the atlantic salmon in france overview
DESCRIPTION
The Atlantic Salmon in France Overview. Bénédicte Valadou (with contributions from A. Richard, M.-A. Arago, M. Chanseau, V. Vauclin and V. Burgun). Hôtel le Nouveau Monde St-Malo le 3 juin 2014. 31 st annual meeting of NASCO. Governance of diadromous species. SEINE - NORMANDIE. RHIN. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The Atlantic Salmon in FranceOverview
Hôtel le Nouveau Monde St-Malole 3 juin 2014
31st annual meeting of NASCO
Bénédicte Valadou (with contributions from A. Richard, M.-A. Arago, M. Chanseau, V. Vauclin and V. Burgun)
Governance of diadromous species
RHÔNE – MED :No salmon
SEINE - NORMANDIE
LOIRE
Garonne – Dordogne
BRETAGNERHIN
ADOUR
Governance of diadromous species
Management plans of diadromous species : monitoring, fisheries, protection and restauration of fishes habitat, restocking
Prepared by local bodies, includind states representants, local authorities, fishermen, NGO, scientists…
Link with the Water Framework Directive
date 4
overview
date 5
25 salmon rivers :22 with a river bassin < 1000 m²
9500 adults come back per year
3 323 500 m² of productive area (parr habitats).
Brittany
sources : BGM
natural reproduction and stocking success carried out by using electrofishing (2001-2005).
natural reproduction and stocking success carried out by using electrofishing (2006-2011).
AULNE : critical situation
date 7
SELUNE
SEE
PRINCIPALES RIVIERES NORMANDES
ancient basement waterproof
limestone basin
50 kmsalmon rivers
Sea Trout rivers
- small rivers (from 35 to 100 km)-Geological East/West differences : temperature and size of riffles explain this distinction.
(1 - 10% salmons)
Normandie
date 8
YERES
BRESLE
AN
DE
LLE
ARQUES
SC
IESA
AN
E
SEINE
EP
TE
EUR
E
RIS
LE
ITON
HUISNE
AVRE
TO
UQ
UE
S
SARTHE
DIVES
DU
RD
EN
T
VALMONT
ORNE
MAYENNE
SEU
LLES
VA
RE
NN
E
AURE
SELUNE
VIRE
SEE
SIENNE
TAUTE
DOUVE
SAIRE
PRINCIPALES RIVIERES NORMANDESrivers of Mont St Michel Bay form a satisfactory ring (Sienne, Sée) and metapopulation exchange with Sélune closed by two dams.
the Vire population remains low (200 to 450 adults), despite a rostored migratory route.
2 populations relocated from 15 years on the Saire and Orne (restoking in 1995), with a few hundred adults in 2013.
2 limestone rivers, Arques and Bresle remain weak with a few hundred adults
reproduction on Andelle
Cher
Creuse
Vienne
Gartempe
Arroux
Loire
Lignon
1891-1895: ~ 50,000 salmon caught each year (net fishermen)….
Erased 1998
Erased 1998
PoutèsFish-pass 1986
Allier: 588 ± 264 (1997-2013)
Gartempe: 13 ± 16 (2001-2013)
Arroux: 2 ± 3 (2006-2013)
Maisons Rouges
St Etiennedu Vigan
Indre
Allier
Sioule
Dore
Alagnon
Loire
1/5 of France (118,000 km2)
R. Loire: 1012 km long
R. Allier: first spawning grounds 800 km from the sea
Once the longest French rivers with (wild) salmon
date 10
one estuary - one of the biggest in Europe
24 000 km² ; mean flow : 300 m3/s200 ha PS
55 000km² ; mean flow : 600 m3/s200 ha PS
Construction and modifications of dams on the lower
parts beginning 20th salmon disappearance
Habitat : potential run of ~ 5 000 fish
~ 160 dams/weirs (50 hydroelectric powerplants) and
42 fish pass built.
3 first dams on Dordogne : 50% fish upstream / Loss ~
60% on the middle part of Garonne
Population increase from 1993 to 2002 (more than
1500 fish in 2000 - 2002)
decrease since 2003 (1 SW).
20 to 40% from natural reproduction on Dordogne ;
very few on Garonne (genetic assignment)
Garonne-Dordogne
980 km² ; mean flow : 31 m3/s 2 500 km² ;
mean flow : 102 m3/s
2 710 km² ; mean flow : 82 m3/s
disappearance during first part of XXth century (dams) fish pass construction and stocking since the 80’s
90 ha PA
no disappearance. Management plan in the 80’s : eggs deposition target – more than 11 M (1998) ; fish pass ; stocking ; fishing regulations…
265 ha PA
4000 adults come back per year
~ 200 dams/weirs (86
hydroelectric) and
100 fish pass
65% of habitats used (G.
Pau : 1/3 fish reach good
habitats)
Adour
date 12
Rhine river bassin : 9 country from Alpes to the North sea
•before 1920 : 250 000 salmons caught per year.
•after 1930 : Big dicrease
•from 1958 : totally dissapeear.
•2020 : salmons will come back in the rhine river
Rhine
date 13
Fisheries
date 14
Fishing is forbidden for a lot of rivers
Garonne and Dordogne (because of re-introduction projet)
Loire-Allier (since 1994, for risk of extinction)
Rhine (because of re-introduction project)
fishing is closed but some accidental catches (drift nets) and by-catches occur (nets, rod and line…) because fishing for other species is ongoing and gears are not selective
poaching on Mont Saint Michel Bay
date 15
A single professional estuarine fishery
Adour 25 – 30 fishermen (~ 50 ten years ago) Captures last years : 1000 to 1200 mature salmons exploitation rate estimate : ~ 35 – 40% - more for MSW
Fishing allowed from March to July No fishing during 25% of time per week
Current discussions to reduce fishing effort
Management Rod Fishing (TAC)
TAC MSW TAC 1SW
Bretagne 25 Rivers 484 4357
Normandie 8 Rivers 150 675
5 Rivers 15
Sée and Sélune 105 476
date 16
date 17
Management Rod Fishing Adour
Rods : ~ 1 000 anglers
Captures last years : 200 to 300 fish – 90% of MSW
Fishing allowed from March to July (and 2 weeks in september) -
Max. 4 fish / person / year
date 18
Habitats restoration
Accessibility and potential habitat in Brittany
- Kernansquillec dam removal on le Léguer (1996)
- 51 dams have been removed or restored (made passable) since 2007
date 20
Accessibility and potential habitat in Normandie
Sélune restorationCouesnon
Sée
SELUNE
baie du Mont Saint
Michel
barrage de la Roche-qui-Boit
barrage de Vezins
2 hydroelectric dam 51 m high cumulative, which obstructed the river 8 km from the dynamic tide will be removed to the end of 2018 in order to :-restore the movement of migratory fish and - enable the sustainable management of Sélune
Restoration of natural flows
On migratory rivers of Normandy, the target is to reduce the staggering rate to a maximum of 30%.
Restoration of migratory continuityFor 30 years, the linear colonized by salmon increased in Normandy more than 500 km. On the Seine, salmon reached Paris.
River Length (km) N° of Obstacles N° of Obstacles: - difficult to pass - causing delays
Remarks
R. Gartempe 240 km 119 45 Hence the small N° of adults
R. Loire
(< confl. with Allier) 600 km 0 0 But lack of [O2] in the estuary
possible some years
R. Allier 420 km 20 5 + 10 Poutès the only big dam (H = 17 m).Will be modified in 2017 (H = 4 m)
R. Sioule
95 km 35 6 + 7 Serious troubles in the lower
section
R. Alagnon 85 km 28 8 + 10 Serious troubles in the lower section. 5 weirs very hard to pass
Accessibility and potential habitat in Loire-Allier
Allier (+ Sioule, Alagnon, Dore): a remnant population…
Ecolobiologically and genetically unique: 800 km in-river migration before the first spawning grounds 2 SW and 3 SW fish (no grilse) a genetic ‘signature’ different from all other French salmon populations & unchanged since the 70's (Perrier, 2011)
date 22
Main actions concerning accessibility of habitats in the next few years to increase the part of natural reproduction
Construction (or improvement) of ~ 40 new fish pass (« special discussions » for the 3 first dams on Dordogne)
mortality reduction on downstream migration (actually ~ 20% for each basin) : ~ 60 bypass systems for salmon (and eel)
Accessibility and potential habitat : Adour, Garonne-Dordogne
Nouvelle en construction MSI 2016
En service
Accessibility and potential habitat in Rhine
The main actions include :-opening locks Haringvliet the Netherlands,
-restoration of spawning grounds in tributaries partly German and
-development of fishways on hydroelectric French side
=> a total cost of several hundred million euros.
date 24
Restocking
date 25
Stocking on Adour-Garonne-Dordogne
For all basins : première origine exogène puis « parents sauvages » au début des années 90Adour : - Oloron + Nive 4.6 M YOY from 1983 to 2010 (stop in 2010) - Pau 6.0 M YOY from 1983 to 2013
4.8 M YOY from 2004 to 2012
Garonne – Dordogne : ~ 1 M fish par year (more 90% YOY) since ~ 15 years
Good survival in rivers : ~ 8% from YOY to smolt on Garonne. But low return rates on Dordogne and Garonne :
0.05 – 0.08% for YOY 0.2 to 1% for smolt.
One big hatchery since 2001, dimensioned for smolt
~ 1 million fed fries/year, 80% in the Allier system
200,000 smolts/year + same N° of autumal parrs
Very low (and decreasing) average return rate of stcoked smolts at Vichy: 0.6 ‰.
All stocking may account for 80% of adult returns in the R. Allier in the last 10 years (Population Viability Model: Dauphin & Prévost, 2013)
Stocking on Loire-Allier
date 27
Without stocking , the populationwould have persisted, at a smaller level (260 adults)
Stocking did not restore a self-sustaining population: Allier salmon still on a slippery slope
Stocking is not a solution, but no action is not a valid option either
Mortalities must be reduced (significantly) to restore a self sustaining stock: improving migration transparency should help (among other things)
(Dauphin & Prévost, 2013)
date 28
Thank you for your attention