The Atlantic World Chapter 20 Section 1-Spain Builds an American Empire The Voyages of Columbus Christopher Columbus- Spanish explorer who attempted to sail west across the Atlantic to reach India and ended up in the Americas The three ships he sailed with were the Nia, Pita, Santa Maria Set sail August 3 rd, 1492 Landed in the Bahamas not India The Voyages of Columbus Columbus goals: Find gold Claim as much new land for Spain as possible Columbus success lead to 3 more expeditions He commanded a fleet of 17 ships and nearly 1,000 soldiers Colonies-Lands that are controlled by other nations The Voyages of Columbus Other Explorers and Their Conquests: Portuguese Explorers- 1500-Pedro Alvares claims Brazil 1519-Ferdinand Magellan sailed around south America and was the first explorer to reach the Pacific Ocean Magellan died during the journey but his crew was the first to sail around the world Spanish Conquest of Mexico 1519-Hernando Corts landed in Mexico and began claiming territory Conquistadors-Spanish explorers claiming land for Spain Spanish were the first settlers in the Americas Wanted land, gold and silver Carved out the lands that became Mexico, South America and the United States Spanish Conquest of Mexico Corts Corts Conquers the Aztecs- Corts and 600 of his men marched on the capital city of Tenochtitlan Montezuma the Aztec emperor thought Corts was a God in armor He gave the Spaniards half their gold but that wasnt enough Spanish Conquest of Mexico 1521-Corts and his men conquered the Aztec Three reasons for their victory Spanish had superior weapons Corts enlisted the help of the Aztecs native enemies Diseases- The Aztecs had no natural immunities to the diseases brought over by the Spanish Spanish Conquest in Peru 1532-Francisco Pizarro conquered the Incan Empire in South America They had three goals Ambush the Incans Crush their military forces Capture their emperor Atahualpa and hold him for ransom After they received their ransom they killed Atahualpa anyways Spanish Conquest in Peru Spanish patterns of conquest was to live among the people and impose Spanish ways upon them Mestizo-A mixed Spanish and Native American population Encomienda- A system where natives farmed, ranched, and mined for the Spanish Opposition to Spanish Rule African Slavery and Native Resistance- 1542-The encomienda system was abolished In order to fill the need for labor the Spanish turned to Africans During the late 1600s various native groups attempted to drive the Spanish out but they were ultimately unsuccessful Spains Influence Expands Spains American colonies made it the richest, most powerful nation in the world during the 16 th century Section 2-European Nations Settle North America Competing Claims in North America 1494-The Treaty of Tordesillas that had divided the newly discovered lands between Spain and Portugal was being ignored by other countries The French were the first group to colonize North America Establishing Quebec (in modern day Canada) as New France Competing Claims in North America By 1760 the population of New France reached 65,000 Mostly Catholic priests, single guys in their 20s and 30s Major reason for settlement was the fur trade Fox, beaver, bear The English Arrive in North America Jamestown-English settlement in Virginia Three ships carrying 100 settlers arrived in 1607 Problems: Settlers more concerned about finding gold than planting crops Hunger, disease, and Native Americans took the lives of 7 out of 10 settlers in the early years Became the 1 st permanent settlement Tobacco became a major cash crop The English Arrive in North America Puritans Create a New England Pilgrims- Group who established the second English colony at Plymouth, Massachusetts in 1620 Puritans-Arriving in Massachusetts Bay in 1630 sought freedom from Englands Anglican Church The English Arrive in North America Colonizing the Caribbean- French took control of Haiti, Guadalupe, and Martinique English took control of Barbados and Jamaica Dutch took control of the Netherlands Antilles and Aruba Cotton and Sugar were the major crops produced on these islands The Struggle for North America The English Oust the Dutch- 1664 the English drove the Dutch out of New Netherlands and re-named it New York By 1750 nearly 1.2 million English settlers were living in 13 colonies stretching from Maine to Georgia The Struggle for North America England Battles France- 1754-A dispute over the land in the Ohio Valley led to war between the British and French The French and Indian War- Also known as the Seven Years War The French surrendered and England gained control of the eastern half of North America Native Americans Respond French and Dutch had good relationships with Native Americans Both benefited from the fur trade Native Americans would trap the animals and trade them to the French for guns, hatchets, mirrors and beads Native Americans Respond The English had a poor relationship with Native Americans The English wanted to push the Natives off their land for settlement and tobacco growth Due to the fact that Native Americans were not Christians the English felt like they were a Godless people Native Americans Respond King Philips War- One of the bloodiest conflicts between the English and Natives Metacom a Native American ruler (also know as King Philip) attacked villages throughout Massachusetts The English eventually won but both sides had lost hundreds during the battles Native Americans Respond Natives Fall to Disease- Throughout the 1600s disease devastated Native populations By 1631 the Massachusetts tribe dropped from 24,000 to 750 Smallpox, measles were some of the main culprits Due to the decrease in Native population new sources of labor were needed The solution became Africans Section 3-The Atlantic Slave Trade The Causes of African Slavery The spread of Islam led to an increase of African slavery The belief that non-Muslim prisoners of war could be bought and sold. Between the years 650 and 1600 Muslims transported 17 million African slaves to North Africa and Southeast Asia The Causes of African Slavery The Portuguese were the first Europeans to explore Africa More interested in gold at first As more Natives died new sources of labor were needed. So the Portuguese turned to Africans. The Causes of African Slavery The advantages of African slaves: They had built up immunities to European diseases They had previous farming experience Less likely to escape b/c they did not know the new lands Their skin color made them easy to spot if they escaped The Causes of African Slavery Atlantic Slave Trade-The buying and selling of African workers in the Americas Between the years , 300,000 Africans were transported to the Americas By the time the slave trade ended in million Africans had been transported to the Americas Slavery Spreads Throughout the Americas Spain and Portugal had brought most early slaves to the Americas Mainly to work sugar plantations in the Caribbean England soon became the dominant slave trader 1.7 million brought to the West Indies 400,000 to North American colonies A Forced Journey The Triangular Trade- The first leg was the journey from Europe to Africa where goods were exchanged for slaves. The second, or middle, leg of the journey was the transportation of slaves to the Americas. It was nicknamed the Middle Passage.' 20% of slaves died on the journey The third and final leg of the journey, was the transport of goods from the Americas back to Europe. Slavery in the Americas Conditions of Slavery: Slaves sold to the highest bidder Families often broken up Worked in fields and mines Poor housing Given little food Physical abuse was common For some death was the only tangible freedom Slavery in the Americas Resistance and Rebellion- Slaves kept their history alive through song and stories Made themselves less effective by: Breaking tools Uprooting plants Running away Consequences of the Slave Trade Impact of the Slave Trade Generations of families lost Guns were introduced to Africa Slaves were physical and economic contributors but received no political benefits Art, music, religion, food made a lasting impact on American culture Section 4-The Columbian Exchange and Global Trade The Columbian Exchange The Columbian Exchange- The Global transfer of foods, plants, and animals during the colonization of the Americas New goods shipped from the Americas included tomatoes, squash, pineapple, coco beans, tobacco, potatoes, corn, and turkeys The Columbian Exchange Goods shipped to the Americas Horses, cattle, pigs, sheep, bananas, grain, wheat, and rice Smallpox and measles came across as well leading to the deaths of millions of Native Americans Global Trade Capitalism-An economic system based on private ownership and the investment of resources (ex. money) for profit Effects Less government ownership Expansion/creation of business Increased money supply Inflation occurs b/c of supply and demand Global Trade Joint-Stock Company-A group of people combining their wealth for a common purpose Received stocks (ownership in a company) Advantages to a joint-stock company Small investments decreased losses The better the company does the more money people make The Growth of Mercantilism Mercantilism-A system where a countrys power was determined by their wealth Favorable Balance of Trade-System where a country sells more goods than they purchase The Growth of Mercantilism Economic Revolution Changes European Society- European towns grew in size The merchant class grew Began to control more of Europe's wealth Most Europeans till lived in rural areas and were poor