THE ART OF TUNNELLING by

KA ROLY ! SZ ÉCHY v

Mcmber or the Hunsarian Acadcmy or Sdcnces

Professar of Fo u ndation Ensineering and Tunnclling

at the

Teehni:al University for Civil and Communicat.iOJl Engineerjng

flu:lOt)CSI

AKADÉM I AI KIAD6 · BU b AP EST 1970

C ONTENTS

CHAPTER l

INTRODUCTION

1.1. Purposcs and classifìcation of tunne1s

1.11. Traffìc tunnels . . . . . . . 11.11 . C1assification by posi tion or a1ign me n t . 11.12. Classification according to purpose

1.12. Transportation tunnels l 1.21. Hydroelectric plant tunnels 11.22. Water supp1y tunnels 11.23. Public utility tunnels . 11.24. Sewer tunnels 11.25. Other tunnels

1.13. Storage tunnels (garages, parking areas, shelters and sto r::houses) 1.2. A brief history of tunnel construction . . . . . . . . . . . . .

C H A P T .'E R 2

PRELIMINARY STUDIES ANO GENERAL D ESfGN

CONSIDERA TIONS

2.1. Preliminary studies . . • . . 2.1 1. Economie analysis . . . 2.12. Geological survey and exploration

21.21. Generai geological survey 21.22. Detailed geologica! site investigations prior to planning 21.23. Si te exploration during design . . . . . . . 21.24. In situ exploration during construction . . . . . .

2. 13. Typical geologica! factors and their effect on tunnelling . . . 21.31. The situation and orientation of layers to be penctrated 21.32. Condition of strata to be perforated . . . . . . . 21.33. Stress.-strength and deformation properties of rocks 21.34. H ydrological survey . . . . . 21.35. Gases and rock temperatures

2.14. Geologica! profile along the tunnel axis

19

21 22

22 26 30

30 31 32 n 33

33

36

47

47

47 52

55 60 62 63

64

64 68 70 79 84 94

12 CONTENTS

2.2. Factors influencing the location of the tunnel . 106

2.21. Selection of the line . . . . . . . . 106 2.22. Selection of the longitudinal eJevation a.od gradients 110 2.23. Determination of the cross-section . . . . . . . 11 7

22.3t": Tunnel clearance . . . . . . . . . . . 123 22.32. lnfiuence of geologica! environ!l}ent on shape of cross-section . 124 22.33. Infiuence of construction ·method on shape of cross-section . 128 22.34. Infiuence of tunnel·lining on shape of cross-section . 128 22:35. Size of the tunnel cross-section 129

Rderences . . . . . . . . . . . . 132

C:HA·PTE R 3

ANAL YSIS OF LOADS ON T UNNELS AND UNDERGROUND STRUCTURES . . . .

3:i . . Causes an d types of rock pressurc

3.11. Rock pressure due to loosening 3.1·2. Genuine mountain pressure 3.13. Swelling pressure . . . . . 3.14. Factors affecting the magnitude and locallypes of rock pressure

3.2. Determi~ation of vertical rock pressures. Rock pressure theories

3.21. Estimates and approximate methods based on the extent of upbreak 3.22. Tbeories based o n theoretical stress conditions in the rock mass .

32.21. Tbeory of elasticity and estimation of stresses . . . . 32.22. Results of investigations by Fenner . . . . . . . . . 32.23. Stress conditions around circolar an d ellipticai cavities . .

3.23. Theories based on various displacement and equilibrium assumptions

32.31. Theories taking into account the effect of depth 32.32. · Theories neglecting the effect of depth .

' .

133

133

136 148 156 157

159

159 166

167 . 171

183

. 19 I

. 191

. !208

3.3. Determination of latera! pressu~es on timnels. . .. . · , . 219

3.31. Approximate determination of latera! press~res . 219 3.32. Exact determination of latera! pressures ~ . .. . 221 3.33. Experimenta[ determinai:ion and in situ measurement of latera! pressur~s . 221

3.4. Bottom pressures· . . . . : . . . . . . . . . . . . · . . . .

3.41 .. Determination of bottom pressure according to Tsimbary_evitch 3.42. Determination of bottom pressure according to Terzaghi . .

3.5. Development .and superposition of rock pressures . . ·. . . . . .

3.51. Deyelopment of rock pressure during excavation . . . . . . . . · 3.52. Superposition and interaction of roof loads above adjacent tunnels 3.53. Loads on roek-pillars . . . .

35.31. Protodyakonov's. theory 35.32. Tsimbaryevitch's theory

. 223

. 225

. 227

. 230

. 230

. i34

. 238

. 239

. 240

CONTENTS 13

3.6. Criticai treatmeot of rock pressurc theories and in si tu rock pressurc mcasurements 241

3.61. Measurements o n· the rock fa ce . . . . . 243 3.62. Mcasurements in the interior of the rock . 245 3.63. Measurements on tunnel supports . 246 3.64. Measurcmcnt of prcssurc cha nges in completed linings 248 3.65. D ctermination of prcssures by mode! tests 255 3.66. Main types of pressure measuring instruments 256

3.7. VVater pressure

3.8. Livc Joads

3.81 . Internai loads 3.82. Surface loads

References

C H AP T ER 4

D ESIG 1 OF T UNNEL SECTIONS

4.1. Design loads

259

262

262 263

. 263

. 26 4

. 267

4.11. Estimatcd design loads for dee p tunnels in soli d ground . 26 7 4.12. Estimated design loads for shallow tunne ls in loose, saturatcd soil . 269 4.13. Excerpts from the specifications for the design loads of the Lisbon subway 270 4. l 4. Excerpts .from the spccifications for the design loads of the Budapest subway 2 72 4.15. Soviet standard specifications for the ·design of unùerground and motorway

tunnels . . . . . . . . . 277

4.2. Desi.ç•1 of horseshoe-shaped tunnels

4.21. Design by members

42.11. Graphic investigation (Kommerell) 42.12. Ana1ytical design by members 42.13. Common deformations and composite· action of

ground (Davidov's method) . . . . . . . . .

. 281

281

. 282

. 291 the surrounding

316

4.22. Analytical design method treating the section as a whole and considering com-posite action of the ground . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 321

42.21. Mcthod of Zurabov a nd Bougayeva . . . . . . . . 42.22. Numer!cal example of the Zurabov- Bougayeva method

4.3. Design of circular tunnel sections

4.31. Graphical investigation

4.32. Approximate method for thc calcl.!lation of ring sections 43.21. Design by dividing the section into segments 43.22. Design of a monolithic ring section 43.23. The Hewett-Johannesson method

. 321 326

34 l

341

. 342

. 342

. 343 35 6

4.33. The design of circular tunnels as sections e1astically embedded in ·thc subsoil 365

43.31. T he method of Bodrov-Gorelik . 365 43.32. T he polygonal method 378 43.33. Bougayeva's method 396 43.34. Davidov's method 405

14 C ONTENTS

43.35. Varga's development 43.36. Meissner's and Orlov's methods

4.34. Design of tunnels with do1,1ble l ining .

43.41. Soviet specifications (based on G alerkin's theory) 43.42. Design with steel plate lining (design after Mtihlhofer) 43.43. ~esign of tunnels ~ith la minated linings . . . . . . 43.44. Design o( Jaminated linings for non-radiai (external) loads

4.4. D esig_n of culverts and c6ndlfits

4.41. Design of circular c ul\<er!s

44.11. Determination of vertical earth pressure (according to Yaroshenko) 44.12. Determination of traffic loads . . . . 44.13. Effect of the bedding . . . . . . . 44.14. Cross-sectional design of culvert sections 44.15. Longitudinal design of c ulve.rts . . . .

4.42. Design of circular conduits . . . . . . .. . 4.43. The semi-graphical design of egg-shaped culverts 4.44. Flexible meta! culverts of corrugated steel sheets

4.5. Design of rectangular tunnel sections : . . . . . . 4.51. One bay rectangular section o n rigid foundations 4.52. Two bay box section o n elastic foundations

4.6. Design directives for ancillary works, services and installations.

4.61. Composition and structdre of t unnel walls 4.62. Waterproofing of tunnels . . . . . . .

46.21 . Multi-layer plastering and shotcrete 46.22. Gunite plaster . . . . . · . . . . 46.23. Bonded waterproofing . . . . . . 46.24. Reinforced bituminous waterproofing 46.25. PVC waterproofing . . . 46.26. Use of thermoplastic sheets

4.63. Drainage of tunnels . . . . · . . . 4.64. Prote~tion against corrosion

46.41. Problems of corrosion by soil 46.42. G roundwater corrosion

4.6.5. Tunnel ventilation . . . . . 46.51. Ventilation duÌ:ing construction 46.52. Natura! ventilation . . . . . 46.53. Mecbanical ventilation . . . .

4.66. Lighting, and noise contro! in tunnels

46.61. Lighting 46.62. Noise contro!

4.67. Ancillary works . .

46.71: Safety recesses 46. ?2. Portals . .

References

. 408

. 410

. 412

. 412

. 415

. 41 8

. 420

. 423

. 424 . 424 . 433 . 434 . 435 . 438

. 442

. 444

. 454

. 459

. 459

. 462

. 480

480 . 481

. 483

. 485

. ,486

. 487

. 487

. 489

. 490

. 493 . 493 . 498

. 498

. 499 . 503 . 505

. 519

. 519

. 520

. 520

. 521

. 521

. 523

CHA PTER 5

TUNN EL SURVEYING

5.1. Surveying from portals

5.1 l . Horizonta1 layout

51.11. Layout of short tunnels 51.12. Layout of long tunne1s

5.12. Marking the stations . . . . 5.13. Layout of details . . . . . 5. 14. Methods t o i m prove accuracy . 5.15. Vertica1layout . . . . . .

C.'ON1ENTS

5.2. Layout of .tunne1s starting underground

5.21. Horizontallayout . . . . . .

52.11 . Surface reference net 52.12. Transfer of directions down shafts 52.13. Underground directional 1ayout 52.14. Possibilities for increasing the accuracy of the layout

5.22. Vertical layout . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5.23. Layout of ring sections (segments) aod shields

52.3 l. Layout of segments . . . . . . . '52.32. Determiniog the position of the shield

References

CHAPT ER 6

CONSTRUCTION AND DESJGN,OF TUNNELS

6.1. Tunnelling in solid rocks . . . . . . . .

6.11. Means of excavation in solid rocks . .

61.11. Mechanical drilling and cutting · 61.12. The use of explosives and blasting technique

6.12. Full-face tunnelling without supports . . . . . . 6.13. Full-face tunoelling with supports . . . . . . .

61.31. Temporary support independent of the penrianent lining .

6.2. Tunnelling in moderately firm rocks and ground . . . . . . . . .

15

. 524

524

524

. 524 . 526

. 532 . 533 . 535

537

538

538

539 . 544 . 556 . 559

559 . 561

. 561

. . 564

. 566

. 568

569

569

569 . 571

. 581

. 584

. 586

. 609

6.21. Tunnellìng by successive excavation and Linipg of smaller independent head-ings (classica! or mining methods) 609

62.11. Scope and construction of headings . . . . 62.12. Vertical break-ups a~d pits .· . . . . . .

6.22. Single-stage mining methods of tunnel construction

62.21. The crown bar (English) method . 62.22. The cross-bar (Austrian) method . . . . .

. 615 629

630

630 635

16 CONTENTS

62.23. Thc alternate ring method 62.24. The centre-cut me<hod .

6.23. Multiple-s tage classica! methods .

62.31. T he Belgian or underpinning (flyiog arch) rnethod 62.32. The core-leaving or Gennan method 62.33. The Italian or invert method . . . . . . . . 62.34. Combined tunnelling methods . . . . . . . .

. 638

. 638

. 639

. 639

. 648

. 652

. 654

6.24. Recent tunnelling rncthods ernploying both ti m ber an d steel-supporting elements 656

62.41. Tunnelling with liner plates (the needle beam method) 62.42. Tne full-face erector method . . . . . . . 62.43. Tunnelling with liner plates and stiffening rings 62.44. Tbe Kunz method . . . . . . . . . .62.45. The Colpgne method . . . . . . .

. 657

. .658

. 658

. 664

. 665

6.3. Tunnelling in loose ground and und.er watercourses

6.31. Tunnelling by sinking caissons . . . . . .

. 668

. 673

. 673

. 675 63.11. Sinking caissons in the form of working chambers 63.12. The floating caisson ·method

6.32. Shield tunnelling . 678

63.21. Structure and dimensions of tunnel shields . 681 63.22. The main working procedures of shield tunnelling . 699 ' 63.23. Lining segments for shield-driven tunnels . 738 63.24. Application of compressed air (the pleoum process) an d soil stabilization

in tunnelling . . . . • . . . . . . . , . . 771

6.33. Special underground structures and railway stations . 783 63.31. Access or ventilation shafts . . . . . . . . 784 63.32. Connecting drifts (ventilation ducts) . 795 63.33. Uoderground halls (shield chambers, power and substation rooms, etc.) 797 63.3.4. Underground stations and adjoining service and communication

Jocalities . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 799

6.4. Urban and public utility tunnels consttuctèd at a shallow depth . . . . . . . 811

6.41. Side-wall construction in wall drifts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 812 6.42. Speci.al methods for theconstru.ction of pedestrian subways, highway andpublic

servi ce li.ne underpasses. . . . . . . 812

64.21. Subways in Vienna . . . . . . . . 64.22. Margaret bridge in Budapest 64.23. Dirnitrov Square subway in Budapest .

6.43. Construction of culverts and sewers by pipe jacking 6.44. Cut and cover construction method witb precast panels .

6.5. Safèty measures and health protection in tunnelling

6.51. ~afety measures . 6.52. Health protection

65.21. Sìlicosis 65.22. Caisson disease .

References . . .

. 814

. 817

. 818

. 819

. 824

. 828

. 828

. 829

. 330

. 631

. '333

CliA.i'TER 7

SERVfCE, OPERATlON AND MAINTENANCE OF TUNNELS

7.1 . Organization ànd responsibilities of maintenance and service departmen!s

7.1 I. Inspection of the shape of the tunnel . . 7.12. Inspection of the track drainage and insulation

71.21. Inspection of the tracks . . . . . 71.22. Inspection in the Budapest Subway . .

7.13. Inspection and maintenance of lining and tracks . 7.14. Organization of maintenance services . 7.15. Storage of maintenance equipment .

7.2. Deterioration and repair of tu!lnels . .

7.21. Causes of deterioration of tunnels

72.11. Deterioration due to defective matcrials and workmanship . 72.12. Deterioration causcd by watcr . . . . 72.13. Damage caused by smoke 72.14. Damage due to atmospheric conditions 72.15. lmpact damage 72.16. Damage caused by overburden . . 72.17. Deterioration in pressure tunnels . 72.18. Damage to railway tracks 72.19. Maintenance of cables . .

7.22. Repair :md reconstruction of tunncls

72.21. Repairs to the drainage system 72.22. Repair of Jinings . . . .

7.23. Remodelling and reconstruction of tunnels

72.31. Reconstruction for operatiooal demands 72.32. Reconstruction because of decay a od external effects 72.33. Examples of tunnel remodelling • . . .

7.3. Surface subsidences resulting from tunnel construction

7.31. Estimation of surface subsidences . . • . . .

73.11. Estimating surface subsidence on a theoreticàl basis . 73.12. Estimatiog subsidence from actual observations

.7 .32. Measuring the subsidente of buildings ç!ue to subway ·Construction

References

Generai literatu.re

Index .

2 Széchy: The Art of Tunnelling

i 7

835

835

83 5 . 838

. 838

. 839

840 842 843

843

844

844 844 846 846 846 847

. 347 848 848

848

849 857

. 861

. 861

. 862

. 864

. 869

. 869

. 870

. 877

. 879

. 882

. 883

. 885