the bullett center turns two · • two air source heatpump systems coupled with a doas (dedicated...

Refreshing RefrigerantsUnderstanding and Transforming Refrigerants

February 28, 2019Presented to PHNW 2019

Refreshing RefrigerantsWhat are refrigerants’ true impact on global warming? We will delve into natural alternatives, and a case study that achieved thermal comfort with low refrigerant use intensity (RUI).

Allan Montpellier | PAE

David Mead | PAE

Thomas Schaer | SHED Architecture

Learning Objectives

1. Understand what refrigerants are and their impacts on the environment.

2. Become familiar with how refrigerants have typically been used and what quantities are present in different HVAC systems.

3. Understand how to quantify impacts of refrigerants on global warming.

4. Identify natural alternates for projects.

Learning Level – Intermediate

What is a refrigerant?

re-frig-er-antnounplural noun: refrigerants

A substance used for refrigeration.

What is a refrigerant?

Refrigerants are also hazardous chemicals that can be toxic and flammable.

re-frig-er-antnounplural noun: refrigerants

A substance used for refrigeration.

What is a Refrigerant?

“Refrigerant will NOT get you high, but it can kill you.” – HVAC TECHNICIAN

Refrigerants Matter

Holistic Emissions Analysis

Operations Refrigerants Embodied

IMPACT!

Refrigerant Management

0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

World OECD90 EasternEurope

Asia(sansJapan)

MiddleEast &Africa

LatinAmerica

China India EU USA

Estimated Global Refrigerant Recovery Rates


$-

$5,000,000,000

$10,000,000,000

$15,000,000,000

$20,000,000,000

$25,000,000,000

VRF Chillers Boilers

Estimated Global Market Value

Case Study: The Manufacturer’s Building

CASE STUDY: THE MANUFACTURER’S BUILDING

THICK BRICK WALLS HAVE AMPLE CAPACITY TO CARRY GRAVITY LOADS

EXISTING MASONRY WALLS

FIRE RESISTANT HEAVY TIMBER FRAMING PROVIDES 7 FLOORS OF ADAPTABLE SPACE

EXISTING HEAVY TIMBER FRAMING

NEW LATERAL SYSTEM

STEEL BRACED FRAMES ON NEW FOUNDATIONS RESIST SEISMIC FORCES

DECADES OF AD-HOC TENANT IMPROVEMENTS HAVE LEFT THE BUILDING’S CORE FUNCTIONS SCATTERED AND DISORGANIZED

EXISTING INFRASTRUCTURE

A COMPACT CORE MAXIMIZES LEASABLE AREA AND ALLOWS FOR 360 ° VIEWS OUT ON ALL FLOORS

CONSOLIDATED INFRASTRUCTURE

NEW EXTERIOR STAIR TOWER

GLAZED STAIR OFFERS DRAMATIC ALLEY VIEWS. USERS KEEP A WATCHFUL EYE ON THE ALLEYS BELOW.

CROSS LAMINATED TIMBER

ROOF, STAIR TOWER, AND PENTHOUSE ARE CONSTRUCTED OF MODERN HEAVY TIMBER CLT PANELS

INTENSIVE GREEN ROOF SLOWS STORMWATER RUNOFF MITIGATING COMBINED SEWER OVERFLOWS

GREENROOF

THE RAILSPUR TODAY

THE RAILSPUR TOMORROW

FEDERAL HISTORIC TAX CREDIT

• THE 20% TAX CREDIT HELPS OFFSET THE HIGH COST OF REHABILITATION AND IS ESSENTIAL TO THE FINANCIAL VIABILITY OF THIS PROJECT.

• QUALIFICATION REQUIREMENTS ARE EXTENSIVE. AN AVERAGE OF 10 TAX CREDITS ARE AWARDED PER YEAR IN WASHINGTON STATE.

• THE OVERARCHING REQUIREMENT IS THE PRESERVATION OF “CHARACTER DEFINING ELEMENTS”.

OVERCOMING THE ENVELOPE

• AMONG THE “CHARACTER DEFINING ELEMENTS” OF THIS 1907 WAREHOUSE ARE UNINSULATED BRICK WALLS AND ORIGINAL SINGLE PANE WINDOWS.

• HOW CAN AN UNINSULATED BRICK BUILDING MEET CURRENT ENERGY CODE REQUIREMENTS?

AN ENERGY CODE COMPLIANCE PATH THAT ALLOWS HIGH EFFICIENCY SYSTEMS, ON-SITE POWER GENERATION, AND OTHER MEASURES TO COMPENSATE FOR POOR ENVELOPE PERFORMANCE.

TOTAL BUILDING PERFORMANCE MODELING

• A HIGHLY EFFICIENT HVAC SYSTEM WAS A FUNDAMENTAL REQUIREMENT

• TWO AIR SOURCE HEATPUMP SYSTEMS COUPLED WITH A DOAS (DEDICATED OUTSIDE AIR SYSTEM) WERE IDENTIFIED AS VIABLE OPTIONS.

STEP 1: HIGH EFFICIENCY MECHANICAL PLANT

Challenges• Large quantities of refrigerant

System Diagram

Challenges• Large quantities of refrigerant

piping within occupied floors presents hazard for leaks.

• Ductwork, condensate and

Advantages• Minimal shaft area required for

100% outside air system.

rviewop dedicated outdoor units provide ation and exhaust for office floors.

ource heat recovery chiller shall a heating water and chilled water hroughout the building.

criptionop packaged heat pump DOAS with heat recovery provides ation air to all office floors via ally located supply and exhaust afts. Outside air is ducted to an r distribution system with the

bility to modulate the ventilation air me.

ust air is ducted from the restrooms ommon areas to the rooftop DOAS

ng water mains and chilled water s will be centrally routing through uilding.

eat recovery chiller heating water hilled water system shall serve round floor retail spaces as well as loads on the office floors.

ion V: DOAS with Air Source Heat Recovery ChillerVRF AIR SOURCE HEAT PUMP

48.5KW (LARGEST ARRAY WE COULD PROVIDE GIVEN BUILDING CODE AND PRESERVATION LIMITATIONS)

AN EFFICIENT MECHANICAL PLANT ALONE COULD NOT COMPENSATE FOR POOR ENVELOPE PERFORMANCE.

STEP 2: MAXIMIZE ON SITE SOLAR

INTERIOR INSULATION AND STORM WINDOWS ON WEST WALL

PENTHOUSE ADDITION AND ROOFS EXCEED PRESCRIPTIVE ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS

EFFICIENT MECHANICAL PLANT AND MAXIMIZED ON-SITE SOLAR ARE STILL NOT ENOUGH...BUT TARGETED ADDITION OF INSULATION AND INTERIOR STORM WINDOWS CLOSED THE GAP!

STEP 3: TARGETED ENVELOPE IMPROVEMENTS

Selecting the Mechanical System

Why Air Source Heat Pump Technology?


First Cost

Tenant Flexibility

Life Cycle Cost

Aesthetics

Greenhouse Gas Impact

Roof Area

Ceiling Height

Leasable Area

Maintenance

Energy Cost

Acoustics

Water Efficiency


First Cost

Tenant Flexibility

Life Cycle Cost

Aesthetics Greenhouse Gas Impact

Roof Area

Ceiling HeightLeasable Area

MaintenanceEnergy Cost

Water Efficiency

Top Priority:“Appealing Now and in 100 Years”

Second Priority:“Manage Impacts”

Third Priority:“Really important, but not to the detriment of the above”

Project Example – VRF


VRF = High “RUI” ASHP = Low “RUI”

Two Efficient Systems with Different RUI’s - “Refrigerant Use Intensity”

Uses refrigerant as the medium to move heat around the building.

Uses water as the medium to move heat around the building.

The risk of refrigerants on the environment and indoor air quality was one of the deciding factors.

VISION – Comfort with Friendly Refrigerants

Friendly Refrigerants

+

What are Refrigerants?

History

GWP

0200400600800

1,0001,2001,4001,6001,8002,0002,2002,4002,6002,8003,0003,2003,4003,6003,8004,0004,2004,4004,600

Am

mon

ia (

NH

3)

Car

bon

Dio

xide

(CO

2)

Prop

ane

HCFC

-123

ARM

-70a

(A2L

)

L41a

(A2L

)

HFC

-245

fa

HFC

-134

a

HFC

-407

C

HCFC

-22

HFC

-410

A

HFC

-404

A

HFC

-507

A

CFC

-502

GW

P

Global Warming Potential of Refrigerants

R466

A

GWP

R466

A

R410

A

1,900

700

Zero ODS, Low GWP Alternatives

Leakage Issues


0%

10%

20%

30%

40%

50%

60%

70%

80%

90%

World OECD90 EasternEurope

Asia(sansJapan)

MiddleEast &Africa

LatinAmerica

China India EU USA

Estimated Global Refrigerant Recovery Rates

410a Reviews

LEED Method

2%

10%

Agreements & Regulations

Kigali Agreement

0%10%20%30%40%50%60%70%80%90%

2019 2024 2029 2034 2036

National Reduction in Controlled Substances - HFC Consumption

Larger Chillers

VRF + Smaller Refrigeration Units

Kigali Agreement

The countries to have ratified in date order:1. Mali 31/3/172. Micronesia 12/5/173. Marshall Islands 15/5/174. Rwanda 23/5/175. Palau 29/8/176. Norway 6/9/177. Comoros 16/9/178. Chile 19/9/179. Tuvalu 21/9/1710. North Korea 21/9/1711. Australia 27/10/1712. Canada 3/11/1713. Maldives 13/11/1714. UK 14/11/1715. Finland 14/11/1716. Germany 14/11/1717. Laos 16/11/1718. Luxembourg 16/11/1719. Slovakia 16/11/1720. Sweden 17/11/1721. Trinidad and Tobago 17/11/1722. Malawi 21/11/17

23. Côte d’Ivoire 29/11/1724. Ecuador 22/1/1825. Netherlands 8/2/1826. Gabon 28/2/1827. Togo 8/3/1828. Ireland 12/3/1829. Benin 19/3/1830. Samoa 23/3/1831. France 29/3/1832. Barbados 19/4/1833. Vanuatu 20/4/1834. Niue 24/4/1835. Bulgaria 1/5/201836. Costa Rica 23/5/1837. Grenada 29/5/1838. Belgium 4/6/201839. Uganda 21/6/1840. Portugal 17/7/1841. Lithuania 24/7/1842. Burkina Faso 26/7/1843. Latvia 17/8/1844. Niger 29/8/18

45. Senegal 31/8/1846. Uruguay 12/9/1847. Hungary 14/9/1848. Tonga 17/9/1849. Mexico 25/9/1850. European Union 27/9/1851. Estonia 27/9/1852. Czech Republic 27/9/1853. Austria 27/9/1854. Sri Lanka 28/9/1855. Panama 28/9/1856. Greece 5/10/1857. Guinea-Bissau 22/10/1858. Kiribati 26/10/1859. Paraguay 1/11/1860. Switzerland 9/11/18

International Perspectives

Kigali Agreement

State Regulations

EPA (40 CFR Part 82, Subpart F)

Under Section 608 of the Clean Air Act

Chain of Supply is Key

GHG Emission Impacts

Full Emissions Analysis

Greenhouse Gas Emissions Analysis

GGEA REA GGLCA

Refrigerants Emissions Analysis

Greenhouse Gas Lifecycle Assessment

Design Solutions

Solutions

Opt for Renewables

Reduce Loads

Set AggressiveGoals

Choose Efficient Systems

Analyze the Climate

Verify Performance

Low Refrigerant Charge

0

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

VRF Refrigerant Minisplit Refrigerant ASHP + hydronicdistribution

lbs

of r

efrige

rant

Total Refrigerant Charge for Project

New Building Metric? RUI (refrigerant use intensity)

GOAL

Seattle – VRF Impacts

Hydronic Solutions

Project Example – Leakage Rates EPA vs LEED

Future BuildingsComfort without more than 2lbs? CO2e/SF total refrigerant charge. Comfort without high GWP refrigerant.

New Refrigerants

Higher Flammability Class 3 A3R-290 Propane B3

Lower Flammibility Class 2 A2R-152a B2

Lower Burning Velocity Class 2LA2LR-32

R-1234yfR-1234ze

B2LR-717 Ammonia

No Flame Propagation Class 1

A1R-22

R-134aR-410A

R-744 CO2

B2R-123

Lower Toxicity Higher Toxicity

Refrigerant Safety Groups

Future

‘Natural’ Refrigerants

Potentials for Ammonia & CO2

Innovation

Audience Questions

Allan Montpellier, PE, LEED APPrincipal

[email protected]

David Mead, CPHC, AIA, LEED AP BD+C

Building Performance Specialist

[email protected]

206–596–8606

1501 East Madison Street, Suite 300Seattle, WA 98122

Thomas Schaer

Principal

[email protected]

206.320.8700

1401 S JacksonSeattle, WA 98144

the bullett center turns two · • two air source heatpump systems coupled with a doas (dedicated...

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