the caribbean: a region in motion andrea queeley, ph.d. asst. professor of anthropology and african...
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The Caribbean: A Region in The Caribbean: A Region in MotionMotion
Andrea Queeley, Ph.D.
Asst. Professor of Anthropology and African and African Diaspora Studies
Florida International University
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OverviewOverview
Where is the Caribbean?Who is a Caribbean?What is Caribbean culture?
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Caribbean GeographyCaribbean GeographyFive Areas of Insular CaribbeanFive Areas of Insular Caribbean
% of total land mass (91K sq. mi)% of total land mass (91K sq. mi)
Bahamas Islands (6%)Greater Antilles (88%)Lesser Antilles (4%)Cayman Islands, Aruba, Bonaire, Curaçao
(2%)
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Greater AntillesGreater Antilles
CubaHispaniola: HAITI and the DOMINICAN
REPUBLICJamaicaPuerto Rico
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Lesser AntillesLesser Antilles
From the Virgin Islands to Trinidad and Tobago
Section from Virgin Islands to Grenada divided into Leeward (NORTH) and Windward Islands (SOUTH)
Leeward: from Virgin Islands to Dominica Windward: from Martinique to Grenada
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Leeward IslandsLeeward Islands
Virgin Islands (BR, US) Anguilla (BR) St. Martin/Marteen (FR, NTH) St. Barts, Saba, St. Eustacius (NTH) St. Kitts and Nevis (IND) Antigua and Barbuda (IND) Montserrat (BR) Guadeloupe (FR) Dominica (IND)
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Windward IslandsWindward Islands
Martinique (FR)St. Lucia (IND)St. Vincent and the Grenadines (IND)Grenada (IND)
* Barbados, Trinidad and Tobago in area but are not considered to be part of the Windwards
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Areas of the Circum-Areas of the Circum-CaribbeanCaribbean
South America: Guyana, Suriname, French Guiana, Northern coasts of Venezuela and Colombia, Northeastern Brazil
Central America: Panama, Costa Rica, Nicaragua, Honduras, Belize, Northeastern Mexico
Miami and New Orleans (?)
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S. Florida New OrleansS. Florida New Orleans
Spanish territory from 1513-1763
Climate Proximity to
Caribbean Population due to
migration
French territory until early 19th c (1804)
Spanish occupation (1763-1804)
Destination for Cubans and Haitians in (18th and 19th centuries)
United Fruit Company head quarters
Creole language, food, festival culture
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Indigenous PresenceIndigenous Presence(pop. approx. 750K)(pop. approx. 750K)
Ciboney: migrated from Florida and the Bahamas around 2000BC
Arawaks (Taínos): migrated from South America around 300BC
Caribs: migrated from South America around 1000AD (note: more recent arrival, somewhat militaristic)
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Decimation of Indigenous Decimation of Indigenous PopulationPopulation
DiseaseDeprivationInfant MortalitySuicideMassacreCultural collapseMixture
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Indigenous LegacyIndigenous Legacy
Language (gua gua, bohio, guajiro, conuco)Naming (Caribbean)AncestryCommunities (Caribs of Dominica and St.
Vincent, Taínos in Cuba)National Identity: Narrative of Resistance
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European PresenceEuropean Presence
Approx. 2 million migrated to the Caribbean and Latin America by 1800
Primary colonizing powers: Spanish, French, British, Dutch, Portuguese
An additional 7-9 million arrived in the Caribbean and LA beginning in the late 19th century, primarily Southern Europeans, Germans, Slavs, Britons, French
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African PresenceAfrican Presence
Estimated 10-15 million Africans were brought to the Americas
600K to U.S., 5-6 million to Brazil, 5 million to Caribbean (2 to British Caribbean, 800K to San Domingue)
Caribbean receives 50% of Africans in 17th c, 60% in 18th c., and 40% in 19th c
Current population: 39 million, 73% of whom are Afro-Caribbean
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Asian Migration: Asian Migration: Abolition and the Problem of LaborAbolition and the Problem of Labor
Abolition of the Trade- British: 1807- French: 1802 then
1817- Dutch: 1818- Spanish: 1820
Abolition of Slavery- British: 1838- French: 1848- Dutch: 1863- Spanish
-Mainland: 1811
-DR: 1801-05, 1822
-PR: 1873
-Cuba: 1886
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Asian Indentured LaborAsian Indentured Labor
Between 1838 and 1924, approximately 700,000 people migrate from Asia to the Caribbean
536,000 migrants to British West IndiesMajority from India (80%)China and Java (20%)
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Asian Presence: Destinations Asian Presence: Destinations (1830-1917)(1830-1917)
Chinese- 126K to Cuba- 18K to British
Caribbean (most to Guiana, fewer to Trinidad, Jamaica and Surinam)
Indians- 240K to British
Guiana- 144K to Trinidad- 106K to French
Caribbean
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Arab and Jewish PresenceArab and Jewish Presence
Jews: Spain and Portugal in 15th c; Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, and Egypt in 19th century
Lebanese, Syrians, Palestinians in late 19th cFleeing persecutionCentral involvement in commerce
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Post-Emancipation Post-Emancipation Intraregional MigrationsIntraregional Migrations
Frustrated FreedomAnglo-Caribbean to Spanish-speaking
Caribbean and Central AmericaU.S. presence in the regionRailroad, Panama Canal, Agro-industryCirculation of labor, goods, ideasOrigins of the Garvey Movement
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Migrations: Creation of the Migrations: Creation of the Circum-CaribbeanCircum-Caribbean
A Rising Voice: Afro-Latin America– Brazil– Nicaragua – Honduras
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LanguagesLanguages
English Spanish Dutch French Portuguese
Kréyol Creole/Patois Papiamentu Garifuna
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Heterogeneity: Heterogeneity: Diverse Religious TraditionsDiverse Religious Traditions
Christianity (Catholic, Protestant, Revivalist—Pentecostals, Baptists, Seventh-Day Adventists, Shouters)
Islam Judaism Hinduism
Lucumí (Santería), Palo Monte, Espiritismo (Cuba)
Candomble (Brazil) Vodun (Haiti) Spiritual Baptists (Anglo-
Caribbean) Shango (Trinidad) Rastafari Obeah (Jamaica)
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Religion and SpiritualityReligion and Spirituality
Spirit PossessionRelationship to Natural WorldAncestor VenerationDivinationDiffuse, decentralizedConcrete, practical solutionsRitual healing and harming
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The Art of SportThe Art of Sport
CapoeiraCricketFutbolBaseballDominoes
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Selected SourcesSelected Sources
Chomsky, A.,Barry Carr, and Pamela Smorkaloff, eds. 2003. Indigenous Society and Conquest. In The Cuba Reader: History, Culture, Politics. Durham: Duke University Press.
Geggus, David. 2007. The sounds and echoes of freedom: the impact of the Haitian Revolution on Latin America. In Beyond Slavery: The Multi-layered Legacy of Africans in Latin America and the Caribbean. Davis, Darién J., ed. Lantham: Rowman and Littlefield.
Look Lai, Walter. 2004. The Chinese Indenture System in the British West Indies and Its Aftermath. In The Chinese in the Caribbean. Andrew Wilson, ed. Princeton: Markus Weiner Publishers.
Randall, Stephen J., 2009. “The Historical Context”, in Understanding the Contemporary Caribbean in Hillman, Richard and Thomas D’Agostino, eds. Colorado: Lynne Reinner Publishers.
http://www.miamiherald.com/multimedia/news/afrolatin/index.html