the cambridge companion to irish modernism - beck … · his publications include tragedy and irish...

The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism

The story of Irish modernism constitutes a remarkable chapter in the movement’s history. This volume serves as an incisive and accessible overview of that brilliant period in which Irish artists not only helped create a distinctive national literature but also changed the face of European and Anglophone culture. This Companion surveys developments in modernist poetry, drama, fi ction, and the visual arts. Early innovators, such as Oscar Wilde, George Bernard Shaw, Jack B. Yeats, and James Joyce, as well as late modernists, including Elizabeth Bowen, Samuel Beckett, Flann O’Brien, M á irt í n Ó Cadhain, and Francis Bacon, all appear here. But this volume ranges beyond such iconic fi gures to open new ground with chapters on Irish women modernists, Irish American modernism, Irish-language modernism, and the critical reception of modernism in Ireland.

Joe Cleary is a Professor of English at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, and a Visiting Professor of English at Yale University. He is the author of Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Confl ict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine (Cambridge University Press, 2002) and Outrageous Fortune: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland (2007). He has also co-edited (with Claire Connolly) The Cambridge Companion to Modern Irish Culture (Cambridge University Press, 2005) and (with Michael de Nie) a special issue of É ire-Ireland on empire studies. He has previously served as director of the Notre Dame Irish Seminar in Dublin and was a visiting professor at Notre Dame in 2000. His articles have appeared in Textual Practice , South Atlantic Quarterly , Boundary 2 , Modern Language Quarterly , Field Day Review , É ire-Ireland , and other journals. He is currently working on books on modernism, empire and world literature and on a study of twentieth-century Irish cultural criticism.

A complete list of books in the series is at the back of this book.

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T H E C A M B R I D G E

C O M P A N I O N T O

I R I S H M O D E R N I S M

E D I T E D B Y

JOE CLEARY National University of Ireland, Maynooth






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It furthers the University’s mission by disseminating knowledge in the pursuit of education, learning, and research at the highest international levels of excellence.

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© Joe Cleary 2014

This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the provisions of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part may take place without the written

permission of Cambridge University Press.

First published 2014

Printed in the United States of America

A catalog record for this publication is available from the British Library.

Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication data The Cambridge Companion to Irish Modernism / edited by Joe Cleary.

pages cm. – (Cambridge Companions to Literature) Includes bibliographical references and index.

ISBN 978-1-107-03141-8 (hardback) – ISBN 978-1-107-65581-2 (paperback) 1. Modernism (Literature) – Ireland. 2. English literature – Irish authors – History and

criticism. I. Cleary, Joe (Joseph N.) editor of compilation. PR 8755. C 36 2014

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ISBN 978-1-107-03141-8 Hardback ISBN 978-1-107-65581-2 Paperback

Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy of URL s for external or third-party Internet Web sites referred to in this publication and does not guarantee that any content on such Web sites is, or will remain, accurate or appropriate.






v

Notes on Contributors page vii Acknowledegments ix

Developments in Irish Modernism – Chronology, 1845–1969 xi

Introduction 1 Joe Cleary

PART I FORMATIONS

1. Intellectual and Aesthetic Infl uences 21 Jean-Michel Rabat é

2. European, American, and Imperial Conjunctures 35 Joe Cleary

3. The Irish Revival and Modernism 51 R ó n á n McDonald

4. Style and Idiom 63 Barry McCrea

PART I I GENRES AND FORMS

5. W. B. Yeats and Modernist Poetry 77 Laura O’Connor

6. James Joyce and the Mutations of the Modernist Novel 95 Emer Nolan

7. Modernist Experiments in Irish Theatre 111 Ben Levitas

CONTENTS






Contents

vi

8. Visual Modernisms 128 Luke Gibbons

PART I I I CONSTITUENCIES

9. Women and Modernism 147 Anne Fogarty

10. Irish Language Modernisms 161 Louis De Paor

11. Irish American Modernisms 174 Joe Cleary

PART IV DOMESTIC RECEPTIONS, WORLD IMAGINATIONS

12. Critical Receptions of Literary Modernism 195 Enda Duffy

13. Irish Modernist Imaginaries 206 Michael Valdez Moses

Further Reading 221

Index 229






vii

NOTES ON CONTRIBUTORS

JOE CLEARY is Professor of English at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth, and Visiting Professor of English at Yale University. His previous publications include Literature, Partition and the Nation-State: Culture and Confl ict in Ireland, Israel and Palestine (2002); The Cambridge Companion to Modern Irish Culture , co-edited with Claire Connolly (2005); and Outrageous Fortune: Capital and Culture in Modern Ireland (2007).

LOUIS DE PAOR is Director of the Centre for Irish Studies at the National University of Ireland, Galway. Previous publications include Faoin mBlaoisc Bheag Sin: An Aigneola í ocht i Sc é alta Mh á irt í n U í Chadhain (1991), An Par ó iste M í or ú ilteach/The Miraculous Parish: Rogha D á nta/Selected Poems, M á ire Mhac an tSaoi (editor, 2011), and M í or ú ilt an Chleite Chaoin: Rogha D á nta Liam S. G ó gan (editor, 2012).

ENDA DUFFY is Professor of English at the University of California, Santa Barbara. He is the author of The Subaltern Ulysses (1994) and The Speed Handbook: Velocity, Pleasure, Modernism (2009), which won the Modernist Studies Prize for Best Book in 2010. With Maurizia Boscagli, he is a co-editor of Joyce, Benjamin and Magical Urbanism (2010).

ANNE FOGARTY is Professor of James Joyce Studies at University College, Dublin, and founder with Luca Crispi of the Dublin James Joyce Journal . She is a co- editor, with Timothy Martin, of Joyce on the Threshold (2005); with Morris Beja of Bloomsday 100: Essays on “Ulysses” (2009); with É il í s N í Dhuibhne and Eibhear Walshe of Imagination in the Classroom: Teaching and Learning Creative Writing in Ireland (2013); and with Fran O’Rourke of James Joyce: Multidisciplinary Perspectives (2014).

LUKE GIBBONS is Professor of Irish Literary and Cultural Studies at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. His publications include Cinema and Ireland , co-authored with Kevin Rockett and John Hill (1988); Transformations in Irish Culture (1996); The Quiet Man (2002); Edmund Burke and Ireland: Aesthetics, Politics and the Colonial Sublime (2003); and Gaelic Gothic: Race, Colonialism and Irish Culture (2004).






Notes on Contributors

viii

BEN LEVITAS is Reader in Theatre History at Goldsmiths, University of London. His previous publications include The Theatre of Nation: Irish Drama and Cultural Nationalism 1890–1916 (2002), Irish Theatre in England (2008, co- edited with Richard Cave), and W. B. Yeats in Context (2009, co-edited with David Holdeman).

BARRY MCCREA is Professor of English and Comparative Literature and Keough Family College Chair of Irish Studies at the University of Notre Dame. He is the author of a novel, The First Verse (2005), as well as In the Company of Strangers: Family and Narrative in Dickens, Conan Doyle, Joyce, and Proust (2011) and Languages of the Night: Minor Languages and the Literary Imagination in 20th-Century Ireland and Europe (2014).

R Ó N Á N MCDONALD holds the Australian Ireland Fund Chair in Modern Irish Studies at the University of New South Wales, Sydney, where he is Director of the Global Irish Studies Centre. His publications include Tragedy and Irish Literature (2002), The Cambridge Introduction to Samuel Beckett (2007), and The Death of the Critic (2008). He is President of the Irish Studies Association of Australia and New Zealand.

MICHAEL VALDEZ MOSES is Associate Professor of English and an Affi liated Member of the faculty in the Literature Program at Duke University. He is the author of The Novel and the Globalization of Culture (1994), editor of The Writings of J. M. Coetzee (1993), and co-editor with Richard Begam of Modernism and Colonialism: British and Irish Literature, 1899–1939 (2007). He is co-editor of the journal Modernist Cultures .

EMER NOLAN is Senior Lecturer in English at the National University of Ireland, Maynooth. She is the author of James Joyce and Nationalism (1995) and Catholic Emancipations: Irish Fiction from Thomas Moore to James Joyce (2007).

LAURA O’CONNOR is Associate Professor at the University of California, Irvine. She is the author of Haunted English: The Celtic Fringe, the British Empire, and De-Anglicization (2006), and she has published widely on modern Irish poetry in English and Irish, and on bilingualism and translation.

JEAN-MICHEL RABAT É is Professor of English and Comparative Literature at the University of Pennsylvania since 1992, a curator of the Slought Foundation, an editor of the Journal of Modern Literature , and a Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has authored or edited more than thirty books on mod-ernism, psychoanalysis, and philosophy.






ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

My fi rst thanks go to all of the contributors to this volume; I would like to acknowledge their hard work and scholarly care in bringing this Companion to completion. I want to express special gratitude to those who went an extra mile to offer comradely critical commentary on the chapters of fellow con-tributors working on cognate topics in the volume. I also greatly appreciate the support of Ray Ryan, Literature Editor at Cambridge University Press, who commissioned the study and who offered sound advice along the way. Thanks, too, to Louis Gulino and Caitlin Gallagher at the Press for their courteous assistance as the project developed. Cormac Deane was a fastid-ious copy editor who sharpened the work of all involved. Among the many colleagues or friends who offered timely encouragement or welcome second readings when they were most needed I would especially like to mention Jed Esty, Luke Gibbons, Kevin Honan, Colleen Lye, Breand á n MacSuibhne, Catherine Morris, and Kevin Whelan. Emer Nolan in Maynooth and Barry McCrea, then at Yale, acted as sage counsellors or wry commentators at vexed moments. For ongoing stimulus and support more generally I must also thank my colleagues in the English departments at NUI Maynooth and Yale University. While preparing this volume, I was fortunate to be able to teach seminars on Irish and Anglophone modernisms to students at both of the aforementioned institutions. I learned a great deal in the process from all involved, but would like to thank Jordan Brower, Julia Chan, Niamh Cunningham, Margaret Deli, Bridget English, Paul Franz, Seo Hee Im, Edward King, Fidelma Mahon, Chris McGowan, Tess McNulty, Michelle Taylor, and Tomas Ungar for particularly memorable responses. Gemma Murphy and Conor Cleary were conscripts to this volume, but their steady encouragement and good humour were absolutely essential to its completion.

A project such as this is ultimately made possible not only by the imme-diate contributors but also by the many generations of critics and writers






Acknowledgements

x

who have helped to crack at least some of the conundrums of Irish mod-ernism. It would be pleasant to think that this study, completed on the one hundredth anniversaries of the publication of James Joyce’s Dubliners and W. B. Yeats’s Responsibilities , might be taken as a small salute to acknowl-edge that longer history of intrepid scholarship and sometimes brilliantly disputatious critical activity. The subjects and views represented in this col-lection are inevitably partial and cannot be representative of such a diver-sity of critical activity, but one’s sense of appreciation of all those who have written so well on Irish modernists or Irish modernism may nonetheless be recorded here.

My interest in Irish and European modernisms was fi rst whetted by Fr. Peter Connolly’s trenchantly erudite lectures at what is now NUI Maynooth, and then later reanimated by Edward Said’s elegantly illuminating seminars at Columbia University. To these two exceptionally intelligent and impas-sioned teachers I would like to pay a personal tribute.






xi

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1845

T

he G

reat

Fam

ine

(–18

52)

com

men

ces;

leav

es

1 m

illio

n pe

ople

dea

d an

d co

mpe

ls 1

mill

ion

to e

mig

rate

Frie

dric

h E

ngel

s, T

he C

ondi

tion

of

the

Wor

king

Cla

ss in

E

ngla

nd ; R

icha

rd W

agne

r, T

annh

a ü se

r

Firs

t B

riti

sh-S

ikh

War

in I

ndia

; M

aori

upr

isin

g in

New

Zea

land

; th

e U

nite

d St

ates

ann

exes

Tex

as

1848

Y

oung

Ire

land

er r

ebel

lion

Kar

l Mar

x an

d Fr

iedr

ich

Eng

els,

T

he C

omm

unis

t M

anif

esto

; J.

S. M

ill, P

rinc

iple

s of

Pol

itic

al

Eco

nom

y ; C

harl

es D

icke

ns,

Dom

bey

and

Son

Rev

olut

ions

acr

oss

Eur

ope;

C

alif

orni

a G

old

Rus

h; fi

rst

sett

lers

arr

ive

at D

uned

in, N

ew

Zea

land

1858

Ir

ish

Rep

ublic

an

Bro

ther

hood

(IR

B)

foun

ded;

its

Am

eric

an

coun

terp

art

– th

e Fe

nian

B

roth

erho

od (

The

Fe

nian

s) –

fou

nded

in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es

Gov

ernm

ent

of I

ndia

Act

pla

ces

sove

reig

nty

over

Ind

ia in

han

ds

of B

riti

sh m

onar

ch, b

egin

ning

of

Bri

tish

Raj

1867

Fe

nian

Ris

ing

Kar

l Mar

x, D

as K

apit

al I

; M

atth

ew A

rnol

d, O

n th

e St

udy

of C

elti

c L

iter

atur

e ;

Hen

rik

Ibse

n, P

eer

Gyn

t pu

blis

hed

Bri

tish

Nor

th A

mer

ican

Act

es

tabl

ishe

s th

e D

omin

ion

of

Can

ada

DE

VE

LO

PM

EN

TS

IN

IR

ISH

MO

DE

RN

ISM

– C

HR

ON

OL

OG

Y,

18

45

–1

96

9

(con

tinue

d)






xii

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1869

D

ises

tabl

ishm

ent

of t

he

Chu

rch

of I

rela

nd;

Lad

ies

Nat

iona

l A

ssoc

iati

on f

or

the

Rep

eal o

f th

e C

onta

giou

s D

isea

se

Act

for

med

in L

ondo

n (b

ranc

hes

late

r op

ened

in

Ire

land

by

1871

)

Leo

Tol

stoy

, War

and

Pea

ce ;

Gus

tave

Fla

uber

t, A

Se

ntim

enta

l Edu

cati

on

Firs

t Vat

ican

Cou

ncil

(–18

70);

M

ahat

ma

Gan

dhi b

orn

(d. 1

948)

1870

H

ome

Rul

e m

ovem

ent

laun

ched

in D

ublin

; G

lads

tone

’s F

irst

Lan

d A

ct; fi

rst

pub

lic s

uffr

age

mee

ting

in D

ublin

; M

arri

ed W

omen

’s

Prop

erty

Act

J. S

. Mill

, Cha

pter

s an

d Sp

eech

es o

n th

e Ir

ish

Lan

d Q

uest

ion ;

Cha

rles

Dic

kens

, T

he M

yste

ry o

f E

dwin

D

rood

; Rev

ue C

elti

que

foun

ded

Fran

co-P

russ

ian

War

1876

D

ublin

Wom

en’s

Suf

frag

e A

ssoc

iati

on f

ound

ed

Hen

rik

Ibse

n, P

eer

Gyn

t pr

emie

res

in C

hris

tian

ia

Que

en V

icto

ria

proc

laim

ed

Em

pres

s of

Ind

ia; B

attl

e of

the

L

ittl

e B

igho

rn

1879

Ir

ish

Nat

iona

l Lan

d L

eagu

e fo

unde

d in

M

ayo;

cam

paig

n to

ex

tend

Roy

al U

nive

rsit

y A

ct t

o w

omen

Hen

rik

Ibse

n, A

Dol

l’s H

ouse

pr

emie

res

in C

open

hage

n;

Hen

ry J

ames

, Dai

sy M

iller

The

Bri

tish

–Zul

u W

ar; L

a M

arse

illai

se b

ecom

es F

renc

h na

tion

al a

nthe

m; F

irst

tel

epho

ne

exch

ange

s es

tabl

ishe

d in

Lon

don






xiii

1884

G

aelic

Ath

leti

c A

ssoc

iati

on

foun

ded;

Fen

ian

dyna

mit

e ca

mpa

ign

in

Gre

at B

rita

in

Jori

s-K

arl H

uysm

ans,

A

rebo

urs ;

Mar

k Tw

ain,

H

uckl

eber

ry F

inn

Ber

lin C

onfe

renc

e on

Afr

ica

(–18

85)

1886

G

lads

tone

pre

sent

s H

ome

Rul

e B

ill t

o H

ouse

of

Com

mon

s, r

ejec

ted

by H

ouse

of

Lor

ds;

Con

tagi

ous

Dis

ease

s A

ct

repe

aled

Geo

rge

Moo

re, A

Dra

ma

in

Mus

lin ; S

tand

ish

O’G

rady

, To

ryis

m a

nd t

he T

ory

Dem

ocra

cy

Frie

dric

h N

ietz

sche

, Bey

ond

Goo

d an

d E

vil ;

Jean

Mor

é as,

Sy

mbo

list

Man

ifes

to ;

St é p

hane

Mal

larm

é ,

Po é s

ies ;

Hen

ry J

ames

, The

B

osto

nian

s an

d T

he P

rinc

ess

Cas

amas

sim

a

Bri

tain

ann

exes

Upp

er B

urm

a;

Firs

t m

eeti

ng o

f In

dian

Nat

iona

l C

ongr

ess;

Ope

ning

of

Stat

ue o

f L

iber

ty in

New

Yor

k

1889

Pi

gott

for

geri

es a

ttem

ptin

g to

dam

age

Cha

rles

St

ewar

t Pa

rnel

l exp

osed

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he W

ande

ring

s of

Ois

in

Cec

il R

hode

s la

unch

es t

he B

riti

sh

Sout

h A

fric

a C

ompa

ny; E

iffe

l To

wer

com

plet

ed

1890

Fa

ll of

Par

nell,

spl

it in

th

e Ir

ish

Parl

iam

enta

ry

Part

y

Bel

fast

Cit

y A

rt G

alle

ry

open

ed; N

atio

nal L

ibra

ry

and

of S

cien

ce a

nd A

rt

Mus

eum

ope

ned

J. G

. Fra

zer,

The

Gol

den

Bou

gh ;

Hen

rik

Ibse

n, H

edda

Gab

ler

publ

ishe

d; E

mily

Dic

kins

on,

Poem

s ; W

illia

m M

orri

s,

New

s Fr

om N

owhe

re ; P

eter

T

chai

kovs

ky, Q

ueen

of

Spad

es

The

dis

mis

sal o

f B

ism

arck

; Eri

trea

be

com

es I

talia

n co

lony

; U.S

. B

urea

u of

Cen

sus

decl

ares

the

A

mer

ican

fro

ntie

r cl

osed

1891

D

eath

of

Parn

ell;

John

R

edm

ond

beco

mes

le

ader

of

the

Parn

ellit

es

Osc

ar W

ilde,

The

Pic

ture

of

Dor

ian

Gra

y an

d T

he S

oul

of M

an u

nder

Soc

ialis

m ;

Geo

rge

Ber

nard

Sha

w, T

he

Qui

ntes

senc

e of

Ibs

ensi

sm

Hen

rik

Ibse

n, H

edda

Gab

ler

prem

iere

s in

Mun

ich;

É m

ile

Zol

a, M

oney

; Tho

mas

Har

dy,

Tes

s of

the

d’U

rber

ville

s ; J

os é

Mar

t í , “

Our

Am

eric

a”; P

aul

Gau

guin

goe

s to

live

in T

ahit

i

Fran

co-R

ussi

an E

nten

te (c

ontin

ued)






xiv

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1892

U

lste

r C

onve

ntio

n in

B

elfa

st; B

elfa

st L

abou

r Pa

rty

(fi r

st I

rish

labo

ur

part

y) f

orm

ed

Nat

iona

l Lit

erar

y So

ciet

y fo

unde

d; W

. B. Y

eats

and

L

ady

Gre

gory

, Cou

ntes

s C

athl

een

publ

ishe

d; W

. B

. Yea

ts, T

he R

ose ;

W. E

. H

. Lec

ky, A

His

tory

of

Irel

and

in t

he E

ight

eent

h C

entu

ry ; D

ougl

as H

yde,

“O

n th

e N

eces

sity

for

D

e-A

nglic

isin

g th

e Ir

ish

Peop

le”

Pete

r T

chai

kovs

ky, T

he

Nut

crac

ker

Suit

e ; R

udya

rd

Kip

ling,

Bar

rack

-Roo

m

Bal

lads

(se

cond

par

t 18

96)

Kei

r H

ardi

e be

com

es fi

rst

Bri

tish

Lab

our

M.P

.; Pa

n-Sl

av

conf

eren

ce h

eld

at C

raco

w

1893

G

lads

tone

intr

oduc

es

Seco

nd H

ome

Rul

e B

ill;

Dis

turb

ance

s in

Bel

fast

; H

ome

Rul

e B

ill p

asse

s in

Hou

se o

f C

omm

ons;

T

rade

s U

nion

Con

gres

s m

eets

in B

elfa

st

Gae

lic L

eagu

e fo

unde

d;

Osc

ar W

ilde,

Sal

om é

publ

ishe

d; G

eorg

e E

gert

on, K

eyno

tes ;

W. B

. Y

eats

, The

Cel

tic

Twili

ght ;

G

eorg

e M

oore

, Mod

ern

Pain

ting

Will

iam

Mor

ris,

Soc

ialis

m: I

ts

Gro

wth

and

Out

com

e W

orld

Exh

ibit

ion

in C

hica

go;

Lum

i è re

Bro

ther

s in

vent

the

ci

nem

atog

raph

; Nat

al g

rant

ed

resp

onsi

ble

self

-gov

ernm

ent;

Sw

azila

nd a

nnex

ed b

y th

e T

rans

vaal

1894

H

orac

e Pl

unke

tt f

ound

s Ir

ish

Agr

icul

tura

l O

rgan

isat

ion

Soci

ety;

fi r

st I

rish

Tra

de U

nion

C

ongr

ess

mee

ting

Geo

rge

Ege

rton

, Dis

cord

s ;

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he L

and

of

Hea

rt’s

Des

ire

prem

iere

s in

Lon

don

Kat

e C

hopi

n, B

ayou

Fol

k ;

Cla

ude

Deb

ussy

, Pr é

lude

à

l’apr

è s-m

idi d

’un

faun

e

Con

vict

ion

of D

reyf

us f

or t

reas

on;

Alf

red

Web

b, M

.P. f

or W

ater

ford

W

est,

elec

ted

pres

iden

t of

Ind

ian

Nat

iona

l Con

gres

s

1895

T

rial

of

Osc

ar W

ilde

in

Lon

don

Osc

ar W

ilde,

The

Im

port

ance

of

Bei

ng

Ern

est

and

An

Idea

l H

usba

nd p

rem

iere

in

Lon

don

Firs

t fi l

m p

roje

ctio

n by

the

L

umi è

re B

roth

ers;

Tho

mas

H

ardy

, Jud

e th

e O

bscu

re ; H

. G

. Wel

ls, T

he T

ime

Mac

hine

; G

usta

v M

ahle

r, R

esur

rect

ion

Sym

phon

y

The

Jam

eson

Rai

d in

to t

he

Tra

nsva

al R

epub

lic; W

ilhel

m

R ö n

tgen

’s d

isco

very

of

X-r

ays






xv

1896

Ir

ish

Soci

alis

t R

epub

lican

Pa

rty

foun

ded,

sec

reta

ry

Jam

es C

onno

lly

Osc

ar W

ilde,

Sal

om é

prem

iere

s in

Par

is; K

uno

Mey

er f

ound

s Z

eits

chri

ft

f ü r

celt

isch

e P

hilo

logi

e

Ant

on C

hekh

ov, T

he S

eagu

ll pr

emie

res

in S

t. Pe

ters

burg

; fi r

st c

omm

erci

al m

otio

n pi

ctur

e ex

hibi

tion

giv

en in

N

ew Y

ork

Gug

lielm

o M

arco

ni fi

les

the

wor

ld’s

fi rs

t pa

tent

app

licat

ion

for

a sy

stem

of

tele

grap

hy u

sing

H

ertz

ian

wav

es; fi

rst

mod

ern

Oly

mpi

ad h

eld

in A

then

s 18

97

Est

ablis

hmen

t of

the

Iri

sh

Lit

erar

y T

heat

re

St é p

hane

Mal

larm

é ,

Div

agat

ions

; Rud

yard

K

iplin

g, “

Rec

essi

onal

”; H

enry

Ja

mes

, Wha

t M

aisi

e K

new

Que

en V

icto

ria’

s D

iam

ond

Jubi

lee;

w

ides

prea

d fa

min

e in

Ind

ia;

Firs

t Z

ioni

st C

ongr

ess

laun

ches

th

e B

asel

Pro

gram

me

to r

eset

tle

Jew

ish

peop

le in

Pal

esti

ne

1898

L

ocal

gov

ernm

ent

vote

gr

ante

d to

wom

en

Osc

ar W

ilde,

The

Bal

lad

of

Rea

ding

Gao

l ; G

. B. S

haw

, T

he P

erfe

ct W

agne

rite

and

M

rs W

arre

n’s

Pro

fess

ion

publ

ishe

d; J

ohn

Egl

into

n,

W. B

. Yea

ts, e

t al

., L

iter

ary

Idea

ls in

Ire

land

Nat

iona

l Gal

lery

of

Bri

tish

A

rt (

Tate

Gal

lery

) op

ened

in

Lon

don;

É m

ile Z

ola,

“J

’Acc

use”

; Tho

mas

Har

dy,

Wes

sex

Poem

s ; H

enry

Jam

es,

The

Tur

n of

the

Scr

ew : H

. G.

Wel

ls, T

he W

ar o

f th

e W

orld

s

Uni

ted

Stat

es d

ecla

res

war

on

Spai

n ov

er C

uba;

the

Fas

hoda

In

cide

nt; B

oxer

upr

isin

g in

C

hina

; the

Cur

ies

disc

over

ra

dium

and

plu

toni

um; fi

rst

Z

eppe

lin a

irsh

ip b

uilt

1899

M

icha

el D

avit

t w

ithd

raw

s fr

om W

estm

inst

er in

pr

otes

t at

the

Ang

lo-

Boe

r W

ar; J

ohn

Mac

Bri

de r

aise

s Ir

ish

Tra

nsva

al B

riga

de t

o ai

d th

e B

oers

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he W

ind

Am

ong

the

Ree

ds

Jose

ph C

onra

d, H

eart

of

Dar

knes

s ; A

rthu

r Sy

mon

ds,

The

Sym

bolis

t M

ovem

ent

in

Lit

erat

ure ;

Kat

e C

hopi

n, T

he

Aw

aken

ing ;

Rud

yard

Kip

ling,

“T

he W

hite

Man

’s B

urde

n”;

Ant

on C

hekh

ov, U

ncle

V

anya

pre

mie

res

in M

osco

w;

Leo

Tol

stoy

, Res

urre

ctio

n ;

Tho

rste

in V

eble

n, T

heor

y of

th

e L

eisu

re C

lass

Out

brea

k of

the

Ang

lo-B

oer

War

(–

1902

)

(con

tinue

d)






xvi

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1900

C

uman

n na

nG

aedh

eal

foun

ded

(lat

er b

ecom

es

Sinn

F é i

n); fi

rst

m

eeti

ng o

f In

ghin

idhe

na

h É

irea

nn; Q

ueen

V

icto

ria

visi

ts D

ublin

Firs

t nu

mbe

r of

D. P

. M

oran

’s T

he L

eade

r ; A

lice

Mill

igan

, The

Las

t of

the

Fi

anna

; dea

th o

f O

scar

W

ilde

Jose

ph C

onra

d, L

ord

Jim

; H

enri

k Ib

sen,

Whe

n W

e D

ead

Aw

aken

pre

mie

res

in

Lon

don;

Sig

mun

d Fr

eud,

The

In

terp

reta

tion

of

Dre

ams ;

G

iaco

mo

Pucc

ini,

Tosc

a ; J

os é

Enr

ique

Rod

ó , A

riel

Inte

rnat

iona

l Lad

ies’

Gar

men

t W

orke

rs U

nion

for

med

; Box

er

rebe

llion

cru

shed

in C

hina

; Fi

rst

Pan-

Afr

ican

Con

fere

nce

in

Lon

don

1901

Q

ueen

Vic

tori

a su

ccee

ded

by E

dwar

d II

U

lste

r L

iter

ary

The

atre

fo

unde

d; A

lice

Mill

igan

, T

he D

eliv

eran

ce o

f H

ugh

O’N

eill

Nob

el P

rize

in L

iter

atur

e es

tabl

ishe

d; A

nton

Che

khov

, T

hree

Sis

ters

pre

mie

res

in

Mos

cow

; Tho

mas

Man

n,

Bud

denb

rook

s ; R

udya

rd

Kip

ling ,

Kim

Aus

tral

ian

Fede

rati

on e

stab

lishe

d;

Nig

eria

bec

omes

Bri

tish

Pr

otec

tora

te

1902

E

mer

genc

e of

Uls

ter

bran

ch

of I

rish

Lit

erar

y T

heat

re;

W. B

. Yea

ts a

nd A

ugus

ta

Gre

gory

, Cat

hlee

n ni

H

oulih

an p

rem

iere

s in

D

ublin

; Lad

y G

rego

ry,

Cuc

hula

in o

f M

uirt

hem

ne

publ

ishe

d; G

. B. S

haw

, M

rs W

arre

n’s

Pro

fess

ion

prem

iere

s in

Lon

don;

Joh

n B

. Yea

ts, G

eorg

e M

oore

And

r é G

ide,

The

Im

mor

alis

t ; V

. I.

Len

in, W

hat

is t

o be

Don

e? ,

J. A

. Hob

son,

Im

peri

alis

m ;

Euc

lides

da

Cun

ha, R

ebel

lion

in t

he B

ackl

ands

; Will

iam

Ja

mes

, Var

ieti

es o

f R

elig

ious

E

xper

ienc

e

The

Sou

th A

fric

an W

ar e

nds;

dea

th

of C

ecil

Rho

des;

fi rs

t m

eeti

ng

of t

he C

omm

itte

e of

Im

peri

al

Def

ence






xvii

1903

W

yndh

am L

and

Purc

hase

A

ct p

asse

d in

Hou

se o

f C

omm

ons;

Uni

vers

ity

of D

ublin

(T

rini

ty

Col

lege

) an

noun

ces

that

it

is t

o aw

ard

degr

ees

to

wom

en

Iris

h N

atio

nal T

heat

re

Soci

ety

foun

ded;

An

T ú r

Glo

ine

foun

ded;

W. B

. Y

eats

, In

the

Seve

n W

oods

; J.

M. S

ynge

, In

the

Shad

ow

of t

he G

len

prem

iere

s in

D

ublin

; Geo

rge

Moo

re,

The

Unt

illed

Fie

ld ; J

ack

B. Y

eats

, The

Cou

nty

of

May

o

W. E

. B. D

u B

ois,

The

Sou

ls o

f th

e B

lack

Fol

k ; H

enry

Jam

es,

The

Am

bass

ador

s ; E

dwin

S.

Por

ter,

The

Gre

at T

rain

R

obbe

ry ; E

. D. M

orel

, The

C

ongo

Sla

ve T

rade

; Geo

rg

Sim

mel

, The

Met

ropo

lis a

nd

Men

tal L

ife

Em

ily P

ankh

urst

fou

nds

the

Wom

en’s

Soc

ial a

nd P

olit

ical

U

nion

; fi r

st a

irbo

rne

fl igh

t by

th

e W

righ

t B

roth

ers;

Bri

tish

co

mpl

ete

conq

uest

of

Nor

ther

n N

iger

ia

1904

C

onst

ruct

ion

of

Gov

ernm

ent

Bui

ldin

gs

in M

erri

on S

quar

e,

Dub

lin s

tart

s (–

1922

);

Lim

eric

k po

grom

ag

ains

t Je

ws

Abb

ey T

heat

re o

pens

; W. B

. Y

eats

, In

the

Seve

n W

oods

; W

. B. Y

eats

, On

Bai

le’s

St

rand

pre

mie

res

in

Dub

lin; J

. M. S

ynge

, R

ider

s to

the

Sea

ope

ns

in D

ublin

; G. B

. Sha

w,

John

Bul

l’s O

ther

Isl

and

prem

iere

s in

Lon

don;

M

ary

Swan

zy, T

he I

nfan

t ;

Mic

hael

Dav

itt,

The

Fal

l of

Feu

dalis

m in

Ire

land

; A

rthu

r G

riffi

th,

The

R

esur

rect

ion

of H

unga

ry:

A P

aral

lel f

or I

rela

nd

Jose

ph C

onra

d, N

ostr

omo ;

A

nton

Che

khov

, The

Che

rry

Orc

hard

pre

mie

res

in

Mos

cow

; Gia

com

o Pu

ccin

i, M

adam

e B

utte

rfl y

; Hen

ry

Jam

es, T

he G

olde

n B

owl

Beg

inni

ng o

f R

usso

-Jap

anes

e W

ar; s

econ

d w

ave

of J

ewis

h im

mig

rati

on t

o Pa

lest

ine;

Pa

nam

a C

anal

ope

ns (c

ontin

ued)






xviii

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1905

Si

nn F

é in

part

y fo

unde

d J.

M. S

ynge

, The

Wel

l of

the

Sain

ts p

rem

iere

s in

Dub

lin;

W. B

. Yea

ts, D

eird

re

prem

iere

s in

Dub

lin;

G. B

. Sha

w, M

an a

nd

Supe

rman

pre

mie

res

in

Lon

don;

Osc

ar W

ilde’

s D

e P

rofu

ndis

; D. P

. Mor

an,

The

Phi

loso

phy

of I

rish

Ir

elan

d ; G

eorg

e M

oore

, T

he L

ake ;

Jac

k B

. Yea

ts,

The

Man

fro

m A

ranm

ore

Ric

hard

Str

auss

, Sal

om é

Rev

olut

ion

in R

ussi

a; G

eorg

e C

urzo

n in

itia

tes

part

itio

n of

B

enga

l; Sw

ades

hi m

ovem

ent

form

ed in

Ind

ia

1907

D

ocke

rs a

nd C

arte

rs s

trik

e in

Bel

fast

; Sin

n F é

in

prot

est

disr

upts

Iri

sh

Parl

iam

enta

ry P

arty

m

eeti

ng in

Dub

lin

J. M

. Syn

ge, T

he P

layb

oy

of t

he W

este

rn W

orld

pr

emie

res

in D

ublin

(r

iots

at A

bbey

The

atre

);

Aug

usta

Gre

gory

and

D

ougl

as H

yde,

The

Ris

ing

of t

he M

oon ;

Jam

es J

oyce

, C

ham

ber

Mus

ic

Cub

ist

exhi

biti

on in

Par

is; P

ablo

Pi

cass

o, L

es D

emoi

selle

s d’

Avi

gnon

; Aug

ust

Stri

ndbe

rg,

The

Gho

st S

onat

a pr

emie

res

in S

tock

holm

; Hen

ri B

ergs

on,

Cre

ativ

e E

volu

tion

; Hen

ry

Ada

ms,

The

Edu

cati

on o

f H

enry

Ada

ms ;

Vot

es f

or

Wom

en n

ewsp

aper

fou

nded

in

Lon

don

Pius

X is

sues

Ne

Tem

ere

decr

ee

on m

ixed

mar

riag

es; W

omen

’s

Fede

rati

on L

eagu

e fo

unde

d in

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

; sel

f-go

vern

ing

(whi

te)

colo

nies

de

clar

ed B

riti

sh D

omin

ions

1908

Ir

ish

Tra

nspo

rt a

nd

Gen

eral

Wor

kers

’ U

nion

est

ablis

hed;

Iri

sh

Wom

en’s

Fra

nchi

se

Lea

gue

foun

ded

Cua

la P

ress

fou

nded

by

Eliz

abet

h Y

eats

; Dub

lin

Mun

icip

al G

alle

ry o

f M

oder

n A

rt f

ound

ed b

y H

ugh

Lan

e; K

athe

rine

B é l

a B

art ó

k, S

trin

g Q

uart

et

No.

1 ; G

ertr

ude

Stei

n,

Thr

ee L

ives

; Rab

indr

anat

h Ta

gore

, Hom

e an

d th

e W

orld

; G

eorg

es S

orel

, Refl

ect

ions

You

ng T

urks

rev

olut

ion

in

Ista

nbul

; Hen

ry F

ord

prod

uces

M

odel

T F

ord;

Kin

g L

eopo

ld

tran

sfer

s C

ongo

fro

m h

is p

riva

te

poss

essi

on t

o B

elgi

um






xix

Cec

il T

hurs

ton,

The

Fly

on

the

Whe

elon

Vio

lenc

e; W

omen

Wri

ters

Su

ffra

ge L

eagu

e fo

unde

d 19

09

Roy

al U

nive

rsit

y of

Ir

elan

d di

ssol

ved

J. M

. Syn

ge, T

he T

inke

r’s

Wed

ding

pre

mie

res

in L

ondo

n; R

udol

f T

hurn

eyse

n, H

andb

uch

des

Alt

iris

chen

F. T

. Mar

inet

ti, “

The

Fou

ndin

g an

d M

anif

esto

of

Futu

rism

”;

Ger

trud

e St

ein,

Thr

ee L

ives

; E

zra

Poun

d, P

erso

nae ;

Arn

old

Sch ö

nber

g, F

ive

Orc

hest

ral

Pie

ces ;

Gus

tav

Mah

ler,

Sym

phon

y N

o. 9

; H. G

. Wel

ls,

Tono

-Bun

gay :

Moh

anda

s J.

G

andh

i, H

ind

Swar

aj

U.S

. tro

ops

occu

py N

icar

agua

(–

1925

)

1910

D

eath

of

Edw

ard

II a

nd

acce

ssio

n of

Geo

rge

V

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he G

reen

H

elm

et a

nd O

ther

Poe

ms ;

K

athe

rine

Cec

il T

hurs

ton,

M

ax ; J

ack

B. Y

eats

, The

Fe

lons

of

our

Lan

d ; J

ames

C

onno

lly, L

abou

r in

Iri

sh

His

tory

Igor

Str

avin

sky,

The

Fir

ebir

d ;

E. M

. For

ster

, How

ards

End

; Po

st-I

mpr

essi

onis

t E

xhib

itio

n or

gani

zed

by R

oger

Fry

in

Lon

don;

Geo

rges

Bra

que,

V

iolin

and

Can

dles

tick

; R

abin

dran

ath

Tago

re,

Git

anja

li (E

nglis

h, 1

912)

Mex

ican

Rev

olut

ion

begi

ns;

W. E

. B. D

u B

ois

foun

ds

Nat

iona

l Ass

ocia

tion

for

A

dvan

cem

ent

of C

olou

red

Peop

le (

NA

AC

P) in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es

1911

H

ome

Rul

e B

ill in

trod

uced

in

Wes

tmin

ster

; Ant

i-H

ome

Rul

e ag

itat

ion

in

nort

hern

Ire

land

; Iri

sh

Vig

ilanc

e A

ssoc

iati

on

foun

ded;

Sta

tue

of

Cha

rles

Ste

war

t Pa

rnel

l by

Aug

ustu

s St

. Gau

dens

un

veile

d in

Dub

lin

Geo

rge

Moo

re, H

ail a

nd

Fare

wel

l (3

vols

–19

14);

A

ugus

ta G

rego

ry, G

rani

a ;

Kun

o M

eyer

, Sel

ecti

ons

from

Anc

ient

Iri

sh P

oetr

y

Geo

rg L

uk á c

s, S

oul a

nd F

orm

; D

ora

Mar

sden

fou

nds

and

edit

s T

he F

reew

oman

und

er

patr

onag

e of

Har

riet

Sha

w

Wea

ver;

fi rs

t co

mpl

ete

Eng

lish

tran

slat

ion

of N

ietz

sche

pu

blis

hed

Rev

olut

ion

ends

impe

rial

reg

ime

in C

hina

and

est

ablis

hes

prov

isio

nal r

epub

lic; fi

rst

fl i

ght

acro

ss t

he U

nite

d St

ates

; in

tern

atio

nal c

risi

s at

Aga

dir

(con

tinue

d)






xx

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1912

U

lste

r V

olun

teer

s fo

rmed

an

d U

lste

r So

lem

n L

eagu

e an

d C

oven

ant

sign

ed; s

inki

ng o

f th

e T

itan

ic

G. B

. Sha

w, P

ygm

alio

n pu

blis

hed;

Aug

usta

G

rego

ry, I

rish

Fol

k-H

isto

ry P

lays

Tho

mas

Man

n, D

eath

in

Ven

ice ;

Arn

old

Sch ö

nber

g,

Pie

rre

Lun

aire

; Kar

l Ju

ng, P

sych

olog

y of

the

U

ncon

scio

us ; H

arri

et M

onro

e fo

unds

Poe

try

mag

azin

e in

C

hica

go

Form

atio

n of

the

Sou

th A

fric

an

Nat

ive

Nat

iona

l Con

gres

s (l

ater

th

e A

fric

an N

atio

nal C

ongr

ess)

; be

ginn

ing

of t

he B

alka

n W

ars

1913

G

reat

Loc

kout

of

unio

nize

d w

orke

rs in

D

ublin

; Iri

sh V

olun

teer

s fo

unde

d; I

rish

Cit

izen

A

rmy

foun

ded

G. B

. Sha

w, P

ygm

alio

n pr

emie

res

in V

ienn

a M

arce

l Pro

ust,

À l a

Rec

herc

he

du t

emps

per

du (

–192

7);

D. H

. Law

renc

e, S

ons

and

Lov

ers ;

Igo

r St

ravi

nsky

, T

he R

ite

of S

prin

g (b

alle

t); A

lban

Ber

g, T

hree

O

rche

stra

l Pie

ces ;

Edm

und

Hus

serl

, Phe

nom

enol

ogy ;

R

abin

dran

ath

Tago

re w

ins

Nob

el P

rize

for

Lit

erat

ure;

In

tern

atio

nal E

xhib

itio

n of

M

oder

n A

rt (

Arm

ory

Show

) op

ened

by

John

Qui

nn in

N

ew Y

ork;

Rus

sian

Fut

uris

t M

anif

esto

pub

lishe

d

Vio

lent

Suf

frag

ette

dem

onst

rati

ons

in B

rita

in; W

ar in

the

Bal

kans

; So

uth

Afr

ica

Nat

ive

Lan

ds A

cts

pass

ed t

o de

priv

e A

fric

ans

of

righ

t to

ow

n la

nd






xxi

1914

T

hird

Hom

e R

ule

Bill

su

spen

ded

at o

utbr

eak

of G

reat

War

; Cum

ann

na m

Ban

fou

nded

; “T

he

Cur

ragh

Inc

iden

t”

Jam

es J

oyce

, Dub

liner

s ;

W. B

. Yea

ts,

Res

pons

ibili

ties

Foun

ding

of

Bla

st; G

ertr

ude

Stei

n, T

ende

r B

utto

ns ; R

ober

t Fr

ost,

Nor

th o

f B

osto

n ;

Mar

gare

t And

erso

n fo

unds

L

ittl

e R

evie

w ; H

arri

et S

haw

W

eave

r be

com

es e

dito

r of

T

he E

gois

t (o

rigi

nally

The

Fr

eew

oman

)

Wor

ld W

ar I

(–1

918)

com

men

ces

1915

25

,000

Nat

iona

l V

olun

teer

s as

sem

ble

in P

hoen

ix P

ark;

RM

S L

usit

ania

tor

pedo

ed b

y G

erm

an s

ubm

arin

e of

f co

ast

of K

insa

le

Hug

h L

ane,

art

col

lect

or,

dies

in s

inki

ng o

f th

e R

MS

Lus

itan

ia ; T

hom

as

Mac

Don

agh’

s Pa

gans

op

ens

in D

ublin

; Jac

k B

. Y

eats

, The

Lyi

ng-i

n-St

ate

of O

’Don

ovan

Ros

sa

Nik

olai

Buk

hari

n, I

mpe

rial

ism

an

d W

orld

Eco

nom

y ; V

irgi

nia

Woo

lf, T

he V

oyag

e O

ut ;

D. H

. Law

renc

e, T

he

Rai

nbow

; D. W

. Gri

ffi t

h,

The

Bir

th o

f a

Nat

ion ;

Am

y L

owel

l, ed

., So

me

Imag

ist

Poet

s (3

vol

s –1

917)

; Mar

iano

A

zuel

a, T

he U

nder

dogs

Arm

enia

n ge

noci

de b

egin

s (–

1916

); B

riti

sh c

onqu

est

of

Mes

opot

amia

; U.S

. tro

ops

occu

py H

aiti

(–1

934)

1916

E

aste

r R

isin

g Ja

mes

Joy

ce, A

Por

trai

t of

the

A

rtis

t as

a Y

oung

Man

; W.

B. Y

eats

, At T

he H

awk’

s W

ell p

erfo

rmed

in D

ublin

; C

uala

Pre

ss p

ublis

h C

erta

in N

oble

Pla

ys o

f Ja

pan ,

intr

oduc

ed b

y W

. B.

Yea

ts; J

ack

B. Y

eats

, The

D

oubl

e Jo

ckey

Act

; Se á

n K

eati

ng, M

en o

f th

e W

est ;

E

rnes

t B

oyd,

Ire

land

’s

Lit

erar

y R

enai

ssan

ce

Alb

ert

Ein

stei

n, G

ener

al T

heor

y of

Rel

ativ

ity ;

Fer

dina

nd

de S

auss

ure,

Cou

rse

in

Gen

eral

Lin

guis

tics

; D. W

. G

riffi

th,

Int

oler

ance

; H. D

., Se

a G

arde

n ; H

enry

Cow

ell,

Dyn

amic

Mot

ion

Bat

tle

of t

he S

omm

e; G

reat

m

igra

tion

of A

fric

an A

mer

ican

s fr

om t

he s

outh

ern

U.S

. beg

ins

(con

tinue

d)






xxii

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1917

D

avid

Llo

yd-G

eorg

e an

noun

ces

Hom

e R

ule

to b

e pa

ssed

in I

rela

nd

but

six

nort

heas

tern

co

unti

es t

o be

exc

lude

d fo

r fi v

e ye

ars;

Iri

sh

Con

vent

ion

held

in

Dub

lin

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he W

ild S

wan

s at

Coo

le ; J

ohn

Egl

into

n,

Ang

lo-I

rish

Ess

ays

T. S

. Elio

t, P

rufr

ock

and

Oth

er O

bser

vati

ons ;

V. I

. L

enin

, Im

peri

alis

m: T

he

Hig

hest

Sta

ge o

f C

apit

alis

m ;

Sigm

und

Freu

d, I

ntro

duct

ion

to P

sych

oana

lysi

s ; H

enry

C

owel

l, T

he T

ides

of

Man

auna

un ; A

my

Low

ell,

Ten

denc

ies

in M

oder

n A

mer

ican

Poe

try ;

Geo

rge

Gro

sz, T

he F

uner

al

Bol

shev

ik R

evol

utio

n; U

nite

d St

ates

ent

ers

Wor

ld W

ar I

; B

alfo

ur D

ecla

rati

on c

onfi r

ms

Bri

tish

sup

port

for

a J

ewis

h na

tion

al h

ome

in P

ales

tine

1918

Sw

eepi

ng S

inn

F é in

vic

tory

in

Gen

eral

Ele

ctio

n;

Fran

chis

e gr

ante

d to

w

omen

ove

r 30

in

Bri

tain

and

Ire

land

; C

ount

ess

Mar

kiev

icz

elec

ted

fi rst

wom

an t

o B

riti

sh P

arlia

men

t bu

t do

es n

ot t

ake

her

seat

Jam

es J

oyce

, Exi

les ;

Uly

sses

be

gins

ser

ializ

atio

n in

L

ittl

e R

evie

w

Tri

stan

Tza

ra, “

‘Dad

a M

anif

esto

”; G

erar

d M

anle

y H

opki

ns, P

oem

s ; L

ytto

n St

rach

ey, E

min

ent V

icto

rian

s ;

Lu

Hsu

n, “

A M

adm

an’s

D

iary

”; W

illa

Cat

her,

My

Á nt

onia

The

Alli

es a

nd G

erm

any

sign

A

rmis

tice

on

Nov

embe

r 11

; sta

rt

of R

ussi

an C

ivil

War

(–1

920)

1919

D

á il É

irea

nn e

stab

lishe

d an

d Ir

ish

War

of

Inde

pend

ence

co

mm

ence

s (–

1921

)

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he W

ild S

wan

s at

Coo

le ; D

ublin

Dra

ma

Lea

gue

foun

ded

Bau

haus

fou

nded

at W

eim

ar

by W

alte

r G

ropi

us; P

ablo

Pi

cass

o, P

ierr

ot a

nd

Har

lequ

in ; T

hom

as H

ardy

, C

olle

cted

Poe

ms ;

Ezr

a Po

und,

H

ugh

Selw

yn M

aube

rley

;

Peac

e C

onfe

renc

e in

Ver

saill

es

crea

tes

the

Lea

gue

of N

atio

ns;

Am

rits

ar M

assa

cre;

div

isio

n of

the

Aus

tro-

Hun

gari

an

Em

pire

; est

ablis

hmen

t of

Thi

rd

Inte

rnat

iona

l Con

gres

s






xxiii

J. M

. Key

nes,

The

Eco

nom

ic

Con

sequ

ence

s of

the

Pea

ce(C

omin

tern

); F

irst

Pan

-Afr

ican

C

ongr

ess

mee

ts in

Par

is 19

20

Firs

t en

rolm

ents

of “

Bla

ck

and

Tans

” to

sup

pres

s IR

A; “

Blo

ody

Sund

ay”;

G

over

nmen

t of

Ire

land

A

ct p

asse

d to

pro

vide

N

orth

ern

and

Sout

hern

Ir

elan

d w

ith

sepa

rate

pa

rlia

men

ts; a

nti-

Cat

holic

rio

ts in

Bel

fast

G. B

. Sha

w, H

eart

brea

k H

ouse

pre

mie

res

in N

ew

Yor

k

Sigm

und

Freu

d, B

eyon

d th

e P

leas

ure

Pri

ncip

le ; G

eorg

L

uk á c

s, T

heor

y of

the

Nov

el ;

D. H

. Law

renc

e, W

omen

in

Lov

e ; E

ugen

e O

’Nei

ll, T

he

Em

pero

r Jo

nes

prem

iere

s in

N

ew Y

ork;

Edi

th W

hart

on,

The

Age

of

Inno

cenc

e ;

Kat

heri

ne M

ansfi

eld

, Blis

s an

d O

ther

Sto

ries

; Pau

l Kle

e,

Ang

elus

Nov

us

Wom

en in

the

Uni

ted

Stat

es

achi

eve

the

vote

; Bri

tain

giv

en

Man

date

ove

r Ir

aq, T

rans

jord

an,

Pale

stin

e; C

hine

se C

omm

unis

t Pa

rty

foun

ded;

Kem

al A

tat ü

rk

abol

ishe

s O

ttom

an s

ulta

nate

1921

A

nglo

-Iri

sh T

reat

y;

Nor

ther

n Ir

elan

d Pa

rlia

men

t op

ened

by

Geo

rge

V

W. B

. Yea

ts, M

icha

el

Rob

arte

s an

d th

e D

ance

r an

d Fo

ur P

lays

for

D

ance

rs p

ublis

hed;

Geo

rge

Moo

re, H

eloi

se a

nd

Abe

lard

; Mai

nie

Jelle

tt,

Gir

l in

Blu

e an

d T

he T

hree

G

race

s

Lui

gi P

iran

dello

, Six

Cha

ract

ers

in S

earc

h of

an

Aut

hor

prem

iere

s in

Rom

e; P

ablo

Pi

cass

o, T

hree

Mus

icia

ns ;

Edv

ard

Mun

ch, T

he S

crea

m ;

Mar

iann

e M

oore

, Poe

ms ;

E

ugen

e O

’Nei

ll, A

nna

Chr

isti

e pr

emie

res

in N

ew

Yor

k.

Non

-Coo

pera

tion

Mov

emen

t be

gins

in I

ndia

led

by G

andh

i (–

1922

); N

ew E

cono

mic

Pol

icy

in t

he U

SSR

(con

tinue

d)






xxiv

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1922

A

nglo

-Iri

sh T

reat

y ap

prov

ed in

D á i

l É

irea

nn; e

stab

lishm

ent

of I

rish

Fre

e St

ate

confi

rm

s pa

rtit

ion;

Ir

ish

Civ

il W

ar b

egin

s (–

1923

); N

orth

ern

Irel

and

Parl

iam

ent

open

ed b

y G

eorg

e V

Jam

es J

oyce

, Uly

sses

; W. B

. Y

eats

, Lat

er P

oem

s ; G

. B.

Shaw

, Bac

k to

Met

huse

lah

prem

iere

s in

New

Yor

k;

Dor

othy

Mac

ardl

e, E

arth

-B

ound

; Mai

nie

Jelle

tt,

Stan

ding

Fem

ale

Nud

e

T. S

. Elio

t, T

he W

aste

Lan

d ;

F. S

cott

Fit

zger

ald,

The

B

eaut

iful

and

the

Dam

ned ;

V

irgi

nia

Woo

lf, J

acob

’s

Roo

m ; B

erto

lt B

rech

t, D

rum

s in

the

Nig

ht p

rem

iere

s in

Mos

cow

; Lud

wig

W

ittg

enst

ein,

Tra

ctat

us

Log

ico-

Phi

loso

phic

us ; T

. S.

Elio

t fo

unds

and

edi

ts T

he

Cri

teri

on (

–193

9); B

riti

sh

Bro

adca

stin

g C

ompa

ny (

BB

C)

foun

ded;

Eug

ene

O’N

eill

win

s Pu

litze

r Pr

ize

for

Ann

a C

hris

tie

Ben

ito

Mus

solin

i bec

omes

It

alia

n Pr

ime

Min

iste

r; B

rita

in

reco

gniz

es “

inde

pend

ence

” of

the

Kin

gdom

of

Egy

pt b

ut

mai

ntai

ns c

ontr

ol o

f fo

reig

n po

licy

1923

Ir

ish

Free

Sta

te jo

ins

Lea

gue

of N

atio

ns;

Cum

ann

na n

Gae

dhea

l pa

rty

foun

ded;

C

enso

rshi

p of

Film

s A

ct

intr

oduc

ed

W. B

. Yea

ts r

ecei

ves

the

Nob

el P

rize

; Se á

n O

’Cas

ey,

The

Sha

dow

of

a G

unm

an

prem

iere

s in

Dub

lin;

G. B

. Sha

w, S

aint

Joa

n pr

emie

res

in N

ew Y

ork;

Ja

ck B

. Yea

ts, A

Lak

e R

egat

ta ; M

aini

e Je

llett

and

E

vie

Hon

e ex

hibi

tion

s in

D

ublin

Geo

rg L

uk á c

s; H

isto

ry a

nd

Cla

ss C

onsc

ious

ness

; Ber

tolt

B

rech

t, B

aal p

rem

iere

s in

Lei

pzig

; Le

Cor

busi

er,

Tow

ards

a N

ew A

rchi

tect

ure ;

B

ertr

and

Rus

sell,

The

P

rosp

ects

of

Indu

stri

al

Civ

ilisa

tion

; Jea

n To

omer

, C

ane

Esc

alat

ion

of p

ostw

ar in

fl ati

on a

nd

colla

pse

of G

erm

an c

urre

ncy






xxv

1924

Fi

rst

mee

ting

, in

Lon

don,

of

Iri

sh B

ound

ary

Com

mis

sion

to

dete

rmin

e pa

rtit

ion

boun

dary

bet

wee

n Fr

ee

Stat

e an

d N

orth

ern

Irel

and

Se á n

O’C

asey

, Jun

o an

d th

e Pa

ycoc

k pr

emie

res

in

Dub

lin; D

anie

l Cor

kery

, T

he H

idde

n Ir

elan

d

Tho

mas

Man

n, T

he M

agic

M

ount

ain ;

E. M

. For

ster

, A

Pas

sage

to

Indi

a ; A

ndr é

B

reto

n, “

The

Sur

real

ist

Man

ifes

to”;

Eug

ene

O’N

eill’

s A

ll G

od’s

Chi

llun

Got

W

ings

pre

mie

res

(wit

h Pa

ul

Rob

eson

) in

New

Yor

k; P

ablo

N

erud

a, T

wen

ty L

ove

Poem

s an

d a

Song

of

Des

pair

Zin

ovie

v le

tter

pub

lishe

d; fi

rst

min

orit

y L

abou

r go

vern

men

t in

Bri

tain

; Gan

dhi f

asts

aga

inst

H

indu

-Mus

lim r

iots

; dea

th o

f V

. I. L

enin

1925

B

ound

ary

Com

mis

sion

po

wer

s re

voke

d G

. B. S

haw

rec

eive

s th

e N

obel

Pri

ze; W

. B. Y

eats

, A

Vis

ion ;

Se á

n K

eati

ng, A

n A

llego

ry

Ado

lf H

itle

r, M

ein

Kam

pf ;

Pabl

o Pi

cass

o, T

hree

Dan

cers

; Fr

anz

Kaf

ka, T

he T

rial

; F.

Sco

tt F

itzg

eral

d, T

he

Gre

at G

atsb

y ; A

lain

Loc

ke,

The

New

Neg

ro ; V

irgi

nia

Woo

lf, M

rs. D

allo

way

; G

ertr

ude

Stei

n, T

he M

akin

g of

Am

eric

ans ;

Alb

an B

erg,

W

ozze

ck ; H

enry

Cow

ell,

The

B

ansh

ee ; S

erge

i Eis

enst

ein,

B

attl

eshi

p Po

tem

kin

Loc

arno

Con

fere

nce;

Joh

n L

ogie

B

aird

tra

nsm

its

fi rst

tel

evis

ed

imag

e

1926

Fi

anna

F á i

l par

ty f

ound

ed

by É

amon

de

Val

era;

R

adio

É ir

eann

beg

ins

broa

dcas

ting

Se á n

O’C

asey

, The

Plo

ugh

and

the

Star

s pr

emie

res

in D

ublin

, rio

ts e

nsue

in

Abb

ey T

heat

re

H. D

., Pa

limps

est ;

D. H

. L

awre

nce,

The

Plu

med

Se

rpen

t ; E

rnes

t H

emin

gway

, T

he S

un A

lso

Ris

es ; L

ewis

M

umfo

rd, T

he G

olde

n D

ay ;

T. E

. Law

renc

e, S

even

Pill

ars

of W

isdo

m ; H

o C

hi M

inh,

C

olon

izat

ion

on T

rial

Impe

rial

Con

fere

nce

defi n

es

Dom

inio

n st

atus

and

allo

ws

Dom

inio

ns t

o op

t ou

t of

tre

atie

s si

gned

by

the

Uni

ted

Kin

gdom

(con

tinue

d)






xxvi

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1927

K

evin

O’H

iggi

ns

assa

ssin

ated

Ja

mes

Joy

ce, P

omes

Pen

yeac

h A

cade

my

of M

otio

n Pi

ctur

es

Art

s an

d Sc

ienc

es f

ound

ed

in t

he U

nite

d St

ates

; Vir

gini

a W

oolf

, To

The

Lig

htho

use ;

M

arce

l Pro

ust,

Le

tem

ps

retr

ouv é

(po

sthu

mou

s);

Wal

ter

Ben

jam

in b

egin

s T

he

Arc

ades

Pro

ject

; Mar

tin

Hei

degg

er, B

eing

and

Tim

e ;

Wyn

dham

Lew

is, T

ime

and

Wes

tern

Man

; Lau

ra R

idin

g an

d R

ober

t G

rave

s, e

ds.,

A

Surv

ey o

f M

oder

nist

Poe

try ;

Ja

mes

Wel

don

John

son,

God

’s

Tro

mbo

nes:

Sev

en N

egro

Se

rmon

s in

Ver

se

Lea

gue

agai

nst

Impe

rial

ism

and

C

olon

ial O

ppre

ssio

n ho

lds

inte

rnat

iona

l con

fere

nce

in

Bru

ssel

s

1928

Fo

unda

tion

sto

ne la

id f

or

new

Nor

ther

n Ir

elan

d Pa

rlia

men

t B

uild

ing

at

Stor

mon

t

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he T

ower

; Se á

n O

’Cas

ey, T

he S

ilver

Tas

sie

reje

cted

by

Abb

ey T

heat

re;

Jam

es J

oyce

, Ann

a L

ivia

P

lura

belle

; Jac

k B

. Yea

ts,

Din

ner

Hou

r on

the

D

ocks

; Mai

nie

Jelle

tt,

Rel

igio

us C

ompo

siti

on ;

fi rst

pro

duct

ion

by t

he

Gat

e T

heat

re: P

eer

Gyn

t ;

Osc

ar W

ilde,

Sal

om é

stag

ed in

Dub

lin

Ber

tolt

Bre

cht

and

Kur

t Wei

ll,

The

Thr

eepe

nny

Ope

ra

prem

iere

s in

Ber

lin; S

erge

i E

isen

stei

n, O

ctob

er ; D

. H.

Law

renc

e, L

ady

Cha

tter

ley’

s L

over

; Rad

clif

fe H

all,

The

W

ell o

f L

onel

ines

s ; F

eder

ico

Gar

c í a

Lor

ca, T

he G

ypsy

B

alla

ds ; C

laud

e M

cKay

, H

ome

in H

arle

m ; A

ndr é

G

ide,

Voy

age

to t

he C

ongo

; A

ndr é

Bre

ton,

Nad

ja ; E

ugen

e

Star

t of

Fir

st S

ovie

t Fi

ve Y

ear

Plan

; A

nton

io G

ram

sci s

ente

nced

to

20

year

s by

Ita

lian

Spec

ial

Tri

buna

l






xxvii

O’N

eill

win

s Pu

litze

r Pr

ize

for

Stra

nge

Inte

rlud

e (p

rem

iere

s in

New

Yor

k) 19

29

Cen

sors

hip

of P

ublic

atio

ns

Act

pas

sed

in t

he I

rish

Fr

ee S

tate

; Pro

port

iona

l re

pres

enta

tion

abo

lishe

d fo

r pa

rlia

men

tary

el

ecti

ons

in N

orth

ern

Irel

and;

Sha

nnon

H

ydro

-Ele

ctri

c sc

hem

e be

gins

Eliz

abet

h B

owen

, The

Las

t Se

ptem

ber ;

W. B

. Yea

ts,

A P

acke

t fo

r E

zra

Poun

d ;

Se á n

O’C

asey

, The

Silv

er

Tas

sie

prem

iere

s in

L

ondo

n; G

. B. S

haw

, The

A

pple

Car

t pr

emie

res

in

War

saw

; Den

is J

ohns

ton,

T

he O

ld L

ady

Says

“N

o”!

prem

iere

s in

Dub

lin;

Lou

is M

acN

eice

, Blin

d Fi

rew

orks

; Jac

k B

. Yea

ts,

Goi

ng t

o W

olfe

Ton

e’s

Gra

ve

Aca

dem

y of

Mot

ion

Pict

ures

A

war

ds (O

scar

s) e

stab

lishe

d;

Mus

eum

of M

oder

n A

rt

(MoM

A) o

pene

d in

New

Yor

k;

Seco

nd S

urre

alis

t Man

ifest

o;

Will

iam

Fau

lkne

r, T

he

Soun

d an

d th

e Fu

ry ; E

rnes

t H

emin

gway

, A F

arew

ell t

o A

rms ;

Cla

ude

McK

ay, B

anjo

; V

irgi

nia

Woo

lf, A

Roo

m o

f O

ne’s

Ow

n ; A

lfred

D ö b

lin,

Ber

lin A

lexa

nder

plat

z ; R

ó mul

o G

alle

gos,

Do ñ

a B

arba

ra ;

M. M

. Bak

htin

, Pro

blem

s of

D

osto

evsk

y’s

Poet

ics

Wal

l Str

eet

Cra

sh h

eral

ds s

tart

of

wor

ld e

cono

mic

cri

sis

and

the

Gre

at D

epre

ssio

n

1930

Ir

ish

Free

Sta

te e

lect

ed

to t

he C

ounc

il of

the

L

eagu

e of

Nat

ions

; Fir

st

Free

Sta

te c

enso

rshi

p bo

ard

appo

inte

d

Sam

uel B

ecke

tt,

Who

rosc

ope ;

W. B

. Yea

ts,

Wor

ds u

pon

the

Win

dow

Pa

ne p

rem

iere

s in

Dub

lin;

Bri

an C

offe

y an

d D

enis

D

evlin

, Poe

ms ;

Jac

k B

. Y

eats

, Pow

er S

tati

on ; G

ate

The

atre

mov

es t

o bu

ildin

gs

at R

otun

da H

ospi

tal;

Iris

h Fo

lklo

re I

nsti

tute

fou

nded

Sigm

und

Freu

d, C

ivili

sati

on a

nd

Its

Dis

cont

ents

; Max

Web

er,

The

Pro

test

ant

Eth

ic a

nd t

he

Spir

it o

f C

apit

alis

m ; R

ober

t M

usil,

The

Man

Wit

hout

Q

ualit

ies

(–19

43);

T. S

. Elio

t, A

sh W

edne

sday

; Will

iam

Fa

ulkn

er, A

s I

Lay

Dyi

ng ;

Jam

es W

eldo

n Jo

hnso

n, B

lack

M

anha

ttan

; F. R

. Lea

vis,

Mas

s C

ivili

sati

on a

nd M

inor

ity

Cul

ture

Lau

nch

of N

egri

tude

mov

emen

t in

Par

is b

y Fr

anco

phon

e in

telle

ctua

ls; A

my

John

son

fl ies

fr

om L

ondo

n to

Aus

tral

ia

(con

tinue

d)






xxviii

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1931

Fi

rst

num

ber

of I

rish

Pre

ss

issu

ed

Sam

uel B

ecke

tt, P

rous

t ;

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he D

ream

ing

of t

he B

ones

pre

mie

res

in

Dub

lin; D

anie

l Cor

kery

, Sy

nge

and

Ang

lo-I

rish

L

iter

atur

e ; T

hom

as

Mac

Gre

evy ,

T. S

. Elio

t: A

St

udy

Eug

ene

O’N

eill,

Mou

rnin

g B

ecom

es E

lect

ra p

rem

iere

s in

New

Yor

k; H

erm

ann

Bro

ch, T

he S

leep

wal

kers

; H

enri

Mat

isse

, The

Dan

ce ;

Vir

gini

a W

oolf

, The

Wav

es ;

Vit

a Sa

ckvi

lle-W

est,

The

E

dwar

dian

s ; E

dmun

d W

ilson

, A

xel’s

Cas

tle ;

Sal

vado

r D

al í ,

The

Per

sist

ence

of

Mem

ory

Japa

n in

vade

s M

anch

uria

; B

rita

in a

band

ons

the

gold

st

anda

rd; S

tatu

te o

f Wes

tmin

ster

re

cogn

izes

con

stit

utio

nal

equa

lity

of t

he D

omin

ions

wit

h B

rita

in

1932

Te

n ye

ars

of C

uman

n na

nG

aedh

eal g

over

nmen

t en

ds a

nd fi

rst

Fian

na

F á il

gove

rnm

ent

unde

r É

amon

de

Val

era

form

ed; I

nter

nati

onal

E

ucha

rist

ic C

ongr

ess;

A

rmy

Com

rade

s A

ssoc

iati

on (

Blu

eshi

rts)

fo

unde

d; N

orth

ern

Irel

and

parl

iam

ent

build

ings

at

Stor

mon

t fo

rmal

ly o

pen

G. B

. Sha

w a

nd W

. B. Y

eats

w

ith

othe

r w

rite

rs f

ound

A

cade

my

of I

rish

Let

ters

; E

lizab

eth

Bow

en, T

o th

e N

orth

; Dea

th o

f Aug

usta

G

rego

ry

Jose

ph R

oth,

The

Rad

etzk

y M

arch

; Ald

ous

Hux

ley,

Bra

ve

New

Wor

ld ; B

erto

lt B

rech

t, T

he M

othe

r pr

emie

res

in

Ber

lin; W

illia

m F

aulk

ner,

Lig

ht in

Aug

ust ;

Lou

is-

Ferd

inan

d C

é lin

e, J

ourn

ey t

o th

e E

nd o

f th

e N

ight

Indi

an N

atio

nal C

ongr

ess

decl

ared

ill

egal

and

Gan

dhi a

rres

ted;

Ira

q be

com

es in

depe

nden

t; t

he a

tom

is

spl

it a

t C

ambr

idge

Uni

vers

ity






xxix

1933

V

ote

to r

emov

e th

e O

ath

of A

llegi

ance

to

the

Bri

tish

Cro

wn

pass

ed in

D

á il É

irea

nn

W. B

. Yea

ts, T

he W

indi

ng

Stai

r an

d C

olle

cted

Poe

ms ;

B

lana

id S

alke

ld, H

ello

, E

tern

ity!

T. S

. Elio

t, T

he U

se o

f Po

etry

an

d th

e U

se o

f C

riti

cism

; G

ertr

ude

Stei

n, T

he

Aut

obio

grap

hy o

f Alic

e B

. T

okla

s ; A

ndr é

Mal

raux

, The

H

uman

Con

diti

on ; M

ulk

Raj

A

nand

, The

Unt

ouch

able

; C

laud

e M

cKay

, Ban

ana

Bot

tom

Hit

ler

beco

mes

Cha

ncel

lor

of

Ger

man

y

1934

A

nglo

-Iri

sh “

catt

le a

nd

coal

” ag

reem

ent

Sam

uel B

ecke

tt, M

ore

Pri

cks

than

Kic

ks a

nd (

alia

s “A

ndre

w B

elis

”) “

Rec

ent

Iris

h Po

etry

”; R

ober

t Fl

aher

ty, M

an o

f Ara

n ;

Kat

e O

’Bri

en, T

he A

nte-

Roo

m ; W

. B. Y

eats

, The

R

esur

rect

ion

prem

iere

s in

Dub

lin; T

hom

as

Mac

Gre

evy,

Poe

ms

T. S

. Elio

t, A

fter

Str

ange

God

s ;

Wyn

dham

Lew

is, M

en

Wit

hout

Art

; Ezr

a Po

und,

T

he A

. B. C

. of

Rea

din g

; Jea

n R

hys,

Voy

age

in t

he D

ark ;

N

ancy

Cun

ard,

ed.

, The

N

egro

Ant

holo

gy

Hit

ler

beco

mes

“F ü

hrer

”; C

hine

se

Com

mun

ists

’ “L

ong

Mar

ch”

begi

ns

1935

T

he D

ance

Hal

ls A

ct,

desi

gned

to

regu

late

Ir

ish

danc

e by

cle

rgy,

po

lice

and

judi

ciar

y

Eliz

abet

h B

owen

, The

Hou

se

in P

aris

; Sam

uel B

ecke

tt,

Ech

o’s

Bon

es ; L

ouis

M

acN

eice

, Poe

ms ;

Kat

e O

’Bri

en, M

ary

Lav

elle

; Ja

ck B

. Yea

ts, A

Mor

ning

; Jo

hn E

glin

ton,

Iri

sh

Lit

erar

y Po

rtra

its

T. S

. Elio

t, M

urde

r in

the

C

athe

dral

pre

mie

res

in

Can

terb

ury

Cat

hedr

al; E

lias

Can

etti

, Aut

o-da

-F é ;

Dm

itri

Sh

osta

kovi

ch, S

ymph

ony

No.

1 ;

Dor

othy

Ric

hard

son,

Cle

ar

Hor

izon

; Mar

iann

e M

oore

, Se

lect

ed P

oem

s ; Z

ora

Nea

le

Hur

ston

, Mul

es a

nd M

en

Ital

ian

inva

sion

of A

byss

inia

; N

urem

berg

Law

s pa

ssed

in

Ger

man

y

(con

tinue

d)






xxx

Dat

e Ir

ish

His

tori

cal E

vent

s Ir

ish

Mod

erni

st W

orks

and

R

elat

ed C

ultu

ral E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal C

ultu

ral a

nd

Inte

llect

ual E

vent

s In

tern

atio

nal H

isto

rica

l Eve

nts

1936

L

eft-

win

g Ir

ish

unit

und

er

Fran

k R

yan

join

s re

publ

ican

gov

ernm

ent

forc

es in

Spa

in

W. B

. Yea

ts e

dits

The

Oxf

ord

Boo

k of

Mod

ern

Ver

se,

1892

–193

5

Inte

rnat

iona

l Sur

real

ist

Exh

ibit

ion

held

in L

ondo

n;

Will

iam

Fau

lkne

r, A

bsal

om,

Abs

alom

!; D

juna

Bar

nes,

N

ight

woo

d ; D

ylan

Tho

mas

, Tw

enty

-fi v

e Po

ems ;

Cha

rles

C

hapl

in, M

oder

n T

imes

; Pie

t M

ondr

ian,

Com

posi

tion

in

Red

and

Blu

e

Span

ish

Civ

il W

ar b

reak

s ou

t (–

1939

); G

reat

Ara

b R

evol

t br

eaks

out

aga

inst

Bri

tish

rul

e in

Pa

lest

ine

1937

É

amon

de

Val

era

intr

oduc

es n

ew

Con

stit

utio

n of

Ire

land

W. B

. Yea

ts, A

Vis

ion ,

rev

ised

ve

rsio

n; J

ack

B. Y

eats

, A

Rac

e in

Hy

Bra

sil a

nd I

n M

emor

y of

Bou

cica

ult

and

Bia

ncon

i ; L

ouis

Mac

Nei

ce

(wit

h W

. H. A

uden

), L

ette

rs f

rom

Ice

land

; D

enis

Dev

lin, I

nter

cess

ions

Dav

id J

ones

, In

Pare

nthe

sis ;

W

yndh

am L

ewis

, Bla

stin

g an

d B

omba

rdie

ring

: A

utob

iogr

aphy

(19

14–2

6) ;

Vir

gini

a W

oolf

, The

Yea

rs ;

Zor

a N

eale

Hur

ston

, The

ir

Eye

s W

ere

Wat

chin

g G

od

Shan

ghai

fal

ls t

o Ja

pane

se f

orce

s,

Mao

Zed

ong

calls

for

“N

atio

nal

Salv

atio

n Pr

ogam

” to

cre

ate

unit

ed f

ront

aga

inst

Jap

anes

e in

vasi

on

1938

D

ougl

as H

yde,

fou

nder

of

the

Gae

lic L

eagu

e,

beco

mes

fi rs

t Pr

esid

ent

of I

rela

nd

W. B

. Yea

ts, N

ew P

oem

s ;

W. B

. Yea

ts, P

urga

tory

pr

emie

res

in D

ublin

; Sa

mue

l Bec

kett

, Mur

phy ;

E

lizab

eth

Bow

en, T

he

Dea

th o

f th

e H

eart

; Bri

an

Cof

fey,

Thi

rd P

erso

n

Jean

-Pau

l Sar

tre,

Nau

sea ;

B é l

a B

art ó

k, V

iolin

Con

cert

o ;

Serg

ei E

isen

stei

n, A

lexa

nder

N

evsk

y ; C

. L. R

. Jam

es,

The

Bla

ck J

acob

ins ;

G

eorg

e A

nton

ius,

The

Ara

b A

wak

enin

g ; J

omo

Ken

yatt

a,

Faci

ng M

ount

Ken

ya

Mun

ich

cris

is o

ver

Ger

man

cla

ims

to t

he S

udet

enla

nd; F

ranc

o be

gins

Cat

alon

ian

offe

nsiv

e in

Spa

nish

Civ

il W

ar; L

á zar

o C

á rde

nas

nati

onal

izes

the

oil

busi

ness

in M

exic

o






the cambridge companion to irish modernism - beck … · his publications include tragedy and irish...

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