The Bonds of EmpireThe Bonds of Empire

Chapter 4Chapter 4

The RestorationThe Restoration

►After Oliver Cromwell died (leader of After Oliver Cromwell died (leader of the Parliamentarians) the Stuart the Parliamentarians) the Stuart Monarchy, under Charles II, returns to Monarchy, under Charles II, returns to the throne in 1660.the throne in 1660.

~Oliver Cromwell

Royal “centralization”Royal “centralization”

►1686, Dominion of New England 1686, Dominion of New England created.created.

►Boston was capital.Boston was capital.►1688, New Jersey and New York 1688, New Jersey and New York

added.added.

~Seal of Dominion of New England

ExpansionExpansion

►Acquired Carolinas, New York, New Acquired Carolinas, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.Jersey, Pennsylvania, and Delaware.

►By 1729, all but By 1729, all but PennsylvaniaPennsylvania were were under direct royal control.under direct royal control.

William PennWilliam Penn

►1681, Charles II paid debt to Penn and 1681, Charles II paid debt to Penn and made him proprietor of last made him proprietor of last unallocated tract of American territory.unallocated tract of American territory.

►Established “holy experiment” based Established “holy experiment” based on teachings of George Fox on teachings of George Fox (Quakerism). Also established (Quakerism). Also established religious freedom.religious freedom.

Navigation ActsNavigation Acts

►Series of laws, beginning in 1660 that Series of laws, beginning in 1660 that provided mutual commercial provided mutual commercial advantages for Britain and its colonies.advantages for Britain and its colonies.

►Limited competition. Limited competition. ►Enumerated goods, such as rum, had Enumerated goods, such as rum, had

to flow from colonies directly to to flow from colonies directly to England.England.

Sir Edmund AndrosSir Edmund Andros

► Royal Governor of Royal Governor of Dominion of New Dominion of New England in 1688.England in 1688.

► Limited towns to single Limited towns to single annual meeting.annual meeting.

► Strictly enforced Strictly enforced religious toleration and religious toleration and Navigation Acts.Navigation Acts.

► Disliked by colonists, Disliked by colonists, arrested after Glorious arrested after Glorious Revolution, sent back to Revolution, sent back to England.England.

Glorious RevolutionGlorious Revolution

►1688-1689: James II, who was Catholic, 1688-1689: James II, who was Catholic, disliked by English Protestants.disliked by English Protestants.

► James’ daughter, Mary, and her husband James’ daughter, Mary, and her husband William of Orange (Protestant William of Orange (Protestant Netherlands) were encouraged to Netherlands) were encouraged to intervene and become “limited intervene and become “limited monarchs” monarchs”

►November 1688, William led small Dutch November 1688, William led small Dutch army to England, James fled to France.army to England, James fled to France.

Andros arrested in Boston Andros arrested in Boston and sent back to Englandand sent back to England

Dominion DismantledDominion Dismantled

►Dominion of New England was Dominion of New England was dismantled and Conn. and Rhode dismantled and Conn. and Rhode Island could choose own governors.Island could choose own governors.

►Massachusetts, a place of early Massachusetts, a place of early dissension, could not however.dissension, could not however.

►Proposed religious toleration.Proposed religious toleration.

New York UprisingNew York Uprising

►Militia captain, Jacob Leisler, seized control Militia captain, Jacob Leisler, seized control of New York from 1689-1691 after Glorious of New York from 1689-1691 after Glorious Revolution.Revolution.

► Sought to establish government of direct Sought to establish government of direct popular representation, which Anglican popular representation, which Anglican merchants and aristocrats disagreed with.merchants and aristocrats disagreed with.

►New governor, dispatched by King William New governor, dispatched by King William III, met resistance from Leisler.III, met resistance from Leisler.

► Leisler tried, hanged, and beheaded in May Leisler tried, hanged, and beheaded in May 1691.1691.

Beginnings of the 18Beginnings of the 18thth CenturyCentury

Growth of AmericaGrowth of America

Spain v. France v. BritishSpain v. France v. British

►Spain and France remained societies Spain and France remained societies in which most wealth was controlled in which most wealth was controlled by the monarch, the nobility, and the by the monarch, the nobility, and the church.church.

►England was transitioning to England was transitioning to mercantile-commercial economymercantile-commercial economy..

►Colonial living standards rose Colonial living standards rose dramatically from 1700-1770.dramatically from 1700-1770.

Middle PassageMiddle Passage

African SlaveryAfrican Slavery

►Only 5% of slaves went to British North Only 5% of slaves went to British North America.America.

►A majority went to West Indies and A majority went to West Indies and Brazil to help produce sugar.Brazil to help produce sugar.

Stono Rebellion (1739)Stono Rebellion (1739)►As black population grew, racial As black population grew, racial

tensions mounted.tensions mounted.►Stono Slave Rebellion in South Stono Slave Rebellion in South

Carolina led to harsher slave code.Carolina led to harsher slave code.

GeorgiaGeorgia

►Led by Led by James Oglethorpe James Oglethorpe (1733), used (1733), used to shield South Carolina from Spanish to shield South Carolina from Spanish attack from Florida.attack from Florida.

►Haven for debtors, and meant to be Haven for debtors, and meant to be free of slavery and alcohol but neither free of slavery and alcohol but neither worked.worked.

Great Awakening (1739)Great Awakening (1739)

►RevivalistsRevivalists highlighted sinfulness of highlighted sinfulness of humans, need for immediate repentance.humans, need for immediate repentance.

►Human sinfulness, “slippery slope” to hell.Human sinfulness, “slippery slope” to hell.► John Edwards John Edwards “Sinners in the Hands…”, “Sinners in the Hands…”,

revival in Mass.revival in Mass.►George WhitefieldGeorge Whitefield: Masterful orator that : Masterful orator that

led a tour throughout the colonies to led a tour throughout the colonies to preach revivalist ideals.preach revivalist ideals.

~Whitefield excites another crowd.

Enlightened IdealsEnlightened Ideals

► 35-50 percent of colonists were literate.35-50 percent of colonists were literate.► 90 percent of men and 40 percent of women 90 percent of men and 40 percent of women

in New England were literate.in New England were literate.► Sir Isaac Newton (1687) explained how Sir Isaac Newton (1687) explained how

gravitation ruled the universe.gravitation ruled the universe.► John Locke writes John Locke writes Essay Concerning Human Essay Concerning Human

UnderstandingUnderstanding (1690). (1690).►DeismDeism: God created perfect universe; natural : God created perfect universe; natural

laws would conduct outcomes, not God’s laws would conduct outcomes, not God’s hand.hand.

Ben FranklinBen Franklin

► Born in Boston, 1706Born in Boston, 1706► Moved to Phila. at age Moved to Phila. at age

17, becomes prominent 17, becomes prominent printer.printer.

► Publishes Publishes Poor Richard’s Poor Richard’s AlmanackAlmanack

► Begins Begins American American Philosophical SocietyPhilosophical Society

► Forms Forms JuntoJunto, social club., social club.► Enlightened ideals Enlightened ideals

personified.personified.