the art of persuasion * * * * * how to write persuasive essays * * * * *
TRANSCRIPT
Prewriting
Choose an issue
State Your Position
Consider your Purpose and Audience
Support Your Opinion
Rhetorical Devices
Rhetorical devices are the vehicle that will allow one to communicate one’s perspective on an issue and demonstrate why one’s opinion is the correct one
Types of Appeals
Logical Appeals: Speak to readers’ minds. They rely on reason and good common sense.
Types of Appeals
Ethical Appeals: Speaks to the readers’ ethics or moral values; They call upon widely held beliefs such as honesty and fairness.
Other Rhetorical Devices
* * * * * *• Repetition
• Parallelism
• Rhetorical questions
• Argument by analogy
* * * * * *
ParallelismThe repetition of the same grammatical form to express equal, or parallel, ideas. A noun is paired with a noun, a phrase with a phrase, a clause with a clause, and so on.
Types of Evidence
Facts: Provable information; can be statistical data
Examples: Specific instances of a situation
Types of Evidence
Expert Opinions: Statements by individuals who are considered experts on the issue in question
Analogies: Comparisons that show similarities between two unrelated ideas
Types of Evidence
Case studies: Studies based on scientific methodology
Anecdotes: brief, personal stories that make a point
Overgeneralization
Based on too little evidence or evidence that ignores exceptions.
Ex. Adults just want to deny teenagers their rights. Otherwise, the curfew law would not have been approved.
False causalityAssumes one event caused another because one happened before the other.
Ex. Councilman Jay Jones proposed the curfewafter his store was robbed. The robbery is the reasonhe proposed it.
False AnalogyDraws an invalid conclusion from a comparison that is weak or unreasonable.
Ex. The city council understands modern teenagers about as well as most people understand the theory of relativity.
Red herringSomething that takes a listener’s attention away from the real issue or point.
Ex. The curfew law is the city council’s attempt to usurp parents’ authority.
Attack ad hominem
Attacking the person associated with the issue instead of the issue itself.
Ex. Councilman Lee, who supports the curfew, is well known for his dislike of children in general and teenagers in particular.
Bandwagon Effect
Encourages listeners to act or think a certain way because everyone else is.
Ex. The student council, the cheerleaders and the football team are against the curfew. You should be also.
Here’s what you do…
In your introduction-• Grab your readers attention
• Give background information
• Include a clear thesis statement
Here’s what you do…
In your body…• Support your position with 3 reasons and
2 pieces of evidence for each reason
• Use rhetorical devices to shape your support
• Organize reasons and evidence on the basis of relative strength
• Offer and refute counter arguments
Here’s what you do…
In your conclusion-• Restate your thesis
• Consider providing a summary of your reasons
• Call readers to action by telling them what they can do to impact the situation