the art of war u the highest realization of warfare is to attack the enemy’s plans; next is to...

The Art of Waru The highest realization of warfare is to attack the

enemy’s plans; next is to attack their alliances; next to attack their army; and the lowest is to attack their fortified cities. Thus, one who excels at employing the military subjugates other peoples armies without engaging in battle, captures fortified cities without attacking them, and destroys other people’s states without prolonged fighting.’

The Art of War• Preserving the enemy’s state capital is best, Preserving the enemy’s state capital is best,

destroying their state capital second-best. destroying their state capital second-best. Preserving their army best, destroying their Preserving their army best, destroying their army second-best. Preserving their battalions is army second-best. Preserving their battalions is best, destroying their battalions second-best. best, destroying their battalions second-best. Preserving their companies is best, destroying Preserving their companies is best, destroying their companies is second-best…For this their companies is second-best…For this reason attaining 100 victories in 100 battles is reason attaining 100 victories in 100 battles is not the pinnacle of excellence. Subjugating the not the pinnacle of excellence. Subjugating the enemy’s army without fighting is the true enemy’s army without fighting is the true pinnacle of excellence.pinnacle of excellence.

The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT ) is a treaty to limit The Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT ) is a treaty to limit the spread of nuclear weapons, started in July 1, 1968. There the spread of nuclear weapons, started in July 1, 1968. There are currently 189 countries party to the treaty, five of which are currently 189 countries party to the treaty, five of which have nuclear weapons: the United States, the United have nuclear weapons: the United States, the United Kingdom, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China Kingdom, France, Russia, and the People's Republic of China (the permanent members of the UN Security Council).(the permanent members of the UN Security Council).

Only four recognized sovereign states are not parties to the Only four recognized sovereign states are not parties to the treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India, Israel, treaty: India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea. India, Israel, Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and possess Pakistan and North Korea have openly tested and possess nuclear weapons. The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven nuclear weapons. The NPT consists of a preamble and eleven articles. Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in articles. Although the concept of "pillars" appears nowhere in the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as the NPT, the treaty is nevertheless sometimes interpreted as having having three pillarsthree pillars: : non-proliferationnon-proliferation, , disarmamentdisarmament, and , and the the right to peacefully use nuclear technology.right to peacefully use nuclear technology.

u Middle East has become a centre of attention of international and regional political affairs. Ever since the inception of Israel, the region has been in continuous turmoil and witnessed six official wars and continuous violence in this region. The bombing of Lebanon, the destruction of Gaza, the ongoing war in Iraq, the question of Palestinian statehood, regional aggression and military provocation.

• To date, peace in the Middle East seems a distant dream for the majority of its peoples. The situation is the Middle East is further complicated by Iranian nuclear ambitions and continuous armed conflicts in Iraq and intermittent military interventions in Syria and Lebanon. Israel, the only non-Arab and non-Muslim country in the region, is currently counted among unofficial nuclear powers, non-signatories of NPT.

Peace Peace andand Security Security throughthrough

DISARMAMENTDISARMAMENT

CharterCharter of theof the UnitedUnited NationsNations

Article 11

The General Assembly may consider the general principles of cooperation in the maintenance of international peace and security, including the principles governing disarmament and the regulation of armaments…

We the Peoples of the United Nations… United for a Better World

Article 26In order to promote the establishment and maintenance of international peace and security with the least diversion for armaments of the world's human and economic resources, the Security Council shall be responsible for formulating … plans to be submitted to the Members of the United Nations for the establishment of a system for the regulation of armaments.

United Nations Department for Disarmament Affairs, 2002

Charter Charter of theof the United United NationsNations

We the Peoples of the United Nations… United for a Better World


Article 51

Nothing in the present Charter shall impair the inherent right of individual or collective self-defence if an armed attack occurs against a Member of the United Nations, until the Security Council has taken measures necessary to maintain international peace and security. Measures taken by Members in the exercise of this right of self-defence shall be immediately reported to the Security Council and shall not in any way affect the authority and responsibility of the Security Council under the present Charter to take at any time such action as it deems necessary in order to maintain or restore international peace and security.


10th SPECIAL SESSION DEVOTED TO 10th SPECIAL SESSION DEVOTED TO DISARMAMENT -1978DISARMAMENT -1978

The General Assembly.

Alarmed by the threat to the very survival of mankind posed by the existence of nuclear weapons and the continuing arms race, and recalling the devastation inflicted by all wars,

Convinced that disarmament and arms limitation, particularly in the nuclear field, are essential for the prevention of the danger of nuclear war and the strengthening of international peace and security ……..,

Having resolved to lay the foundations of an international disarmament strategy which aims at general and complete disarmament under effective international control.


• World military expenditure peaked at $1.3 trillion in 1987. After a period of decline, it slowly rising today and now stands at more than $ 839 billion, accounting for 2.6% of world GDP and corresponding to an average of $137 per capita.

• Industrialized countries account for about 80 per cent of global military expenditures. The United States accounts for almost half of the world’s total arms production; France and UK for 10 percent each and Germany, Russia and Japan – for roughly 4 per cent each.

• In 1945, only one nation possessed a nuclear bomb. Today, there are five recognized nuclear-weapon States in terms of the Treaty for the Non-Proliferation of nuclear weapons, and three nuclear-weapon capable States.

• More than 30,000 nuclear warheads are still present in the world, many on high alert, ready to be launched on warning.

FACTS:FACTS:

• Today, 80 per cent of the world’s spending on armaments is on conventional weapons and weapons systems.

• The annual global trade in conventional arms is estimated to be around $30 billion. Nearly 70 per cent of this expenditure was incurred by importing countries from the developing world.

• One-third of the nations of the earth are affected by mines and unexploded ordinance (UXO). The countries most affected are those least able to reverse the devastating impact of mines.

• About 550 million small arms are in circulation world-wide.


MORE FACTS:MORE FACTS:

DISARMAMENT ISSUESDISARMAMENT ISSUES


•Weapons of Mass Destruction

•Conventional Weapons

•Outer Space

•Disarmament and Development

•Regional Disarmament

•Emerging Issues


WMD TerrorismWMD TerrorismEmerging

Issues

Nuclear WeaponsNuclear Weapons

Biological WeaponsBiological Weapons

Chemical WeaponsChemical Weapons

RegionalDisarmament

Disarmamentand

Development

Outer Space

ConventionalWeapons


Bilateral agreements:


•The 1972 SALT I Agreement

•The Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty (ABM Treaty)

•The 1979 SALT II Treaty

•The 1987 Intermediate‑and Shorter - Range Nuclear

Forces Treaty (INF Treaty)

•The 1991 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty (START I)

NUCLEAR WEAPONSNUCLEAR WEAPONS

Bilateral agreements:


•The 1992 Lisbon Protocol to START I

•The 1993 Strategic Arms Limitation and Reduction Treaty II

(START II)

•2000-with the ratification of START II by the Russian Federation, the US Senate needs to approve a 1997 protocol to the Treaty in order for the Treaty to enter into force. This will then open the way for formal START III negotiations to begin.

•2002 Treaty on Strategic Offensive Reductions

•Unilateral reductions


Multilateral agreements


•The 1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test-Ban Treaty)

•The 1968 Treaty on the Non -Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons (NPT)

- Nuclear Safeguards of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA)- The 1997 Model Additional Protocol

•The 1996 Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT)-The Preparatory Commission for the CTBT Organization (CTBTO PrepCom, based in Vienna)

•Future agreements: - Fissile Material Treaty



KEEPING THE WORLD - AND OUTER SPACE -KEEPING THE WORLD - AND OUTER SPACE -

FREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONSFREE OF NUCLEAR WEAPONS

CHEMICAL WEAPONSCHEMICAL WEAPONSChemical Weapons Convention (CWC)

- Entered into force 1997

The Organisation for the Prohibition of Chemical Weapons (OPCW), The Hague, Netherlands


BIOLOGICAL WEAPONSBIOLOGICAL WEAPONSBiological Weapons Convention (BWC)

- Entered into force 1975.

Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Protocol for the Prohibition of the Use in War of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Asphyxiating, Poisonous or Other Gases, and of Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)Bacteriological Methods of Warfare (Geneva Protocol)

- Signed at Geneva on 17 June 1925. Prohibits the use of biological or chemical

weapons in war.


WMD TERRORISMWMD TERRORISM • The threat is real and global:The threat is real and global: small nuclear device

or radiological materials, chemical or bioterrorism.

• Objective:Objective: To ensure that terrorists do not acquire and use Weapons of Mass Destruction: National defense and counter- terrorism; prevention through disarmament.

• Prevention:Prevention: Strengthened international disarmament agreements and implementing agencies: NPT and IAEA, physical protection of nuclear material, tracking of illicit material traffic, vigorous chemical weapons inspection regime by OPCW; and monitoring of compliance and verification of the BWC.

EmergingIssues

Small Arms & Light WeaponsSmall Arms & Light Weapons

Major Conventional WeaponsMajor Conventional Weapons

Anti-personnel LandminesAnti-personnel Landmines

RegionalDisarmament

Disarmament &Development

Outer Space

Weapons of

Mass

Destruction


In terms of the carnage they cause, small arms, indeed could well be described as “weapons of mass destruction”.

Secretary-General’s Millennium Report, 2000


SMALL ARMS & SMALL ARMS & LIGHT WEAPONSLIGHT WEAPONS

•United Nations Conference on the Illicit Trade in Small Arms and Light Weapons in All Its Aspects.

•Coordinating Action on Small Arms (CASA)

•Practical Disarmament Measures - Trust Fund for the Consolidation of Peace through Practical Disarmament Measures


Amended Protocol II to the Convention onCertain Conventional Weapons

- entered into force in 1998

Mine-Ban Convention- entered into force in 1999

ANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINESANTI-PERSONNEL LANDMINES


United Nations Register of Conventional Arms - established in 1992

United Nations system for the standardized reporting of military expenditures

- introduced in 1980

TRANSPARENCY MEASURES TRANSPARENCY MEASURES FOR CONVENTIONAL ARMSFOR CONVENTIONAL ARMS


Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons (CCW)


Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe (CFE Treaty)


MULTILATERAL DISARMAMENTMULTILATERAL DISARMAMENTConventional ArmsConventional Arms

EmergingIssues

RegionalDisarmament


ConventionalWeapons

Multilateral treaties:Weapons of

Mass

Destruction


•1979 Agreement Governing the Activities of States

on the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies

•1967 Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies (Outer Space Treaty)

•1963 Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the

Atmosphere, in Outer Space and under Water (Partial Test - Ban Treaty)

EmergingIssues

RegionalDisarmament

Outer Space

ConventionalWeapons

•High-level Steering Group on Disarmament and Developmentset up in May 1999

Weapons of

Mass

Destruction


•The International Conference on the Relationship between Disarmament and Development, convened in 1987

- The Programme of Action

EmergingIssues


Outer Space

ConventionalWeapons

•Cooperation with regionalinter-governmental organizations

Weapons of

Mass

Destruction


•United Nations regional centres for peace and disarmament

•Regional agreements in the areas of nuclear and conventional disarmament and non-proliferation

RegionalDisarmament


Outer Space

ConventionalWeapons

•Missile proliferation and missile defences

Weapons of

Mass

Destruction


•Information security

•Revolution in military affairs

Special sessions on disarmament:1978, 1982 and 1988

General Assembly (deliberative)

DISARMAMENT MACHINERYDISARMAMENT MACHINERY

FirstCommittee

Disarmament Commission

Conference on Disarmament

(negotiating forum)

Security Council

UN Institute for Disarmament Research (UNIDIR)

S-G’s Advisory Board onDisarmament Matters

Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA)

Non-UN bodies:

Preparatory Commission for CTBTO (Vienna)

IAEA (Vienna)

OPCW(The Hague)


Conventional Arms Branch

CD Secretariat and Conference Support

Branch (Geneva)

Weapons of Mass Destruction Branch

Monitoring, Database and Information

Branch

Regional Disarmament Branch

Under-Secretary-General for Disarmament AffairsDirector and Deputy to USG

Department for Disarmament Affairs (DDA)

Centres for:Asia, Africa, andLatin America &

Caribbean



•United Nations Disarmament Information Programme (Voluntary Trust Fund)

•United Nations Disarmament Fellowship Programme

•Disarmament Week - 24 October

•Messenger of Peace (US actor and producer Michael Douglas)

•Liaison with civil society, NGOs and academic institutions

•Cooperation with DPI

DISARMAMENT INFORMATION DISARMAMENT INFORMATION AND OUTREACH ACTIVITIESAND OUTREACH ACTIVITIES


•DDA Internet website (disarmament.un.org)

•DDA Publications:-United Nations Disarmament Yearbook-Quarterly DDA Update-Occasional papers

-Publications of the Regional Centres (e.g. Bulletin Africain pour la Paix)

•DDA Library

•DDA Audio-visual materials (documentary on small arms; PowerPoint presentation)

•Tour-guide exhibit at Headquarters

•Briefing for visiting groups (call 212 963 4440)

•UNIDIR publications and activities

DISARMAMENT INFORMATION DISARMAMENT INFORMATION RESOURCESRESOURCES


CONTACTCONTACT INFORMATION:INFORMATION:

Mailing address:

Department for Disarmament Affairs

United Nations

NYC, NY 10017

USA

Telephone: 1 212 963 2874; 7714; 8199Fax: 1 212 963 1121Internet: disarmament.un.orgEmail : [email protected]

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