the canadian nuclear factbook 2013

8/12/2019 The Canadian Nuclear Factbook 2013

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TABLE OF CONTENTSList of Acronyms ............................................................. 1

Message from the President .......................................... 2

Executive Summary ........................................................ 3

History of Nuclear in Canada ......................................... 5

Nuclear Power Globally ................................................. 8Nuclear Power in Canada ............................................ 13

Nuclear and the Environment ...................................... 20

Uranium ........................................................................ 26

Nuclear Reactors ......................................................... 33

Management of Used Nuclear Fuel ............................. 39Science & Technology .................................................. 45

Radiation Safety ............................................................ 52

Resources ..................................................................... 58

TalkNUclear with the CNA ........................................... 61


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MESSAGE FROM THE PRESIDENTI am pleased to introduce the 2013 CanadianNuclear Factbook. This book is designed tofit in your pocket so that it can be drawnupon in any setting. It can help you andothers learn more about nuclear, whichis central to our mission at the Canadian

Nuclear Association.This book tells us about the history of nuclear

power; the extent to which the technology is used worldwide;and its economic and environmental benefits. The accessiblefacts and graphics also show us how nuclear provides over 17% ofCanadas electricity with virtually no greenhouse gas emissions.

We also learn about how nuclear science and technologyadvances materials science, and about the crucial role of nucleartechnology in modern medical imaging, diagnosis, and treatment.

Canadas nuclear industry directly and indirectly employs over60,000 Canadians. These jobs are long-term, high-quality,and well paid with firms that make impressive investments inworkforce development and in their communities.

Canadians who live and work in our host communities supportour industry and value its contribution to their quality of life.We hope that you will too, and that this book will help toinform your understanding and that of your colleagues,family, friends, students and professional contacts.

To learn more about us, visit our website atwww.cna.ca,

and join the conversation on Facebook, Twitter, and ourTalkNUclear.cablog.

Heather KlebPresident and CEO (Acting),Canadian Nuclear Association
http://www.cna.ca/http://www.talknuclear.ca/http://www.talknuclear.ca/http://www.cna.ca/


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EXECUTIVE SUMMARYThe 2013 Canadian Nuclear Factbook is packed fullof great, new, up-to-date information on nuclear inCanada and around the world. Here are a few of thekey highlights you will find inside:

There are currently 389 operating nuclear reactors

worldwide, in 31 countries. Nuclear provided12.96% of global electric power in 2010.

62 reactors are under construction worldwide,primarily in emerging economies such as Chinaand India.

Nuclear power generation helps reduce global CO2

emissions, which hit a record high of 34.8 billiontonnes in 2011. By displacing fossil fuel powersources, nuclear prevents more CO2release than iscaused by all the cars in the Western Hemisphere.

Nuclear is the most efficient power source by landarea. It is at least 15 times more efficient thanrenewable energy sources.

DID YOU KNOW?

FISSIONING URANIUM IS THE MOST ENERGY-RICH SOURCE OFCOMMERCIAL ELECTRICITY USED TODAY. IT RELEASES MORE

THAN 20,000 TIMES MORE ENERGY PER GRAM THAN COAL.


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EXECUTIVESUMMARY

Nuclear technology is a major and integral part ofCanadian manufacturing and innovation, contributingwell over $5B to the Canadian economy through manyimportant channels.

Canada has 19 operating power reactors producingapproximately 17% of Canadian electricity.

Canadian nuclear technology was among the first andmost innovative to emerge globally. Currently, there are47 CANDU (or CANDU-derivative) reactors worldwide,60% of which are operating outside of Canada.

Canada is the worlds leading provider of medicalisotopes, and the second-leading producer of uranium.

Canadas nuclear industry directly employs over

30,000 Canadians a number that is poised toincrease to 42,000 by 2017 if current investmentplans are realized.

Canadas nuclear industry is among the most highlymonitored and regulated industries in the world.

WORLD LEADER!

RICHEST GLOBAL RESERVES!

THREE NOBEL

PRIZES!

30,000 DIRECT +

30,000 INDIRECT!GLOBAL PIONEER!


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6

1954 Wilfrid B. Lewis initiates the development of the

CANDU reactor through cooperation betweenAECL, Ontario Hydro, and Canadian GeneralElectric Company.

1957 The National Research Universal (NRU) reactor a multi-purpose research facility comes intooperation at Chalk River.

1962 The Nuclear Power Demonstration (NPD) reactor Canadas first electricity-producing reactor, and theprototype for the CANDU reactor design comesonline, at a capacity of 22 MWe.

1964 AECL develops the first commercial cobalt-60sterilizer for food and medical supplies.

1968 The Douglas Point facility Canadas first full-scalenuclear generating station comes online inKincardine, ON, at a capacity of 220 MWe.

1972 First CANDU outside Canada comes onlineat Rajasthan-1 in India.

1973 All four units at Pickering A completed, for a totalcapacity of 2060 MWe, becoming the largest nuclearpower generating station in the world at the time.

1982 Nuclear expands beyond Ontario with both PointLepreau NGS and Gentilly-2 NGS coming on-linein New Brunswick and Qubec, respectively, eachcapable of producing 635 MWe. Qubec had previouslyoperated the Gentilly-1 NGS as a prototype.

1983 CANDU reactors are 7 of the top 10 best-performingreactors worldwide.

1994 Bertram N. Brockhouse awarded Nobel Prize inPhysics for his research on neutron scatteringat Chalk River.

HISTORYOFNUCLEARINCANADA


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HISTORYOFNUCLEARINCANADA

1996 Two CANDU reactors sold to China, the largest

commercial contract between the two countries atthe time. These reactors (Qinshan-4 and 5) werecompleted in 2003 ahead of schedule and underbudget and were the fastest-ever constructednuclear power facilities in China.

2000 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC)

created under the Nuclear Safety and ControlActto replace the former AECB.

2002 Nuclear Fuel Waste Actpassed, mandating thecreation of the Nuclear Waste ManagementOrganization (NWMO). Later, in 2007, the federalgovernment approved the NWMOs AdaptivePhased Management approach for the long-

term storage of spent nuclear fuel.2010 Nuclear energy generates over 58% of Ontarios total

electricity, Ontario Power Generation (OPG) plans toproceed with the detailed planning for the mid-liferefurbishment of Darlington NGS.

2011 AECLs Commercial Operations acquired by CanduEnergy Inc., wholly owned subsidiary of Canadianengineering company SNC-Lavalin. AECL remainsa federal Crown corporation and the corporate headoffice moves to Chalk River.

2012 Nuclear-powered Curiosity rover lands on Marscarrying Canadian analytical equipment and sendsphotos back to Earth.

2012 OPG granted License to Prepare Site for DarlingtonNew Nuclear Project.

2012 Refurbishments at Bruce Power and Point LepreauNGS complete and units return to service.


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NUCLEAR POWER AROUND THE WORLD Nuclear power is the largest non-hydro source of

low-carbon, clean energy worldwide. In 2010, 12.96%of global electricity was generated by nuclear power.

Nuclear power generation helps avoid about 2.5 billiontonnes of CO2emissions annually worldwide.

Currently, there are 389 nuclear reactors operatingor undergoing refurbishment worldwide, with a netcapacity of approximately 330 GWe.1

Reactors in operation/being refurbished: 389Reactors under construction: 64Reactors planned: 113

Following the earthquake and tsunami of March 11, 2011,48 Japanese and 8 German otherwise operationalreactors were indefinitely shut down, although Japanhas since announced its intentions to return to usingnuclear power.

GLOBAL SOURCES OF ELECTRICITY

Nuclear 12.96%

Hydro 16.82%

Fossil 68.16%

Wind 1.69%

Geothermal 0.33%Solar, Tidal,& Wave 0.15%

SOURCE: U.S. Energy Information Administration.2


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MAP OF CURRENTLY OPERATINGNUCLEAR POWER REACTORS

SOURCE: International Atomic Energy Agency.1

* Numbers in brackets include operational reactors shut downfollowing the events at Fukushima in March 2011.


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NUCLEAR REACTORS AROUND THE WORLD

64 new nuclear reactors are under constructionin 14 different countries.

Because nuclear quickly provides large quantitiesof emissions-free power, it is a choice technologyfor fast-growing countries such as India and China.

DID YOU KNOW?

ELECTRICITY CONSUMPTION INCREASED BY 305%

IN CHINA BETWEEN 2000 AND 2010.

Global nuclear capacity will increase by approximately18.5% by the end of the decade.

SOURCE: International Atomic Energy Agency.1

ARGENTINA

ARMENIA

BELGIUM

BRAZIL

BULGARIA

CANADA

CHINA, MAINLAND

CZECH REPUBLIC

FINLAND

FRANCE

GERMANY

HUNGARY

INDIA

IRAN

JAPAN

KOREA RO (SOUTH)

MEXICO

NETHERLANDS

PAKISTAN

ROMANIA

RUSSIA

SLOVAKIA

SLOVENIA

SOUTH AFRICA

SPAIN

SWEDEN

SWITZERLAND

TAIWANUNITED ARAB EMIRATES

UKRAINE

UNITED KINGDOM

UNITED STATES

VIETNAM

Operating

In Construction

Shut DownPost-Fukushima

Planned Reactors


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GLOBAL NUCLEAR POWER IN CONTEXT Nuclear generates 12.96% of global electricity.

Fossil fuels are the most widely used source at 68.16%.

Hydroelectric power continues to be the largest sourceof low-carbon electricity globally.

Renewable sources other than hydro such as wind,solar, tidal, and wave generate less than 2% ofglobal electricity.

GLOBAL ELECTRICITY GENERATION SINCE 1980

0%

20%

40%

60%

80%

100%

2008

2010

2006

2004

2002

2000

1998

1996

1994

1992

1990

1988

1986

1984

1982

1980

Solar, Tide, & WaveGeothermal

Wind

Nuclear

Hydro

Fossil

SOURCE: U.S. Energy Information Administration.2


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MONEY MATTERS Nuclear remains one of the most affordable electricity

sources worldwide.

While nuclear generating stations require high up-frontcapital investment, their long life and low costs for fuel,operations, and maintenance lead to low power costs in

the long run. According to the Organization for Economic Co-operation

and Development (OECD), with carbon pricing of US$30/tonne, the costs of electricity for nuclear would besignificantly less than most low-carbon alternatives.

COSTS PER kWh

LOW

nuclear powernatural gas 7.66 /kWh

onshore wind 7.39 /kWh offshore wind 11.91 /kWh

solar PV 21.93 /kWh

HIGHnuclear power

natural gas 8.28 /kWh onshore wind 10.49 /kWh offshore wind 17.07 /kWh

solar PV 33.27 /kWh

SOURCE: Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).3

LOW AND HIGH PRICE ESTIMATES ARE BASED ON AVERAGECANADIAN AND US COST DATA AVAILABLE IN STUDY.

4.87 /kWh

7.74 /kWh


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NUCLEAR IN CANADA BY THE NUMBERS There are 19 nuclear power reactors currently

operating at 4 facilities nuclear power generatingstations in Canada.

Nuclear power provides approximately 17.08%of Canadas electricity as of February 2013.

Hydro power is the most utilized source of electricityin Canada, generating approximately 62.76% ofCanadas electricity.

Coal continues to be a widely utilized source ofelectricity in some parts of the country, particularlyin Alberta and Saskatchewan.

Wind and solar combined supply approximately1.46% of Canadas electricity combined.

ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN CANADA IN 2012

DID YOU KNOW?

NUCLEAR POWER HELPS AVOID 89 MILLION TONNES OF CO2EMISSIONS IN CANADA ANNUALLY OR THE SAME AMOUNTAS TAKING 81% OF CANADAS CARS OFF THE ROAD!

Hydro 62.76%

Coal 14.33%

Nuclear 17.08%

Natural Gas 4.52%

Wind 1.46%

Solar, Tidal& Other


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CANADAS NUCLEAR POWER REACTORS

DID YOU KNOW?

IN TOTAL, CANADAS NUCLEAR FLEET PROVIDESENOUGH ELECTRICITY FOR ALMOST 9 MILLION OFCANADAS 13.3 MILLION HOUSEHOLDS.5

SOURCE: World Nuclear Association.6

FACILITY NET CAPACITY(MWe)

OPERATING STATUS STARTYEAR

Bruce A: Unit 1 772 Operating 1977Bruce A: Unit 2 772 Operating 1977Bruce A: Unit 3 730 Operating 1978Bruce A: Unit 4 730 Operating 1979

Bruce B: Unit 5 817 Operating 1985Bruce B: Unit 6 817 Operating 1984Bruce B: Unit 7 817 Operating 1986Bruce B: Unit 8 817 Operating 1987Darlington: Unit 1 878 Operating 1992Darlington: Unit 2 878 Operating 1990Darlington: Unit 3 878 Operating 1993Darlington: Unit 4 878 Operating 1993Pickering A: Unit 1 515 Operating 1971Pickering A: Unit 4 515 Operating 1973Pickering B: Unit 1 516 Operating 1983Pickering B: Unit 2 516 Operating 1984Pickering B: Unit 3 516 Operating 1985Pickering B: Unit 4 516 Operating 1986Point Lepreau 635 Operating 1983


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NUCLEAR AND THE CANADIAN ECONOMY Nuclear power generation plays an important role

in providing Canada with a safe and reliable sourceof base load electricity, supporting many stable jobs,and contributing significantly to federal and provincialtax revenue.

Nuclear in Canada is a GREATER THAN $5Bindustry,with average annual wages around $100,000.

Nuclear power generation directly and indirectlysupports a total of 60,000 Canadian jobs, which wouldincrease to 84,000 by 2017 if current investment plansare realized.

Over 4,000 of these jobs are held by highly qualifiedpersonnel who form a large and integral part ofCanadas innovative capacity.7

PROJECTED GROWTH OF 24,000+ BY 2017

10,000

10,000

2,000

2,0

0025,000

25,0005,000

5,000

CURRENT JOBS

power generation

mining

PROJECTED

GROWTH BY 2017 power generation

mining


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BRUCE POWERNUCLEAR GENERATING STATION (NGS)

Bruce Power NGS is the largest operating nuclearpower facility in the world. It is located on the shore ofLake Huron, 190 km from downtown Toronto, Ontario,and first sent energy to the grid in 1977.

Currently operating at 6272MWe from eight reactors,Bruce Power can generate almost 55 million kWhper year - enough electricity to power 4.9 millionCanadian households. (An average Canadianhousehold consumes about 11,100 kWh per year.8)

6272 MWe OUTPUT POWERS 4.9 MILLION CANADIAN HOMES

FIRST POWER TO GRID IN 1977

CURRENTLY THE LARGEST OPERATING NGS IN THE WORLD!


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DARLINGTONNUCLEAR GENERATING STATION (NGS)

Darlington NGS is Canadas second-largest nuclearfacility. It is located on the shore of Lake Ontario,60 km from downtown Toronto, Ontario.

Currently operating at 3512 MWe from four reactors,

Darlington NGS is capable of producing up to 31 millionkWh annually or enough to power over 2.7 millionCanadian households.

Following a favourable environmental assessmentdecision in 2012, the Canadian Nuclear Safety Commissionissued a 10-year License to Prepare Site to Ontario PowerGeneration for the potential construction of two newreactors at Darlington NGS. Ontarios Long-TermEnergy Plan calls for 2000 megawatts of newnuclear at Darlington.

3512 MWe OUTPUT, POTENTIALLY UP TO 5820 MWe

POWERS 2.7 MILLION CANADIAN HOMES,

POTENTIALLY UP TO 4.5 MILLION CANADIAN HOMES FIRST POWER TO GRID IN 1990


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PICKERINGNUCLEAR GENERATING STATION (NGS)

When Pickering A was completed in 1973, it was theworlds largest nuclear generating station. It is located30 km from downtown Toronto.

Now with a combined 6 units at Pickering A and B

producing 3094 MWe, Pickering NGS is currentlycapable of producing up to 27 billion kWh per year,or enough to power 2.4 million Canadian homes.

Pickering NGS had 8 reactors in total until Pickering2 and 3 were put into cold storage in 2005.

3094 MWe OUTPUT

POWERS 2.4 MILLION CANADIAN HOMES



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POINT LEPREAUNUCLEAR GENERATING STATION (NGS)

Point Lepreau NGS is located in New Brunswick,approximately 30 km southwest of Saint John,and was the first CANDU 6 unit to generateelectricity commercially.

Point Lepreau recently underwent refurbishment toextend its operational lifespan, and returned to servicein November 2012 to provide approximately 25% ofNew Brunswicks electricity.4

Point Lepreau operates at 635 MWe, producing5.5 million kWh per year, or enough to power500,000 Canadian homes.

635 MWe OUTPUT

POWERS 500,000 CANADIAN HOMES



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ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSOF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Nuclear power continues to be the largest sourceof non-hydro, low-carbon electricity globally.

All forms of electricity production generate some levelof CO2and other greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions,

even if they do not burn fossil fuels. The constructionphase of the plant or equipment, for example, requirescement pouring and vehicle use, each which carries itsown carbon footprint.

When considering the entire power generation lifecycle, including construction, mining, operation,and decommissioning, nuclear comes out as oneof the cleanest technologies available.

CO2EMISSIONS BY ENERGY SOURCE (g CO2eq/kWh)

hydropowertidal and wave

wind energy

nuclear energybiopower

concentratingsolar powergeothermal

energysolar pv

natural gasoil

coal

Lifecycle Greenhouse Gas Emissions (g CO2equivalent/kWh)

SOURCE: Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change.9

16

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46

22

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8

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12

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Nuclear, Wind, SolarCSP, and Biopower:~ 600g/day (large coffee)

Oil: 25000g/day(two car wheels with tires)

Natural gas: 14000g/day(average checked luggage)

Coal: 30000g/day(55 Plasma TV in box)

ENVIRONMENTAL BENEFITSOF NUCLEAR ENERGY

Clean technologies such as nuclear, biopower, wind,hydro, and solar are electricity sources with lifetimeCO2equivalent emissions of under or about 20 gramsof CO2equivalent emissions per kilowatt-hour.9

As the average Canadian home consumes approximately30 kWh/day, these sources generate very little CO2,about 600 grams per home daily.

Fossil fuels used to generate electricity representapproximately 30% of global carbon emissions.By switching to clean energy sources such as nuclear,we can significantly reduce our global carbon footprint.

MASS OF CO2RELEASED DAILY PER CANADIANHOUSEHOLD BY SOURCE


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LOW-CARBON WHAT DOES THAT MEAN? Nuclear, wind, solar, and hydro are is considered

low-carbon sources of electricity because theyproduce virtually zero carbon and other GHGemissions during generation.

However, all low-carbon sources of electricity depend

on fossil fuels to some degree (e.g. during the miningof uranium, or windmill construction), and thereforeindirectly do produce small amounts of CO2.

Once the entire production chain is taken into account,it is possible to calculate approximately how muchCO2is generated for each unit of electricity producedby a low-carbon source of electricity.


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HOW MUCH DOES NUCLEAR CONTRIBUTETO REDUCING GREENHOUSE GASES?

By displacing the use of fossil fuels,nuclear power helps avoid about 2.5 billiontonnes of CO2emissions annually.2,9

NUCLEAR POWER HELPS AVOID ABOUT 2.5 BILLIONTONNES GLOBAL CO2EMISSIONS ANNUALLY

Thats the same as taking about 480,000,000vehicles off the road*, or more vehiclesthan in North and South America combined!

* Average annual CO2emission of a motor vehicle is 5.1 tonnes CO2-equivalent/year.11


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CURBING OUR CARBON FOOTPRINT Global CO2emissions reached a record high in 2011

at 34.8 billion tonnes.12

If we replaced all the worlds coal plants with clean,low-carbon nuclear, we would reduce global CO2emissions by 30%, approximately back to 1996 levels.

GLOBAL CO2EMISSIONS SINCE 1950

REPLACING GLOBAL COAL WITHNUCLEAR WOULD TURN BACK THEENVIRONMENTAL CLOCK 16 YEARS!

In 1996, the extent oflow-season arctic sea ice wasDOUBLEwhat it is today.13

SOURCE: Boden, T. A., Marland, G., and Andres, R. J.14

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15

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NUCLEARS SMALLGEOGRAPHICAL FOOTPRINT

Nuclear power is the most land-efficient means ofelectricity production, generating 47.6 MWe per km2,including all aspects of production such as miningand fuel fabrication.

Other clean energies, such as solar photovoltaicand wind, produce far less power per unit area,at 3.1 MWe/km2and 1.6 MWe/km2, respectively.15

Producing 100% of global electricity with nuclear(including mining) would require an area equal toCosta Rica. For solar PV, you would need to coverTurkey completely with solar panels, and for wind,you would need to cover all of Mongolia with windmills.Even still, solar and wind are intermittent sources anddo not generate power all the time.

Average global electricity draw in 2010 was approximately 2,300,000 MWe.2


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WHAT IS URANIUM Uranium is a heavy metal, and one of many naturally

occurring radioactive elements. It exists in most rockconcentrations at approximately 2 to 4 parts per million about the same amount as tin.

Similar to other elements, uranium occurs in several

different forms, known as isotopes.The most common isotope of uranium is U-238 (99.28%),followed by U-235 (.71%). The number following the Uindicates the atomic weight of the isotope, in atomicmass units (amu).

U-235 is the primary isotope of uranium that is used

to generate electricity, because it is fissile (i.e., can beeasily fissioned). Fission splits the U-235 into smallerfragments and releases 100 million times more energythan splitting a chemical bond during combustion.

DID YOU KNOW?

CANDU REACTORS USE U-235 IN ITS NATURALCONCENTRATION, WHEREAS OTHER REACTORDESIGNS USE U-235 ENRICHED IN CONCENTRATIONTO ABOUT 3% OR HIGHER.

ATOMIC NUMBER

ATOMIC SYMBOL

ATOMIC MASS


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URANIUM AS NUCLEAR FUEL Nuclear fission is a very efficient source of energy,

so a nuclear reactor requires very little fuel.

Uranium pellets are approximately 20 grams each,and less than ten are needed to power the averageCanadian household for a year.

To provide the same amount of electricityas one 20 g uranium pellet, one wouldhave to burn:16

400 kg of coal

410 L of oil

350 m3of natural gas

DID YOU KNOW?

THE AMOUNT OF URANIUM NEEDED TO POWERYOUR HOME FOR A YEAR CAN FIT IN THE PALMOF YOUR HAND!

350 CUBIC METRES OF

NATURAL GAS

410 LITRES OF

OIL

400 KILOGRAMS OF

COAL OR OR

ONE 20 G URANIUM PELLET IS EQUIVALENT TOTHE ENERGY PROVIDED BY:


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HOW URANIUM UNDERGOES FISSION Uranium (both U-235 and U-238) is relatively stable

before entering the reactor, meaning they do notrelease very much radiation so little that unusedfuel pellets are safe to be near.

However, when a U-235 atom is bombarded with a

neutron, it often splits, or fissions, into several pieces,including 2 or 3 extra neutrons, and releases heat whichis converted into electricity (see page 33 for more details).

These neutrons interact with other nearby U-235 atomsand allow the effect to continue, similar to how heatfrom a candle wick allows it to continue burning.Nuclear reactors control this chain reaction tothe desired stable rate.

This process also produces other smaller isotopes,such as iodine-131, cesium-137, and molybdenum-99which are useful for medical or industrial uses(see page 46 for more details).

NEUTRON

NEUTRON HUGE

ENERGY

NEUTRON

PROTRON

235

92U

99

42Mo 131

53I


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GLOBAL URANIUM PRODUCTION Uranium is mined primarily in Canada, Kazakhstan,

Australia, Niger, Namibia, Russia, and the United States.

Canada supplies 16.7% of global supply, second onlyto Kazakhstan.

Most Canadian uranium is mined in NorthernSaskatchewan, in the Athabasca Basin, which has someof the worlds highest grade uranium deposits withconcentrations more than 100 times the global average.

There are also significant resources currently unmined inNunavut, Ontario, Quebec, and the Northwest Territories.

ACTIVE GLOBAL URANIUM MINE PRODUCTION IN 2011

DID YOU KNOW?

MCARTHUR RIVER IS THE WORLDS LARGESTHIGH-GRADE URANIUM MINE.

SOURCE: CNA calculations based on data from World Nuclear Association.17


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CONVERTING URANIUM

INTO NUCLEAR FUEL FORCANDU REACTORS

1 Uranium dioxide (UO2) powder is delivered toa fuel fabrication facility by truck. The materialis put into processing containers and thenblended to condition the powder.

2 UO2powder is compressed in a dieto produce cylindrical pellets.

3 Pellets pass through a high-temperatureelectric sintering* furnace with a hydrogenatmosphere to harden them.

4 Pellets are loaded into a fuel tube

which is sealed by welded end caps.5 Fuel tubes are assembled into bundles

and zircaloy end plates are attachedby resistance welding.

6 After inspection and cleaning, the fuelbundles are packaged for shipment.

* Sintering is a process by which powderis turned into solid objects.

4

1

2

3

5

URANIUM


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WHICH COMPANIES PRODUCE ANDPROCESS URANIUM IN CANADA?

Cameco Corporation and AREVA Resources Canada Inc.are Canadas biggest uranium mining companies.

HOW IMPORTANT IS URANIUM FORCANADAS ECONOMY?

Uranium exports in 2010 generated nearly$150 million in tax and royalty revenues forthe government of Saskatchewan.

Uranium mining creates about 5,000 direct jobsin Canada and $500 million in wages and benefits.

Uranium mining is the leading industrial employerof Aboriginal people in Saskatchewan.

WHERE IS URANIUM REFINEDAND PROCESSED?

Blind River, Ontario, is home to Canadas only uraniumrefining facility. Owned and operated by Cameco, it isthe largest such facility in the world.

Port Hope is home to Canadas only uraniumconversion facility, owned and operated by Cameco.

Plants that process natural uranium powder,and assemble CANDU fuel bundles are located inPort Hope (Cameco), as well as Toronto and

Peterborough (GE Hitachi Nuclear Energy Canada).


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MCCLEAN LAKE RABBIT LAKE

PORT HOPECONVERSIONFACILITY

CAMECO FUELMANUFACTURING

BLIND RIVERURANIUM

REFINERY

PETERBOROUGHFUEL BUNDLEPRODUCTIONFACILITY

COBOURGSPECIAL METAL

FABRICATIONPLANT

TORONTO NUCLEARFUEL FACILITY

CIGARLAKE

MCARTHURRIVER

KEY LAKE

MAP OF CANADAS URANIUM INDUSTRY

DID YOU KNOW?

CIGAR LAKE, THE WORLDS LARGEST

UNDEVELOPED HIGH-GRADE URANIUM

DEPOSIT, IS SCHEDULED TO BEGIN

PRODUCTION IN MID-2013.

MINE LEGEND

ACTIVE MINE

ACTIVE MILL ONLY

MINE IN DEVELOPMENT


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HOW DOES NUCLEAR ENERGY WORK? A nuclear power reactor is a highly sophisticatedsteam engine turning an electrical generator. The heatused to generate the steam comes from the energyproduced from the fission reaction (see page 28).

Many reactor designs are in use worldwide, however

all the power-producing reactors in Canada useCANDU technology exclusively.

SCHEMATIC OF A CANDU REACTOR

SOURCE: Canadian Nuclear FAQ.18


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WHAT IS A CANDU REACTOR?CANDU stands for CANada Deuterium Uranium, because itwas invented in Canada, uses deuterium oxide (also knownas heavy water) as a moderator, and uranium as a fuel.

WHY USE CANDU REACTORS?

CANDU reactors are unique in that they use natural,unenriched uranium as a fuel, and with somemodification can also use enriched uranium,mixed fuels, and even thorium.

Since natural uranium does not require enrichment,fuel costs for CANDU reactors are very low.

CANDU reactors can be refuelled while operating atfull power, while most other designs must be shutdown for refuelling.

CANDU reactors are ideally suited for using materialfrom nuclear weapons as fuel, helping to reduce theglobal stockpile of nuclear weapons.

CANDU reactors are exceptionally safe. The safetysystems are independent from the rest of the plant,and each key safety component has three backups.This multiplication of safety measures is often referredto as redundancy or defense in depth. Not only doesthis increase the overall safety of the system, but it alsomakes it possible to test the safety system while thereactor is operating under full power.


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WHICH COUNTRIES USE CANDU REACTORS?Canada has exported CANDU reactors to Argentina, China,India, Pakistan, Romania, and South Korea. In total, thereare 31 CANDU reactors in operation globally, not including16 reactors built in India which are based on the CANDUdesign but are not technically CANDUs.

MAP OF CANDU REACTORS WORLDWIDE

SOURCES: International Atomic Energy Agency.1


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OTHER POPULAR REACTOR DESIGNSCANDU reactors are only one of many reactor designscurrently used worldwide.

Different designs use different concentrations of uraniumfor fuel, and different moderators in the reactor.

The most common reactor type worldwide is the PressurizedWater Reactor (PWR), representing 250 of the worlds389 currently operating nuclear power reactors.

POWER REACTOR TYPES USED AROUND THE WORLD

PWR Pressurized Water Reactor

PHWR Pressurized Heavy Water Reactor

BWR Boiling Water Reactor

FBR Fast Breeder ReactorGCR Gas-Cooled Reactor

LWGR Light Water Graphite Reactor

PWR 250 (64%)

PHWR 48 (12%)

BWR 58 (15%)

FBR 2 (1%)

GCR 16 (4%)

LWGR 15 (4%)

CANDU and CANDU-derived!

For more information on reactor designs, visithttp://curriculum.cna.ca/cna_nuc_tech/reactor-types.
http://for%20more%20information%20on%20reactor%20designs%2C%20visit%20%20http//curriculum.cna.ca/cna_nuc_tech/reactor-typeshttp://curriculum.cna.ca/cna_nuc_tech/reactor-typeshttp://curriculum.cna.ca/cna_nuc_tech/reactor-typeshttp://curriculum.cna.ca/cna_nuc_tech/reactor-typeshttp://for%20more%20information%20on%20reactor%20designs%2C%20visit%20%20http//curriculum.cna.ca/cna_nuc_tech/reactor-types


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SMALL MODULAR REACTORS Small modular reactors (SMRs) are modern reactorsdesigned to be built economically in factory-likeconditions (rather than on site), and with capacitiesbetween approximately 10 MWe and 300 MWe.

There is growing interest in SMRs to provide electricity

to service small electricity grids under 4 GWe, andpossibly to provide process heat for resource industries.SMRs can also be added incrementally to larger gridsas demand grows.

Some designs are in advanced stages of development,including several designed to be fully underground,minimizing land use, staff, and security needs.

Some designs utilize passive safetysystems, and can operate for up to4 years without refuelling.

The IAEA estimates that as manyas 96 SMRs could be operationalworldwide by 2030.19

DID YOU KNOW?

SMRs COULD BE USED TO REDUCE THECARBON FOOTPRINT OF ALBERTAS

OIL SANDS OPERATIONS BY PROVIDINGPROCESS HEAT, FROM FISSION RATHERTHAN BY BURNING FOSSIL FUELS.

2012

Babcock&WilcoxNuclearEnergy,Inc.

Allrigh

tsreserved.

Imagereprintedwithpermission.


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HOW IS USED NUCLEAR FUELMANAGED TODAY?

All of Canadas used nuclear fuel is safely managedat licensed interim storage facilities at nucleargeneration facilities.

After being removed from the reactor, used nuclear

fuel is stored in water-filled pools for 7-10 years,giving it time to cool down and reduce its radioactivity.

After about a year, nuclear fuel bundles emit lessthan 0.1% of the heat generated in the reactor.

Once the bundles have cooled down sufficiently,they are put into dry storage: large concrete containers

that protect the bundles, contain the radiation, andcontinue cooling the bundles.

There are strict security measures in place to ensurethat there is no threat to public health from storedused fuel bundles.

HOW SAFE IS USED NUCLEAR FUEL?Nuclear energy creates the least amount of waste ofall current energy technologies.

After half a century of using nuclear energy in Canada,the total amount of used nuclear fuel is about 40,000tonnes and could fit inside one soccer field if stacked

to the height of an average adult. In the future, it may become economically viable torecycle spent nuclear fuel and introduce advancedfuel cycles. This would greatly reduce the amountof spent fuel requiring long-term storage.


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WHO MANAGES USEDNUCLEAR FUEL IN CANADA?

The storage of used nuclear fuel is managed by theutilities that own the fuel, and it is closely monitored,regulated, and licensed by the Canadian Nuclear SafetyCommission (CNSC) in direct cooperation with the

International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), which ispart of the United Nations.

In 2002, the Nuclear Waste Management Organization(NWMO) was established to develop a managementapproach for the long-term care of Canadas usednuclear fuel.

In 2007, the Government of Canada accepted theNWMOs recommendation for an Adaptive PhasedManagement approach, a long-term plan that incorporatesnew learning and knowledge at each step. The plan is nowbeing implemented by the NWMO.

Producers of used fuel are required by the NuclearFuel Waste Actto contribute to trust funds to ensure

that there will be sufficient funds for the long-termmanagement of used nuclear fuel.

DID YOU KNOW?

IN CANADA, NO MEMBER OF THE PUBLIC HAS BEENHARMED AS A RESULT OF RADIATION FROM NUCLEARPOWER FACILITIES OR USED NUCLEAR FUEL.


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EXAMPLES OF SECURITY MEASURESFOR USED NUCLEAR FUEL

STORED IN A PROTECTED AREA

Unobstructed area on both sides of a fenced barrier

Continuously illuminated

Vehicle entry controls Independent systems to detect and alarm

intrusion or tampering

Under direct visual surveillance by a nuclearsecurity officer

MONITORED FROM A SECURITY MONITORING ROOM Protected and monitored

Equipped to communicate with an off-site response force

PERSONNEL ENTRY CONTROLS

Authorization requiring security clearance

Identity verification by two separate systems Search for weapons and explosive substances on entry

Search for nuclear material on exit

AVAILABILITY OF SECURITY OFFICERSAND RESPONSE FORCE

Trained on-site response force

Arrangements with an off-site local,provincial or federal police force

Periodic security exercises and drills


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WHAT IS ADAPTIVE PHASED MANAGEMENTOF USED NUCLEAR FUEL?

The end point of Adaptive Phased Management is thecentralized containment and isolation of used nuclearfuel in a suitable rock formation.

The process for selecting a site for a deep geological

repository has been designed to ensure, above all,that the site chosen is safe and secure.

The site will be located in an informed and willinghost community.

The goal will be reached through a series of stepsand clear decision points that can be adapted over

time as required: Citizens will be involved throughout the implementation

process and have the opportunity to provide input.

The centralized facility will allow for access if andwhen necessary.

Adaptive Phased Management includes the provision

of financial surety as required by law and long-termprogram funding to ensure sufficient funds will beavailable for the long-term care of the used fuel.

For more information about the Adaptive Phased Management Approach and the safe,long-term management of used nuclear fuel in Canada, please visit www.nwmo.ca.

DID YOU KNOW?

AS OF 2012, 21 COMMUNITIES WERE ENGAGED IN LEARNING

MORE ABOUT THE PROCESS FOR IDENTIFYING AN INFORMED,WILLING COMMUNITY TO HOST THE NWMOS USED NUCLEARFUEL STORAGE FACILITY, OR DEEP GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY (DGR).
http://www.nwmo.ca/http://www.nwmo.ca/


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SURFACE FACILITIES

MAIN SHAFT COMPLEX

PLACEMENT ROOMS

DEEP GEOLOGIC REPOSITORY

1

2

3



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NUCLEAR SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY Nuclear science and technology (S&T) is essential tothe health, safety, and prosperity of every Canadian.That is why the Government of Canada and our industryhave a long history of investing in nuclear S&T.

Strong, robust research initiatives at our national

laboratories, universities, and research reactorsacross the country support affordable electricity,product improvements, medical services, training,and other activities.

Canada is a historic leader in nuclear research, andis home to three Nobel prizes related to nuclear S&T:

Ernest Rutherford in 1908 for his work at McGillon radioactive decay.

Richard E. Taylor in 1990 for early understandingsof quarks in particle physics.

Bertram N. Brockhouse in 1994 for developing newneutron scattering techniques.

Nuclear technology plays an important role in almostevery technical field across Canada, including:

Advanced Electronics

Advanced MaterialDevelopment

Aerospace and

Automotive Technology Earth Sciences

& Archaeology

EnvironmentalTechnology

Food Processing

Mining and

Natural Resources Nuclear Medicine

Pharmaceutical andMedical Devices


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NUCLEAR MEDICINE The two most important medical applications ofnuclear technology are medical imaging for researchand diagnosis, and radiotherapy for cancer treatment.

Radioisotopes (a.k.a. medical isotopes or radionuclides)can be used to diagnose a range of diseases, including

cardiovascular diseases and most types of cancer.Radioisotopes are produced in nuclear reactors,as well as by other devices called cyclotrons.

Canada is a leading producer of radioisotopes, providingabout 20-30% of global supply.

The bulk of Canadas radioisotopes are produced at the

NRU in Chalk River, with various diagnostic radioisotopesalso produced at the TRIUMF laboratories at the Universityof British Columbia and at McMaster University.

RADIOISOTOPES COMMONLY USEDIN NUCLEAR MEDICINE


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NEUTRON SCATTERING Neutron scattering is one of the most importantnuclear research technologies.

Neutrons are particles that make up the nucleusof the atoms of all elements (except hydrogen-1).

Neutrons from the atoms nucleus released during

nuclear fission can be used for different purposes,notably imaging inside materials and objects.

Neutrons can penetrate even solid steel to a depth ofabout half a meter. Neutron scattering can therefore beused to examine the molecular structure of thin films,pipes, and even entire engine blocks.

Using neutrons from nuclear fission, neutron scatteringmakes it possible to analyze the atomic and molecularstructure of materials without damaging or changingthe materials. This is broadly referred to as non-destructive testing.

This is valuable in analyzing how a part or materialresponds progressively to stresses over its service life.


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APPLICATIONS OF NEUTRON SCATTERINGAEROSPACENeutron scattering is used to study the structuralintegrity of critical components in aircrafts,including rotors, wings, and landing gear,to reduce their chances of in-flight failure.

AUTOMOTIVENeutron scattering makes it possible to examinethe molecular structure of entire engines.By detecting tiny flaws, the manufacturingprocess can be improved to reduce defectsand improve engine reliability.

NATURAL RESOURCESNeutron scattering improves the analysis ofpipes and other components used in the oiland gas industry. This helps decrease defectsand improves the industrys environmentaland human health performance.

MEDICAL IMPLANTS

The surface of medical implants impacts theircompatibility with the human body. Neutronscattering makes it possible to detect andimprove the surface structure of these devicesprior to implantation.

ADVANCED PHARMACEUTICALS

Neutron scattering makes it possible todevelop sophisticated delivery systemsfor pharmaceuticals that can reduce sideeffects and improve effectiveness.


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GAMMA RAYS FROM NUCLEAR SOURCES Gamma rays are a powerful type of ionising radiationthat can penetrate deep into living tissue. At high doses,gamma rays can cause genetic changes in cellular DNA,or the complete destruction of cells.

An important source of gamma rays used in science and

technology is cobalt-60 (60Co), a highly radioactive isotopeof the metal cobalt. Canada provides about 55% ofthe global supply of cobalt-60, which is made at theBruce Power and Pickering NGSs and processed byNordion in Ottawa.

All cobalt-60 used in science and technology ismanufactured by exposing pencils of cobalt-59 thenon-radioactive isotope of cobalt to high doses ofneutron radiation inside a nuclear power reactor.

Cobalt-60 used in cancer therapy is manufactured byexposing thin sheets of cobalt-59 to a high neutronbombardment inside the NRU research reactor atChalk River.

Radiation therapy with cobalt-60 was first developedin Canada in 1951.

Cesium-137 (137Cs) is another common nuclear sourceused to provide gamma rays for various uses, primarilyresearch in science and technology.

DID YOU KNOW?

CANADIAN COBALT-60 IS USED TO STERILIZE 22%OF THE WORLDS SINGLE-USE MEDICAL SUPPLIES.


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APPLICATIONS OF GAMMA RAYSIN SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

FOOD SAFETYIrradiating food with gamma rays can eliminatedangerous pathogens, including bacteria, viruses,fungi, and insects. This helps reduce cases of foodpoisoning and reduce economic losses from spoilage.

AGRICULTUREGamma rays used to induce genetic changesin crops enabled the Green Revolution, theinternational effort that started in the 1940s toincrease the yield and pest-resistance of staplefoods, particularly in developing countries.

This has saved hundreds of millions of livesthroughout South America, Asia, and Africa.

MEDICAL SUPPLIESGamma-ray irradiation is an important step insterilizing surgical tools and single-use suppliessuch as syringes, gloves, and sutures. Cobalt-60sterilizes about 40% of these products worldwide.

CANCER TREATMENTSince cancer cells are more sensitive to radiationthan healthy cells, gamma rays from cobalt-60 areused to treat cancer. Cobalt-60 treatment unitsare among the most common technologies forexternal beam radiation therapy worldwide.

HEALTH AND BEAUTY PRODUCTSGamma rays are routinely used to sterilizea range of cosmetics, as well as contactlenses and other personal supplies forthe general population.


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NUCLEAR RESEARCH REACTORS Research reactors are key components in nuclear S&T.

There are seven operating nuclear research reactors inCanada. Most of these are SLOWPOKE reactors, usedfor education and the production of tracing isotopes.

The NRU is Canadas most powerful research reactor.It generates neutrons for neutron scattering, andproduces cobalt-60 and other radioisotopes for theimaging and treatment of disease.

LOCATION OF NUCLEAR RESEARCH REACTORSIN CANADA


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WHAT IS RADIATION? Radiation is energy that travels in the form of wavesor particles. It can be found everywhere in the universe,including rocks on the earth and in deep space.

Some types of radiation that can be directly observedby humans are sound, light, and heat. All other types

can only be observed indirectly, including microwaves,radio waves, and ionizing radiation.

When radiation is discussed in the context of nuclearenergy, it is typically referring to ionizing radiation.

WHAT IS IONIZING RADIATION?

Ionizing radiation is released when atoms decay,as they do during fission reactions in a nuclear reactor.Ionizing radiation is a highly energetic type of radiationthat can detach electrons from atoms.

Ionizing radiation occurs naturally, and can be foundeverywhere in the universe. The normal level of radiationat any given location is called background radiation.

Within the context of nuclear safety and human health,the most relevant types of radiation are alpha and betaparticles and gamma rays.


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HOW IS RADIATION MEASURED? There are many different ways of measuring radiation.Alpha, beta, and gamma radiation can be counted witha Geiger counter. Accumulated radiation dose can bemeasured over time with a personal dosimeter.

Different types of ionizing radiation have different

biological effects. To account for these differences,the biological effects of ionizing radiation are generallymeasured in units called millisieverts (mSv).

IS IONIZING RADIATION DANGEROUS?

Ionizing radiation cannot make non-radioactive materialradioactive. This makes it possible to use in sterilizingfood and medical supplies.

High doses of ionizing radiation, however, can damagehealthy tissues and cause serious illness.

While a safe level of radiation has not beenconclusively established, research shows that radiationdoses of up to 100mSv/year have no measureablehealth effects in humans.

DID YOU KNOW?

WE RECEIVE OVER 100 TIMES

MORE RADIATION DOSENATURALLY THROUGH THE FOODWE EAT THAN FROM CANADASNUCLEAR POWER PLANTS.


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NATURAL BACKGROUND RADIATION While natural background radiation worldwide ison average 2.4 mSv/year 20, local variations can besignificant. In some places, such as Ramsar, Iran,natural radiation levels can reach 260 mSv/year 21 thirteen times more than allowed for workers in

Canadian nuclear facilities. Canadians on average are naturally exposed toabout 2.1 mSv/year. Local levels vary significantly,from about 1.6 mSv in Toronto to about 4.1 mSv inWinnipeg. Most of this radiation comes from rocksin the ground and naturally occurring radon gas.Medical radiological procedures account for an

additional estimated 1.4mSv.Radiation from nuclear power reactors generallyadds less than 0.1% to the background radiationaround nuclear facilities in Canada.

RADIATION SOURCES IN CANADA

Canadian Nuclear Power Plants

External 8%

Cosmos 12%

Internal (food or beverages) 8%

Inhalation

(primarily radon inhalation) 31%

Medical 40%

0.07%

SOURCE: Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission.22


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NUCLEAR SAFETY AND REGULATIONCanadas nuclear power program has an exemplarysafety record with over 50 years of occupational andpublic health and safety, and is a leader in theindustry worldwide.

There are many layers of protection between our nuclear

operations and our employees and the communities inwhich we operate. These layers of protection ensurethe safety of our people, our communities, and theenvironment against any potential incident thatcould be caused by human error, equipment failure,or external risks such as earthquakes.

Nuclear power generation is the only energy technologyfor which there is an international oversight agency atthe United Nations the International Atomic EnergyAgency (IAEA).

Because of stringent monitoring and regulation atthe international and national levels, nuclear powergeneration is one of the safest energy technologies.

DID YOU KNOW?

NUCLEAR POWER GENERATION HAS THELOWEST RATE OF FATALITIES AND INJURIES

PER UNIT OF GENERATED ELECTRICITY.


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THE CANADIAN NUCLEARSAFETY COMMISSION

The Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission (CNSC)is an independent regulatory agency that reports toParliament through the Minister of Natural Resources.The CNSC has quasi-judicial powers, similar to a court

of law, and can impose legal penalties on individualsand organizations.

Canadas nuclear industry is among the most highlymonitored and regulated industries in the world.

THE CNSC AND CANADAS NUCLEARPOWER GENERATING INDUSTRY

The CNSC oversees the ongoing operations of Canadasnuclear power facilities, the refurbishment of existingnuclear power facilities, and is currently assessingproposed new nuclear projects, including: a newnuclear power facility at the Darlington site, a uraniummine in Nunavut, and a deep geologic repository fornuclear waste at the Bruce Power site.

The CNSC also works collaboratively with the federalgovernments Major Projects Management Office underNatural Resources Canada in regulating these majorresource projects.

CNSC staff are located on-site at each of Canadas

four operating nuclear generating stations, as wellas the AECL Chalk River Laboratories, the recentlyshut-down Gentilly-2 nuclear generating station,and across Canada in four regional offices(Calgary, Saskatoon, Mississauga, and Laval).


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WHAT DOES THE CNSC DO? The CNSC is mandated to monitor and regulate the useof nuclear energy and materials to protect the health,safety, and security of Canadians and the environment.

The CNSC monitors and regulates the entire nuclearfuel chain and other uses of nuclear material, including

uranium mines, mills, and processing facilities, fuelfabrication plants, nuclear power facilities, radioactivewaste management facilities, nuclear research facilities,and nuclear substances processing facilities.

Any person or organization that wants to possess, use,transport, or store nuclear material; or build, operate,decommission, or abandon a nuclear facility includinga nuclear power facility must first obtain a licenseissued by the CNSC.

The CNSC also implements Canadas internationalcommitments on the peaceful use of nuclear energy.

The CNSC has a long-standing history of internationalbilateral and multilateral cooperation. International peerreviews and shared practices are frequently conductedthrough the International Atomic Energy Agency andthe World Association of Nuclear Operators (WANO).

DID YOU KNOW?

CNSC STAFF ARE LOCATED

ON-SITE AT EVERYCANADIAN NUCLEARGENERATING STATION.


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RESOURCES

REFERENCES IN TEXT1 International Atomic Energy Agency. IAEA Power Reactor Information System. [Online]. 2013.

Available from: http://prisweb.iaea.org/Statistics.

2 U.S. Energy Information Administration. International Energy Statistics. [Online]. 2012.Available from: http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12.

3 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD).Projected Costs of Generating Electricity: 2010 Edition. Issy-les-Moulineaux; 2010.

4 Statistics Canada. CANSIM Table 127-0002: Electric power generation,by class of electricity producer. Ottawa; 2012.

5 Statistics Canada. Canadian Households in 2011: Type and Growth. Ottawa; 2011.6 World Nuclear Association. WNA Reactor Database. [Online]. 2012. Available from:

http://world-nuclear.org/NuclearDatabase/Advanced.aspx?id=27246.7 Canadian Manufacturers & Exporters. Nuclear:

A Canadian Strategy for Energy, Jobs, and Innovation. Ottawa; 2012.8 Statistics Canada. Households and the Environment: Energy Use. Ottawa; 2007.9 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. Renewable Energy Sources and

Climate Change Mitigation. Geneva; 2011.11 U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. Greenhouse Gas Emissions from a Typical Passenger

Vehicle. [Online]. 2011. Available from: http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/documents/420f11041.pdf.12 International Energy Agency. Globalcarbon-diozide emissions increase by 1.0Gt in 2011 to record

high. [Online]. 2012. Available from:http://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.html.

13 National Snow & Ice Data Center. Sea Ice Index. Boulder; 2012.14 Boden TA, Marland G, Andres RJ. Global, Regional, and National Fossil-Fuel CO2Emissions.

Oak Ridge; 2010.15 McDonald RI, Fargione J, Kiesecker J, Miller WM, Powell J. Energy Sprawl or Energy Efficiency:

Climate Policy Impacts on Natural Habitat for the United States of America. PLoS ONE. 2009.16 Canadian Nuclear Association. Calculation of Relative Energy Density of Uranium versus

Fossil Fuel Sources. 2012. Variables used in calculation available by request from [email protected] World Nuclear Association. Uranium in Canada. [Online]. 2012. Available from:

http://world-nuclear.org/info/inf49.html .18 Canadian Nuclear FAQ. CANDU Nuclear Power Technology. [Online]. 2011 [cited 2013.

Available from:http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionA.htm.19 U.S. Department of Energy. Small Modular Reactors (SMRs). [Online]. 2010. Available from:

https://smr.inl.gov/Content.aspx?externalID=E9DB092D-00ED-46B3-B396-5861817DAD20.20 United Nations Scientific Committee on the Effects of Atomic Radiation.

UNSCEAR 2008 Report Vol. 1: Sources and Effects of Ionizing Radiation. New York; 2008.21

Ghiassi-nejad M, Mortazavi SM, Cameron JR, Niroomand-rad A, Karam PA.Very high background radiation areas of Ramsar, Iran: preliminary biological studies.Health Physics. 2002 January; 82(1): p. 87-93.

22 Canadian Nuclear Safety Commission. Radiation Doses. [Online]. 2013 [cited 2013 January 22.Available from:http://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/readingroom/radiation/radiation_doses.cfm. 5
http://prisweb.iaea.org/Statisticshttp://prisweb.iaea.org/Statisticshttp://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12http://world-nuclear.org/NuclearDatabase/Advanced.aspx?id=27246http://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/documents/420f11041.pdfhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://world-nuclear.org/info/inf49.htmlhttp://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionA.htmhttp://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionA.htmhttps://smr.inl.gov/Content.aspx?externalID=E9DB092D-00ED-46B3-B396-5861817DAD20http://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/readingroom/radiation/radiation_doses.cfmhttp://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/readingroom/radiation/radiation_doses.cfmhttp://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/readingroom/radiation/radiation_doses.cfmhttp://www.cnsc-ccsn.gc.ca/eng/readingroom/radiation/radiation_doses.cfmhttps://smr.inl.gov/Content.aspx?externalID=E9DB092D-00ED-46B3-B396-5861817DAD20http://www.nuclearfaq.ca/cnf_sectionA.htmhttp://world-nuclear.org/info/inf49.htmlhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://www.iea.org/newsroomandevents/news/2012/may/name,27216,en.htmlhttp://www.epa.gov/oms/climate/documents/420f11041.pdfhttp://world-nuclear.org/NuclearDatabase/Advanced.aspx?id=27246http://www.eia.gov/cfapps/ipdbproject/IEDindex3.cfm?tid=2&pid=2&aid=12http://prisweb.iaea.org/Statistics


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UNIVERSITIES WITH NUCLEARRESEARCH PROGRAMS

Carleton University ..............................................................www.carleton.ca

cole Polytchnique .............................................................www.polymtl.ca

McMaster University ............................................................www.mcmaster.ca

Queen's University ...............................................................www.queensu.ca

Royal Military College .........................................................www.rmc.caUniversity of Guelph ............................................................ www.uoguelph.ca

University of New Brunswick...............................................www.unb.ca

University of Ontario Institute of Technology ......................www.uoit.ca

University of Saskatchewan ................................................ www.usask.ca

University of Toronto ............................................................www.utoronto.ca

University of Waterloo ..........................................................www.uwaterloo.ca

University of Western Ontario ..............................................www.uwo.caUniversity of Windsor ..........................................................www.uwindsor.ca

DID YOU KNOW?

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OTHER RESOURCESAREVA Canada ...........................................................www.arevacanada.caAtomic Energy Canada Ltd. .......................................www.aecl.caBruce Power ..............................................................www.brucepower.comCameco ...................................................................... www.cameco.comCanadian Institute for Neutron Scattering ............... www.cins.caCanadian Nuclear Association .................................. www.cna.caCanadian Nuclear Safety Commission ..................... www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca

Canadian Nuclear Society .........................................www.cns-snc.caCandian Nuclear Workers Council ........................... www.cnwc-cctn.caCANDU Energy Inc..................................................... www.candu.caCANDU Owners Group .............................................. www.candu.orgCentre for Energy ...................................................... www.centreforenergy.comDOE Energy Information Administration ............... www.eia.govHydro-Qubec ............................................................www.hydroquebec.comIndependent Electricity Systems Operator ................ www.ieso.ca

International Atomic Energy Agency ........................ www.iaea.orgInternational Commission onRadiological Protection ............................................. www.icrp.orgInternational Energy Agency ..................................... www.iea.orgNatural Resources Canada .......................................www.nuclear.nrcan.gc.caNew Brunswick Power ..............................................www.nbpower.comNordion ...................................................................... www.nordion.comNuclear Energy Institute ........................................... www.nei.orgNuclear Industry Association .................................... www.niauk.org

Nuclear Waste Management Organization ................ www.nwmo.caOECD Nuclear Energy Agency .................................. www.oecd-nea.orgOntario Power Generation ........................................www.opg.comOrganization of Canadian Nuclear Industries .......... www.oci-aic.orgPower Workers Union............................................... www.pwu.caSNC-Lavalin Nuclear ................................................ www.snc-lavalin.comStatistics Canada .......................................................www.statcan.gc.caUnited Nations Scientific Committeeon the Effects of Atomic Radiation ........................... www.unscear.org

Women in Nuclear .....................................................www.win-canada.orgWorld Health Organization ........................................www.who.int/ ionizing_radiation/enWorld Nuclear Association........................................www.world-nuclear.org
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