the battle for national reform: roosevelt, taft, and wilson chapter 22

The Battle for National The Battle for National Reform: Roosevelt, Taft, and Reform: Roosevelt, Taft, and

WilsonWilsonChapter 22Chapter 22

Theodore Roosevelt and The Theodore Roosevelt and The Modern PresidencyModern Presidency

1901 President McKinley assassinated1901 President McKinley assassinated

““I told William McKinley that it was a I told William McKinley that it was a mistake to nominate that wild man at mistake to nominate that wild man at Philadelphia, I asked him if he Philadelphia, I asked him if he realized what would happen if he realized what would happen if he should die. Now look, that damned should die. Now look, that damned cowboy is President of the United cowboy is President of the United States!” – Mark HannaStates!” – Mark Hanna


Roosevelt became Roosevelt became the youngest the youngest president (42) but president (42) but he never openly he never openly rebelled against rebelled against the leaders of his the leaders of his party, instead he party, instead he became a became a champion of champion of cautious, moderate cautious, moderate changechange


Believed that the government Believed that the government should be a mediator of the public should be a mediator of the public good, with the president at its good, with the president at its center, he also believed that center, he also believed that economic concentration had economic concentration had resulted in a consolidation of resulted in a consolidation of power that produced dangerous power that produced dangerous abuses of power, urged regulation abuses of power, urged regulation (but not destruction) of the trusts(but not destruction) of the trusts


Roosevelt wanted the Roosevelt wanted the government to have the power government to have the power to investigate the activities of to investigate the activities of the corporations and publicize the corporations and publicize the results, believing that the results, believing that educated public opinion would educated public opinion would eliminate most of the corporate eliminate most of the corporate abusesabuses


Department of Commerce and Department of Commerce and Labor (1903) - along with the Labor (1903) - along with the Bureau of Corporations was to Bureau of Corporations was to investigate activities of investigate activities of corporations and publicize themcorporations and publicize them


In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the Justice In 1902 Roosevelt ordered the Justice Department to invoke the Sherman Department to invoke the Sherman Anti-Trust Act against the Northern Anti-Trust Act against the Northern Securities Company, which was a Securities Company, which was a $400 million railroad monopoly in the $400 million railroad monopoly in the Northwest led by JP Morgan, EH Northwest led by JP Morgan, EH Harriman, and James J. Hill.Harriman, and James J. Hill.


““If we have done anything If we have done anything wrong, send your man to my wrong, send your man to my man and they can fix it up”, JP man and they can fix it up”, JP Morgan, Roosevelt proceeded Morgan, Roosevelt proceeded with the case and in 1904 the with the case and in 1904 the Supreme Court case ruled that Supreme Court case ruled that the company must be dissolvedthe company must be dissolved


Even though Roosevelt filed Even though Roosevelt filed more than 40 additional antitrust more than 40 additional antitrust suits during his presidency, he suits during his presidency, he had no serious commitment to had no serious commitment to reverse the prevailing trend reverse the prevailing trend toward economic concentrationtoward economic concentration


In 1902 the United Mine Workers In 1902 the United Mine Workers went on strike against the went on strike against the anthracite coal industry, it anthracite coal industry, it dragged on long enough to dragged on long enough to endanger coal supplies, endanger coal supplies, Roosevelt asked both operators Roosevelt asked both operators and miners to accept impartialand miners to accept impartial


Federal arbitration, the mine Federal arbitration, the mine operators resisted and Roosevelt operators resisted and Roosevelt threatened to seize the mines, in threatened to seize the mines, in arbitration the miners got a 10% arbitration the miners got a 10% wage increase and a 9 hour work day, wage increase and a 9 hour work day, more then the union would’ve got more then the union would’ve got without Roosevelt’s help, but without Roosevelt’s help, but Roosevelt also on several occasions Roosevelt also on several occasions sent in federal troops on the behalf of sent in federal troops on the behalf of the employers, Roosevelt’s “Square the employers, Roosevelt’s “Square Deal”Deal”


During Roosevelt’s first term he was During Roosevelt’s first term he was principally concerned with winning re-principally concerned with winning re-election, so could not afford to election, so could not afford to antagonize the conservative antagonize the conservative Republican Old Guard, he dispensed Republican Old Guard, he dispensed patronage to conservatives and patronage to conservatives and progressives equally, he won the progressives equally, he won the support of northern businessmen and support of northern businessmen and reformers alike. reformers alike.


In the election of 1904 Roosevelt In the election of 1904 Roosevelt faced conservative Democrat faced conservative Democrat Alton B. Parker and won 57% of Alton B. Parker and won 57% of the popular vote and lost no the popular vote and lost no state outside of the South, was state outside of the South, was free to display the extent of his free to display the extent of his commitment to reform in his commitment to reform in his second termsecond term


The Interstate Commerce Act of The Interstate Commerce Act of 1887 established the Interstate 1887 established the Interstate Commerce Commission, which Commerce Commission, which was an early effort to regulate was an early effort to regulate the railroad industry but it was the railroad industry but it was weakened by the courts, weakened by the courts, Roosevelt got the Hepburn.Roosevelt got the Hepburn.


Railroad Regulation Act of 1905 Railroad Regulation Act of 1905 passed which sought to restore passed which sought to restore some regulatory authority over some regulatory authority over railroad rates to the railroad rates to the government, many were enraged government, many were enraged at how cautious it was (Senator at how cautious it was (Senator LaFollette)LaFollette)


The Pure Food and Drug Act The Pure Food and Drug Act restricted the sale of dangerous restricted the sale of dangerous or ineffective medicines, but was or ineffective medicines, but was limited by its weak enforcement limited by its weak enforcement mechanismsmechanisms


In 1906 Upton Sinclair In 1906 Upton Sinclair wrote the powerful wrote the powerful novel novel The JungleThe Jungle, , which caused which caused Roosevelt to push for Roosevelt to push for the Meat Inspection the Meat Inspection Act that ultimately Act that ultimately helped eliminate many helped eliminate many diseases once diseases once transported in impure transported in impure meatmeat


Starting in 1907 Roosevelt began Starting in 1907 Roosevelt began pushing for more stringent reforms pushing for more stringent reforms such as an 8-hour work day, such as an 8-hour work day, compensation for victims of industrial compensation for victims of industrial accidents, an inheritance and income accidents, an inheritance and income tax, and regulation of the stock tax, and regulation of the stock market.market.


Roosevelt also began to openly Roosevelt also began to openly criticize conservatives in Congress criticize conservatives in Congress and the judiciary who were and the judiciary who were obstructing these programs, this obstructing these programs, this resulted in a widening gap between resulted in a widening gap between the president and conservative wing the president and conservative wing of his partyof his party


Roosevelt was concerned about the Roosevelt was concerned about the unregulated exploitation of unregulated exploitation of America’s natural resources and its America’s natural resources and its remaining wilderness, using his remaining wilderness, using his executive powers Roosevelt executive powers Roosevelt restricted private development on restricted private development on millions of acres of undeveloped millions of acres of undeveloped land, mostly in the West, by adding land, mostly in the West, by adding them to the National Forest systemthem to the National Forest system


Conservatives in Congress Conservatives in Congress passed a law in 1907 restricting passed a law in 1907 restricting Roosevelt’s authority over public Roosevelt’s authority over public land, Roosevelt and Gifford land, Roosevelt and Gifford Pinchot (chief forester) worked Pinchot (chief forester) worked to seize all the forests and many to seize all the forests and many of the waterpower sites that of the waterpower sites that were still in the public domain were still in the public domain before the bill became lawbefore the bill became law


Conservationists promoted Conservationists promoted policies to protect land for policies to protect land for carefully managed development, carefully managed development, the National Forest Service (led the National Forest Service (led by Pinchot) supported rational by Pinchot) supported rational and efficient human use of the and efficient human use of the wildernesswilderness

Establishment of National Parks and Forests


Roosevelt's legacy in Roosevelt's legacy in conservation was that he conservation was that he established the government role established the government role as a manager of the continuing as a manager of the continuing development of the wildernessdevelopment of the wilderness


The National Reclamation Act The National Reclamation Act (Newlands Act) provided federal (Newlands Act) provided federal funds for the construction of dams, funds for the construction of dams, reservoirs and canals in the West - reservoirs and canals in the West - projects that would open new lands projects that would open new lands for cultivation and provide cheap for cultivation and provide cheap electric power this was the beginning electric power this was the beginning of many years of critical federal aid of many years of critical federal aid for irrigation and power development for irrigation and power development in the Westin the West


George Perkins wrote George Perkins wrote Man and Man and NatureNature in which he said the most in which he said the most important consequence of losing important consequence of losing forests was the forest’s role in forests was the forest’s role in stabilizing the natural stabilizing the natural environment, received wide environment, received wide attention and became the basis attention and became the basis for the National Forest Service for the National Forest Service


Roosevelt championed the Roosevelt championed the expansion of the National Forest expansion of the National Forest System as a way to protect the System as a way to protect the landscape for continued rational landscape for continued rational lumbering, but he also greatly lumbering, but he also greatly expanded the National Park expanded the National Park System to protect public land System to protect public land from any exploitation or from any exploitation or development at alldevelopment at all


First national park was First national park was Yellowstone in Wyoming (1872), Yellowstone in Wyoming (1872), followed by Yosemite and followed by Yosemite and Sequoia in California and Mount Sequoia in California and Mount Rainer in Washington (1890’s), Rainer in Washington (1890’s), Roosevelt added Crater Lake Roosevelt added Crater Lake (OR), Mesa Verde (UT), Platt (OR), Mesa Verde (UT), Platt (OK), Wind Cave (SD)(OK), Wind Cave (SD)


Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite was Hetch Hetchy Valley in Yosemite was a spectacular high walled valley a spectacular high walled valley highly popular with conservationists, highly popular with conservationists, but San Francisco residents wanted but San Francisco residents wanted to dam it in order to create reservoir to dam it in order to create reservoir for the city, after the San Francisco for the city, after the San Francisco earthquake of 1906 and the resulting earthquake of 1906 and the resulting fire, the public outcry for the dam fire, the public outcry for the dam increased.increased.


Opposed by Muir and the Sierra Opposed by Muir and the Sierra Club, the case was turned over Club, the case was turned over to Pinchot who approved to Pinchot who approved construction of the dam, Pinchot construction of the dam, Pinchot who believed in the rational use who believed in the rational use of nature was not swayed by of nature was not swayed by Muir’s aesthetic and spiritual Muir’s aesthetic and spiritual argumentsarguments


Muir helped place a referendum on Muir helped place a referendum on the issue on the ballot in 1908, but the issue on the ballot in 1908, but dam was approved by huge margins, dam was approved by huge margins, the construction of the dam would the construction of the dam would finally begin after WWI, the fight finally begin after WWI, the fight against the Hetch Hetchy dam helped against the Hetch Hetchy dam helped mobilize a new coalition of people mobilize a new coalition of people committed to preservation, not the committed to preservation, not the "rational use" of wilderness"rational use" of wilderness


Panic of 1907 – American industrial Panic of 1907 – American industrial production outran the ability of either production outran the ability of either domestic or foreign markets to domestic or foreign markets to absorb it, the banking system and the absorb it, the banking system and the stock market displayed pathetic stock market displayed pathetic inadequacies, and irresponsible inadequacies, and irresponsible speculation and rampant financial speculation and rampant financial mismanagement shattered the mismanagement shattered the prosperity that many thought was prosperity that many thought was permanentpermanent


The conservatives blamed The conservatives blamed Roosevelt's "mad" economic Roosevelt's "mad" economic policies, he disagreed but did policies, he disagreed but did not interfere with their recovery not interfere with their recovery efforts, JP Morgan helped create efforts, JP Morgan helped create a pool of assets from several a pool of assets from several important New York banks to important New York banks to prop up shaky financial prop up shaky financial institutions. institutions.


The key to this arrangement was the The key to this arrangement was the purchase of the shares of Tennessee purchase of the shares of Tennessee Coal and Iron Company which were Coal and Iron Company which were held by a threatened New York bank, held by a threatened New York bank, US Steel would buy the shares but US Steel would buy the shares but needed assurances from Roosevelt needed assurances from Roosevelt that he would not face antitrust that he would not face antitrust action, Roosevelt agreed and the action, Roosevelt agreed and the Panic soon subsidedPanic soon subsided


Roosevelt made a promise in Roosevelt made a promise in 1904 that he would not seek a 1904 that he would not seek a third term, so after 8 years in third term, so after 8 years in the White House in which he had the White House in which he had transformed the role of the transformed the role of the presidency in American presidency in American government, Roosevelt retired government, Roosevelt retired from public life at the age of 50 from public life at the age of 50

The Troubled SuccessionThe Troubled Succession

William Howard Taft was Roosevelt's William Howard Taft was Roosevelt's handpicked successor, seemed handpicked successor, seemed acceptable to both progressives and acceptable to both progressives and conservatives, easily defeated William conservatives, easily defeated William Jennings Bryan in the 1908 election, Jennings Bryan in the 1908 election, however, 4 years later Taft left office as however, 4 years later Taft left office as the most decisively defeated president the most decisively defeated president of the 20of the 20thth Century, his party deeply Century, his party deeply divided, and with the Democrats in divided, and with the Democrats in control of the government for the first control of the government for the first time in 20 yearstime in 20 years


Taft called Congress into special Taft called Congress into special session to lower protective tariff rates, session to lower protective tariff rates, but Taft made no attempt to overcome but Taft made no attempt to overcome the opposition of Old Guard the opposition of Old Guard Republicans arguing that it would Republicans arguing that it would violate doctrine of separation of violate doctrine of separation of powers, the result was the Payne-powers, the result was the Payne-Aldrich Tariff which reduced tariff rates Aldrich Tariff which reduced tariff rates scarcely at all, and in some areas scarcely at all, and in some areas raised them, progressives resented raised them, progressives resented Taft’s passivityTaft’s passivity


Taft replaced Roosevelt's secretary of Taft replaced Roosevelt's secretary of interior, James R. Garfield an ardent interior, James R. Garfield an ardent conservationist, with a the conservationist, with a the conservative Richard A. Ballinger, a conservative Richard A. Ballinger, a conservative corporate lawyer, conservative corporate lawyer, Ballinger attempted to invalidate Ballinger attempted to invalidate Roosevelt's removal of 1 million acres Roosevelt's removal of 1 million acres of forests and mineral reserves from of forests and mineral reserves from the public lands available for private the public lands available for private developmentdevelopment


Louis Glavis, an Interior Department Louis Glavis, an Interior Department investigator, charged Ballinger with investigator, charged Ballinger with having connived to turn over valuable having connived to turn over valuable public coal lands in Alaska to a public coal lands in Alaska to a private syndicate for personal profit, private syndicate for personal profit, Glavis took the evidence to Pinchot Glavis took the evidence to Pinchot and Pinchot took the investigation to and Pinchot took the investigation to Taft. Taft.


Taft investigated the claims, Taft investigated the claims, found that they were groundless found that they were groundless and fired Glavis, Pinchot leaked and fired Glavis, Pinchot leaked the story out into the press and the story out into the press and Taft fired Pinchot for Taft fired Pinchot for insubordination. insubordination.


The result of the Ballinger-Pinchot The result of the Ballinger-Pinchot dispute aroused public passion and Taft dispute aroused public passion and Taft alienated supporters of Roosevelt alienated supporters of Roosevelt completelycompletely

Roosevelt became furious with Taft when Roosevelt became furious with Taft when he returned to New York in 1910 and felt he returned to New York in 1910 and felt that he alone was capable of reuniting that he alone was capable of reuniting the Republican Party the Republican Party

(Taft has) “…completely twisted around the policies I advocated and acted upon.”

Theodore Roosevelt


Roosevelt's “New Nationalism” made it Roosevelt's “New Nationalism” made it clear he had moved away from the clear he had moved away from the cautious conservatism of the first years of cautious conservatism of the first years of his presidency, argued that social justice his presidency, argued that social justice was possible only through vigorous was possible only through vigorous efforts of strong federal government efforts of strong federal government whose executive acted as the “steward of whose executive acted as the “steward of the public welfare”, those who thought the public welfare”, those who thought primarily of property rights and personal primarily of property rights and personal profit “must now give way to the profit “must now give way to the advocate of human welfare”advocate of human welfare”


Roosevelt supported graduated Roosevelt supported graduated income and inheritance taxes, income and inheritance taxes, workers' compensation for workers' compensation for industrial accidents, regulation industrial accidents, regulation of the labor of women and of the labor of women and children, tariff revision, firmer children, tariff revision, firmer regulation of corporations regulation of corporations


In the Congressional elections of In the Congressional elections of 1910, conservative Republicans went 1910, conservative Republicans went down to defeat while progressive down to defeat while progressive Republican incumbents were Republican incumbents were reelected, Democrats ran progressive reelected, Democrats ran progressive candidates of their own and gained candidates of their own and gained control of the House of control of the House of Representatives for the first time in Representatives for the first time in 16 years, reform sentiment was on 16 years, reform sentiment was on the risethe rise


In 1911 the Taft administration In 1911 the Taft administration announced a suit that charged announced a suit that charged US Steel with antitrust violations US Steel with antitrust violations in the 1907 acquisition of the in the 1907 acquisition of the Tennessee Coal and Iron Tennessee Coal and Iron Company, Roosevelt was Company, Roosevelt was enraged by the implication that enraged by the implication that he had acted improperlyhe had acted improperly


In 1912 Senator La Follette, who In 1912 Senator La Follette, who had been campaigning for had been campaigning for president himself, suffered a president himself, suffered a nervous breakdown (exhausted nervous breakdown (exhausted and distraught over his and distraught over his daughter’s illness) Roosevelt daughter’s illness) Roosevelt announced his candidacy for announced his candidacy for president on February 22, 1912president on February 22, 1912


The campaign for the Republican The campaign for the Republican nomination was battle between nomination was battle between Roosevelt (progressives) and Taft Roosevelt (progressives) and Taft (conservatives) but Taft remained the (conservatives) but Taft remained the choice of most party leaders who choice of most party leaders who controlled the nominating process, controlled the nominating process, Roosevelt told the convention “We Roosevelt told the convention “We stand at Armageddon and we battle stand at Armageddon and we battle for the Lord”, the Republican for the Lord”, the Republican convention nominated Taftconvention nominated Taft


Roosevelt launched the new Roosevelt launched the new Progressive Party and nominated Progressive Party and nominated himself as the presidential himself as the presidential candidate, Roosevelt approached candidate, Roosevelt approached the campaign "fit as a bull moose", the campaign "fit as a bull moose", but many of the insurgents who but many of the insurgents who had supported him during the had supported him during the primaries refused to follow him primaries refused to follow him out of the Republican partyout of the Republican party

Woodrow Wilson and the New Woodrow Wilson and the New FreedomFreedom

Democrats nominated the only true Democrats nominated the only true progressive candidate, Woodrow progressive candidate, Woodrow Wilson, on the 46Wilson, on the 46thth ballot at the ballot at the convention in Baltimore in 1912convention in Baltimore in 1912

President of Princeton University President of Princeton University 1902 – 1910, Governor of New Jersey 1902 – 1910, Governor of New Jersey 1910 – 1912, displayed a commitment 1910 – 1912, displayed a commitment to reformto reform


Wilson's “New Freedom” Wilson's “New Freedom” believed bigness (economic believed bigness (economic concentration in the trusts) was concentration in the trusts) was both unjust and inefficient, both unjust and inefficient, proper response to monopoly proper response to monopoly was not to regulate it but to was not to regulate it but to destroy itdestroy it


1912 Election – 1912 Election – Roosevelt and Taft Roosevelt and Taft split the split the Republican vote Republican vote allowing Wilson to allowing Wilson to win the electionwin the election


Wilson concentrated the powers of Wilson concentrated the powers of the executive branch in his own the executive branch in his own hands, he exerted firm control over hands, he exerted firm control over his cabinet, and delegated real his cabinet, and delegated real authority to those whose loyalty to authority to those whose loyalty to him was beyond question, Colonel him was beyond question, Colonel Edward M. House was Wilson’s most Edward M. House was Wilson’s most powerful advisor even though he held powerful advisor even though he held no official position in the executive no official position in the executive branchbranch


The Democrats captured both The Democrats captured both houses of Congress in the 1912 houses of Congress in the 1912 election, which made it much election, which made it much easier for Wilson to get his easier for Wilson to get his progressive agenda passedprogressive agenda passed


Wilson called Congress into Wilson called Congress into special session in order to pass special session in order to pass the Underwood- Simmons Tariff, the Underwood- Simmons Tariff, which substantially lowered the which substantially lowered the protective tariff in order to allow protective tariff in order to allow real competition into American real competition into American markets and break the power of markets and break the power of the trusts.the trusts.


Congress approved a graduated Congress approved a graduated income tax (under the 16income tax (under the 16thth Amendment) to make up for lost Amendment) to make up for lost revenue from the tariff, this first revenue from the tariff, this first modern income tax imposed a 1% tax modern income tax imposed a 1% tax on individuals and corporations on individuals and corporations earning over $4,000 up to a maximum earning over $4,000 up to a maximum of 6% on incomes of over $500,000of 6% on incomes of over $500,000


The Federal Reserve Act The Federal Reserve Act (1913) created twelve (1913) created twelve regional banks, each to regional banks, each to be owned and controlled be owned and controlled by the individual banks by the individual banks of its district, these of its district, these regional banks would regional banks would hold a certain hold a certain percentage of the assets percentage of the assets of their member banks of their member banks

in reserve.in reserve.


The system would use those The system would use those reserves to support loans to reserves to support loans to private banks at an interest rate private banks at an interest rate that the Federal Reserve Board that the Federal Reserve Board would set, they would also issue would set, they would also issue a new type of currency, Federal a new type of currency, Federal Reserve Notes, which would Reserve Notes, which would become the nations basic become the nations basic medium of trade and backed by medium of trade and backed by the government.the government.


The Federal Reserve System The Federal Reserve System would be able to shift funds would be able to shift funds quickly to troubled areas, to quickly to troubled areas, to meet increased demand for meet increased demand for credit, or to protect imperiled credit, or to protect imperiled banks.banks.


The Federal Trade Commission The Federal Trade Commission created a regulatory agency that created a regulatory agency that would help businesses determine in would help businesses determine in advance whether their actions would advance whether their actions would be acceptable to the government, the be acceptable to the government, the agency would also have authority to agency would also have authority to launch prosecutions against "unfair launch prosecutions against "unfair trade practices", it would also have trade practices", it would also have the power to investigate corporate the power to investigate corporate behaviorbehavior


The Clayton Antitrust Act was The Clayton Antitrust Act was attacked by conservative attacked by conservative interests and weakened it interests and weakened it greatly greatly

Wilson did little to protect itWilson did little to protect it


By the fall of 1914, Wilson believed that By the fall of 1914, Wilson believed that agitation for reform would slowly agitation for reform would slowly subside, he refused to support subside, he refused to support movement for women's suffrage, movement for women's suffrage, condoned the reimposition of condoned the reimposition of segregation in the agencies of the segregation in the agencies of the federal government (southern federal government (southern Democrats), he dismissed progressive Democrats), he dismissed progressive proposals for additional reform proposals for additional reform legislation as unconstitutional or legislation as unconstitutional or unnecessaryunnecessary


The 1914 congressional elections The 1914 congressional elections resulted in the Democrats resulted in the Democrats suffering major losses in suffering major losses in Congress led by voters who had Congress led by voters who had supported the Progressive Party supported the Progressive Party returning to the Republican returning to the Republican PartyParty


In January 1916, Wilson In January 1916, Wilson appointed Louis Brandeis to the appointed Louis Brandeis to the Supreme Court becoming the Supreme Court becoming the first Jewish member of the Court first Jewish member of the Court and also the most progressive and also the most progressive member of the Courtmember of the Court


Wilson sponsored measures that Wilson sponsored measures that expanded the role of the national expanded the role of the national government, he supported the government, he supported the Keating-Owen Act (1916) which was Keating-Owen Act (1916) which was the first federal law regulating child the first federal law regulating child labor, it prohibited the shipment of labor, it prohibited the shipment of goods produced by underage children goods produced by underage children across state lines, the Supreme Court across state lines, the Supreme Court struck down the Keating-Owen Act in struck down the Keating-Owen Act in 19181918

The "Big Stick": America and the The "Big Stick": America and the World, 1901-1917World, 1901-1917

The President could act in The President could act in foreign policy with less regard foreign policy with less regard for Congress and the Supreme for Congress and the Supreme Court overseas the president Court overseas the president could exercise power unfettered could exercise power unfettered and alone and alone


Roosevelt pursued an activist Roosevelt pursued an activist foreign policy, believed in the foreign policy, believed in the value of using American power in value of using American power in the world "speak softly but carry the world "speak softly but carry a big stick",a big stick",

He believed in an important He believed in an important distinction between the distinction between the "civilized" and "uncivilized" "civilized" and "uncivilized" nations of the nations of the worldworld


“ “Civilized” nations were Civilized” nations were predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon, predominantly white, Anglo-Saxon, producers of industrial goods, had a producers of industrial goods, had a right and duty to intervene in the right and duty to intervene in the affairs of the backward nation to affairs of the backward nation to preserve order and stability.preserve order and stability.

““Uncivilized” nations were non-white, Uncivilized” nations were non-white, Latin or Slavic, suppliers of raw Latin or Slavic, suppliers of raw materials and markets, not yet materials and markets, not yet industrializedindustrialized


By 1906, the By 1906, the American navy American navy was surpassed was surpassed only by that of only by that of Britain, although Britain, although Germany was Germany was rapidly gaining rapidly gaining groundground


Japan staged a surprise attack on the Japan staged a surprise attack on the Russian fleet at Port Arthur in southern Russian fleet at Port Arthur in southern Manchuria (China), Roosevelt agreed to Manchuria (China), Roosevelt agreed to mediate an end to the conflict, at the mediate an end to the conflict, at the peace conference in Portsmouth, New peace conference in Portsmouth, New Hampshire Roosevelt extracted from Hampshire Roosevelt extracted from the Russians a recognition of Japan's the Russians a recognition of Japan's territorial gains, and from Japan an territorial gains, and from Japan an agreement to cease fighting and agreement to cease fighting and expansionexpansion


He also negotiated a secret He also negotiated a secret agreement with the Japanese to agreement with the Japanese to ensure that the US could ensure that the US could continue to trade freely in the continue to trade freely in the region, Roosevelt won the Nobel region, Roosevelt won the Nobel Peace Prize in 1906 for his work Peace Prize in 1906 for his work in ending the Russo-Japanese in ending the Russo-Japanese WarWar


Japan destroyed the Russian Japan destroyed the Russian fleet at Port Arthur and began to fleet at Port Arthur and began to emerge as the preeminent naval emerge as the preeminent naval power in the Pacific, the power in the Pacific, the Japanese began to exclude Japanese began to exclude American trade from many of the American trade from many of the territories that it controlled.territories that it controlled.


Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet Roosevelt sent the Great White Fleet (sixteen American battleships) on a trip (sixteen American battleships) on a trip around the world to remind Japan of the around the world to remind Japan of the potential might of the US Naval forces potential might of the US Naval forces


In 1902, the naval forces of Britain, Italy In 1902, the naval forces of Britain, Italy and Germany blockaded Venezuela's and Germany blockaded Venezuela's coast in response to Venezuela's coast in response to Venezuela's reneging on debts owed to European reneging on debts owed to European countries, German ships began to countries, German ships began to bombard a Venezuelan port amid rumors bombard a Venezuelan port amid rumors that Germany planned to establish a that Germany planned to establish a permanent base in the region, Roosevelt permanent base in the region, Roosevelt used the threat of American naval power used the threat of American naval power to pressure German navy to withdrawto pressure German navy to withdraw


Roosevelt Corollary (1904) to the Roosevelt Corollary (1904) to the Monroe doctrine, the US had the Monroe doctrine, the US had the right not only to oppose European right not only to oppose European intervention in the Western intervention in the Western Hemisphere, but to intervene Hemisphere, but to intervene itself in the domestic affairs of its itself in the domestic affairs of its neighbors if they proved unable neighbors if they proved unable to maintain order and national to maintain order and national sovereignty on their ownsovereignty on their own

The United States and Latin America, 1895-1941


In 1903 the Dominican Republic In 1903 the Dominican Republic went bankrupt, it owed $22 went bankrupt, it owed $22 million to European nations, million to European nations, Roosevelt gained control of Roosevelt gained control of Dominican customs and Dominican customs and distributed 45% of the revenues distributed 45% of the revenues to Dominicans and the rest to to Dominicans and the rest to foreign creditorsforeign creditors


The Platt Amendment gave the The Platt Amendment gave the US the right to prevent any US the right to prevent any foreign power from intruding foreign power from intruding into Cuba, in 1906 American into Cuba, in 1906 American troops landed to keep the peace troops landed to keep the peace and remained there for 3 years and remained there for 3 years


The Panama Canal was the most The Panama Canal was the most celebrated accomplishment of celebrated accomplishment of Roosevelt's presidency it linked Roosevelt's presidency it linked the Pacific and the Atlantic by the Pacific and the Atlantic by creating a channel through creating a channel through Central AmericaCentral America


Roosevelt sent John Hay, his Roosevelt sent John Hay, his Secretary of State, to negotiate Secretary of State, to negotiate an agreement with Colombian an agreement with Colombian diplomats, Tomas Herren signed diplomats, Tomas Herren signed an agreement giving US an agreement giving US perpetual rights to six-mile wide perpetual rights to six-mile wide "canal zone" across Colombia in "canal zone" across Colombia in return for $10 million and an return for $10 million and an annual rent of $250,000annual rent of $250,000


The Colombian Senate was The Colombian Senate was outraged and did not ratify the outraged and did not ratify the Herren agreement, sent a new Herren agreement, sent a new representative to Washington representative to Washington demanding $20 million and share demanding $20 million and share of the payment to the Frenchof the payment to the French


Phillippe Bunau-Varilla was the chief Phillippe Bunau-Varilla was the chief engineer of the French canal project, engineer of the French canal project, he helped organize and finance a he helped organize and finance a revolution in Panama, Roosevelt revolution in Panama, Roosevelt landed troops from the U.S.S landed troops from the U.S.S NashvilleNashville to “maintain order” and to “maintain order” and their presence prevented Colombian their presence prevented Colombian forced from suppressing the forced from suppressing the rebellion. rebellion.


The new The new Panamanian Panamanian government government was recognized was recognized by Roosevelt 3 by Roosevelt 3 days later and days later and quickly agreed quickly agreed to the canal to the canal project, it project, it opened in 1914opened in 1914


Dollar Diplomacy – Taft's Secretary of Dollar Diplomacy – Taft's Secretary of State Philander C. Knox worked State Philander C. Knox worked aggressively to extend American aggressively to extend American investments into less-developed regions, investments into less-developed regions, Americans intervene in Nicaragua (1909) Americans intervene in Nicaragua (1909) and then made substantial loans to the and then made substantial loans to the new government thus increasing the US new government thus increasing the US financial leverage over the country, two financial leverage over the country, two years later a revolution broke out again years later a revolution broke out again and US troops remained in Nicaragua for and US troops remained in Nicaragua for over a decadeover a decade


1916: Americans established a 1916: Americans established a military government in Dominican military government in Dominican Republic after Dominicans refused to Republic after Dominicans refused to accept a treaty that would have made accept a treaty that would have made the country a virtual American the country a virtual American protectorate Wilson bought the protectorate Wilson bought the Danish West Indies from the Dutch Danish West Indies from the Dutch (fearful that the Germans were about (fearful that the Germans were about to acquire them) and renamed them to acquire them) and renamed them the Virgin Islandsthe Virgin Islands


Under Porfirio Diaz, the corrupt Under Porfirio Diaz, the corrupt dictator of Mexico, American dictator of Mexico, American businesses had been establishing businesses had been establishing an enormous economic presence an enormous economic presence in Mexico, in 1910, Diaz was in Mexico, in 1910, Diaz was overthrown by Francisco Madero overthrown by Francisco Madero who promised democratic reform who promised democratic reform and seemed hostile to American and seemed hostile to American businesses in Mexico.businesses in Mexico.


The US encouraged Victoriano The US encouraged Victoriano Huerta to depose Madero and Huerta to depose Madero and the Taft administration was the Taft administration was ready to recognize the new ready to recognize the new Huerta regime and welcome back Huerta regime and welcome back a receptive environment for a receptive environment for American investments in Mexico.American investments in Mexico.


The new government murdered The new government murdered Madero and Wilson announced Madero and Wilson announced he would never recognize he would never recognize Huerta's government of Huerta's government of butchers, in 1913, Huerta, with butchers, in 1913, Huerta, with the help of American business the help of American business interests, established a full interests, established a full military dictatorship in Mexicomilitary dictatorship in Mexico


In April 1914, an officer in Huerta’s In April 1914, an officer in Huerta’s army temporarily arrested several army temporarily arrested several American sailors from the U.S.S American sailors from the U.S.S DolphinDolphin who had gone ashore in who had gone ashore in Tampico, the men were immediately Tampico, the men were immediately released but the American admiral was released but the American admiral was not satisfied with the apology he not satisfied with the apology he received demanded that the Huerta received demanded that the Huerta forces fire a 21 gun salute to the forces fire a 21 gun salute to the American flag as display of public American flag as display of public penance, the Mexicans refusedpenance, the Mexicans refused


Wilson used the incident as a Wilson used the incident as a pretext for seizing the Mexican pretext for seizing the Mexican port of Veracruz, in a clash with port of Veracruz, in a clash with Mexican forces Americans killed Mexican forces Americans killed 126 of the defenders and 126 of the defenders and suffered 19 casualties of their suffered 19 casualties of their ownown


The Carranza faction captured The Carranza faction captured Mexico City, but refused to Mexico City, but refused to accept American guidelines for accept American guidelines for the creation of a new the creation of a new government, Wilson considered government, Wilson considered throwing American support to throwing American support to Pancho Villa but his military Pancho Villa but his military position deteriorated and Wilson position deteriorated and Wilson abandoned him.abandoned him.


Pancho Villa retaliated by taking Pancho Villa retaliated by taking 16 American mining engineers 16 American mining engineers off a train in northern Mexico off a train in northern Mexico and shooting them, 3 months and shooting them, 3 months later Pancho Villa led his soldiers later Pancho Villa led his soldiers across the border into Columbus, across the border into Columbus, New Mexico where he killed 17 New Mexico where he killed 17 more Americansmore Americans


Wilson ordered General John J. Wilson ordered General John J. Pershing to lead an American Pershing to lead an American expeditionary force across the expeditionary force across the Mexican border in pursuit of Mexican border in pursuit of Pancho Villa, they never Pancho Villa, they never captured him but did get into captured him but did get into conflicts with the Mexican army conflicts with the Mexican army in which 40 Mexicans were killed in which 40 Mexicans were killed and 12 Americans were killed.and 12 Americans were killed.


The US and Mexico looked ready The US and Mexico looked ready to go to war, but Wilson to go to war, but Wilson withdraw quietly and granted withdraw quietly and granted formal recognition to the formal recognition to the Carranza regime.Carranza regime.

the battle for national reform: roosevelt, taft, and wilson chapter 22

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