the assessment of switchgear system...
TRANSCRIPT
THE ASSESSMENT OF SWITCHGEAR SYSTEM USING CIRCUIT
BRAKER PROFILER
Ahmad Al-Hakim Bin Shamsudin
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
JUNE 2013
‘I hereby declare that I had read this report entitled “The Assessment of Switchgear System
Using Circuit Breaker Profiler” and found that this project is comply the partial fulfilment for
the purpose of awarding Bachelor in Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)’
Signature: ………………………………….
Supervisor’s Name: Mr. Azhar Bin Ahmad
Date: 19th June 2013
THE ASSESSMENT OF SWITCHGEAR SYSTEM
USING CIRCUIT BREAKER PROFILER
AHMAD AL-HAKIM BIN SHAMSUDIN
This report is submitted with the
purpose of partial fulfilment the program requirement of awarding
Bachelor of Electrical Engineering (Industrial Power)
Faculty of Electrical Engineering
UNIVERSITY TEKNIKAL MALAYSIA MELAKA
JUNE 2013
i
‘I hereby declare that this work in this report is my own except for summaries and
quotation which have been duly acknowledged’
Signature: ………………………………..
Name: Ahmad Al-Hakim bin Shamsudin
Date: 19th June 2013
ii
Specially for my
Beloved Mom and Dad
And Caring Siblings
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Alhamdulillah, first of all, I would like to express unlimited thankful to my
supervisor, Mr. Azhar Bin Ahmad upon giving me his tremendous opinion and unlimited
ongoing support also his desire to spend his time to guide me in this project throughout my
final year.
Special thanks to my panel judges, Mr. Zul Hasrizal Bin Bohari and Ir. Dr. Rosli
Bin Omar upon his patience and opinion to evaluate my project.
Further, I would like to dedicate my sincere thanks to Technical Expert
(Switchgear) of TNB Research Sdn. Bhd., Ir. Harriezan Bin Ahmad for his willingness and
consultation toward guidance to my project.
I would like also to express my gratitude to Mrs. Anis Niza Binti Ramani, Mrs.
Ainain Nur Binti Hanafi, Mr. Khairul Anwar Bin Ibrahim and Mr. Norhafiz Bin Salim for
their willingness to help when I need it.
Last but not least, I would like to thanks to my dearest parents on their non-stop
caring on my busiest time and also my siblings as well.
Thank You.
iv
ABSTRACT
The application of circuit breaker in switchgear system is a common method to use
as a protection system. Circuit Breaker Profiler is a circuit to be use to study the trip coil
characteristic of circuit breaker. In this project, it is focused on 33kV Circuit Breaker and
Circuit Breaker Profiler will be use to study several case study based on circuit breaker
mechanism timing test. Based on the test held, the result of the test will be use to build a
trip coil profile signature; this technique known as fingerprinting technique. Timing test
will validate that a circuit breaker of the overall operation within the set limits, but it will
be indicate that monitoring the current flow via the trip coil of the circuit breaker, can
allocate a very dominant tool in analysing the preparedness of a circuit breaker to trip. The
result of the testing specimen of DC current of circuit breaker against time will be
interpreted the average or mean graph of time (millisecond) and DC Current (A) also will
be developed in order to determine appropriate Trip Coil Current Profile. Upon the
completion of this project, appropriate Trip Coil Current Profile and the assessment of
switchgear will be known.
v
ABSTRAK
Penggunaan pemutus litar dalam sistem switchgear adalah kaedah yang sama untuk
digunakan sebagai sistem perlindungan. Pemprofil Pemutus Litar adalah satu litar yang
akan digunakan untuk mengkaji ciri-ciri Trip Coil Current Profile. Dalam projek ini, ia
tertumpu kepada 33kV Pemutus Litar dan Circuit Breaker Profiler akan gunakan untuk
mengkaji beberapa kajian kes berdasarkan mekanisme pemutus litar ujian masa.
Berdasarkan ujian yang diadakan, keputusan ujian ini akan digunakan untuk membina Trip
Coil Current Signature; teknik ini dikenali sebagai teknik cap jari. Ujian masa akan
mengesahkan bahawa pemutus litar operasi keseluruhan dalam had yang ditetapkan, tetapi
ia akan menunjukkan bahawa pemantauan aliran arus melalui gegelung perjalanan pemutus
litar, boleh memperuntukkan alat yang sangat dominan dalam menganalisis kesediaan
pemutus litar untuk perjalanan. Hasil spesimen ujian pemutus litar Arus Terus (AT)
terhadap masa akan ditafsirkan purata atau min graf masa (milisaat) dan Arus Terus (A)
akan dibangunkan untuk menentukan Trip Coil Current Profile yang sesuai. Diakhir projek
ini, Trip Coil Current Profile yang sesuai dan penilaian terhadap sistem switchgear akan
diketahui.
vi
TABLE OF CONTENT
CHAPTER TOPICS PAGE
DECLARATION i
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT iii
ABSTRACT iv
ABSTRAK v
TABLE OF CONTENT vi
LIST OF FIGURE ix
LIST OF TABLE xi
LIST OF ABBREVIATION xii
LIST OF APPENDICES xiii
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background 1
1.2 Motivation 2
1.3 Problem Statement 2
1.4 Project Objective 3
1.5 Project Scope 3
1.6 Thesis Outline 4
vii
CHAPTER TOPICS PAGE
CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Switchgear System 5
2.1.1 Paschen’s Law 6
2.1.2 Vacuum Interruption Technique 7
2.1.3 Construction of Vacuum Interrupter 8
2.1.4 Operation of Vacuum Interrupter 9
2.1.5 Operation of Circuit Breaker 10
2.1.6 Trip Coil Current Profile 12
2.1.7 Construction of Trip Coil 14
2.1.8 Summary on Switchgear 15
2.2 Condition Monitoring System 16
2.2.1 Introduction of Condition Monitoring System 16
2.2.2 Purposes of Condition Monitoring System 17
2.2.3 Types of Condition Monitoring System 18
2.2.4 Application of Condition Monitoring System
for Circuit Breaker 19
2.2.5 Circuit Breaker Condition Assessment 20
2.2.6 Summary on Condition Monitoring System 21
CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY
3.1 Description of Overall Process 22
3.1.1 The Experiment of Trip Coil Profile 23
3.1.2 Data Collection 26
viii
CHAPTER TOPICS PAGE
3.1.3 Data Analysis 27
3.1.4 Full Report Writing 28
CHAPTER 4 RESULT AND ANALYSIS
4.1 The Experiment Result of Switchgear 29
4.2 The Actual Testing of Switchgear 30
4.3 The Mean Graph of Trip Coil Current Profile 31
4.4 The Histogram Graph of DC Current 32
4.5 The Histogram Graph of Time 33
4.6 The Analysis of Opening Time for Circuit Breaker 34
4.7 The Determination of Mean value 35
4.8 The Determination of Difference Value 37
CHAPTER 5 DISCUSSION
5.1 The Mean Average of Trip Coil Current Profile 39
5.2 The Uniformity of the Profiler 41
5.3 The Percentage of Difference Value Analysis 42
5.4 The Application of Circuit Breaker Condition
Assessment in Substation 42
CHAPTER 6 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS
6.1 Conclusion 44
6.2 Recommendation 46
BIBLIOGRAPHY 47
APPENDICES 49
ix
LIST OF FIGURE
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
2.1 Paschen’s Law Graph for several types of gases 6
2.2 Paschen’s Law at low pressure 7
2.3 A section type V801 vacuum interrupter 8
2.4 Basic construction of vacuum interrupter 8
2.5 A vacuum contrate contact 10
2.6 Stages of circuit breaker operation 11
2.7 Illustration of circuit breaker operation 12
2.8 Trip Coil Current Profile 13
2.9 Cross Section of a Common Trip Coil 14
2.10 Condition Monitoring Work Frame 16
3.1 Flow Chart of Methodology’s Summary 23
3.2 DC Supply of Breaker Mechanism and Control Circuit 24
3.3 The un-mounted of 33kV Switchgear 24
3.4 The Kelman Profiler 25
3.5 Raw data obtained from the experiment 25
3.6 The connection of DC Probe 26
3.7 The connection of DC Voltage Probe and AC Current Probe 27
4.1 The result of the experiment at ILSAS 29
4.2 The result of the Actual Testing 30
4.3 The mean average graph of Trip Coil Current Profile 31
4.4 Histogram graph of DC Current 32
x
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
4.5 Histogram graph of Time 33
5.1 A Typical Trip Coil Current Profile 39
5.2 Circuit Breaker Condition Assessment Application 43
xi
LIST OF TABLE
TABLE TITLE PAGE
4.1 The Opening Time for Circuit Breaker 34
4.2 Determination of Mean 35
4.3 Determination of Difference Value 37
5.1 The Summary of the TCCP Section 41
xii
LIST OF ABBREVIATION
ABBREV NAME
DC - Direct Current
emf - electromagnetic force
PMU - Pencawang Masuk Utama
(Transmission Main Intake)
PPU - Pencawang Pembahagian Utama
(Main Distribution Substation)
SSU - Stesen Suis Utama
(Main Switching Station)
ILSAS - TNB Integrated Learning Solution
A - Ampere
ms - Millisecond
V - Volts
LRT - Light Rail Transit
MSG - Malaysian Sheet Glass Sdn. Bhd.
TCCP - Trip Coil Current Profile
xiii
LIST OF APPENDICES
NUM TITLE PAGE
Appendix A Flow Chart for Final Year Project I & II I
Appendix B Gantt Chart FYP II
Appendix C Technical Data for 33kV TAMCO Switchgear III
Appendix D Experiment Result at ILSAS IV
Appendix E Actual Testing for Trip Coil Current Profile around
Kuala Lumpur and Selangor Area V
Appendix F Turn-It-In Plagiarism Report VI
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background
In power system, the equipment and devices always are evolving
throughout time. The evolving process makes the needs of the maintenance program
have been shove over and over again. There are other methods that can be use in
assessing switchgear. According to Steward (2008), switchgear is a common term
covering switching device and their combination with associated protection,
measuring, and control and regulating equipment. The basic components of
switchgear are load-side conductor and supply-side conductor, insulation from earth
to sustain the conductor, a moving contact structured to be joined or separate and a
driving mechanism and its buckled drive linkage to the moving contact.
One of the most important components in switchgear is the earthing
facilities. In order to permit safe working state on the unit associated cable or busbar,
the functionality of the circuit breaker rightly include a mean of earthing. Circuit
breaker in switchgear is interruption techniques that use in power system fields. In
order to remove traditional approach, an alternative approach to assure the reliability
of the switchgear or including of whole plant. So, the method to propose is using
Circuit Breaker Profiler.
2
1.2 Motivation
This project will become as a milestone in order to apply the condition monitoring
in this country. This project is conducted due to the lack of expertise; as in power system,
the manufacturing factories usually use large number of manufacturing process, operation
and maintenance. So the engineer need continuously update and sublime their expertise. If
the engineer is lack of expertise the hidden problem always is a hidden problem.
It is also due to no effective systems that respond to abnormalities rapidly, the
prolonged absence of a system with quick respond make it difficult for hidden problem to
become seen. So, this is one of the systems that will help to improve the existing system.
1.3 Problem Statement
Maintenance plan programme is time consuming and shortage of resources
if the methods use is traditional approach. Condition monitoring technique of the trip
coil profiling was developed where fingerprinting was used to emphasize any
anomalies in the performance of circuit breaker.
Although fingerprinting shows diversion from the custom, it did not
manifest with sufficient detail of the sources of the problem. As every type of the
circuit breaker has a characteristic profile, deterioration in the circuit breaker enable
to trip are indicated as unique changes of that profile. It was a proposition, that if a
thorough understanding of circuit breaker of tripping mechanism was attained, the
profile shall provide an assessment of its preparedness to trip.
Circuit Breaker Condition Assessment is a one way of knowing the
fundamental that causing the abnormalities on circuit breaker operation delay. By
investigating the characteristic of the Trip Coil Current Profile, it can be known that
the flaws that implicated to the circuit breaker due to idling for a long time without
tripping.
3
1.4 Project Objective
This project is primarily about the studies of Circuit Breaker Condition Assessment
of 33kV switchgear in several substations in Malaysia throughout investigation and
analysis based on Circuit Breaker Condition Assessment. This project aims to:
Investigate the development of trip coil profile on a circuit breaker using
profiler.
Assess a circuit breaker based on it reaction to trip if faulted condition
occurred.
Determine the deterioration of operation of switchgear based on condition
monitoring.
1.5 Project Scope
The analysis of this project will be conducted using MATLAB software.
This project only concentrated on 33kV switchgear. The experiment of testing the
specimen will use the on 33kV TAMCO Switchgear at TNB Integrated Learning
Solution Institution (ILSAS), Kajang Selangor. Beside, the experiment conducted
will be use as a reference of actual test specimen of several 33kV switchgears in
Kuala Lumpur and Selangor area. The overall analysis will be accordingly to TNB
Research standard for developing the trip coil profile of switchgear.
4
1.6 Thesis Outline
In chapter 1, the background of this project was included. The problem
statement, the objectives and the scope of project is also discussed. This part is to
show the limitation of the project.
Chapter 2 will treated about literature review. Literature review is an
aggregation of studies that has been done by other researchers that have the
resemblance with the field of the project. This literature review can be used as
guideline in order to finish up the project. It is essential to have literature review so
that the project will not diverge from the project scope.
Chapter 3 is outlining about the methodology of this project. In this chapter,
it will explain on the methods system that is used for this project including all
substantial modules of the system. It also discusses on software and analysis that will
be used in the project.
Chapter 4 is about the analysis and discussion. In this chapter, it will be
discusses all about the design system of the project. It starts with explanation on how
the ideas will be applied, how to choose and apply the programming that control the
system and also include the project analysis.
Last but not least, Chapter 5 which is conclusion and recommendation. In
this chapter will be include the summary of the project where it will conclude overall
of the project and recommendation for the future development.
5
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2
This chapter will review on Switchgear System and Condition Monitoring.
The switchgear is manufactured by TAMCO Switchgear (Malaysia) Sdn. Bhd. The 33kV
switchgear is using vacuum impregnate for its filler.
2.1 Switchgear System
In this project, the switchgear of 33kV is the main focus of the study. In
summary, most of 33kV switchgear systems in Malaysia are using vacuum interruption
techniques. This switchgear type is VH3; the circuit breaker type is VY-3OM25D. The
normal current of the switchgear is 1250A. The highest voltage this switchgear can
withstand is 36 kV. This switchgear is having earthing device of Rated Short Circuit
Current of 79kA. This switchgear using vacuum interrupter that manufactured by EATON
and the number break per pole is Single Break per Pole. Single Break per Pole can be
defines as a fixed contact portion and a movable contact portion. This type of break has to
carry the whole of the breaking current. The length of each break is 23mm. The material of
current carrying conductor is copper. The opening time of the main contact is 25ms. For
further information, the full technical data can be refers to Appendix C.
6
2.1.1 Paschen’s Law
The relationship between voltage resistance and electrode spacing is accordingly to
Paschen’s Law. Paschen's Law states that the breakdown voltage is the function of pressure
(Torr) times by distance of gap (centimeter) [VBreakdown =f (P x d)]. Figure 2.1 show that
Paschen’s Law of helium gas, neon gas, argon gas, hydrogen gas and nitrogen gas. Based
on the Paschen’s Law, these recommend that the voltage resistance of a gap between
electrodes is proportional to both the electrode spacing and the pressure of the gas
(Stewart, 2004).
It is providential that this law only applies and true within finite limits, differently
vacuum switchgear could not exist. Air pressure is reduced when starting at atmospheric
pressure; the voltage resistance also reduces, satisfying Paschen’s Law. Nevertheless, at
very low pressure, a tremendous change is takes place. Boost decrement in pressure will
result in the increment of resistance voltage. This can be graphically explained by Figure
2.2 (Naidu & Kamaraju, 2009).
Figure 2.1: Paschen’s Law graph for several types of gases (Naidu & Kamaraju, 2009)
7
Figure 2.2: Paschen’s Law at low pressure (Stewart, 2004)
On the other hand, at very low pressure, the distortions from the Paschen’s Law are
observed when the breakdown mechanism is not affected by the characteristics of the gas
but it is reckon on the purity and the property of the electrodes (Naidu & Kamaraju, 2009).
2.1.2 Vacuum Interruption Technique
In early of 1970s, first introduction and commercialization of vacuum interrupter is
being made. The vigorous development and tremendous reduced size of vacuum
interrupter makes the increment size of short-circuit rating. An arc needs metal vapour
from the metal contacts to prolong itself and it cannot exist in a vacuum, ideally until a
natural current zero is attained. At this specified point, the metal vapour should distil back
toward the contact, refusing conductivity so that current lay off to flow. In contrast, the
contact materials are all essential to the interruption process. Besides, the material utilized
for the contacts must have the compensate characteristics for the conduction of normal
current and they must minify the natural tendency of metal to cold unify when urged
together under high-vacuum condition. In advance, they must not liberate gas when
interrupting current; as this would detonate the high-vacuum essential for the entire process
to be repeated much time over throughout the life of the vacuum interrupter. Figure 2.3
shows an example of vacuum interrupter (Stewart, 2004).
8
Figure 2.3: A sectioned type V801 vacuum interrupter (courtesy of ALSTOM T&D Ltd)
It follows as the voltage will be imprint crosswise an interrupter comply current
interruption, insulating materials have to be considered in the design of the vacuum
interrupter envelope. These insulating materials must be isolated from condensing metal
vapour from the contacts which would differently deteriorate their insulating
characteristics (Stewart, 2004).
2.1.3 Construction of Vacuum Interrupter
In vacuum interrupter, the protection from the internal surface of isolating
envelopes is prepared by three metal shields, known as spatter shields or arching shields. It
is brazed to the centre band and end caps of the interrupter. A substitute method of
protecting the isolating envelope is to have both of the fixed and moving contact set up to
have their contact faces placed within the central canister. Figure 2.4 showing a basic
construction of vacuum interrupter (Stewart, 2004).
Figure 2.4: Basic construction of vacuum interrupter (Stewart, 2004)