the big four! organic compounds. the big four objectives: –recognize the building blocks of the...
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The Big Four!
Organic Compounds
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Organic Compounds
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The Big Four
Objectives:– Recognize the building blocks of the Big
Four– Understand the functions of the Big Four– Draw the structural diagrams for amino
acids, and nucleotides
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Organic Compounds
All organic compounds:– Have carbon as their core structure– Contain hydrogen, oxygen and a few other
atoms– Are considered macromolecules or
polymers (giant molecules)
polymer = monomer + monomer + monomer etc.
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Organic Compounds
The Big Four:– Proteins– Nucleic Acids – Carbohydrates– Lipids
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Organic Compounds: Matching
Polymers:
Proteins
Nucleic Acids
Carbohydrates
Lipids
Monomers:
Glucose
Nucleotides
Glycerol + Fatty Acids
Amino Acids
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Organic Compounds
POLYMER MONOMERS
Protein Amino Acids
Nucleic Acid Nucleotides
Carbohydrates Glucose
Lipids Glycerol + Fatty Acids
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Protein
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Protein
Building blocks are called Amino Acids There are only 20 Amino Acids Amino acids all have the same basic
blueprint:
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Amino Acid Structure
Amine GroupAmine Group
R Group / Side ChainR Group / Side Chain
Carboxyl Acid Carboxyl Acid GroupGroup
Central Central CarbonCarbon
Hydrogen Hydrogen AtomAtom
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Dehydration Synthesis
Dipeptide Molecule – consists of 2 amino acids
Polypeptide Molecule– Consists of 3 or more amino acids
Polypeptide molecules are considered protein when there are at least 200 amino acids
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Dehydration Synthesis
Links amino acids together to make protein
Carboxyl acid of one Amino Acid bonds to the Amine group of the next Amino Acid
A Peptide Bond forms Loss of water = Dehydration
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What does Dehydration Synthesis look like?
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Your turn:
Synthesize the following amino acids. Include structural diagrams for all reactants and products.
Alanine + Glycine + Alanine
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Alanine + Glycine + Alanine
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Last class…
Describe a polymer. What are the 5 parts of an amino acid?
How many H2O molecules are formed during the synthesis of 8 amino acids?
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Why is water important to our diets? Digesting protein means breaking the peptide
bonds that hold amino acids together The amino acids that result are missing -OH
and H, which were lost during dehydration synthesis
Water in our diet helps replace it Adding H2O in a chemical reaction is called
Hydrolysis
Dehydration Synthesis-Hydrolysis
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Hydrolysis
Use structural diagrams to show the hydrolysis of a polypeptide consisting of:
In hydrolysis reactions involving protein, for every peptide bond broken, one water molecule is needed
Alanine-Glycine-Alanine
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Alanine-Glycine-Alanine
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Protein Functions
1. Main structural component of cells
2. Enzymes (organic catalysts) - control every chemical reaction in cells
3. Hormones (chemical messengers)
4. Antibodies
5. Passive and Active channels in the plasma membrane
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Protein Shapes
Primary– linear arrangement of amino acids
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Protein Shapes
Secondary– helix or folded arrangement
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Protein Shapes
Tertiary– 3-D shape caused by the interaction of
amino acids with large r-groups
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Protein Shapes
Quaternary– multiple polypeptides with 3-D shape
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Protein Shapes
Try this!
– Match Protein Molecules
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Last class…
What is the difference between dehydration synthesis and hydrolysis?
Name and describe the 4 different protein shapes.
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Protein Shapes
Factors that may alter the shape of Protein: – Temperature– Changes in pH– Denaturation – temporary change in
shape– Coagulation – permanent change in
shape
Fryin an Egg Animation
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Enzymes Proteins that act as biological catalysts. Speed up chemical reactions that take place in
cells. Very specific, used in only one “type of” chemical
reaction Unaffected by the reaction, so they can be used
over again. If the shape of the enzyme changes, the enzyme
can’t do it’s job. Reduce the activation energy needed to start the
reaction
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Enzyme Names
Enzyme: Substrate
Maltase Maltose
Lactase Lactose
Sucrase Sucrose
Lipase Fats/Oils
Cellulase Cellulose
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Enzymes
“Lock and Key” principle
Animation (you tube)
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Catabolic Reaction
enzyme
Reactant (substrate)
+
Enzyme/Substrate Complex
enzymeEnd product
AEnd product
B
+
+
Active site
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Anabolic Reaction
enzymeSubstrate A Substrate B
+
+
enzyme
End product
+
Active site
Enzyme/Substrate Complex
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Last class…
Explain the Lock and Key principal. What’s the difference between
denaturation and coagulation? Explain catabolic reactions. Explain anabolic reactions.
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Nucleic Acids
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Nucleic Acids
There are 2 types of nucleic acids:
1. Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA) 2. Ribonucleic Acid (RNA)
a) mRNAb) tRNAc) rRNA
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DNA
Nucleic acid that stores and transmits hereditary or genetic information
Double Helix shape Polymer created by monomers called
nucleotides
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DNA
Nucleotides Phosphate - phosphorus + oxygen atoms
5 carbon sugar– DNA = deoxyribose
4 Nitrogen Bases– A - Adenine– T - Thymine– C - Cytosine– G - Guanine
BaseBaseSugarSugar
PP
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Complimentary Bases
How do we know which bases are complimentary to each other?
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DNA
Purines– Adenine & Guanine– Double ringed
structure
Pyrimidines– Thymine & Cytosine– Single ringed
structure
Adenine (purine) bonds Thymine (pyrimidine)
Guanine (purine) bonds Cytosine (pyrimidine)
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Draw a DNA triplet using the the letters C, A and T on the left hand side
DNA triplet
Amino Acid Protein
AA
TT
GG
TT
AA
CC
5’3’
5’3’
Remember how to draw DNA?
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DNA
Helicase – The enzyme that breaks the hydrogen
bonds between nucleotides (DNA unzips)– Allows for replication
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AA
TT
GG
TT
AA
CC
5’ 3’
5’
3’
TTAA
DNA polymerase - allows for attachment of free-floating nucleotides
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RNA
(mRNA, tRNA & rRNA)
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mRNA
mRNA = messenger RNA
BaseBaseSugarSugar(Ribose)(Ribose)
PP
Single stranded molecule
Consists of nucleotides
Nitrogen Bases:– Adenine– Uracil– Cytosine– GuanineRR
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mRNA
mRNA is produced in the nucleus in a process call transcription (DNA copies its coded message - transcribes - onto a mRNA molecule)
mRNA’s code is contained in groups of 3 nitrogen bases called codons
Each codon codes for 1 amino acid
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mRNA Codon
A U G
RRRRRR
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AA
TT
GG
TT
AA
CC
5’ 3’
5’
3’
AA
DNA polymerase - allows for attachment of free-floating nucleotides
RR
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mRNA Codon Wheel
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tRNA
tRNA = transfer RNA Each tRNA molecule carries (transfers)
one amino acidA A
U A C
tRNA Anti-codon
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rRNA
rRNA = ribosomal RNA Forms the structure of a ribosome
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Carbohydrates
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Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are polymers of simple sugars (C6H12O6)
Compounds made up of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms (C-H-O ratio of 1-2-1)
Used as a source of energy and in some cases for structural purposes
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Carbohydrates
Monosaccharides – Simple sugars (C6H12O6)
– Single sugar molecules (glucose, galactose, fructose)
– All simple sugars are isomers of each other. They have the same formula, but different structures
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Carbohydrates
Disaccharides– Consist of 2 monosaccharides bonded through
dehydration synthesis
• Glucose + Glucose -> Maltose + H2O • Glucose + Fructose -> Sucrose + H2O• Glucose + Galactose -> Lactose + H2O
– Maltose, Sucrose & Lactose are isomers with the formula C12H22O11
C6H12O6 + C6H12O6 C12H22O11 + H2O
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Carbohydrates
To break down a disaccharide: hydrolysis
Lactose + Lactase +H2O ->
Glucose + Galactose + Lactase
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Catabolic Reaction
lactase
lactose
+
Enzyme/Substrate Complex
lactaseglucose galactose
+
+
Active site
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Carbohydrates
Polysaccharides– Long chain of monosaccharides – Examples:
Starch
Cellulose
Glycogen
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Carbohydrates
Starch– Stored in amyloplasts of plant cells, usually
in the roots– Foods like potatoes, bread, pasta, rice
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Carbohydrates
Cellulose– Component of the cell wall of plant cells– Most abundant organic compound
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Carbohydrates
Glycogen– “Animal” starch– Large molecule stored in animal muscle
cells
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Last Class…
What are purines and pyrimidines? What is the name of the enzyme that splits
the DNA molecule? Groups of 3 nitrogen bases are called:
____________ in DNA____________ in mRNA____________ in tRNA
What is the difference between an isomer, a monomer and a polymer? Give examples.
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Lipids
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Lipids
Types of Lipids– Triglycerides– Cholesterol– Steroids– Hormones
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Cholesterol Overview
Video
Where is excess cholesterol stored? What is atherosclerosis? What are the controllable factors of
cholesterol levels? How is high cholesterol treated?
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“The Good and Bad of Cholesterol”Answer the following questions in your notes:
1. What is the difference between HDL and LDL?2. What are the 3 components that make up your total
cholesterol level?3. What are healthy levels for HDL and LDL?4. If you normally had 65 mg of HDL in your blood,
how many mg of HDL would you have if you started smoking? What would that mean in terms of your heart health?
5. In your opinion, should doctors prescribe medications as soon as a patient is diagnosed with high cholesterol? Why?
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Lipids
Gram for gram lipids contain more energy potential than other organic compounds
Lipids are our cell’s second choice for energy Carbon is the backbone of lipids with a lot of
hydrogen and some oxygen Lipids are hydrophobic (not soluble in water)
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Lipids Triglyceride lipids are composed of 1
glycerol molecule bonded to 3 fatty acid molecules
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Lipids
Triglyceride molecules fit together like this:
They attach by dehydration synthesis
+
+
+
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Lipids
Saturated fats: "the enemy" – Solids at room temperature– Found in animal products (meat, eggs and
cheese)– Associated with LDL’s– Hard to digest – Structure: long chains of carbon attached
by single covalent bonds.
C--C--C--C--C--C--HO
HO
H H H H H
H H H H H
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Lipids
Monounsaturated fats: "the good guys" – Liquids at room temperature– Found in plant products (olive oil)– Less connection to LDL’s– Structure: chains of carbon with a double
bond between 2 carbons
C--C--C--C--C--C--HO
HO
H H H H
H H H H
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Lipids
Polyunsaturated fats:"the good guys"– Liquids at room temperature– Found in oils from seeds (sunflower oil)– No connection to LDL’s– May be connected to HDL’s– Structure: more than 1 double bond in the
chain of carbon
C--C--C--C--C--C--HO
HO
H H H
H H H
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Trans fats
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Lipids
Steroids & Hormones– Include estrogen, progesterone and
testosterone– Anabolic Steroids
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THE END
:o(