the basics of biomass for architects and developers

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Basics of Biomass Project Implementation Ecobuild – March 2011 Jude Hassall

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Biomass can be a cost-effective and carbon neutral fuel choice. Is biomass a suitable energy option for your proposed or existing development? Is there a good supply nearby? Is the scale and access of/to the site appropriate? Presention for Ecobuild 2011 by Jude Hassall, Energy Project Manager at BioRegional

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Page 1: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Basics of Biomass  Project Implementation

Ecobuild – March 2011

Jude Hassall

Page 2: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

1  Use a robust project process1. Use a robust project process

Page 3: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

2  Use available information2. Use available information

• www.forestry.gov.uk/england‐woodfuel• www.carbontrust.co.uk/biomass• www.biomassenergycentre.org.uk• www.southwestwoodshed.co.uk• www.northwoods.org.uk• www.r‐e‐a.net

Page 4: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

3  Understand the critical issues3. Understand the critical issues

Three considerations to maximise chances of Three considerations to maximise chances of implementing a cost effective and successfully operating systemoperating system.1. Sizing2. Fuel storage3. Fuel to equipment matching3 q p g

Page 5: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Capacity factorCapacity factor

• Biomass systems have a 200‐300% price premium compared to FF systems ‐p p yconsequently good CF’s are essential to make best use of that capital premium and best use of that capital premium and therefore improve payback.

Page 6: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Boiler utilisation  capacity factorBoiler utilisation – capacity factor

Th   ft  f ll di i ti l  b l   t ti• They often fall disappointingly below expectations:– Poor site selection– Inappropriate sizing of biomass boiler– Inappropriate sizing of biomass boiler– Inappropriate sizing and use of thermal stores– Poor integration with fossil fuel stand‐by plantg y p– Mismatch of fuel and boiler unit– Poor overall system design and lack of acceptance

P  i ll i   d  i i i– Poor installation and commissioning– Poor fuel quality and management thereof– Irregular maintenance and attentionIrregular maintenance and attention

Page 7: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

4  Carry out an initial assessment4. Carry out an initial assessment

Page 8: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Basic economic analysisBasic economic analysis

• Use Carbon Trust initial assessment tool for basic • Use Carbon Trust initial assessment tool for basic economic analysis. Some preliminary work requiredrequired:

1. Site annual heating consumption2. Costs associated with fossil fuel use3. Proposed boiler size

Page 9: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Basic site suitabilityBasic site suitability

• Spatial constraints• Spatial constraints– Consider access in boiler room for operation and 

maintenancemaintenance– Fuel deliveries

• Site access• Site access– Size of delivery trucks

Height clearance– Height clearance• Planning constraints

Vehicle movements– Vehicle movements– Emissions

Area designations– Area designations

Page 10: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Follow CT guideFollow CT guide

• Collect additional data• Site visit checklistSite visit checklist• Prepare feasibility template• Involve fuel supplier and biomass boiler installers – pre pqualification

Page 11: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

5  Carry out detailed feasibility5. Carry out detailed feasibility

Page 12: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

1  Heat demand profile1. Heat demand profile

Options for estimating heat demand profile:1 Existing records1. Existing records2. On‐site measurements3. Steam systems – steam flow rates 4 Process heat – pattern of equipment use4. Process heat  pattern of equipment use5. Building modelling software6. Benchmarks

Page 13: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

1  Capacity factor1. Capacity factor

Page 14: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

2  Determine plant size2. Determine plant size

• Rule of thumb• Tender process and supplier expertiseTender process and supplier expertise• Boiler sizing tool• Dynamic modelling

Important and complex task!

Page 15: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

2  Ensure a value engineered solution2. Ensure a value engineered solution

V l   i i   ili i   f• Value engineering reconciliation of:– Biomass plant capex– Fossil fuel, heat storage and fuel storage capex– Unit cost of fossil fuel and biomass fuel– Organisation drivers to maximise carbon 

savings and minimise capexg p• Factors influencing sizing and integration:

1 Which loads are to be supplied1. Which loads are to be supplied2. When will biomass plant be operated

Page 16: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

3  Engage woodfuel suppliers early3. Engage woodfuel suppliers early

Page 17: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

3 What to investigate with your supplier3.What to investigate with your supplier

• Factors that will affect plant specification and operationp

• Factors that will affect fuel store design and fuel deliveryfuel delivery

• Factors that will affect cost

Page 18: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

3  Fuel Characteristics and impact on boiler design3. Fuel Characteristics and impact on boiler design

l ff d f d d• Particle size – affects grate and feeding design– Pellets and small chip – underfed hearth– Large chip – moving grateLarge chip  moving grate

• Moisture content (MC) – affects choice of grate and temperature– Low MC – underfed,– High MC – moving grate

• Ash content and melt temperature – affects combustion temperature and removal process removal process – Wood has low ash content with high melt point

• Contamination – affects residence time and materials– Waste Incineration Directive requires boiler to meet certain 

conditions of temperature and residence time

Page 19: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

3  Fuel quality assurance3. Fuel quality assurance

• Solid biomass assurance scheme: www.hetas.co.uk

Page 20: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

3  Factors affecting price3. Factors affecting price

Logistics li kLogistics• Location in 

relation to raw material supply;

Quality• Moisture content 

(%);

Market• Source type: virgin 

timber  reclaimed material supply;• Delivery duration 

& distance;• Delivery volume; 

( );• Calorific Value;• Form of delivered 

fuel e g  slabwood < 

timber, reclaimed wood, arboriculture arisings, waste, etc.;C i    • Delivery volume; 

(capacity & contract volume);

fuel e.g. slabwood < woodchip < pellet (influences processing labour);

• Contracting type: buying fuel by weight, volume, or 

• Delivery vehicle;• Delivery 

frequency

processing labour);• Quality of 

woodchip / pellet (influences 

energy;• Local demand 

compared to • Seasonal factors 

(influences processing technology).

compared to competing markets. 

Page 21: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

4  Optimise woodfuel storage4. Optimise woodfuel storage

• The successful operation of any woodfuel system • The successful operation of any woodfuel system relies on a well designed fuel store, handling and reception areareception area

• Optimise fuel store volume• Flexible fuel store reception• Optimise fuel discharge ratesp g

– Tipped – fastest (1t/min)– Blower – slower, noisier but more flexible (1t/8min)Blower  slower, noisier but more flexible (1t/8min)

• Once quantity of fuel is known, estimate volume

Page 22: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

4  Woodfuel  fuel store sizing4. Woodfuel – fuel store sizing

• Dead space 15 20% of total volume• Dead space 15‐20% of total volume• Good to size fuel store for full delivery load – partial 

l d   i  f l  iload may impact fuel price• If there is back‐up and or aux plant it may be 

possible to reduce number of days of storage• Various fuel storage designs – discuss with fuel g g

supplier, installer and site owner for best option

Page 23: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

4  Assess spatial constraints4. Assess spatial constraints

• Space in boiler house• Space for fuel storage facilitiesSpace for fuel storage facilities• Vehicle access

Page 24: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

4  Spatial constraints4. Spatial constraints• Access for maintenance• Space for backup systems• Proximity to fuel storageProximity to fuel storage• Vehicle access for fuel deliveries (turning circles and 

height)height)• Space for buffer tank / thermal storage• Location and height of flue (taller and wider than 

gas/oil flues)• For existing buildings access for installation• Conservation areas, listed buildingsConservation areas, listed buildings

– increases cost

Page 25: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

4  Boiler house considerations4. Boiler house considerations

• Boilers physically larger than fossil fuel equivalents• Much greater headroom required if access to the top g q p

of the boiler is required for flueway cleaning on vertical tube boilers

• Floor space required for:– Flueway cleaning on horizontal tube boilersFlueway cleaning on horizontal tube boilers– Feed auger and ash auger removal– Ash bin(s)  cyclone  buffer vessel  thermal store  Ash bin(s), cyclone, buffer vessel, thermal store, 

expansion vessels or spillset

Page 26: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

5  Assess necessary permits and consents5. Assess necessary permits and consents

• Planning consent  contact the LPA as early in the • Planning consent – contact the LPA as early in the process as possibleB ildi   l i   i   f f l & • Building regulations – conservation of fuel & power

• Waste & Pollution• Health & Safety

Page 27: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

6  Cost effective solutions6. Cost effective solutions

• Appropriate design and application of lean design / value engineering principles with g g g p pregard to:– System sizing;System sizing;– Integration works;– System housing and installation works;System housing and installation works;– Appropriate fuel store design;Mechanical handling;– Mechanical handling;

– Driven by project criteria

Page 28: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Ti  f   t  d Tips for procurement and 

implementation stageimplementation stage.

Page 29: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Good tenderingGood tendering

• Market competition and good tendering practice– Clear specification to allow cross comparison;– Comprehensive specification to reduce perceived risk and 

associated price loading;– Site information;– Appropriate tendering;– Thorough tender evaluation and CAPEX build‐up;– Clear identification of CAPEX risk and management 

h fthereof.

Page 30: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Tendering & specificationTendering & specification

• Prepare good specification – use CT RFP templatep

• Conclusions of feasibility inform RFPP lifi ti– Pre‐qualification

– Tenderers should state variations– State lead times– Time of yearTime of year

Page 31: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Tips for woodfuel procurementTips for woodfuel procurement

Th  i     d    h k b h  li   d  li    • There is a need to check both client and supplier are insured  appropriately: 

T&C     tibl  th h t th   l   h i ? – T&Cs are compatible throughout the supply chain? – Levels of insurance is compatible with risks?

Dust and boiler explosions  – Dust and boiler explosions  – Does the sale of heat and/or power affect clients 

commercial status?

• Can inform client of general principles but do not advise on small‐print and/or policy purchases (FSA p / p y p (regulated activity) 

Page 32: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Woodfuel procurement  insuranceWoodfuel procurement ‐ insurance

D   li /  li ’  i  i d if   li t • Does supplier/ supplier’s insurers indemnify client against: – Damage to the installed equipment due to supply Damage to the installed equipment due to supply 

substandard fuel?– Prompt removal of substandard fuel?

f f– Loss of earnings as a result of down‐time due to substandard fuel?

• Client needs to be aware of potential I&I issues at the FS stage but detailed investigations usually g gmade  during project development/ negotiations with suppliers    

Page 33: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Woodfuel procurement  HSEWoodfuel procurement ‐HSE

• By statute the site owner and/or operator is responsible for all HSE issues on the site. 

• The site management have to put in place SOPs and conduct risk assessments on all operations conducted on‐site 

• Inform client of potential HSE issues re: fuel o c e t o pote t a S ssues e uedeliveries early in process  

• Reputable fuel suppliers should be able to supply • Reputable fuel suppliers should be able to supply their own SOPs and associated risk assessments

Page 34: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Woodfuel procurement  documentationWoodfuel procurement ‐ documentation

• Term sheet very usefulFuel specification (inc. variances and details of supplier QA systems) Tonnage p.a.Delivery vehicle type(s) and sizes (inc. turning circle and e.g. tipping clearances))Maximum delivery frequency (e.g. loads/week)Price/ unit (e.g. p/kWh boiler output, £/T)Duration of contractDuration of contractIndexing Conditions of sale (append example contract) Insurers/ indemnity limitInsurers/ indemnity limitRecourse for delivery of out of spec. fuelEarliest date they can start contract

Page 35: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Woodfuel procurement  contractsWoodfuel procurement ‐ contracts

• Use Carbon Trust example contract

Page 36: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Woodfuel procurement  delivery docsWoodfuel procurement – delivery docs

All d li i  D li   t• All deliveries: Delivery note

Plus (if not bought by boiler heat output)Plus (if not bought by boiler heat output)

• Copy of weighbridge ticket with tare, gross and net weights Or• Estimation of volume (if not full load)

Plus (if not bought by boiler heat output)

• Moisture content analysis/ estimate (may be sent after delivery) 

Page 37: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Tips for commissioning & trainingTips for commissioning & training

• Manual in English• Train end users:Train end users:

– Plant operationP f   i i– Performance monitoring

– Troubleshooting– Daily, weekly, monthly maintenance

Page 38: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Tips for operation and maintenanceTips for operation and maintenance

• Standard O&M contract with installer is common• Standard O&M contract with installer is common• Automated systems can reduce attendance time• Use of high quality fuel, regular checks, avoiding 

short‐cycling• Establish daily, weekly, monthly, 3‐monthly, 6‐

monthly and annual maintenance regimey g• Ongoing performance monitoring using heat 

metersmeters

Page 39: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

Maintenance requirementMaintenance requirement

• Higher specification = lower maintenance cost– Automatic ash removal– Cooled grate designsRobust wood feeding– Robust wood feeding

– Boiler tube cleaning

• Low specification can lead to lower system availabilityavailability

• Complex systems for fuel feed can also t  li bilit  i   present reliability issues  

Page 40: The basics of biomass for architects and developers

ConclusionsConclusions

• Follow a clear process• Don’t skip stepsDon t skip steps• Involve relevant parties at the earliest 

iopportunity• Use available resources to helpp