The Berlin Holocaust Memorial

The Berlin Holocaust Memorial

The Berlin Holocaust Memorial

Congressional Medal of HonorMemorial

Congressional Medal of HonorMemorial

The Liberty Monument in New Orleans, Louisiana Unsuccessful Built Example

Citizenship● Monument is dedicated to reign of white supremacy, but the majority of the citizens in New Orleans are African- American● This symbol is offensive to many people in New Orleans, and is not respectful to the diversity of citizens that exists

Worldviews● Shows only one worldview despite a complicated history involving complex race relations and large national events● Attempts to correct the worldview were made through the installation of panels, but this was overwhelmingly unsuccessful

Public Sphere● Monument was located on one of New Orleans's most popular streets until recently● Location in primary urban area sparked a lot of social and political outcry● Believed to be a more appropriate monument in a predominantly white neighborhood or hidden from general public

Hiroshima Peace ParkSuccessful Built Design Example

Citizenship● Encourages worldwide citizenship● Speaks to common tragedy and loss● Message transcends boundaries citizenship

Worldviews● Promotes a worldview of peace● Strives to eradicate nuclear weaponry and learn from past mistakes● Eliminates animosity from event and encourages mutual understanding in order to progress

Public Sphere● Park is located in large public space, event was even more devastating because it took place in an urban, public area● Provides gathering and meeting space

Trail of Tears Successful Built Design Example

Citizenship● Demonstrates lack of citizenship experienced by the Native Americans. ● Honors the loss and hardship faced by thousands.● Symbolically gives voice back to those that were lost.

Worldviews● Promotes a worldview of acceptance.● Encourages tolerance of all types of cultures and people.● Forces unavoidable realization of the hardships faced along the journey.

Public Sphere● The span of the trail across nine states expresses the vast length of the journey. ● The individual and funded memorials along the trail reinstate the Native Americans’ "somebody" status.

USS Arizona Memorial Successful Built Design Example

Citizenship● Honors those killed on USS Arizona and during entire air raid● Honor extends to include all of WWII deaths and current forces● Lines of attackers vs. the attacked are being blurred, almost erased

Worldviews● Visitor contemplates war, its causes, cost, and results● The ship and its memorial are viewed as sacred ground● The only US naval memorial to disaster and defeat

Public Sphere● Placement of memorial is significant, making it successful● Metaphors and symbolism infused into design create a unique environment● Ceremonies and special events are still held here today

The Wall of Peace, Paris, France

Designed by artist Clara Halter and architect Jean-Michel Wilmotte to promote peace and cultural tolerance around the world.

CITIZENSHIP

-Multi-cultural accessibility with inclusion of various languages-Allows contributions from visitors and people who are off-site-Embraces modern technology and interaction-Local involvement ties the monument to Paris culture

PUBLIC SPHERE

-High visibility because of location near the Eiffel Tower emphasizes the importance of peace efforts-Modern form and transparency relate well to context without interfering with the Eiffel Tower

WORLDVIEWS

-The monument takes an “anti-monument” approach in that it does not relate to a specific event-The use of technology incorporates the opinions of people from around the world-Openness embraces the site, visitors, and the world

Unsuccessful Example:Hands of Victory (Saddam Hussein)

A memorial was built to commemorate winning a war that is commonly viewed as ending in a stalemate

PUBLIC SPHERE-Bold placement within a public parade ground in Baghdad places Hussein’s agenda in full view-Imposing and violent interpretation of the standard triumphal arch

CITIZENSHIP-Does not respect the citizens of Iran, the “conquered” people in Hussein’s view –scattering helmets of captured and fallen Iranian soldier at the base of the arms-Does not encourage reflection or remembrance in a peaceful or progressive way-Made of melted down soldiers’ guns, the swords portray militarism and violence as valuable qualities of citizens

WORLDVIEWS -The sole view presented is Saddam Hussein’s image of power and dominance over Iran, a reminder of oppression-The imagery promotes the reality of the violence of war-Highly controversial, opposing groups in Iraq still argue over what is to be done with the monument –destroy the symbol of oppression, or maintain the ugly part of history as a reminder

The Nanjing Holocaust happened during the time period of Anti-Japanese War between from1937 to 1945. During that time, the Republic of China was losing in the defensive war. Nanjing, which was the capital of China, fell to enemy occupation on Dec 13, 1937.

The Japanese Army massacred nearly all the people left in the city. In the first 6 months, the Japanese killed 200,000 people in the city. It is estimated that over 300,000 people were killed.

The Nanjing Holocaust happened during the time period of Anti-Japanese War between from1937 to 1945. During that time, the Republic of China was losing in the defensive war. Nanjing, which was the capital of China, fell to enemy occupation on Dec 13, 1937.

The Japanese Army massacred nearly all the people left in the city. In the first 6 months, the Japanese killed 200,000 people in the city. It is estimated that over 300,000 people were killed.

Built Example (Nanjing Holocaust Memorial)Location: Nanjing, China

Citizenship/// At the end of the exhibition hall, a drop of water falls from a high point every 12 seconds. At the same time, one of the lights on the side wall, which represent the victims, is extinguished. (According to Zhu Chengshan, in the brutal holocaust of Nanjing, on average, one person was killed every 12 seconds.)

Worldviews///The design of the monument revolves around three main ideas: War, Massacre, and Peace. The spatial layout implies that people should put down their swords and take up their gardening tools. The overall shape is like a huge boat of peace./// The design of this memorial reflects an impetus to move forward: away from the past into the future; bearing the history in mind while calling for peace.

Public Sphere ///After experiencing the impact of the mass graves, a horrific archeological exhibit, the visitors cross a threshold resembling a tomb entrance, which leads them down a long candle-lit ramp to the "meditation hall." Two large mirrors floating on equally silent water extend the glow of floating candles into limitless space. The reflection of the lights on water resembles the countless tears shed in a desire for peace.

Citizenship/// At the end of the exhibition hall, a drop of water falls from a high point every 12 seconds. At the same time, one of the lights on the side wall, which represent the victims, is extinguished. (According to Zhu Chengshan, in the brutal holocaust of Nanjing, on average, one person was killed every 12 seconds.)

Worldviews///The design of the monument revolves around three main ideas: War, Massacre, and Peace. The spatial layout implies that people should put down their swords and take up their gardening tools. The overall shape is like a huge boat of peace./// The design of this memorial reflects an impetus to move forward: away from the past into the future; bearing the history in mind while calling for peace.

Public Sphere ///After experiencing the impact of the mass graves, a horrific archeological exhibit, the visitors cross a threshold resembling a tomb entrance, which leads them down a long candle-lit ramp to the "meditation hall." Two large mirrors floating on equally silent water extend the glow of floating candles into limitless space. The reflection of the lights on water resembles the countless tears shed in a desire for peace.

Built Example (Nanjing Holocaust Memorial)Location: Nanjing, China