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THE ASSOCIATION OF PROFESSIONAL ENGINEERS OF TRINIDAD AND TOBAGO

CHEMICAL DIVISION Newsletter – Issue 1; February, 2012 Becoming More Relevant

Contents

1 …… Message from President 2 …… Editorial 3 …… Project Update‐Liquid Fuels System 4 …… APETT Launch of Planner 5 …… Methanol for Power Generation 7 .…. New Chemical Division Committee 8 …… Extraction Processes 9 …… Design Project on LNG Production 10…… Engineers’ Corner 11 …… Upcoming Activities

Message from President, APETT, Eng. Dr. Rae Furlonge We need you! Who are we? APETT is an umbrella body for all engineering disciplines providing a learned association for sharing of ideas and discussion of issues across all branches of the applied science, and a balanced platform for contributing to society. APETT is about making the profession better by improving the practice and its standing in society. How do we do this? By sharing experiences and knowledge, by learning from and working with others, by widening our perspectives about what is possible, what might work, and what does not. APETT provides opportunities for leadership through voluntary contribution on its Executive Council as well as its Divisions and Committees. APETT is an investment in your career as a professional engineer. You owe it to yourself and those who depend on you to make your profession and your skills the best that they can be. That’s why we need you.

Editor: Eng. Dr. Haydn I. Furlonge Associate Editor: Eng. Lydia Lee Chong Editorial Team: Eng. Neil Bujun; Eng. Farad Boochoon; Eng. Dr. Marian Watson Support provided by the following persons is gratefully acknowledged: APETT’s Executive Council Members; Eng. Dr. Gail Baccus‐Taylor, UWI For more information on the Division, or if you wish to contribute to APETT’s activities, please contact us: Phone: 766 1682; 627 6697 Email: [email protected] Web: www.apett.org Address: The Professional Centre, 11‐13 Fitz Blackman Drive, Port of Spain Copyright © 2012 by APETT. All rights reserved.

APETT CHEMICAL DIVISION NEWSLETTER, ISSUE 1; FEBRUARY, 2012

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APETT’s Mission

The Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago is a

learned society of professional engineers dedicated to the

development of engineers and the engineering profession. The

association promotes the highest standards of professional practice and stimulates awareness of technology and the role of the

engineer in society.

APETT’s Objectives

To safeguard the life, health and welfare of the public by restricting the practice of engineering to properly qualified persons

To advance the status of the engineering profession by the establishment and observance of high ethical standards

To promote the proficiency, knowledge and skill of Professional Engineers, and to increase their usefulness to the public

To protect and advance the interests of

Professional Engineers

Editorial

The Chemical Division of APETT is pleased to publish its inaugural Newsletter. The Division represents the community of engineers and related professionals who are engaged primarily in the chemical, process, manufacturing and energy sectors in Trinidad and Tobago. Nationals working or studying in T&T and those abroad, as well as non‐nationals working in T&T are welcome to participate in and contribute to the Division’s activities and initiatives.

Given the many challenges facing the country and region, as well as myriad of opportunities for advancement of our society, the role of the engineer is of paramount importance. The dexterity and range of skills sets, scientific and otherwise, enable engineers to work hand‐in‐hand with other professionals for the betterment of our society at large.

This first issue of the Newsletter highlights developments taking place in industry, namely a state‐of‐the‐art liquid fuels pipeline transportation, storage and loading system. This is designed to yield safety and environmental benefits and as well as cost savings. Home grown R&D projects of real practical benefit are also featured. This includes (1) the use of methanol for power generation which has implications for the methanol industry and in serving niche market; (2) extraction of specialty chemicals of commercial value from natural materials; and (3) use of advanced process simulation and plant data for trouble‐shooting in the LNG process.

We hope that this humble effort will act as a forum for chemical engineers and professionals of related disciplines to share information about industry, academia and the engineering profession in general. Later on in this publication, you will find information about other initiatives of APETT and its Chemical Division for such exchanges. Recognizing that it is up to professionals to build the Association, we certainly welcome you in joining APETT, and in providing your views and input.

Eng. Haydn I. Furlonge


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PROJECT UPDATE Liquid Fuels Pipeline Project By Eng. Lydia Lee Chong and Eng. Neil Bujun

he National Gas Company of Trinidad and Tobago (NGC) was contracted by the Government of Trinidad and Tobago to

construct a Liquid Fuels Facility at Frederick Settlement in Caroni. This comprises a multi‐fuel product pipeline from Petrotrin’s refinery at Pointe‐a‐Pierre to Caroni as well as a storage terminal and distribution facility. An 8 inch pipeline will transport gasoline, jet fuel and diesel fuel from Pointe‐a‐Pierre to Caroni, at a peak rate of 27,804 barrels per day. Vehicular fuels will then be distributed via road tank wagons, and jet A1 fuel transported to the Piarco Airport via another dedicated 8 inch pipeline. Petrotrin is in the process of constructing a cross‐refinery pipeline from the eastern refinery at Gasparillo to main supply tanks, which will be located at the western side of the refinery. Mechanical works are also ongoing at Piarco, where two additional tanks for the containment of jet fuel have been constructed as part of this Project. NGC’s Project Manager Mr. Ernest Williams, pointed out the many benefits of the system relative to what exists today. This new system will replace the existing National Petroleum Marketing Company’s distribution facility at Sea lots, as well as reduce the load at the Petrotrin distribution facility at Pointe‐a‐Pierre. He notes that the current loading systems are outdated and cannot handle the country’s growing demand. He also indicated that these have top loading racks which have less environmental and safety risks. The Caroni facility will also eliminate the transportation of liquid fuel from Pointe‐a‐Pierre to Sea Lots via ocean vessels, as well as eliminate the transportation of jet fuel from Pointe‐a‐Pierre to Piarco via road tank wagons, which has security and certification implications.

The entire facility is fully automated and will be operated from the Caroni site. However, there is a back‐up control system at Petrotrin for the operation of the pipeline between Point‐a‐Pierre and Caroni. For the fuel transport operation, Petrotrin will supply Super Gasoline (92 RON), Premium Gasoline (95 RON), Diesel and Jet A1 liquid fuels to four respective tanks located at Pointe‐a‐Pierre. The individual fuels will then be delivered from these tanks to a single manifold and pumped in pre‐determined batches to Caroni through a single underground pipeline. Batches of the four different fuels follow one another without separation pigs. During flow, the boundary between the leading and trailing fuels develops into an interface mixture that grows over the distance. The growth and location of the interface (expected to be less than 70 barrels) is constantly monitored using on‐line detectors. Figure 1. Schematic of the Caroni Storage and Loading Facility (located opposite Caroni Cremation Site)

Figure 2. Loading Rack Pumps (100 to 150HP) prior to Installation

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At Caroni, there are nine fuel storage tanks, ranging in capacity from 52,500 to 110,000 barrels. The leading fuel is directed into its dedicated storage tank and the interface is either downgraded if the two fuels are compatible or directed to a slop tank if they are incompatible. The material in the slop tank will later be transported back to Petrotrin for re‐processing. The trialing fuel is directed to its dedicated storage tank, and the cycle is repeated continuously. The Caroni facility also contains a road tank wagon distribution terminal for distribution of liquid fuels to gas stations nation‐wide. A computerized system is to be used for registering loadings, and the entire operation is designed to function with four operators per shift.

The facility was designed and constructed by the engineering and construction company, Kellogg, Brown, and Root (KBR), and utilizes state of the art technology. According to Mr. Williams, the liquid fuels facility at Caroni, which is scheduled to be commissioned in the third quarter of 2012, will be amongst the most advanced in the world. Eng. Ernest Williams is Project Manager for the Liquid Fuels Pipeline Project at The National Gas Company of Trinidad & Tobago Limited. Assistance for this article was also obtained from Eng. Kendal Lindsay, Assistant Project Manager.

APETT Launch of 2012 Planner and Engineering Legacy Project By Eng. Danielle Steele, PRO APETT On 15th December, 2011, APETT held its 2nd Annual Launch of its Planner & Directory and Christmas Fiesta. This was held at The Century Ballroom, Queen’s Park Cricket Club. The evening’s festivities started off with an opening address from the 2011‐2012 APETT President Eng. Dr. Rae Furlonge. It was followed by a feature address by Eng. Eugene Tiah, President of Phoenix Park Gas Processors Limited. The crowd was also afforded the opportunity to catch a glimpse of the Association’s Engineering Legacy Project (which is to be officially launched later on in 2012). The aim of this Project is to document the significant contributions of individual engineers to society through public service or civic involvement. With the backdrop of live entertainment, the event provided an excellent opportunity for engineers of all disciplines to network.


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Latest Research AN INVESTIGATION INTO THE USE OF METHANOL FOR POWER GENERATION IN THE CARIBBEAN By Eng. Renique J. Murray, UTT

limate change, high crude oil prices and increasing global energy demand are a few of the factors fuelling the drive to develop

alternative energy solutions. As these factors continue to exert their influence, the need for alternative and sustainable energy sources continues to intensify worldwide. The Caribbean region is by no means exempted from these pressures. As a region, the Caribbean derives over 90% of its electrical power from the use of fossil fuels. With the exception of Trinidad and Tobago, there is little refining and exporting capacity in the region. Consequently, the Caribbean is a net importer of these fossil fuels. The present arrangement is not a sustainable one, as many regional governments are increasingly finding it difficult to contend with high market prices of crude oil related products. Figure 3. Reciprocating engine used for testing

Methanol is a fuel alternative that is being considered by many as a potential fuel of the future. Cleaner combustion emissions, as well as

the potential for production from biomass, are key factors in this consideration. Additionally, its high energy density relative to that of most conventional batteries, also makes it a key resource for portable and mobile applications. As such, methanol is a prominent fuel for fuel cell applications. Methanol has been proposed as a means of transporting natural gas to stranded markets, and has a particular economic advantage over other methods, due to the simplicity of its transportation. This has formed the basis for the consideration of methanol as a fuel in the Caribbean context. Via methanol, natural gas refined in Trinidad and Tobago can be transported to and used in the countries of the Caribbean as a clean, economical alternative to diesel and fuel oil. Research in this area was initiated by UTT’s Natural Gas Institute of the Americas. Investigations [1] have shown that methanol originating from Trinidad can be used as a fuel for power generation in both turbine‐based and reciprocating engine‐based power plants, at a power generation cost that is competitive with current electricity prices of many regional countries. This work has identified that a crucial factor in methanol’s viability, is the cost per unit energy as compared to diesel. Testing of an 8.5 MW demonstration power plant using methanol was also initiated in collaboration with Methanol Holdings Trinidad Ltd. Other research efforts have been directed towards assessing the reliability of using methanol in a dual‐fuelled gas turbine power plant. Current research efforts are being directed towards assessing the use of methanol as a fuel for compression‐ignition (CI) reciprocating engines [2]. This is of particular significance to the region, as CI engines are the predominant power generation equipment in the Caribbean. The work investigates the use of methanol/vegetable oil fuel blends, as one means of addressing some of the critical issues associated with methanol use in these engines; namely, low lubricity, low cetane number and high auto‐ignition temperatures. Having

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recognized the potential for vegetable oil market development in the region, this was considered as a possible complementary fuel blend component for methanol. Coconut oil was identified by unrelated research efforts, as the vegetable oil with the greatest potential for high production levels in the region. As such, the first phase of experiments under this research has focused on the performance of methanol/coconut oil blends in CI engines. As expected, a primary issue in the development of such blends would be that of co‐solubility. As such, critical to the development of these blends has been the use of biodiesel as a co‐solvent, which aids in maintaining blend integrity and phase stability. The research has to this point undertaken experiments on single‐cylinder, four‐stroke diesel engine test units, which are designed for the sole purpose of experimentation (see Figure 3). Test results showed that the methanol fuel blends exhibit better engine performance than diesel, as indicated by higher engine efficiencies. Vegetable oils have received much attention because they are a potentially renewable source, with properties similar to those of petro‐diesel. Further, their use can result in significant reduction in GHG emissions. The research into the use of methanol as a fuel for regional power generation continues with the investigation into alternative co‐solvents and blend compositions. This work investigates the use of corn oil biodiesel as a co‐solvent for the development of methanol/coconut oil blends. It further uses an engine simulation model, built in EES (Engineering Equation Solver), to conduct an analysis of the performance of these blends in a

single cylinder diesel engine. It was found that corn oil biodiesel serves as an effective co‐solvent, allowing for the formation of stable methanol/coconut oil blends of up to 40% methanol by volume. The simulation results indicated that these blends had better engine brake thermal efficiency (BTEs) than crude oil‐derived diesel. Further, the analysis indicated that methanol addition led to increased engine performance due to higher in‐cylinder pressures caused by the occurrence of a prolonged premixed combustion phase. This effect was observed to increase with the increase in methanol content. Nonetheless, it was observed that there was a trade‐off between increasing BTE and decreasing power output, as methanol content increased. It is expected that further engine trials will also be conducted in the near future. This research also proposes to consider other methods for using methanol in reciprocating engines, such as dual fuelling. It is the intent to investigate the use of methanol in alternative power generation equipment, all with the view of its use as a fuel for regional power generation. References: [1] Murray, R. and H.I. Furlonge, Market and Economic Assessment of using Methanol for Power Generation in the Caribbean Region, The Journal of the Association of Professional Engineers of Trinidad and Tobago, 38(1), 88‐99, 2009 [2] Murray, R.J., S. Hosein and S. Kelly, An Investigation of MethanolCoconut Oil Fuel Blends in Diesel Engines for Caribbean Power Generation Using Biodiesel as a Cosolvent, West Indian Journal of Engineering, 34 (1&2), 2012


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Eng. Renique J. Murray is a postgraduate researcher and Instructor in the field of mechanical engineering at The University of Trinidad and Tobago (UTT). He has conducted postgraduate research on several aspects of power generation over the past eight years, and is currently a doctoral candidate at UTT in the area of fuel technology and power generation. He holds a Master of Philosophy

degree in mechanical engineering from The University of the West Indies.

New Steering Committee for APETT’s Chemical Division At the September 2011 meeting of the Executive Council of APETT, Eng. Haydn I. Furlonge was elected as the new Chair of the Chemical Division. He replaces Eng. Prof. Winston Mellowes, who has served APETT as a former President and the Division’s Chair for several years. Prof. Mellowes continues to serve the profession as a Member of the Board of Engineering of T&T. A new Steering Committee was established to guide the work of the Division. Its goals include:

1. To advance the profession and collective interests of engineers through the initiatives of APETT’s Executive Council

2. To grow membership of APETT's Chemical Division 3. To establish forums for networking, information sharing and other professional

exchanges amongst members and stakeholders 4. To mentor and coach students and new engineering graduates through the

Division's activities. Steering Committee Members: LR: David Janes (UWI), Farad Boochoon (WorleyParsons), Haydn I. Furlonge (NGC), Marian Watson (UTT), Neil Bujun (Petrotrin). Not in picture: Sheldon Butcher (MEEA), Lydia Lee Chong (PPGPL), Ria McLeod (PCS Nitrogen), Jeron Chin (Methanex), Canute Hudson and Imtiaz Easahak (Atlantic LNG)


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APPLICATION OF ADVANCED EXTRACTION PROCESSES By Eng. David R. McGaw, Professor Emeritus Department of Chemical Engineering, UWI

here are many commercial products which can be extracted from indigenous materials, both plant and mineral deposits,

to the benefit of national and regional economies. These value‐added products are often enclosed within the solid matrix, and need to be separated from the unwanted material prior to subsequent processing to commercial products. The Extraction Processes Group at the Department of Chemical Engineering at The University of the West Indies has been working in the area for some years, the basic objectives of the research being to: 1) Study the extraction characteristics of

indigenous materials with commercial potential

2) Develop an understanding of the scientific basis of the processes involved, and thereby to devise relevant design techniques for commercial processing systems

3) Provide support towards developing new business opportunities in the area

4) Train engineers/scientists/entrepreneurs in this field

5) Promote the Department of Chemical Engineering and UWI as a meaningful provider of knowledge to support national and regional development.

The work is carried out in the Extraction Laboratory which comprises equipment for (Figure 4): • Material Preparation: size reduction,

drying, etc. • Bench Scale Extraction Unit: Supercritical

Fluid Extraction, Steam Distillation, Soxhlet, Cold Expression, Solvent and Water Extraction

• Pilot Plant Scale Extraction: Supercritical Fluid Extraction, Steam Distillation

• Product Analysis: GCMS, HPLC, SARA, etc.

The research is carried out by students at B.Sc., M.Sc. and Ph.D. levels. To date eight (8) M.Sc. Projects have been completed on the production of a local tea, the extraction of oil from nutmeg, ginger, turmeric, anise and peanuts, as well as the analysis of caffeine in coffee. In addition, there have been over 50 B.Sc. projects on a much wider range of materials. Ph.D. projects to date have been: • Eng. Dr. V. Paltoo – Supercritical Fluid

Extraction of Jasmine Oil and other Flavour and Fragrance Materials

• Eng. Dr. M. Watson – Supercritical Fluid Extraction of Ylang Ylang (the perfume tree) Flowers

• Eng. R. Holder – The Extraction of Pepper Oils using Supercritical Fluid Extraction

• Eng. S. Maharaj – Extraction of Oil from Basil (in examination)

• Eng. R. Skeene – Extraction of Oil and Oleoresin from Turmeric (thesis in preparation).

Figure 4. Steam Distillation Pilot Plant used as part of Extraction Process

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In addition to the work on extraction from indigenous plant materials, an M.Sc. project is currently being carried out to examine the feasibility of the extraction of heavy oil from Trinidad tar sands using supercritical fluid extraction. This is a futuristic project which if viable will allow the extraction of oil from tar sands with much reduced environmental impact than current extraction techniques. In terms of outreach, the Group has supported the following projects:

a) Feasibility for the establishment of an essential oil production facility in Trinidad, based on the use of Caroni lands formerly used for sugar production,

b) Assistance to the Dominica Essential Oils and Spices Cooperative (DEOSCO) in expanding their business by production of new essential oil products, in addition to their traditional Bay Oil production.

The Group is committed to giving support to other commercial ventures in the areas of its expertise. Eng. Professor David McGaw is a former Head of the Department of Chemical Engineering, Deputy Dean of Research and Postgraduate Matters, and Dean of the Faculty of Engineering, at The University of the West Indies. He pioneered the International Accreditation of the Faculty’s Undergraduate Programmes. During his term as Dean, the creation of the Engineering Institute was approved by the University. He was also Provost of The University of Trinidad and Tobago during the period 20082010.

DESIGN PROJECT FOR INCREASED LNG PRODUCTION By Dr. Ejae A. John, UTT

n integral part of The University of Trinidad and Tobago’s Process Engineering Bachelor of Applied Science

Degree is the capstone design project, which draws on the principles taught in the programme and brings them to life in an applied engineering project. For example, a capstone design project was completed with Atlantic LNG in 2011. This facility was experiencing an intermittent and unpredictable emulsion problem *. Students utilized process simulation and analysis software to develop sophisticated models that integrated novel low cost technologies to prevent or treat emulsions. The laboratory experiments utilized samples from the plant to ensure replication of the hydrocarbon mixture which were tested under numerous conditions to indicate the most promising and cost‐effective de‐emulsifiers (Figure 5). Figure 5. Deemulsified sample after lab experiment

A dynamic ASPEN HYSYS model with actual plant data and advanced tuning methods for controllers was used to simulate outcomes from various options. Results showed that tight control was maintained with perturbation. A

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SWOT analysis was also performed on each of the potential solutions comparing cost, potential benefits, ease of implementation, ease of maintenance, and EHS concerns. The results indicated that the proposed novel technology could be combined with other solutions to generate enhanced production. In a private presentation with Atlantic where the students presented full details on the solutions and analyses performed, one engineer commented that it would have taken six months what the team did in two and half months. UTT students understand that design projects are their chance to enhance their training and build their confidence as budding engineers, and this group surpassed expectations. *Editor’s note: For proprietary reasons and confidentiality, details have been withheld. Dr. Ejae A. John’s interests are in energy conservation, innovative separations, and novel solvents. She is an Assistant Professor in Process Engineering at The University of Trinidad and Tobago. She has a Ph.D. degree from Georgia Institute of Technology. This project was undertaken by Damian John, Michael Mottley, Tracy Ramdhan, and Ejae A. John. Photo of APETT Executive Council Members at Launch of Planner and Legacy Project, Dec. 2011

Engineers’ Corner This section presents views of engineers on matters of professional and public interest. These are extracts from the Division’s online forum for discussions on our LinkedIn Group. Eng. Haydn I. Furlonge asks: Is APETT a relevant organization, especially to chemical engineers in T&T, and what can we do to enhance this? Eng. Imtiaz Easahak says: There is a lot of room for improvement. One such aspect is the visibility of APETT. I have only joined this year, being some 16 years in the profession ‐ there is not much word around. Let’s understand what the other problems are as this may well assist with fixing. Eng. Terrence Perez says: I am not yet a member of APETT, but what I would humbly suggest as a starting‐point is a review of the vision, mission/objectives of the organisation and an assessment of whether these ideals/targets are currently being achieved. Eng. Omar Gorib says: We (Chemical Engineers) should try to make APETT relevant to us by developing its Chemical Division, and later on by establishing linkages with other institutions. Eng. Neil Bujun asks: Are Chemical Engineers in Trinidad and Tobago playing a leadership role in the reduction of GHG emissions and global warming? I think that global warming is a technical issue rather than a political one. Eng. Farad Boochoon says: Recent studies have estimated that T&T produces approximately 40 million tons of CO2 per year. The sources of CO2 emissions include petrochemical manufacture, power generation (including power for LNG) and the primarily liquid fuel‐based transportation sector. I agree that Chemical Engineers need to take a lead role in the operation of their existing plants to identify areas for improvement for energy efficiency and show how the benefits will pay back for themselves. I also think that an Energy Efficiency Policy needs to be developed


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that will help push the energy sector companies to formulate plans and programmes to achieve benchmark efficiency targets within appropriate time frames. Eng. Burt Sinanan says: While everyone would like to cut emissions we all must realize how all the plants were initially designed, what's the economic fallout for modification, and corporate policy. It's easy for chemical engineers (actually exciting for them) to do process re‐design and modifications, but it’s really not your call. If you want to do something you need to lobby government. Transformation and change is not as easy as some believe as it comes with significant cost and emotions, forcing hard decisions to be made. Eng. Neel Lalchan says: Global warming contribution from Trinidad is minor. An energy efficiency drive by the government will be welcomed but at the moment the economy in Trinidad is not ready for such demanding investments. Compared to other countries, the industries in Trinidad are generally much cleaner and efficient as there is no coal fuel. Trinidad has a climate that might be an ideal location to set up a bio‐diesel plant from algae. I heard some industries in Trinidad are experimenting with methanol to fuel pilot plants which have shown promising results. I believe studies like these should be encouraged by research grants. Eng. Wayne Gajadhar says: Most of the processing units were constructed during a period in which energy was cheap and therefore the design were more geared towards minimizing capital expenditure at the expense of increased energy requirements. In the current circumstances, the design criteria is or should be the minimization of energy, while keeping an eye on the resulting increased CAPEX. Old processes can be retrofitted to use the available methodologies to minimize the energy requirements, which will reduce its corresponding carbon footprint. This can be as simple as looking at stack temperatures, using advanced pinch technologies, retrofitting at a set minimum approach temperatures to list a few.

Eng. Imtiaz Easahak says: Chemical Engineers, by the nature of their job, should be constantly striving to improve process efficiencies. Many a times there exist trade‐offs between maximum production and optimum process efficiency. The problem, if I may add, can also be behavioral, in that, we do not challenge the status quo in order to continuously seek better ways to improve our processing plant efficiencies. How are GHGs monitored, and can we as Chemical Engineers track our own carbon footprint? I urge us all to understand the basics of GHG emissions, and I mean right down to the mass and energy balance so we can continue to embark on this journey to protect our environment. Send comments to [email protected] or join the Discussions on our LinkedIn Group. Upcoming Activities For details on APETT events such as:

• Upcoming Technical Seminars (e.g. on process optimization; energy efficiency; energy policy)

• Launch of the Engineering Legacy Project check our website www.apett.org. If you are interested in becoming a member of APETT, please visit www.apett.org for application forms and details. APETT Executive Council Members: Eng. Dr. Rae Furlonge, President; Eng. Narine Singh, President‐Elect; Eng. Richard Saunders, Immediate Past President; Eng. Simon Westcott and Eng. Matthew Julien, Vice Presidents; Eng. Colin Clarke, Treasurer; Eng. Kevin Granger, Assistant Treasurer; Eng. Danielle Steele, Public Relations Officer; Eng. Margarita Leonard, Honorary Secretary; Eng. Anderson Ramsubhag and Eng. Kyle Jackman, Assistant Secretaries; Eng. Neil Dookie (Div. Chair); Eng. Haydn I. Furlonge (Div. Chair) and Eng. Bernard Mitchell (Div. Chair). DISCLAIMER: Statements made and information presented by contributors to this Newsletter do not necessarily reflect the views of APETT, and no responsibility can be assumed for them by APETT or its Executive Members and Editors.

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