THE CAMERA AS A WEAPON

The Role of The War PhotographerPresented by:

Fred and Robert Henstridge

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 1The Camera as a Weapon

TOPICS TO BE COVERED

• History of War Photography• The Use of Art to Depict War• The First Use of the Camera in War• Propaganda During WWII• Photography in the U.S. Army• Notable Photojournalists in WWII

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 2The Camera as a Weapon

FIRST KNOWN IMAGES OF COMBAT• Cave Paintings at Lascaux

– 32,00 Years Ago

• Romans did not use images to depict combat– Roman Historians accompanied the Legions

• Bayeux Tapestry– Depicts the Norman Invasion of England– A Documentary in Cloth

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 3The Camera as a Weapon

FIRST KNOWN IMAGES

Harold's deathBhimbetka rock painting, India Dating back 30,000 years, it depicts hunters with horses.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 4The Camera as a Weapon

THE USE OF ART TO DEPICT WAR• French Revolution

– Eugène Delacroix

• Goya Painting• Crimean War• United States War

Between the States• Indian Fighting

– Remington

• First World WarMarine machine gunners, Battle of Belleau Wood (1 June 1918 – 26 June 1918)

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 5The Camera as a Weapon

ART TO DEPICT WAR

The Third of May 1808, 1814. Oil on canvas, 266 х 345 cm. Museo del Prado, Madrid.

Liberty Leading the People, Eugène Delacroix, Louvre, Paris

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 6The Camera as a Weapon

FIRST USE OF A CAMERA IN WAR

• Crimean War• Roger Fenton

• Civil War– Matthew Brady

First World WarLowell Thomas

Spanish Civil WarRobert Capa

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 7The Camera as a Weapon

SECOND WORLD WAR

• German Ministry of Propaganda & PK– Movies and Still Photos– Signal Magazine was Distributed World

Wide• Soviet Union Documentation

– Roman Carmen, Famous for his film footage

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 8The Camera as a Weapon

THE CAMERA AS A WEAPONGerman PK Archives

Above: German troops enter Poland after a 'blitzkrieg' offensive which swept into Poland on September 1, 1939.Right: Nazi German troops who stormed into the Soviet Union on June 22, 1941, were well-prepared, aggressive, and certain of victory.© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 9The Camera as a Weapon

GERMAN PK ARCHIVESThe Use of Color

German troops in the Ukraine, circa 1940. German PK photographers were using Agfa color film.

German troops using an Enigma code machine in the field, Russia, circa 1940

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 10The Camera as a Weapon

SIGNAL MAGAZINEThe NAZI PK Version of LIFE

Two members of a Cossack volunteer formation with copies of the Russian edition (issue number 9/1943). PK photographs, probably Croatia, late 1943.

Give that man a cigar! Two Belgian-Flemish members of the Vlaamsche Wacht having fun with the Churchill cover of the Dutch issue number 8/1943. PK photographs, 1943.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 11The Camera as a Weapon

UNITED STATES OWI

• Office of War Propaganda– Tasked to Document the Home Front– Voice of America

• War Department Wanted to Document the War– Stills, Films and Voice Recordings

• Hollywood’s Contribution– Training and Propaganda Films

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 12The Camera as a Weapon

PHOTOGRAPHY IN THE U.S. ARMY

• Army Signal Corps– Trained Thousands of Sill and Film Photographers– Fairchild 16mm Turret Lens Cameras– 4x5 Speed Graphic and 2x2 Twin Lens Reflex– 35mm Cameras were mainly German

• General Army Photographers– Assigned to Army and Marine Units

• Independent Photojournalists

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 13The Camera as a Weapon

THIRD INFANTRY DIVISON• Dogface Soldiers

– Casablanca to the Berghof

• Third Signal Company– Lt. George “Fuzzy” Frezell– 1,300 Framed Photographs– http://www.dogfacesoldiers.org/

• Sgt. William (Pops) Heller – 1910-1972– Contacted His Son

http://www.warfoto.com/

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 14The Camera as a Weapon

FUZZY FOLLIES

Lt. George “Fuzzy” Frezell

Bill Heller and Howard Nickelson listen to the BBC somewhere in France. This shot shows the exterior of the Fuzzy's Folly photo lab.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 15The Camera as a Weapon

THE PHOTOGRAPHERS• Sgt. (T3) John D. "Jack"

Cole• Sgt. (T4) William "Pop"

Heller• Sgt. (T4) William

Toomey• Pfc. Robert S. "Bobby"

Seesock• Cpl. (T5) Howard B.

"Nick" Nickelson (Not in the Photo)

Third Signal Company Photographers near Zweibrucken, Germany. Names are listed at Right from Left to Right

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 16The Camera as a Weapon

WILLIAM HELLER

Bill Heller shows off some of the unit's camerasBill Toomey and Bill Heller pose by the Third Signal

Company's headquarters sign in Bad Wildungen, Germany.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 17The Camera as a Weapon

WILLIAM HELLER

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 18

….this is the office. It's just part of it. I just can't be without a cigar. Even my identification photo. I have a cigar in my mouth.“ France 1944

WILLIAM HELLER

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 19

A Tired GI sitting next to Statuesque Comrade. Italy, 1944.

This 380mm artillery piece, the Anzio Express, captured near Monte Cassino. The Germans had two large railway guns which made the GI's miserable on Anzio,

WILLIAM HELLER

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 20

Staff Sergeant Earl Swanson of F Co., Pfc. Edward F. Tidd Jr. of Rochester, NY and one un-named GI 7th Infantry, firing at Cisterna de Littoria, May 25, 1944.

Bill Heller and Bobby Seesock in the darkroom.

WILLIAM HELLER

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 21

Pain registering in face of German Soldier, as he dies.

Casualties-Animal and Human Montilimar, France

WILLIAM HELLER

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 22

GI carrying dead Italian girl from wrecked building

GI's leading nurse and German POW's across the Rhine at Worms, Germany.

WILLIAM HELLER

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 23

Marlene Dietrich with Bobby Seesock 3rd Signal Co Photographer

Marlene showing her loyalty to the 3rd Division-1945

NOTEABLE PHOTOJOURNALISTSAnd War Photographers

• Roger Fenton• Mathew Brady• Robert Capa• Joe Rosenthal• Eddie Adams• Margret Bourke-White• Eugene Smith• John Houston© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 24The Camera as a Weapon

ROGER FENTONThe Crimean War

Valley of the Shadow of Death, with road full of cannonballs, by Roger Fenton, 1855

Marcus Sparling seated on Roger Fenton's photographic van, Crimea, 1855.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 25The Camera as a Weapon

MATHEW BRADYThe Civil War

Confederate dead behind a stone wall at Fredericksburg, VA The 6th. Maine Infantry penetrated the Confederate lines at this point

A company of the 6th Maine Infantry on parade after the battle of Fredericksburg.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 26The Camera as a Weapon

ROBERT CAPA

When soldiers of the 16th Regiment of the 1st Infantry Division landed at Omaha Beach on June 6, 1944, photographer Robert Capa, in the employ of LIFE magazine, was among them with his Contax II 35mm camera.

Men of the 16th Infantry Regiment seek shelter from German machine-gun fire in shallow water behind "Czech hedgehog" beach obstacles, Easy Red sector, Omaha Beach. © Robert Capa/Magnum Photos.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 27The Camera as a Weapon

ROBERT CAPA

Loyalist Militiaman at the Moment of Death, 1936 Robert Capa © Magnum

Beach Scene, Omaha Beach, June 6, 1944. Robert Capa © Magnum

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 28The Camera as a Weapon

JOE ROSENTHALTwo Iwo Jima Photos

Raising the Flag on Iwo Jima, by Joe Rosenthal - The Associated Press.

Lowery's most widely circulated picture of the first flag raising.

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 29The Camera as a Weapon

EDDIE ADAMS

Boat of no smiles, Vietnamese Refugees, Gulf of Siam, Thanksgiving Day

Adams' photograph of Nguyễn Ngọc Loan executing Nguyễn Văn Lém on February 1, 1968

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 30The Camera as a Weapon

MARGERT BOURKE-WHITEFirst Woman Combat Photographer

Above: Mohandas Gandhi, 1946 by Margaret Bourke-White. Right: Victims, KZ Buchenwald, 1945. Margaret Bourke-White

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 31The Camera as a Weapon

W. EUGENE SMITHMaster of the Photo Essay

Once is Enough, Marines on Iwo Jima, 1945, W. Eugene Smith

W. Eugene Smith's iconic photo of Amy soldier Angelo Klonis, cigarette clenched between hislips, illustrates the cover of LIFE book, World War II

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 32The Camera as a Weapon

JOHN HOUSTONThe Battle for San Pietro

© Fred Henstridge Photography Slide No. 33The Camera as a Weapon

Soldier of the 36th Infantry Division with Thompson Sub Machine Gun, December, 1943.

CLOSING SHOTSteve McCurry, whose iconic picture of a young Afghan girl captured the hearts of millions of people around the world as she peered hauntingly from the cover of National Geographic Magazine in 1985. This photo was viewed around the world and contributed greatly to Afghan relief efforts

© Fred Henstridge Photography The Camera as a Weapon Slide No. 34

QUESTIONS AND DISCUSSION

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Web Site: www.henstridgephotography.comSeptember 11, 2010 Battle Event:

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