in lipids

O2 CO2 & steroids pass easily

• Ionic charge• Carrier molecules

B. Passive TransportB. Passive Transport1. requires no energy2. occurs with the concentration

gradient3 examples


a. Diffusion

3 examplesa. Diffusion

Factors: • Distance • Gradient • Molecule size• Electrical forces

2. examplesb. Osmosis - diffusion of

water

Water moves from high water (low solute) concentration to low water

Important TermsImportant Terms• Hypotonic

Solution has lower % solute than the cell; water moves out of cell

• HypertonicHypertonic

Solution has higher % solute than the cell; water moves into the cell


• HypertonicHypertonic • HypertonicHypertonic

Solution has same % solute as the cell; water movement in = out


• crenation• lysis

Important Important TermsTerms

B. Passive TransportB. Passive Transport2. examples

c. Facilitated diffusionc. Facilitated diffusion• uses membrane proteins • example: glucose is

carried by permeaseNo energy No energy

required!required!

One Model of Facilitated Diffusion

transport proteinphospholipid

solute molecule

Predict the Result of Facilitated Diffusion

B. Passive TransportB. Passive Transport2 examples

d. Filtration• Occurs when pressure is

exerted on the fluids and solutes

• Kidneys

• Dialysis

C. Active TransportC. Active Transport

1.1. requires requires energy –energy –

ATPATP

2.2. movement movement

of mc of mc against against thethe

concentration gradientconcentration gradient

Uses 40% of ATP in cell!Uses 40% of ATP in cell!

3. Kinds of Active Transport3. Kinds of Active Transporta. Protein transport a. Protein transport pumpspumps

move ions into and out move ions into and out of of the cell against the cell against

their their gradients gradients

Active Transport Pumps

3. Kinds of Active Transport3. Kinds of Active Transportb. Vesicular transportb. Vesicular transport

1) Endocytosis1) Endocytosis

a. phagocytosis phagocytosis –– “cell eating”,

b. pinocytosis -pinocytosis - “cell drinking”

3. Endocytosis3. Endocytosis

Exocytosis

cytoplasm

3. Kinds of Active Transport3. Kinds of Active Transportb. Vesicular transportb. Vesicular transport

2) 2) exocytosisexocytosis

IV. The NucleusIV. The NucleusIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus

A. StructureA. StructureIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus

1. has double membrane

• With poresWith pores

• Connects Connects to ERto ER

A. StructureA. StructureIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus

2. Contains• NucleoplasmNucleoplasm• NucleolusNucleolus

•1 or 2•Stores RNA for ribosome production

• ChromatinChromatin•Genetic material•DNA; Chromosomes

Chromosome StructureChromosome Structure2. Contains

• NucleoplasmNucleoplasm• NucleolusNucleolus

•1 or 2•Stores RNA for ribosome production

• ChromatinChromatin•Genetic material•DNA; Chromosomes

1.Store and processes genetic information

• Control Cell Functions

B. FunctionB. FunctionIV. The NucleusIV. The Nucleus

V.V. The CytoplasmThe Cytoplasm

A. GeneralA. General 1. Protoplasm

w/in cell but external to

nucleus 2.2. Contains organellesContains organelles3. Site of most chemical

rx4. 75-90% water

V. The CytoplasmV. The Cytoplasm

B. B. Cytosol –Cytosol –

viscous, semi-transparent fluid background environment made of a complex mixture of colloids and solutions.

V. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmC. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles

a.a. Function:Function: ATP production

V. The CytoplasmV. The CytoplasmC. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles

1. Mitochondria1. Mitochondria

POWER POWER HOUSEHOUSE OF THE CELL

11. Mitochondria. Mitochondriab.b.StructureStructure - rod shaped

w/ double membrane

crista

matrix

11. Mitochondria. Mitochondriab.b.StructureStructure –

contain their own DNA and ribosomes

c. able to self-replicate

a.network of membranous channels

b.Function: synthesis of secretions, storage, transport & detoxification

C. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles

2. Endoplasmic Reticulum2. Endoplasmic Reticulum

c.c. Two varieties of ERTwo varieties of ER1)1) Rough ERRough ER

• has ribosomes• modifies proteins

2)2) Smooth ERSmooth ER• No ribosomes • Involved in synthesis of

lipids, cholesterol, steroid hormones, stores Ca ions

• In liver involved in toxin breakdown

33. THE GOLGI BODY. THE GOLGI BODY1. Consists of stacks of

flattened sacs arranged like a stack of bowls

2. 2. Involved in modifying Involved in modifying and packaging proteins into and packaging proteins into vessiclesvessicles

3.3. Vessicles migrate to and Vessicles migrate to and merge with plasma merge with plasma membrane releasing membrane releasing contents externallycontents externally


- the cells' garbage disposal - the cells' garbage disposal system system

1. contain digestive enzymes2.2. function in the digestion of function in the digestion of

fats fats and lipidsand lipids3.3. degrade the products of degrade the products of

ingestion and worn out ingestion and worn out organellesorganelles

44. Lysosomes. LysosomesC. C. Membrane Bound OrganellesMembrane Bound Organelles

5. Peroxisomes5. Peroxisomes


11. . CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETON

a. Functions• Maintain cell Maintain cell

shapeshape• Movement of Movement of

cell cell organellesorganelles• Locomotion Locomotion of cellof cell

D. Nonmembranous OrganellesD. Nonmembranous Organelles

1. 1. CYTOSKELETONCYTOSKELETONb. A network of rod-like proteins:• Microtubules Microtubules – support in

movement (cilia, flagella)• MicrofilamentsMicrofilaments – support (muscles)


22. microvilli. microvilli

increase surface area of the membrane.

B. Nonmembranous OrganellesB. Nonmembranous Organelles

3.3. CiliaCiliabeat rhythmically beat rhythmically move fluids across the move fluids across the surfacesurface

4.4. FlagellaFlagella move a cell through move a cell through surrounding fluid surrounding fluid (sperm)(sperm)

5. Centrioles 5. Centrioles direct chromosome direct chromosome movement during movement during mitosismitosis

B. Nonmembranous OrganellesB. Nonmembranous Organelles

6. RibosomesRibosomesa.a. Involved in protein

synthesisb. Made of rRNA and proteinc. May be free in the cytoplasm or attached

to the ER


5. InclusionsInclusionsstored nutrients in the cytoplasm


VI. CELL DIVISIONVI. CELL DIVISION

A. Why do cells A. Why do cells divide?divide?

• the surface area to volume ratio is in not large enough to meet the needs of the cell

B. The Purpose of Cell B. The Purpose of Cell DivisionDivision

growth, repair, maintenance

C. The Cell CycleC. The Cell Cycle1.Describes the

continuous sequence of events in the life of a cell

2.Consists of 4 main phases

G1 S G2 M

The Cell CycleThe Cell Cycle

3. Regulation of the Cell 3. Regulation of the Cell CycleCycle

•Specialized proteinsSpecialized proteinsfunction to block the cell cycle if the DNA is damaged

•CancerCancera disease where regulation of the cell cycle goes awry and normal cell growth and behavior is lost

D. MitosisD. Mitosis1.Division of the nucleus2. the chromosome number

is conserved in each of the daughter cells

3.Stages of Mitosis• Interphase• Prophase• metaphase

Stages of MitosisStages of Mitosis• Prophase• Metaphase• Anaphase• Telophase. • The division of the cytoplasm The division of the cytoplasm that follows is called that follows is called cytokinesis. cytokinesis.

ALL TOGETHER NOWALL TOGETHER NOW

http://www.cellsalive.com/mitosis.htm

Identify the Stages

A

B

C DE

the cell ch 3 i. cell fundamentals 1.all living things are made of cells 2.cells come from other...

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