Acta Botanica BrasilicaPrint version  ISSN 0102-3306

Acta Bot. Bras. vol.19 no.1 São Paulo Jan. / Mar. 2005

http://dx.doi.org/10.1590/S0102-33062005000100008 

The Cactaceae family in Taquari River Basin, RS, Brazil

 

Cactaceae family in Taquari river Hydrological Basin, RS, Brazil

 

 

Juliane Brussel 1 ; André Jasper

University of Vale do Taquari UNIVATES, Sector of Botany and Paleobotany, Natural Science Museum, Street Avelino Tallini, 171, CEP 95900-000, Paved, RS, Brazil ( sbp_mcn@univates.br )

 

 

ABSTRACT

The survey of species of Cactaceae in Taquari River Basin, RS, Brazil was carried out in order to meet the diversity and distribution of this important family botany, since there are no data on the same for the region. 11 species were found distributed in five genera Cereus hildmannianus K.Schumann, cruciform Lepismium (Vellozo) Miquel, Lepismium warmingianum(K. Schumann) Barthlott, Lepismium houlletianum (Lemaire) Barthlott, Lepismium lumbricoides (Lemaire) Barthlott, Rhipsalis floccosa ssp. pulvinigera (GA Lindberg) Barthlott & NP Taylor, Rhipsalis esters (Vellozo ) Steudel, Rhipsalis cereuscula Haworth, Parodia ottonis (Lehmann) NP Taylor, Parodia haselbergii (Haage ex. Ruempler) Brandt and Opuntia monacantha Haworth.

Keywords : Cactaceae, diversity River Basin Taquari lifting

ABSTRACT

The survey on the species of Cactaceae family in Taquari Hydrological Basin, RS, Brazil was Carried Out in order to know the diversity and the distribution of species in the Studied area, once there is no data on Cactaceae family in this region. Eleven species were found, distributed in five genera: Cereus

hildmannianus K. Schumann,cruciform Lepismium (Vellozo) Miquel, Lepismium warmingianum (K. Schumann) Barthlott, Lepismium houlletianum (Lemaire) Barthlott, Lepismium lumbricoides (Lemaire) Barthlott, Rhipsalis floccosa ssp. pulvinigera(GA Lindberg) Barthlott & NP Taylor, Rhipsalis esters (Vellozo ) Steudel, Rhipsalis cereuscula Haworth, Parodia ottonis (Lehmann) NP Taylor, Parodia haselbergii (Haage ex. Ruempler) Brandt and Opuntia monacantha Haworth.

Key words : Cactaceae, diversity, Taquari Hydrological Basin, survey

 

 

Introduction

The River Basin belongs to Taquari Taquari-Antas system that is located in the northeastern state of Rio Grande do Sul, covering area of 26.428km 2 (Magma Eng 1997), can be considered an extremely representative area of riograndense flora, since it originally had a rich vegetation cover (Reitz et al. 1983), set mostly in the Deciduous Forest Formation, whose structure enables the deployment of many groups of epiphytic plants (Teixeira et al.1986).

The Cactaceae is one of the vegetable groups in Rio Grande do Sul, can be found primarily associated with plant formations or rock outcrops. Floristic Brack et al. (1985), Waechter (1986), Dislich & Mantovani (1998) cite typical forest species of the family. The work of Taylor & Zappi (1991) cites the species found in rock cliffs and rocks.

The family has about 1,300 species distributed in tropical regions of the New World (Hunt 1999), and Rio Grande do Sul, represented by approximately 80 species and 12 genera (Larocca, Comm. Personnel). Is characterized as the high degree of evolution, both in vegetative morphology, as in floral structure, adapting for pollination (Barthlott & Hunt 1993).

Thus, aiming to know the flora occurring in Cactaceae Taquari River Basin, this paper aims to conduct a taxonomic study of the genera and species found in the area, in addition to providing for future work on plant conservation.

 

Material and methods

To record the species and obtaining material for analysis, sampling in different areas in the River Basin Taquari were performed in the period from August 2000 to August 2002. Records of the species, collecting a specimen deposited in a herbarium sheet for nursery cultivation were performed.

The Taquari River rises on the eastern edge of the plateau of Campos Gerais, with the designation of the Antas River, to the confluence with the Guapore River, near the city of Muçum. From there happens to be named Taquari, emptying into the Rio Jacuí, near the city of Triunfo. The Taquari River flows 140km and its main tributaries on the left bank are the streams and Boa Vista Star and the right bank the Guapore Fork and Taquari-Mirim rivers.

The specimens collected were herbalized following the techniques proposed by Hidalgo & Bononi (1989), Jasper et al . (1997) and are registered and deposited in the Herbarium of the Museum of Natural Sciences UNIVATES (HUNIVATES) or are kept in the nursery next to the Botanical Garden Paved (JBL) for further study.

The species identification was obtained from the comparison with illustrations and descriptions from the works of Scheinvar (1985), Lombardi (1991, 1995), Tamashiro & Zickel (1991), Barthlott & Taylor (1995) and Hunt (1999).In addition, visits were made to the herbarium of PACA Anchieta Research Institute in São Leopoldo (RS), for taxonomic confirmation of the species studied.

 

Results and discussion

The Cactaceae family is represented by perennial, succulent, and often highly specialized plants, presenting a high degree of parallel evolution in vegetative morphology and floral structure (Barthlott & Hunt 1993). Feature trees, shrubs, or geófito epiphytic habit. Stem columnar, cylindrical, globose, tubercular, with ribs, winged or flattened, often segmented, usually without leaves and thorns, green and photosynthetic function. Leaves, when present, spirally arranged, simple, entire, without stipules. Axillary buds developing an indumentum of multicellular trichomes (areola) and leaves usually transformed into thorns. Areola branches originating from reduced and modified from which emerged trichomes, thorns and flowers. Usually showy, rarely isolated or grouped, usually sessile in areolas, almost always bisexual, usually actinomorphic flowers; receptacle involving the ovary (pericarpelo), glabrous or covered with scales and bractiformes areolas, areolas with trichomes, hairs and / or thorns; tepals usually numerous in graded series; often numerous stamens in one or more series of spiraling provision inserted into floral tube, anthers bilocular, tetrasporangiate, with longitudinal dehiscence; inferior ovary (except species of Pereskia ), unilocular, carpels 3-20, ova numerous, stiletto usually long, stigma lobes 3-20.Fruit fleshy or dry, hairless, scaly, tomentose, bristly or prickly dehiscent or indehiscent. Seeds numerous, endosperm absent or present; reduced or vestigial (Barthlott & Hunt 1993) cotyledons.

In a survey conducted in areas of River Basin Taquari were found and identified 11 species of Cactaceae distributed in five genera listed below, with a description and notes on the biology of the species observed, as well as the dichotomous key of the species occurring in the area .

 

 

1. Cereus hildmannianus K. Schumann, in Martius, Fl. Brasiliensis 4 (2): 202 (1890).

Figure 1 .

Plant upright, columnar tree or shrub, terrestrial, epiphytic rupicolous and eventually, up to 8 feet tall. Articulated cladodes constricted growth characteristics, usually green. Ribs 6-9; included areolas with gray tomentum.Spines 5-10, radial, hard, brown to black. Campanulate flowers with 10-18cm compose, outer segments of the perianth crass, greenish with reddish apex;. Numerous stamens, cylindrical stylus; stigma lobes 12. Fruit fleshy, oval-elongated, yellow when ripe, persistent stylus and dehiscent by lateral slit. Obovate seeds and black.

Species with distribution in Paraguay, Bolivia, Uruguay, Argentina and Brazil. According to Schumann (1890) and Scheinvar (1985), there are records for São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and even southern Brazil. In Taquari River Basin can be found in rocky areas, rocky soils in open areas and under forest. Was found epiphytic form, developing normally on tree trunks. Occurs in the high region, the municipalities of Guapore Ilópolis, São José do Herval, and in the low region, the municipalities of Captain, Pillow, Paved. Its flowering can be recorded primarily in the months from October to January and its fruiting extends for the same period.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Sao Jose do Herval, 13/I/2002, fl,. E. Freitas , 894 (HUNIVATES).

2. cruciform Lepismium (Vellozo) Miquel, Bull. Sci Phys. Néerl 1: 49 (1838).

Figure 2 .

Epiphytic plant, pending, mesotônica branch, with up to 1m long. Translations angled with 3-5 ribs, oblong, winged, varying in color from green to red,

depending on the insolation received. Immersed areolas, with the presence of abundant hair up to 5mm compr., Gray to white. Rosy-red stiletto emerging, stigma with 2-6 lobes; side flowers, solitary or in short inflorescence emerged in the areola, 0.7-1.3 cm long, cream-colored, white to pinkish, 10 tepals.. Berry fruit, bright red, 5-7mm dia. Black seeds, and numerous obovate.

Species distribution in Paraguay, Argentina and Brazil, in the states of Pernambuco, Bahia, Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Barthlott & Taylor 1995) .

Has broad and uniform distribution throughout the basin, presenting mainly epiphytic habit. Adapts to different lighting conditions, presenting physiological changes as reddish stem hairiness and higher in exposed areolas when exceeding this environmental factor.

Its flowering can be recorded primarily in the months from October to January, with fruiting occurring in the same period.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Ilópolis, 18/XI/2000, fl,. E. Freitas , E. Musskopf and J. Brussel 513 (HUNIVATES), São José do Herval, 4/II/2001, fl,. E. Freitas , J. Brussel and T. Klein 596 (HUNIVATES); Paved, 2/IX/01, fl,. J. Spellmeir 823 (HUNIVATES).

. 3 Lepismium houlletianum (Lemaire) Barthlott, Bradleya 5: 99 (1987).

Figure 3 .

Epiphytic plant, pending mesotônica branch. Translations flattened and highly branched; elliptical to lanceolate with constricted base branches, usually halfway down, about 23cm compr. and 3.5 cm W,. deeply serrated margin of branches. Areola emerged in the margins, triangular scales, with short, sparse hairs. . Campanulate flowers, and numerous lateral, 1.5-2.0 cm long, creamy white; unequal tepals each other, the outer triangular and elliptical internal; stamens 26-40, unequal among themselves, the base reddish stamens, anthers white, lobed stigma. Fruit berry, globose, reddish-brown, about 0.8 cm diam. Seeds sub-oblong, reddish-brown.

Species distribution in Argentina and Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Barthlott & Taylor 1995).

In River Basin Taquari, usually presents as an epiphyte in virtually all areas of study, highlighting mainly shady sites and some moisture. It is easy to distinguish from other plant species, by presenting its branches with deeply serrated edges.

Its flowering can be observed in the months from November to January, with fruiting occurring over the same period, and no data on work carried out to record their bloom throughout the year.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Paved, 9/IX/2000, fl,. E. Freitas , E. Musskopf and J. Brussel 305 (HUNIVATES); Immigrant 11/VII/2002, fl,. J. Brussel , E. Freitas and E. Santos 957 (HUNIVATES).

. Fourth Lepismium lumbricoides (Lemaire) Barthlott, Bradleya 5: 99 (1987).

Figure 4 .

Epiphyte pending. Translations cylindrical, branching mesotônica. Emerged areolas, with cordate and deciduous scales. Campanulate flowers, side, abundant, about 1.5 cm long, white to yellowish;. Tepals 11-16, unequal among themselves, the outer and the inner triangular elliptical-lanceolate to obovate, 28-38 stamens, greenish fillets, white anthers, stigmas with 3-4 lobes, white, papilosos. Fruit berry, ellipsoid, without appendages or cordate scales, about 0.4 cm diam., Red. Elliptic to subovaladas, black seeds.

Species distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil, in the states of São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Barthlott & Taylor 1995). It is found in virtually every area of the River Basin Taquari.

Often fixed at more than one point through their adventitious roots. Its flowering can be recorded primarily in the months from August to December and its fruiting occurs in the same period.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : the Middle Brook, 2/X/2000, fl,. J. Brussel 405 (HUNIVATES); Santa Clara South, 9/XI/2002, fl,. J. Brussel 1054 (HUNIVATES).

. 5 Lepismium warmingianum (K. Schumann) Barthlott, Bradleya 5: 99 (1987).

Figure 5 .

Epiphyte pending. Translations flattened with about 23cm compr. and 2cm width., lanceolate with margins of crenada, woody branches with mesotônica branch. Emerged areolas in beliefs, short and sparse hairs with 1-2 setae, with triangular scales. The outer triangular tepals 11-15, unequal among themselves, and fusiform internal to lanceolate;; yellowish lateral flowers, isolated, campanulate, about 1.5 cm long, white. Stamens 25-35, inserted in elevation around the stylus. Fruit berry, globose, persistent perianth remains of about 1cm diam., Reddish black. Subelípticas seeds, black.

Species distribution in Argentina, Paraguay and Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Barthlott & Taylor 1995).

Displays habit very similar to the species L. houlletianum (Lemaire) Barthlott. Its flowering can be recorded primarily in the months from September to December and its fruiting occurs in the same period.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Sao Jose do Herval, 31/VIII/2001, fl,. J. Brussel 818(HUNIVATES); Ilópolis, 30/VIII/2001, fl,. E. Musskopf and C. Gonçalves 822 (HUNIVATES).

6. Opuntia monacantha (Willdenow) Haworth, Sup Plan. Suc. 81 (1819).

Figure 6 .

Shrubby, erect, succulent, up to 1.5 m high. Provided with spiny areolas. Flattened cladodes, obovate to lanceolate. Areola 3-7mm dia., With 13 spines, gray. Flowers solitary, yellow, length 6-9cm;. Crass external perianth segments, purplish, the inner lanceolate, membranous, yellow, yellow anthers, 5-7 lobed stigma. Dried fruit, piriformis, showy, about 6-7cm compr. Yellowish seed, about 0.5 cm long.

Species distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and southeast coast / southern Brazil. In River Basin Taquari was found in some areas of study, the municipalities of São José do Herval and Tabaí. Its flowering can be registered in the months from October to December, and its fruiting extends until February.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Sao Jose do Herval, 26/X/2001, fl,. E. Musskopf 844(HUNIVATES).

7. Parodia haselbergii (Haage ex Ruempler) Brandt, An Cient Soc. Arg. 96: 70 (1923).

Figure 7 .

Isolated plants, 4-15cm dia., Spherically depressas the spherical. Globose stem with ribs number 30-60. Areolae slightly immersed, 4-6mm apart from each other, about 25-60 spines, bristly the acicular, about 1.5 cm long. White-transparent, densely covering the stem with 10mm of length. or more. Bright red-orange flowers, clustered at the apex of the stem; inner segments of the perianth standing upright and circling the stylus; included stamens. Nut, spherical to short-oblong, with about 10mm of length., Bristly, white to yellowish. Seeds black, strongly tuberculated.

Species distribution in the southeast of Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Larocca, Comm. Personnel). In Taquari River Basin, was observed in three study areas in the municipalities of Forquetinha, Guapore and Putinga.Presents rupicolous habit and was found in rocky outcrops almost vertical. Its flowering occurs mainly in the months from October to December.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Guapore 23/VII/2002, fl,. J. Brussel and F. Neuls 957(HUNIVATES); Putinga, 18/X/2002, fl,. J. Santos 1000 (HUNIVATES).

. 8 Parodia ottonis (Lehmann) NP Taylor, Bradleya 5: 93 (1987).

Figure 8 .

Depression-globose plant with almost conical base of 5-7cm dia., Apex slightly immersed. Globose stem, ribs 6-15, slightly marked. Immersed areolas 10-15mm distant from each other, circulars, transversely elliptical, with white, short or wide wool; yellowish to reddish-brown radial spines 8-12, straight or slightly sinuous, the 815mm compose,.. Yellow flowers, 2-4 on upper areola; segments of the perianth biseriate, oblong, with apiculate apex, stamens included, attached to the base of the inner segments of the perianth, stigma yellow, with yellow to red wolves fillets. Dried fruit, reddish, dehiscent. Brown seeds, with second Scheinvar (1985), about 1.2 mm long. and 0.7 mm wide.

Species distribution in Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil (Hunt 1999). In the watershed, was found in only one area of study, in São José do Herval. Presents rupicolous habit, occurring in a rocky outcrop, exposed to the sun, next to the fork of the creek. Its flowering was recorded in the months of October and November, with fruiting in December.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Sao Jose do Herval, 3/XI/2002, fl,. J. 1050 Brussel(HUNIVATES).

9. Rhipsalis cereuscula Haworth, Phil. Mag 7: 112 (1830).

Epiphyte or rupicolous pending. Translations cylindrical, the first longer (1030cm compose and 3-4mm dia.). And the short side (7-10cm compose and 3-4mm dia..), And the more congested and branched terminals; first branch passing dichotomous the acrotônica, green-yellow color. Emerged areolas, tiny triangular scales, 2-4 short bristles, which were more abundant at the apex of short branches. Campanulate flowers, terminal or subterminal, white, tepals 17-19, unequal among themselves, stamens 54-55, unequal among themselves, white-pink anthers, white stiletto, central, stigmas 4-5 with Wolves. Fruit berry, globose, obovoid, about 0.6 cm diam., White with reddish scales. Fusiform seeds, light brown to dark.

Species distribution in Bolivia, Argentina, Paraguay, Uruguay and Brazil, Pernambuco in northeastern, southeastern Bahia, south of Minas Gerais, eastern Rio de Janeiro, Sao Paulo, southern Mato Grosso do Sul, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Barthlott & Taylor 1995).

In Taquari River Basin, has a very restricted distribution, being found only in the municipalities of Paved and Forquetinha. Its flowering can be recorded in the months from September to November and its fruiting extends until January.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Paved, 9/IX/2000, fl,. E. Freitas , E. Musskopf and J. Brussel 304 (HUNIVATES).

10. Rhipsalis floccosa ssp. pulvinigera (GA Lindberg) Barthlott. NP & Taylor, Gartenflora. 38: 184 (1889).

Figure 9 .

Epiphyte pending. Translations with angled cylindrical batch (irregular in thickness), usually 40-70cm compr. and 4-7mm dia., pale green, with acrotônica and dichotomous branching. Translations with cavernous areolas, emerged in small prominences, presence of white-gray fur inside the areolas. Lateral flowers, about 1.2 cm long;. Tepals unequal to each other, and the outer triangular and elliptical more internal; unequal stamens, anthers white; stigma with 4-5 lobes. Fruit berry, spherical, about 0.6 cm diam., Violet color. Seeds reniform, black.

Species distribution in the southern and southeastern Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais, Espírito Santo, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul From the Atlantic coast to seasonal forests and can be found up to 1,800 m Altitude (Barthlott & Taylor 1995).

In Taquari River Basin, has restricted distribution in the study areas, being found only in the high region, the municipalities of São José do Herval, Putinga, Ilópolis and Serious. Species characterized by reddish cladodios present when exposed to solar incidence. Its flowering can be recorded in the months from October to December and its fruiting extends until January.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Ilópolis, 11/XI/2000, fl,. J. Brussel , E. Freitas and E. Musskopf 511 (HUNIVATES), São José do Herval, 6/X/2001, fl,. T. Klein 843 (HUNIVATES).

11. Rhipsalis esters (Vellozo) Steudel, Nom., Bot. ed. II 2: 449 (1841).

Figure 10 .

Epiphyte pending. Cylindrical, green Translations, with up to 50cm compr. Present acrotônica and dichotomous branching. Areolas emerged with small triangular scales. Flowers terminal and lateral, up to 1.2 cm long, perpendicular to the axis of cladodios and yellowish opened;. Perianto campanulate; tepals unequal, with the external and internal triangular elliptical; unequal stamens, anthers basifixas, white, green stiletto , stigma with 3-5 lobes. Berry fruit, depression-globular, 0.5 cm diam., White, translucent. Seeds reniform, brown.

Species distribution in Brazil, in the states of Minas Gerais, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Paraná, Santa Catarina and Rio Grande do Sul (Barthlott & Taylor 1995).

In Taquari River Basin, has wide distribution occurring throughout the study area from the lower region in the municipality of Paved until discharge region in the municipality of Ilópolis. Its flowering can be recorded in the months from June to September and its fruiting extends until December, with specimens found in fruit in March.

Selected material: BRAZIL . Rio Grande do Sul : Sao Jose do Herval, 23/III/2001, fl,. E. Freitas , E. 0Musskopfand J. Brussel 624 (HUNIVATES); Forquetinha, 30/VI/2001, fl,. E. Musskopf and J. Brussel 786 (HUNIVATES).

The occurrence of 11 species on 33 study points distributed in 27 municipalities in Taquari River Basin can be considered as indicative of the high number of species in the Cactaceae family. However, considering that some areas of the basin has not been evaluated, certainly this number can be expanded with the creation of new collections in other areas of study.

 

Thanks

To fellow researchers Elisete M. de Freitas and L. Emerson Musskopf, fellows Emilia dos Santos and Toni F. Klein, voluntary and Jaqueline Spellmeier josiele dos Santos, teammates on field trips held constant; colleague Rafael to Jair Goncalves, preparing planks , UNIVATES the University Center, the research funding; the Department of Forests and Protected Areas (DEFAP) of the State Environmental Secretariat of Rio Grande do Sul, by collecting license courtesy of team work; to Professor John Larocca, who collaborated for species identification.

 

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