the annual cycle of precipitation over the indian

NCAR/TN-401+STRNCAR TECHNICAL NOTE

January 1995

The Annual Cycle ofPrecipitation over the Indian Subcontinent:Daily, Monthly and Seasonal Statistics

Dennis J. Shea Climate Analysis Section, NCAR

N. A. Sontakke Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology, Pune, India

CLIMATE AND GLOBAL DYNAMICS DIVISION

NATIONAL CENTER FOR ATMOSPHERIC RESEARCHBOULDER, COLORADO

m

-

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Preface ....

Acknowledgments .

1. Introduction ...

Physiography ..

Seasons ....

Surface Winds and Pressure

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . v

1

3. . . .· . . · .. . . . . . . . . . . .... . . . . . . . . . . 3

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . *.*. . . . 5

.......................... 5V

·.......................... 5

Temperature ..... .......

Precipitation . .......... .. ..

2. Data . . . . . . . . .

3. Methodology ...............

Unconditional and Conditional Probabilities

Objective Analysis Procedure .......

4. Daily Annual Cycle ...........

Detailed description for one station ....

Annual Cycle at Selected Indian Stations ..

5.

6.

. . . . . . . . . . ... . . . .. 7

. . ............... 15

. .. . . . . . . . . . . . . . .. 17

. . .............. 18

.................. 19

. ..... . . . . . . . . . .. .21

................. .21

.................. 26

Annual Cycle at Selected Stations from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tibet

Seasonal Precipitation Statistics . ....................

Summary ..................... ............

References .... . . . . . . . . . . .

Appendix A: "Day-of-Year" to "Calander Day" table .....

Appendix B: Listing of Stations ..........

Appendix C: Daily Annual Cycles at Selected Indian Stations ....

Appendix D: Daily Annual Cycles at Selected Stations from

Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tibet

Appendix E: Seasonal Statistics over the Subcontinent ......

. 33

. 35

. 37

. 39

. 43

. 45

. 55

125

156

iii

Preface

This technical note documents the annual cycle of precipitation over the Indian subcontinent.

Particular attention is focused upon India, the largest country within the region. Gaussian (i.e.,

means and standard deviations) and robust (i.e., medians and sextiles) statistics are used to

describe the climatology and variability (both temporal and spatial) of precipitation on a daily,

monthly and seasonal basis. These statistics should be useful to meteorologists, hydrologists,

atmospheric modelers, the agricultural community and policy makers.

Acknowledgements

N. A. Sontakke (Indian Institute of Tropical Meteorology) was supported under the World Me-

teorological Organization Fellowship Program and was visiting Dr. Roland Madden for the pe-

riod September through December 1993. The data were obtained from the India Meteorological

Department and the Climate Analysis Center, Washington D.C. The data were archived and sup-

plied by NCAR's Data Support Section. Drs. P. Das (Texas A&M), S. Gadgil (Indian Institute of

Science), G.B. Pant (IITM) and S.V. Singh (IITM) graciously reviewed the manuscript. NCAR's

Graphics Group produced several of the figures. Finally, Ronna Terrell-Baily typed much of the

manuscript and provided considerable technical support.

v

1. INTRODUCTION

The climate of the Indian subcontinent" is dominated by the south Asiatic monsoons (Fig. 1)

which are important components of the global circulation of the atmosphere [see, for exam-

ple, Ramage (1971), Rao (1976, 1981), Das (1986), Chang and Krishnamurti (1987), Fein and

Stephens (1987) and references therein]. The northeast (NE) monsoon affects the subcontinent

during winter, however, the influence of the NE monsoon is weak and limited in spatial extent.

The southwest (SW) monsoon affects the subcontinent during summer, June to September. It

brings humid air masses and the Inter-Tropical Convergence Zone reaches its maximum pole-

ward displacement over the subcontinent. Rainfall associated with the SW monsoon accounts

for 70 to 90% of the annual total over much of the subcontinent. However, this seasonal rainfall

exhibits large temporal and spatial variability. As such, it has significant social and economic

impacts. Agriculture, industry, hydroelectric power generation, irrigation and reservoir man-

agement are directly affected.

During pre-monsoon and winter months, rainfall mainly occurs over the southern portions of

peninsular India and northern/northwestern India. The principal rainy season over southeast-

ern India and part of Sri Lanka is due to the NE monsoon advancing across the Bay of Bengal

from October to December.

Rainfall over India has been the subject of scientific investigations for well over a century

(e.g., Blanford 1884, 1886). The India Meteorological Department has published reports and

atlases (1906, 1943, 1962, 1971a, 1971b, 1981) on climatology and rainfall characteristics on

different time scales over India and its vicinity. Rao (1981) described the general characteristics

of the climate of the Indian subcontinent in World Survey of Climatology. More recently,

Sontakke (1993a) and Sontakke et al. (1993b) have constructed SW and NE monsoon rainfall

series from 1844 and 1871 onwards, respectively.

Most previous climatological studies of precipitation over the subcontinent have focused upon

monthly or seasonal precipitation. In this note, the monthly and seasonal aspects of the annual

cycle are briefly discussed. However, the emphasis is upon documenting the daily climatological

annual cycle of precipitation using selected stations from various parts of the subcontinent.

Particular attention is focused on India, the largest country within the region. Daily rainfall

data from approximately 1600 spatially well distributed Indian stations generally spanning 60

1The Indian subcontinent is defined as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal and Sri Lanka.

1

July

January

Figure 1. Schematic of the mean surface pressure and wind patterns of the south Asiatic mon-soon in July and January. [Rumney (1968); reprinted with permission.]

or more years are used. The daily rainfall climatologies from several other countries within the

subcontinent are derived using data from about 60 stations. A maximum of 14 years of daily

data is available from these non-Indian stations.

2

The results include:

* Robust and gaussian statistics on daily, monthly and seasonal bases.

* Plots from selected stations over the subcontinent which display (a) the unconditional prob-

ability of precipitation on any day of the year and tabulated weekly information, (b) estimates

of median and sextile precipitation amounts for each day of the year using wet days only (see

Section 3) and tabulated monthly robust and gaussian statistics, and (c) histograms indicating

the distribution of daily precipitation amounts.

Before proceeding to the details of the methodology and the results, a brief overview of the

physiography and surface climatology of the subcontinent will be provided. The purpose is to

provide the reader with a framework for interpreting the statistics.

Physiography

One reason the SW monsoon has such a marked affect on the subcontinent is due to the phys-

iography of the subcontinent (see Figs. 2 and 3). Peninsular India is bordered on the west, east

and south by water (the Arabian Sea, the Bay of Bengal and the Indian Ocean, respectively). The

northern limit is defined by high mountains including the Himalayas. These features isolate the

subcontinent from the rest of Asia and exert a profound influence on the climate of the region.

The Western Ghats are parallel to the west coast of India, extending from 10°N to 22°N. Gen-

erally, this mountain range is within 100 km of the coast. Several peaks exceed 2000 m in the

southern portions of this range (e.g. Anai Mudi [2695 m] and Nilgiri Hills [2636 m]). The

Eastern Ghats are further inland (200 km) from the Bay of Bengal than the Western Ghats are

from the Arabian Sea and are not as high. The highest peaks, located near 20°N, are a little

over 1000 m while in the south, where the two mountain ranges merge, peaks as high as 1628 m

occur in Tamil Nadu. Several other, smaller, mountain ranges (Aravali, Vindhya and Satpura)

are present in west-central India. Between the Western and Eastern Ghats and south of about

22°N lies the Deccan Plateau. The Chota Nagpur Plateau is between 80°E and Bangladesh and

is centered at the Tropic of Cancer. North of the Chota Nagpur Plateau and south of Nepal and

the Himalayas is the Ganges Plain. The Great Indian Desert (sometimes called the Thar Desert)

is in the northwestern part of India and borders Pakistan.

3

AREA AVERAGE TOPOGRAPHY OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

70 80 90

Figure 2. The physiography of the Indian subcontinent. (Area averaged elevations are in meters.Data source: RAND l°topography.)

SCHEMATIC REPRESENTATION OF INDIAN SUBCONTINENT

-jI

,.---j --- H1 r ,, I, I I I L,-^· ts@ !iKunlunshanmai

.. I: r," ..

[' >- be CHINA

c:_ ~ ' /-, Plateau

X -C / . . ..

Indian 62 Y)- A i "/Desert , ' A-- Naga-

.1 '". rY Snl Hill S ] -P a in '\. ' -l

S ' -

/,

Nagpur ( ,a teau -

Bay of Bengal

1, --I i I I t I t

70 80

Figure 3. Schematic of the

90

Indian subcontinent.

4

30

20

10

30

20

10

I I[ I I

Seasons

The climate over India is broadly divided into four seasons. The seasons and other names which

are often used when describing them are: January-February (JF; winter), March-April-May

(MAM; spring; "hot-weather" season), June through September (JJAS; summer; SW monsoon)

and October through December (OND; autumn; northeast monsoon; post-monsoon season).

Because the subcontinent is large, this seasonal segmentation is not "perfect". However, these

unconventional seasonal designations best segment the large-scale annual variations of the ma-

jor components of the subcontinent's climate: surface wind/surface pressure, temperature and

precipitation.

Surface Wind and Pressure Patterns

Over the subcontinent, a large-scale reversal of the wind direction occurs twice per year (Fig. 1).

The two prevailing wind directions are southwesterly from mid-May through September and

northeasterly from November through mid-March. The winds result from the annual movement

of large-scale pressure patterns. The transition seasons (MAM and OND) are characterized

by lighter wind speeds and more complicated flow patterns. The changes from the dominant

monsoon circulations to the transitional seasons are often rapid.

In January, a deep anticyclone or high pressure area is well established over Siberia and the

equatorial trough and the associated trade-winds have retreated equatorward (Fig. 4a). The

Himalayas act as a barrier and prevent the very cold polar air from affecting the subcontinent.

The overall north-to-south pressure gradient (6-8 mb; see Fig. 4a) and the earth's rotation cause

persistent northeast winds equatorward of about 22°N. This is referred to as the northeast [NE]

monsoon. The NE monsoon wind speeds over the Arabian Sea and the Bay of Bengal range from

2 to 5 m/sec. Over peninsular India, the winds are lighter (1-2 m/s) and the wind direction is

more variable, although the winds are generally from the east or northeast. The exception to

this are light winds from the northwest which occur over northwest India and Pakistan.

April is characterized by small, weak anticyclones over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal while

over India a weak trough of low pressure has developed [Fig. 4b]. Winds are generally light and

are from the west or northwest over the eastern Arabian Sea and from the south or southwest

over the western Bay of Bengal. Over land the winds are light and variable.

By July, the controlling systems of the SW monsoon, a large "heat-low" located over southern

5

40N

30

20

10

n~

40N

30

20

1C

60E 70 80 90 100 60E 70 80 90 100

Figure 4.Mean surface pressure (mb) and wind patterns during January, April, July and October.[Rao (1981); reprinted with permission.]

Pakistan and the equatorial trough/trades have been established (Fig. 4c). The equatorial

trough, which is commonly called the monsoon trough, is located at about 20-30°N and has

a northwest-southeast orientation over India. The climatological locations of these systems are

associated with the topography of the subcontinent, in particular, the Himalayas. Variations

in the location of the trough have significant effects upon rainfall associated with the SW mon-

6

U

I

j

I

soon. The overall south-to-north pressure gradient (about 15 mb) is much stronger than during

winter. As a result the SW monsoon wind speeds over the Arabian Sea and Bay of Bengal are

considerably stronger (up to about 15 m/s) than those of the NE monsoon. Over peninsular In-

dia the winds are much less (1-5 m/sec) than over the adjacent waters and are from the west or

southwest. North of about 22°N the winds curve and become more southerly or southeasterly.

Specifically, near the foothills of the Himalayas and over northeast India and Bangladesh the

winds are from the south or southeast.

The winds in October over the eastern Arabian Sea and India are broadly similar to those of

April (Fig. 4d). The winds are light and are generally northwesterly as a result of a weak high

pressure ridge over the western Arabian Sea. Over India and Bangladesh the winds are light

and even more variable than in April. The major difference is that a weak low pressure area

has developed over the southwestern Bay of Bengal near 14°N, 82°E. This causes a generally

southern flow over the Bay of Bengal except over portions of Tamil Nadu where the wind is east

or northeasterly.

Temperature

Figures 5a-h (adapted from May et al. 1992) illustrate the daily annual cycles of maximum,

minimum and daily mean temperatures at seven stations over India and one station from Ti-

bet. Generally, the coolest season is JF, while the warmest (or "hot weather") season is MAM.

Maximum temperatures occur over in April over southwestern India and in May over most of

India. The mean maximum temperatures over central India typically exceed 40°C with temper-

atures over the Great Indian Desert occasionally exceeding 50°C (Rao, 1981). The rapid increase

of temperature is modulated by the thunderstorms and onset of the SW monsoon which brings

considerable cloudiness (which reduces the amount of solar radiation reaching the surface) and

rain to much of the subcontinent. Thus, during 'summer' the temperatures are often cooler than

in 'spring'. The drops in maximum temperature in JJAS are particularly evident over the Indian

interior. The rapid decrease in maximum temperatures at Bhopal (fig Se) is coincident with the

arrival of the SW monsoon (9-14 June, days 160-165; see Table Al in Appendix A). Minimum

temperatures are less affected by the SW monsoon. Thus, the mean daily temperature range

is less during the SW monsoon than in other seasons. The OND season is characterized by a

relatively uniform distribution of temperatures over areas where elevation differences are not

large. It is only slightly cooler in the north than the south. Along the extreme southeast coast

7

Mangalore/Bajpe IN. (12.92, 74.88; 102 m)

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

50

-5

-10

-15

Machilipatnam IN. (16.18, 81.13; 2 m)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

Calcutta/Dum Dum IN. (22.65, 88.45; 5 m)

1979-1989 (6-10 Years)45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-10

-1550 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

50 100 150 200 250

DAY OF YEAR

300 350

Figure 5. Averaged and smoothed daily maximum, minimum and mean temperatures. Theheader for each station includes the name; latitude and longitude (hundreths of degrees) and

8

0)

0)

0

_

LU

F-

LU0_

o

LU

zLL

0UJ

C

Bangalore IN. (12.97, 77.58; 920 m)

Bhopal/Bairagarh IN. (23.28, 77.35; 523 m)

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

Srinagar IN. (34.08, 74.83; 1585 m)

1979-1989 (5-7 Years)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

50

45

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

Pagri Tibet (27.73, 89.08; 4301 m)

1979-1989 (7-10 Years)

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

-25

-30

-35

elevation (meters). The sub-header shows that the data spanned the period 1979-89 (11 years)and the minimum and maximum number of years used to calculate the raw means. (Adaptedfrom May et al. 1992.)

9

a)Q)

0

Q

LUcr

uJ

2U-

LL0c)z<1

0

Ul

40

35

30

25

20

15

10

5

0

-5

-10

-15

-20

Jaisalmer IN. (26.90, 70.92; 237 m)

the maximum/minimum temperatures are affected by the rain and clouds which occur in OND.

Although the temperature profiles for Srinagar and Pagri (Figs. 5g and 5h, respectively) level

off in the summer, they show little effect from the SW monsoon. Pagri is high in the Himalaya

while Srinagar is quite far north.

Precipitation

The quantitative aspects of precipitation over the subcontinent will be discussed in Sections 4

and 5. Presently, a brief qualitative overview will be presented.

Precipitation during JF occurs over the northwest portion of the subcontinent and over the

extreme southeast. The precipitation in the northwest results from migrating westerly distur-

bances (surface or upper air) and is important for winter farming. The rains in the southeast

are due to the remnant NE monsoon. The west coast and the Deccan Plateau northwestward to

the Great Indian Desert are very dry. Skies are generally clear in these areas with mean cloud

cover of less than 20%.

During MAM, the hot-weather season, thunderstorm activity accounts for rainfall in the south-

west peninsula and near Bangladesh while late-season westerly disturbances bring occasional

rains to the northwestern areas, particularly in March; otherwise the skies are generally clear.

The SW monsoon is associated with significant rainfall over much of the subcontinent. The

monsoon enters the subcontinent along two main branches emanating from the Arabian Sea and

the Bay of Bengal. The onset of the monsoon (Fig. 6a) is normally on May 20 (day 140) over

the Bay Islands. By June 1, (day 152) the monsoon affects the southernmost part of India with

a standard deviation of about one week (Subbaramayya et al. 1984). The monsoon advances

northward at an uneven pace, reaching northwestern India about mid-July. The SW monsoon

recedes from the northwestern area around September 1 (day 244) and withdraws from most of

the subcontinent by October (Fig. 6b). The onset dates and performance of the monsoon are

not directly related (Dhar et al. 1980): an early onset year can be a deficient monsoon year,

and vice versa.

During the SW monsoon, total rainfall over the subcontinent is abundant. However, the spatial

10

Figure 6. (a) Normal dates of onset of the southwest monsoon. (b) Normal dates of withdrawalof the southwest monsoon (Rao, 1981).

and temporal variability can be large within an individual season and from year to year. Gen-

erally, July is the month of maximum rainfall. The important semi-permanent systems in the

monsoon are: (i) a heat low over northwest India, (ii) a monsoon trough along the Ganges Plain,

(iii) a tropical easterly jet between 100-200 mb at about 15°N extending from the west coast of

Africa across Peninsular India to Vietnam, and (iv) a large anticyclone over the Tibetan highland

with its greatest amplitude near 200 mb.

The synoptic systems associated with the SW monsoon are: (i) monsoon depressions, which

are low pressure systems originating in the northern region of the Bay of Bengal and travel

northwestwards (Fig. 7), (ii) monsoon lows, (iii) troughs in monsoon westerlies, (iv) mid-latitude

westerlies, (v) troughs off the west coast of the peninsula, (vi) sub-tropical cyclones and (vii)

upper level westerly waves. The tracks of cyclones and depressions are well defined in July and

August but exhibit considerable variability in June and September (Fig. 8). The strength of the

monsoon during the summer season depends on the frequency, the tracks and the strength of

these synoptic systems. Orography also plays an important role. For example, along the west

coast there is a copious amount of rainfall on the windward side of th Western Ghats due to

the prevailing southwest winds.

11

I

' 1 - 5 cm/day 5 - 10 cm/day More than 10 cm/day

Figure 7. Movement of a typical monsoon depression up the Ganges Valley. An active phaseof the SW monsoon has many similar disturbances. [From Webster (1981); (1981 by ScientificAmerican, Inc. All rights reserved.]

The SW monsoon over India is not a continuous deluge, rather it is pulsatory. The monsoon

is characterized by 'active' periods and 'non-active' periods which modulate the monsoon and,

thus, the precipitation patterns and amounts. During the SW monsoon season, mainly in July

and August, there are periods when the monsoon trough shifts to the foot of the Himalayas.

These shifts are called monsoon 'breaks' (Fig. 9). During breaks, rainfall activity over most of

the country decreases considerably but increases along the Himalayas and southeast peninsula'.

1 The rainfall increases along the Himalayas are readily understood. The reasons for the rainfallincrease over the southeast peninsula are less obvious. Possibly, easterly waves penetrate fur-ther southward during breaks because the westerlies are weak. This leads to the formation ofsurface lows over the Bay of Bengal which produce rains over the southeast peninsula.

12

30

20

10

MU

20

10

70 80 90 70 80 90

Figure 8. Typical tracks of cyclonic storms during the SW monsoon (from Rao, 1976).

These breaks generally last about one week but may last as long as three weeks. They are

found to be related to propagation of zones of maximum cloudiness from the equatorial trop-

ics. Breaks, which occur at intervals of 40-50 days, may be associated with the Madden-Julian

Oscillation (MJO; Madden and Julian, 1972). This ubiquitous oscillation may influence not only

the breaks but also the timing of the onset of the SW monsoon. Sikka and Gadgil (1980) have

shown that the equatorial maximum cloud zone propagates northward to the Himalyan region

with a period of 30-60 days. Intermittently, these zones stagnate and may play an important

13

I I I

n ^ - - - -- - -

I I I

30N

20

10

60E 70 80 90 100

Figure 9. Typical surface pressure pattern during a break in the SW monsoon. The dashed lineindicates the trough axis during the break while the solid line indicates the normal positionof the trough. The shaded area indicates the Himalayas. [From Das (1987); reprinted withpermission of John Wiley and Sons.]

role in establishing active and break periods. Webster (1987) provides an excellent summary of

the interaction between the MJO and the monsoon.

Shukla (1987) lists four broad categories which affect both within season and/or interannual

variability of the monsoon. These categories include synoptic scale disturbances (lows, depres-

sions and storms), quasi-periodic oscillations (the Southern Oscillation, the MJO, a 10-20 day

oscillation), the location of the monsoon trough and mid-latitude effects. In addition, there

is the variability associated with the atmosphere's internal dynamics and changing boundary

conditions including sea surface temperature, snow cover and soil moisture.

In OND, the primary areas of rainfall are the southeast peninsula, the east coast and north-

east India. The principal rainy season over the southeast peninsula is due to the NE monsoon

crossing the Bay of Bengal. Severe cyclonic storms form over the Bay of Bengal. These storms

produce torrential rains over the east coast, northeast India and Bangladesh. Western distur-

bances start passing over extreme northwest India during the latter portions of the season and,

occasionally, produce large amounts of rainfall.

14

2. DATA

The daily rainfall data used in this study were from the India Meteorological Department (IMD-

Pune) and from the Climate Analysis Center (CAC), Washington, D.C. These data are archived

by the Data Support Section of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR). The data

from the IMD were in two datasets. These datasets are identified within NCAR as DS480.0 and

DS480.1 (Shea et al. 1994). DS480.0 consists of daily data from over 4000 stations nominally

spanning the period 1901-70. A subset of 1596 Indian stations was selected based upon length

of record and the desire for representative spatial coverage. DS480.1 contains daily data from

511 Indian stations whose data records spanned 1975-84.

Data records in DS512.0 nominally span the period 1979-4/93. These data were received daily

over the Global Telecommunications System and, in this study, were used to extend the data

records of thirty-seven Indian stations through April 1993 and to provide coverage for surround-

ing countries. A total of 1656 stations were used in this study (Fig. 10).

Figure 10. Locations of stations used in this study.

15

3

2

Appendix B lists the station names, locations and the period of record available for all stations

used in this study. Generally, stations within India spanned more than 60-65 years of data.

Thirty-seven stations spanned 1901-4/93 and 100+ stations spanned 1901-75/84 with the pe-

riod 1971-74 missing. The data for surrounding countries, consisting of 60 stations, spanned,

at most, 14 years. Results from these areas should be viewed as tentative. For this reason, the

emphasis in this study will be on India.

16

3. METHODOLOGY

Statistics presented in this note include: means, standard deviations, coefficients of variation,

medians and the 1 and 5 sextiles which provide robust estimates of the lower and upper standard

deviation. These quantities were calculated using the following formulae.

Mean:1 NX(t) = - E x(t,n)

n- =1(1)

Standard deviation:

Xa(t) E [x (t, n) X (t)2 / [N -1] (2)7?=1

Coefficient of Variation (%):

X cu = (t [ X(t)] x 100 (3)

wheren = a particular year

N = the total number of years

t= mef for months: t = 1, 2, ... , 12t -ime for day of year: t = 1, 2, ... , 365

x (t, n) = precipitation for a particular day/month in year n.

The robust quantities were calculated by sorting the data, x(t, n), into ascending order and

applying the following formulae:

Medians:

X (t) = ,

Sextiles (which represent robut estirSextiles (which represent robust estir

21)) for N odd

1) + (t, N + 1)] /2 forN even

nates of ±t one standard deviation):

X (t)= (t, 5)¢G 6)

(4)

(5)

(6)

where

z (t, n) = precipitation after sorting into ascending order

The smooth daily curves of the annual cycle, which will be discussed in the next section, were

17

computed by using a fast Fourier transform (FFT) to perform a harmonic analysis on the 365

daily estimates. This yielded 182 real and imaginary Fourier coefficients. Five coefficients wereretained and all others were set to zero and an inverse FFT was used to construct the smooth

curve. The smooth curves annual cycle could be constructed via

5 27rkZ (t) ZO + E Zk 365 (t- t - =1, 2,...,365 (7)

k=l 3 6 5

where

k = Fourier component

Zo = series mean

Zk = k - th Fourier amplitude

0k = phase (days)

t = day of year

The decision to retain only the first five Fourier amplitudes was arbitrary. Generally, the first

five harmonics yielded reasonably 'nice' curves explained most of the variance.

Unconditional and Conditional Probabilities

Precipitation is not a continuous process. It may be considered a bivariate sequence of events

(i.e., "either it does or does not rain"). Following the terminology of Katz (1983) we represent

the occurrence (or nonoccurrence) of precipitation on calendar day t and year n as

(1 if x (t, n) > 2.5 mm of precipitationJ (t, n) { (8)

0 if otherwise

A wet day is one for which J (t, n) = 1. A dry day is one for which J (t, n) = 0. The total num-

ber of wet days that occur over the N-year record may be used to calculate the unconditional

probability (P) of a wet day occurring on a particular calendar day via

1 NP(t) = J(t,n) t = 1, 2,....,365 (9)

N n=l

The conditional probabilities which represent the occurrence of a dry day followed by a wet day

(Poi) and the occurrence of a wet day followed by a wet day (P1) are defined as follows:

1 if J (t + 1, n) = 1 and J (t, n) = 0Po1 (t, n) = (10)

0 if otherwise

18

and

1 if J (t + 1, ?) = 1 and J (t, n) = 1P11 (t,n) = (11)

0 if otherwise

Equations (10) and (11) may then be used to determine the long-term mean conditional prob-

abilities of a dry day being followed by a wet day and a wet day being followed by a wet day

via1_ N

Po (t) = poi (t, n) t = 1,2,.. .,365 (12)7X=1

and1 N

P1l(t)-= pll(t,n) t =1,2,... ,365 (13)n=1

Objective Analysis Procedure

The objective analysis procedure used to interpolate the irregularly spaced station data to a

latitude-longitude grid is of the iterative-corrective type. The procedure was initially developed

by Cressman (1959) and later modified by Sasaki (1960) and Barnes (1964, 1973). An excellent

overview is provided by Levitus (1982).

The data were interpolated to a 1.25° latitude-longitude grid. The grid spanned 7.5°to 36.25°N

and 67.5 0to 96.25°E. The input data consist of the statistics at each location. Specifically, the

difference between each calculated statistics and an initial 'guess' field' (interpolated to the

location of the statistic) is computed within a specified influence radius (R) of a desired grid

point (i, j). Next a correction to the guess value is calculated using a distance-weighted mean of

all the differences that lie within the influence radius. The correction factor (Ciij), after Levitus

(1982), is given by the expression

E W.Q.=1 _ r<R (15)

Ci- w. (15)

o r > R

1 The initial guess field for all quantities was zero everywhere.

19

whereS = the number of data that fall within the influence radius

Qs = the difference between each datum and the initial guessW f (exp (-4r/R2), r < R

s- o0, r>Rr = distance of each datum from a grid point (i, ).

The correction factors are smoothed using a simple nine point spatial smoother (Shea

et al. 1990). They are added to the initial guess field to produce a new guess field. Ideally,

this procedure should be repeated until a specified response function is achieved. However,

since the data are not evenly distributed in space it becomes necessary to specify the numberof iterations and the influence radii. The maps presented in this technical note were derived

using four iterations with influence radii equivalent to 10, 7, 4, and 2 degrees of latitude. The

rationale is to analyze successively smaller scales with each iteration.

The algorithm works best when the grid points are surrounded by data. It is not designed to

extrapolate beyond the data boundaries. Thus, at and beyond the boundaries of the data, the

objective analysis scheme may produce results that are non-representative.

20

4. Daily Annual Cycle

Stations representing each of India's 35 meteorological subdivisions (MSDs; Fig. 11) and other

countries over the Indian subcontinent have been selected for presentation. Robust statistics,

medians, the 1 and 6 sextiles and means are used to describe the climatological daily annual6 6

cycle and its variability. Robust statistics are preferable to gaussian statistics for daily analysis

because: (i) the median is the central value irrespective of the form of statistical distribution;

(ii) its departure from the mean indicates the degree of skewness; (iii) it is unaffected by extreme

values; and (iv) the - sextile, median and 6 sextile are sufficient to describe the mathematical

distributions under consideration. The plots for one particular station are described in detail.

This will help to understand and interpret the plots for other stations. These plots show the

details of the precipitation cycle at the individual stations. In addition, they illustrate some

general characteristics of precipitation over the MSD to which they belong. However, the effects

of terrain within some MSDs are significant.

Each figure (see Fig. 12) consists of three graphs and a header. The header provides information

about the station (name1, location and elevation) and the time period used. The three plots

depict:

(i) The unconditional probability of precipitation (UPP) on any day of the year (top plot) .

(ii) Statistics derived by using wet days only (middle plot).

(iii) Histograms indicating the distribution of daily precipitation amounts (bottom plot).

Detailed description for one station

Chandrapur is in eastern Maharashtra and is within the Deccan Plateau. The plot header for

Chandrapur indicates that 78 years of daily precipitation data spanning the period 1901-1983

were used. Five years, 1971-74 and one other year, of daily data were missing. The next header

indicates, from left to right: the station name, state, the latitude and longitude in hundredths

of degrees, the elevation in meters, and the MSD to which the station belongs. Chandrapur

1The names given on the plots are those contained on the computer tapes. In some cases, thenames are outdated, (e.g., Poona versus Pune) or contain non-alphabetic characters. No at-tempt is made to change the names in this text.

21

36° N

32°

28°

24°

20°

16°

12°

8° N72° E 76° 80° 84° 88° 92°E

Figure 11. Meteorological subdivisions of India. (From Mooley et al. , 1982):

1 Bay Islands2 Arunachal Pradesh3 North Assam4 South Assam5 Sub-Himalayan West Bengal6 Gangetic West Bengal7 Orissa8 Bihar Plateau9 Bihar Plains10 East Uttar Pradesh11 West Uttar Pradesh Plains12 West Uttar Pradesh Hills13 Haryana14 Punjab15 Himachal Pradesh16 Jammu and Kashmir17 West Rajasthan18 East Rajasthan

19 West Madhya Pradesh20 East Madhya Pradesh21 Gujarat22 Saurashtra & Kutch23 Konkan24 Madya Maharashtra25 Marathwada26 Vidarbha27 Coastal Andhra Pradesh28 Telangana29 Rayalaseema30 Tamil Nadu31 Coastal Karnataka32 North Karnataka33 South Karnataka34 Kerala35 Lakshadweep

22

belongs to MSD 26 known as Vidarbha.

The top graph presents the UPP in percent for each day of the year. For example, the 200th

day (19 July from Table Al) of each year over the 78 year record was checked for the occurrence

or non-occurrence of precipitation. If 2.5 mm or more precipitation was reported, it was

considered a wet day; otherwise it was a dry day. The irregular curve represents the UPP

calculated using eq (9) for each day of the year. The smooth curve which overlays the irregular

curve represents the smoothed daily UPP. The smoothed curve was derived by Fourier-analyzing

the irregular curve and arbitrarily using only the first five harmonics plus the annual mean to

create the curve (eq. 7). The amplitudes (%) and phases (day of year) used to produce the

smooth curve are shown in the box located within the plot area. The phase displayed is the day

of the first maximum for each harmonic. The box on the right presents a weekly breakdown of

precipitation. For example, week 29, which starts on day 197 (16 July), has a mean UPP of 57%.

The average rainfall total for that week is 87.6 mm. Finally, the abscissa is day of the year.

Table Al allows one to convert the day number to a calendar date (leap year excluded).

The irregular curve in the middle graph shows the median wet-day precipitation (mm) for each

day of the year determined via eq. (4). The smooth curve drawn in the middle represents the

smoothed median. (Essentially this curve answers the question: "How much rain falls on a

typical rainy day?".) The top and bottom solid curves represent the smoothed 6 and - sextiles,

respectively. The irregular sextile curves are not shown to reduce clutter. These represent

robust estimates of the upper and lower standard deviation of daily rainfall amounts. The

dashed line represents the arithmetic means for wet days. Generally, the mean is greater than

the median due to the skewness of the distribution of daily precipitation. The top box on the

right of this graph indicates the mean monthly precipitation (mm) over the 78 years available

and the standard deviation or interannual variability (eq. 2) of each month's total precipitation

(mm). The lower box shows the median monthly rainfall and the 1 and - sextiles. During dry

periods of the year the distribution of monthly precipitation is skewed. However, in months

where the precipitation amounts are large the distribution is essentially normal.

The bottom graphic is composed of two histograms. The plot on the lower left shows the dis-

tribution of daily rainfall amounts in 10mm classes or intervals up to 200mm. The last class

(indicated by the *) is for all daily precipitation totals greater than 200mm. The left side scale

represents the number or frequency of daily totals in each class over the 78 year record. The

23

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 78 (1901-19831

MAHARASHTRA 1997 7930 194 MSD=26

DAY OF YEAR

D

I

LOG PCCIPITATION [0.5 CLASSS]

Figure 11. Annual cycle of precipitation at Chandrapur, Maharashtra, India. See text.

24

CHANDRAPUR101a . . . . . . . .

90

80

u- 70

60

.J

mcm 50a

2

Q1

Jz 40

z

o 30z

20

10

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1.62 8 3 2.83 15 2 1.64 22 2 1,15 29 4 5.46 36 4 4,37 43 4 4.58 50 6 5.19 57 5 5.3

10 64 2 1.511 71 5 3.112 78 5 4.513 85 5 5.414 92 7 7.315 99 5 4.316 106 5 5.017 113 4 2.618 120 5 4,119 127 5 3.920 134 3 2.021 141 3 2.622 148 8 5,923 155 17 16.124 162 28 36.025 169 41 58.426 176 49 80.627 183 53 76.728 190 52 84.629 197 57 87.630 204 60 101.831 211 58 100.732 218 48 68.233 225 45 70.634 232 48 75.235 239 44 69.736 246 41 63.737 253 37 53.838 260 30 46.639 267 26 39.440 274 18 23.741 281 10 11.442 288 7 9.643 295 5 4.044 302 6 7.445 309 3 3.446 316 2 1.947 323 3 2.648 330 2 2.349 337 1 1.350 344 2 1.151 351 1 0.852 358 2 1.4

I

PRECImAnTON [omm CLASSES)

C3

L'

ai56m

xw-i0

Io

right side scale indicates the percent within each class. The plot on the lower right shows the

distribution of logarithmically transformed daily precipitation totals. The right and left hand

scales again represent the frequencies and the percent in each class. The purpose of this plot

was to investigate if the log transformed amounts were approximately normally distributed.

Some comments concerning the middle graph are in order. (i) In the dry portions of the year

there may be very few rainy days. Strictly, to use sextiles requires a minimum of six rainy days

otherwise the sextiles are not defined. The following conservative approach was used to deal

with this problem. If there were four or five observations then the lower and upper quartiles

were substituted for the sextiles. If there were three or fewer observations the sextiles were

set to the daily median. (ii) The medians and the sextiles are smoothed independently. Thus,

because the sextiles (especially the 6 sextile) have more day-to-day variability associated with

them and because the curves were reconstructed using only five harmonics, it is possible for the

smoothed sextiles to be greater than or less than the median. To prevent this from happening,

the plot algorithm set the smoothed sextiles to the smoothed median whenever this occurred.

This only happens in the very dry portions of the year . (iii) In very dry portions of the year, the

smoothed curves may not have much practical meaning. This is because the rainfall events are

almost random. It is suggested that the top graph representing the unconditional probability

of precipitation and the middle graph be used in conjunction with each other to better interpret

the statistics.

The influence of the SW monsoon is clearly seen in the UPP curves for Chandrapur. The UPP

is less than 10% until about days 150-155 (30 May to 4 June) when a dramatic increase in the

UPP begins. The normal onset date for the monsoon (Fig. 6) is about day 161 (10 June) which

corresponds to a UPP of 20-25% on the graph. The maximum UPP, about 60%, occurs around

day 200 (19 July) with a corresponding median daily rainfall of 15mm. The arithmetic average

rainfall on this day is about 23mm. The difference is due to the fact that the distribution of

daily rainfall is highly skewed during this season. The lower and upper sextiles are about 5mm

and 38mm, respectively. The median, sextiles and daily average rainfall amounts do not change

significantly over the course of the SW monsoon season but the UPP shows a steady decline after

about day 200. In addition, there is a curious relative minimum in the unsmoothed UPP around

days 220-230 (8-18 August). Ananthakrishnan and Pathan (1991) analyzed pentad rainfall over

India and have observed a rainfall minimum separated by two maxima around mid-August.

They have concluded that this minimum, which they call a "climatological singularity", is linked

25

with the extreme northward displacement of the monsoon trough. The two rainfall maxima are

associated with the advance and retreat of the trough over north and central India. According

to Ramamurthy (1969), break monsoons occur most frequently during the period 11-20 August.

During the other portions of the year, a large scatter of the median rainfall amounts is noted.

This is due to the almost random nature of rainfall in these seasons. Around days 330-340 (26

November to 6 December) the median rainfall is about 10mm. However, the corresponding

UPP is 2-3%. Thus, only 2 or 3 rainy days occurred over the 78 years of the record. This leads

to large sampling errors and also explains why the upper sextile curve is so close to the median.

(see previous comments on the middle graph).

The histograms of precipitation amounts are obviously skewed. About 45% of the wet days had

between 2.5 and 10mm of rainfall while about 10% of the days had 20-30mm of precipitation.

Only rarely did more than 100mm occur. The distribution of the log transformed daily rainfall

amounts is slightly skewed. This knowledge can be useful in certain statistical applications.

Annual Cycle at Selected Indian Stations

A brief overview of the annual cycles of precipitation for stations representing India's meteo-

rological subdivisions (MSDs) and other countries within the subcontinent will be presented.

Occasionally, MSDs which are geographically adjacent and exhibit similar characteristics will be

grouped together. The station names and the number of years of data (in parenthesis) used to

derive the statistics are listed for each subdivision. One characteristic frequently observed is

the climatological singularity in several precipitation statistics (e.g., the median, mean, 6 sextile

and, in particular, the raw UPP) in mid-August which has been described by Ananthakrishnan

and Pathan (1991). This feature can be observed in the annual cycles for many of the MSDs in

northern and central India.

MSD 1[Kondul (24), Mayabander (27), Port Blair (78)]

The Nicobar and Andaman Islands are located in the eastern Bay of Bengal. The three stations

show a relative minimum of precipitation and UPP for the months January to mid-April. Kondul,

in the Nicobar Islands, has a slightly longer rainy season (mid-Aprilto December) than the other

stations. During the wettest portion of the year the UPP ranges from 50 to 70% and median daily

precipitation is about 15mm at each of the stations.

26

MSD 2 and 3[Pasighat (47), Tezpur (79)]

Pasighat, located in the Naga Hills, is the northeastern most station presented. It shows very

heavy monthly totals in June and July. Typical daily medians are near 30mm in these months

with the - sextile near 85mm. On some occasions, daily precipitation amounts exceed 100mm

and, on rare occasions, more than 200mm. At Tezpur, the daily median rainfall during the peak

rainfall months is less than 15mm. The UPP are more than 20% from April to mid-October with

monthly rainfall of 100mm or more.

MSD 4[Cherrapunji (72), Agartala (81)]

Cherrapunji, at an elevation of 1313 meters, is about 30 km south of the Khasi Hills which rise

to elevations of 2000 meters. It is one of the wettest places on earth. The mean UPP during

the wet season exceeds 90%. Daily median rainfall amounts exceed 60mm with the upper sextile

showing an extraordinary 190mm. The June monthly median is approximately 2600mm while in

December virtually no rain falls. The histograms indicating daily rainfall totals exceed 200mm

about 8% of the time. The curves for Agartala illustrate that pre-monsoon thunderstorms, which

generally occur in April and May, can produce large amounts of rain (median wet day precipita-

tion 18mm) while during the SW monsoon the median amounts are less (1mm). However, the

UPP during the monsoon is generally over 50% while it is 30-35% during the preceding months.

Thus, the monthly total precipitation is larger and more uniform for the monsoon months.

MSD 5[Darjeeling (74), Malda (74)]

These stations again illustrate the effect of topography. Darjeeling (2129m) is located in the

"foothills" of the Himalayas in the northwest part of West Bengal. The southerly winds which

blow during the monsoon cause considerable uplift. Malda is south of Darjeeling and is not as

affected by the topography. As a result, it receives less than half the rain (e.g., 768mm versus

289mm in July) than Darjeeling. The median daily rainfall during the peak of the monsoon is

about 20mm at Darjeeling and about 12mm at Malda. The maximum UPP at Darjeeling is over

80% while at Malda it is 50%. A relative minimum is readily observed in the irregular UPP curve

for Malda around day 230. Also, the smoothed curves of the mean, mmedian and sextile exhibit

a relative minimum.

27

MSDs 6, 7 and 8[Alipur (80), Sagar Island (80), Puri (78)]

[Sambalpur (78), Chaibasa (75), Panki (62)]

The stations show broadly consistent features. Median rainfall during the SW monsoon season

ranges from 10mm to 15mm while the 6 sextile ranges from 30mm at Alipur (located near Cal-

cutta) to 45mm at Sambalpur located in western Orissa. The maximum UPPs occur around day

210 (29 July) and generally exceed 50% with a maximum of 65% at Sambalapur. An exception is

Puri located on the Bay of Bengal where the maximum UPP is less (~ 43%) and occurs about day

250 (7 September). Although Puri, Alipur and Sagar Island have climatologically small UPPs

after day 300 (27 October) they all exhibit large fluctuations in median rainfall after this day

(irregular curves). These could be related to cyclone activity that can bring heavy rains to these

stations in the close proximity to the Bay of Bengal.

MSDs 9 and 10[Dehri (63), Motihari (71), Bahraich (78), Varanasi (73)]

These stations are located in the northern Ganges Plain. Motihari and Bahraich are located 50-

100km south of Nepal. Varanasi (Banares) and Dehri are further south. All exhibit maximum

UPPs of about 45-50% which occur about days 210-220 (29 July to 8 August). Daily median

rainfall amounts are between 10 and 15mm and the upper sextile is about 30-35mm at Varanasi

and Dehri and 40-45mm at Motihari and Bahraich. The higher amounts at the latter stations

are, perhaps, the result of the relative proximity of the these stations to the Himalayas. The

irregular UPP curves for Motihari and Bahraich show a relative minimum around day 230.

MSDs 11 and 12[Agra (78), Roorkee (72), Joshimath (65), Thakurdwara (66)]

Three out of the four stations indicate the effects of westerly disturbances which affect northwest

India in January, February and early-March. The exception is Agra, the most southern of the

stations. The UPPs at Roorkee, Josimath and Thakurdwara exhibit clear relative maxima in

these months. The UPPs range from near 10% at Thakurdwara to 20% at Joshimath which is the

most northern station and is located at the base of the Himalayas. In addition, the January-

April precipitation totals are noteworthy at Joshimath. UPPs during the SW monsoon range

from 40 to 55%.

28

MSD 13[Ambala (71), New Delhi (87)]

Climatologically, the onset of the SWmonsoonoccursnearthe end of June inthis area. The UPPspeak around late July to early August but are less than 40%. The maximum rainfalls occur in Julyand August with June relatively dry. Median daily amounts in early July are 13-15mm with theupper sextiles 35-40mm. The January to March rainfall at Ambala due to westerly disturbancesis noteworthy. The reason for the maxima in median and the 5/6 sextile curves around day250-265 is not immediately obvious. Although, it is about the time the SW monsoon recedes

from this area. New Delhi exhibits a relative minimum in the irregular UPP curve around day220. Both Ambala and New Delhi show relative minima in the UPP, median, mean and 5/6sextile curves.

MSD 14[Ferozepur (70) and Hoshiarpur (70)]

Punjab is a relatively small area and the stations, Ferozepur and Hoshiarpur, are relatively close.

Ferozepur is east of Hoshiarpur and near the border with Pakistan. However, precipitation at

Ferozepur is only about half of that at Hoshiarpur (e.g., the median monthly rainfall in Julyis 232 versus 113mm). The median daily rainfall amounts are 13-15mm at both stations but

the UPP at Hoshiarpur is 35-40% while at Ferozepur it is barely 20%. Clearly, the effect of

the monsoon is considerably less at Ferozepur. At Hoshiarpur, westerly disturbances produce

relatively large amounts of rainfall from January to March.

MSDs 15 and 16[Palampur (67), Simla (65)]

[Reasi (65), Srinagar (82), Gilgit (43)]

Himachal and Kashmir are the two most northern MSDs. Both the Himalayas and, to a lesser

extent, the Siwalik Range influence the precipitation totals in this region. Simla, Palampur andReasi all exhibit the signature of the SW monsoon: a sharp peak in the UPP curves. Palampur

and Reasi have relatively high median daily rainfalls (27mm and 25mm, respectively) aroundday 215. However, at Srinagar and Gilgit, the UPPs and monthly totals during the hot-weatherseason (MAM) are higher than during summer season. These two stations have relative maximain the UPP curves so the SW monsoon does affect these areas but effectively these stations defineits northern limit. Gilgit is quite dry. Median daily amounts are at most 7mm and UPP is lessthan 10% throughout the year.

29

MSD 17[Anupgarh (65), Jaisalmer (69)]

The Great Indian Desert encompasses much of western Rajasthan. This is the driest region of

India. Even at the peak of the SW monsoon, the UPP is only 13%. The monthly medians show

that for more than half the year no rain falls. Only July and August show non-trivial amounts

of rain; Both Anupgarh and Jaisalmer show distinct minima in the irregular UPP curves around

day 220.

MSDs 18, 19 and 20[Dugarpur (70), Jaipur (87), Barwani (69)]

[Nowgong (78), Raipur (88)]

Rainfall generally decreases from east to west. This reflects the influence of monsoon depres-

sions which migrate inland from the Bay of Bengal. These depressions weaken as they move

westward. Median annual rainfalls are 1129 mm at Raipur, 824 mm at Nowgong, 500 mm at

Barwani and 469 mm at Jaipur but 739 mm at Dugarpur. The relatively high total for the latter

station, located in the southeastern portion of Rajasthan, is due to the orographic effect of the

Aravalli Range. All of these stations have relative minima in the irregular UPP curves around

day 220.

MSDs 21 and 22[Ahmedabad (78), Surat (87), Anjar (69), Veraval (87)]

Rainfall decreases westward and northward in the SW monsoon months. There is a sharp in-

crease in rainfall from June to July in all the stations. This is the region where mid-tropospheric

cyclones occasionally produce relatively large amounts of rainfall. Maximum UPPs at Surat (52%)

and Ahmedabad (43%), are greater than over Veraval (33%) and Anjar (20%). In non-monsoon

months, medians are near zero for all the stations. Surat, Anjar and Veraval exhibit local minima

in several statistics around day 230.

MSDs 23 and 31[Bombay (79), Ratnagiri (86), Mangalore (76)]

During the SW monsoon, the winds blow at right angles to the Western Ghats. This causes

considerable orographic lifting. The three stations (Bombay, Ratnagiri and Mangalore) all have

copious rainfall during the SW monsoon season. Bombay, the most northern of the stations

gets a median annual rainfall of 1946mm, while Ratnagiri and Mangalore, the more southern

stations get 2747mm and 3140mm, respectively. The maximum UPPs range from 75% at Bombay

30

to 95% at Mangalore. Mangalore differs from the other stations because it is also affected by

the northeast monsoon from October to December and by pre-monsoon thunderstorms during

May. Bombay and Ratnagiri exhibit relative minima iin several statistics around day 220, in

particular, the raw UPP curves.

MSD 24[Mahabaleshwar (77), Poona (86)]

These stations provide another example of how topography can affect precipitation. Poona

is located in the lee of the Western Ghats while Mahabaleshwar is located within the range.

Poona receives considerably less rainfall. For example, the median July monthly precipitation

at Mahabaleshwar is 2645mm while at Poona, it is 160mm. Mahabaleshwar, like Cherrapunji,

has daily median rainfalls of over 60mm and maximum UPP of nearly 100%. Poona barely

recieves 10mm and the UPP is just over 40%. The distribution of daily rainfall as indicated by

the histograms shows that a little less than 5% of the median daily rainfall totals exceed 200mm

a day at Mahabaleshwar. Poona has a marked minimum in the UPP curves and other statistics.

This minimum spans days 220 through 250.

MSD 25, 26 and 28[Aurangabad (77), Nanded (70), Akola (77)][Nagpur (76), Asifabad (77), Begampet (86)]

These MSDs are located within the Deccan Plateau. The northern and eastern regions tend to

get more rain than those in the south. This is because they are affected by the southern extent

of the monsoon depressions emanating from the Bay of Bengal. All have well defined rainy

seasons and similar shaped UPP profiles (40-53%) with maxima occurring around days 195-200.

Nagpur has the largest annual precipitation total.. Each of these stations has relative minima

around days 225-230 in the irregular UPP curves.

MSD 27[Isakapally (68), Masulipatnam (86), Vishakhapatanam (78)]

Coastal Andhra Pradesh represents a region of transition. Northern sections are affected by the

SW monsoon but to a lesser extent than stations in Orissa. Southern regions are more affected

by the post-monsoon rains. At all stations, the maximum median rainfall occurs in October.

Generally, the rainy period lasts from June to November. At two of the three stations the

maximum UPPs (30-37%) occur at days 270 (27 September) and 300 (27 October).

31

MSD 29[Cuddapah (77), Kurnool (86)]

Inland Andhra Pradesh is affected by both the SW and post-monsoon rains although to a lesser

extent than the coast. Maximum rainfalls occur in September (134 mm and 131 mm).

MSD 30[Tiruchirapalli (86), Madras (86)]

In this southeast region, the NE monsoon is stronger than SW monsoon. Madras, on the north-

ern coast of Tamil Nadu, and Tiruchirapalli, inland and southwest of Madras experiences max-

imum rainfalls in October-November. However, Madras gets considerably more precipitation

(1058 mm versus 663 mm). The maximum UPPs (30-40%) occur at the end of October and are

similar. However, the maximum median daily rainfall at Madras (20 mm) is greater than that

at Tiruchirapalli (15 mm).

MSD 32 and 33[Belguam (76), Gulbarga (77), Bangalore (86), Chitradurga (87)]

Belguam, located in the Western Ghats, is affected by topography and receives large amounts

of rainfall during the SW monsoon. The maximum UPP is 75% around day 205 (24 July). The

other stations are in the rain shadow of the mountain range and get considerably less rain. This

is reflected in lower maximum UPPs (30%). The maximum rainfall for these stations occurs in

September or October. This reflects the influence of the post-monsoon rains.

MSD 34[Calicut (87), Trivandrum (87)]

Kerala is in the southwest region of India. This is the area where pre-monsoon thunderstorms,

the SW monsoon and NE monsoons are equally active resulting in large amounts of rainfall.

Northerly portions of the area are dominated by the SW monsoon although considerable rainfall

totals occur from April to November. A clear maximum UPP (90%) is evident for Calicut in early

July (median daily rainfall 25mm) with a hint of a-relative maximum in October. Trivandrum

shows a clear double maximum (55% and 40%) in the UPP curves. The first occurs on days

170-180 while the second occurs around day 300.

32

MSD 35[Amini (45)]

Amini is located off the west coast of India, in the Arabian Sea. It is primarily affected by the SWmonsoon although the rainy season extends from May to November. The maximum UPP curve

shows a peak around day 185 with second week maxima around day 280 showing the influence

of the northeast monsoon.

Annual Cycle at Selected Stations from Bangladesh, Pakistan, Sri Lanka and Tibet

Appendix D contains the figures showing the daily annual cycles for countries and regions outside

of India. These are based upon much shorter time series (maximum time span: 1979-April 1993)

and, because they were received on an operational basis at the CAC, they are not of as high

quality as the data from India. There are short data gaps for many of the station records and

very little, if any, error checking was performed. The lack of quality control, the data gaps and

the sort period of record preclude an unambiguous estimate of the monthly total precipitation

and its variability. The monthly totals presented were calculated if a month had twenty-five

days reporting during a particular month. This could lead to underestimating the monthly

totals. Also, only a minimum of five or more years were required for a "long-term" mean

to be calculated. Obviously, the small sample sizes require the statistics to be interpretedwith caution. Nonetheless, there is some useful information to be gleaned from these data.

The stations from Pakistan generally show maxima or relative maxima in the UPP profiles in late

July at southern latitudes and early August for northern latitudes. At Peshawar, the influence

of the westerly disturbances is noted with a UPP maximum (17%) in March. Other northern

stations also show the effects of western disturbances in February and March. August is the

month with heaviest rainfall at stations where the SW monsoon is dominant. Stations located

in Sind (Chhor) and Baluchistan (Jacobabad) are very dry.

The SW and NE monsoons are both active over Sri Lanka. The UPP curves show double maxima

with larger UPPs occuring during the NE monsoon rather than the SW monsoon. November

is the rainiest month over all the stations. The NE monsoon effect is seen in January also.

In general, this near-equator region gets rainfall throughout the year, with the exception of

February.

The data from Bangladesh stations indicate less precipitation then nearby Indian stations with

33

much longer data records. This could be due to less rainfall during this period or it could berelated to sampling problems. They are presented here for completeness but should be inter-preted with caution.

Stations in eastern Tibet are more influenced by the SW monsoon than those in the west. Shi-quanhe has maximum UPPs of just over 10%. This increases steadily toward the east to a max-

imum of about 35%. Rainfall amounts also increase west to east.

34

5. Seasonal Precipitation Statistics

Plots of selected statistics for the Indian subcontinent for the four main seasons are presented

in Appendix E. Seasonal statistics presented include: means, standard deviations, coefficients

of variation, medians, differences between the medians and long-term means, 6 and - sextiles,

probabilities for a dry day to be followed by a wet day and a wet day to be followed by a wet day,

unconditional probabilities of precipitation, the number of wet days and, finally, the standard

deviation of the number of wet days. The information is largely self explanatory. However, a

brief discussion of the seasonal plots will be presented.

January-February

The winter season medians show that much of the subcontinent is dry. However, the northern

areas in Kashmir experience over 140mm due to the westerly disturbances and the influence of

topography. The rainfall in the north is about the same in January and February (70mm). The

southern tip of India and the Chota Napur plateau receive over 30mm. The rains in the south are

a result of the NE monsoon and occur mainly in January. The distribution of rainfall is skewed

over much of the continent. This can be readily seen in the sextile plots and the figure showing

the difference between mean and median. The dry areas show considerable deviations from

low median amounts. Above normal seasonal rainfall amounts provide considerable benefits to

agriculture. The average number of wet days range from near zero along the west coast to ten

over Kashmir. About three wet days-are indicated over the southern tip of the peninsula and

the Chota Napur plateau. Over areas where rain normally occurs, 10-15mm average rainfall

occurs on a wet day.

March-April-May

Most of the subcontinent is very hot and dry. However, precipitation occurs in the Kashmir

region, Bangladesh and northeast India. Over Kashmir, March has the largest rainfall (>100mm)

with lesser amounts in April and May. The large rainfall amounts over Bangladesh and northeast

India (>700mm) are due to pre-monsoon thunderstorms. These thunderstorms can be severe

and result in occasional tornados. These severe thunderstorms are called "northwesters" or "kal

baisakhis" (Rao, 1981). Pre-monsoon thunderstorms produce rain in the southwest portions of

the peninsula. Most of the rain occurs in April and May.

35

June-july-August-September

This is the season of the SW monsoon. Most of the annual precipitation falls in this season

for most of the subcontinent. The west coast receives copious amounts of rainfall due the oro-

graphic lifting of the moisture laden air by the Western Ghats. Median seasonal totals in these

windward areas range from 1500mm to well over 4000mm at Mahabaleshwar. Monsoon de-

pressions cause over 1000-1200mm of rainfall to occur over much of east-central India, north of

about 16°N. The lower and upper sextile ranges for this area are 700mm to 1500mm. Rainfall

amounts gradually decrease northwestward from east-central India. The influence of topogra-

phy is readily observed in some regions: Bangladesh and northeast India receives over 1500mm

of rainfall in places due to the influence of topography (e.g., Khasi Hills) and over 1000mm of

rainfall occurs in Uttar Pradesh. Despite generally large rainfalls there are some areas which

are comparatively dry (e.g., the area south of about 16°N and between the Eastern and Western

Ghats, especially the southeastern tip of India).

October-November-December

The northern half of the subcontinent is generally dry. However, the NE monsoon brings the

years heaviest rainfalls to the southeastern coast. The Eastern Ghats exert a much smaller

influence on rainfall amounts than the Western Ghats do in the SW monsoon.

36

6. SUMMARY

Daily precipitation data from more than 1600 stations are used to document the climatological

aspects of the daily annual cycle of precipitation over the Indian subcontinent. The data records

for many of the stations span the period 1901-70 although some span 1901-84 or 1901-93. Plots

of the annual cycles of precipitation statistics from a subset of these stations representing all

of Indias 35 meteorological subdivisions are used to illustrate regional characteristics of the

rainfall. These plots include:

(i) The daily and weekly unconditional probability of precipitation (UPP) and the mean

weekly total precipitation.

(ii) Daily climatological statistics of rainfall amount including the mean, median and the 1/6

and 5/6 sextiles. These statistics were developed using only days when precipitation oc-

curred (i.e., wet-days only) and should be interpreted in conjunction with the UPP plots.

Tables include both gaussian and robust estimates of monthly rainfall amounts and variabil-

ity.

(iii) Histograms of daily rainfall amounts and the log-transformed rainfall amounts.

These plots illustrate characteristics of rainfall amount, variability, probability of occurrence

and the distributions of rainfall on a daily, monthly and seasonal basis.

The UPP plots show the following:

(a) Very high UPPs, often exceeding 70% at the peak of the monsoon, occur along the west

coast (Bombay, Mangalore), the western Ghats (Mahabaleshwar), and northeast India's hilly

area (Cherrapunji, Darjeeling).

(b) Very low UPPs, never over 20%, over Pakistan (Multan, Jacobabad, Chhor), west Ra-

jasthan (Jaisalmer, Anupgarh), western Gujarat (Anjar), Kashmir (Gilgit) and western Tibet

(Shiquanhe, Burang).

(c) Double UPP maxima are evident over Sri Lanka, Tamilnadu (Tiruchirapalli, Isakapalli) and

Kerala (Trivandrum). These are areas where both the SW and NE monsoon are active. The

37

NE monsoon is active but weak compared to the SW monsoon over peninsular and northeast

India, and the east coast.

(d) The SW monsoon is weak at the northernmost stations (Srinagar, Gilgit, Joshimath).

Western disturbances, which generally occur in January through March, are responsible for

the majority of precipitation at these stations.

The statistics for daily precipitation amounts illustrate some interesting characteristics.

(e) Stations like Gilgit, Srinagar and Zero show low daily median amounts of rainfall and little

variability. However, some stations (Anjar, Veraval, Surat), which also have low median

totals, show larger departures from the median.

(f) Stations (Madras, Vishakhapatnam, Isakapalli, Masulipatnam, Puri) along the southeast

coast affected by the NE monsoon and post-monsoon rains typically have large daily rainfall

totals.

(g) Stations (Mahabaleshwar, Cherapunji) where topography has an important influence can

have very large median rainfall amounts and can exhibit considerable variability.

(h) During the SW monsoon, a relative minimum is frequently observed in August in several

statistics (e.g., mean, median, UPP and - sextile) at stations over central and northern India.

This relative minimum between two maxima was first noted by Ananthakrishnan and Pathan

(1991). They called it a "climatic singularity". It is related to the northward movement of the

monsoon trough (i. e., 'breaks' in the monsoon which are most frequent in August). Rainfall

activity during this period decreases over most of India.

The histograms of wet days at all stations show that the distribution of daily rainfall is highly

skewed. Using a simple log transformation of these data makes the distribution closer to sym-

metrical although still skewed. Stations with low precipitation amounts and large variability

still exhibit very skewed distributions even after the transformation has been applied. The dis-

tribution of log transformed rainfall amounts at stations with large median rainfall amounts and

high variability are very nearly symmetric.

38

REFERENCES

Ananthakrishnam, R., and J.M. Pathan, 1991: A climatological singularity around mid-August

in the summer monsoon rainfall of India. Current Science, 60, 439-445.

Barnes, S.L., 1964: A technique for maximizing details in numerical weather map analysis. J.

Appl. Meteor., 3,396-409.

, 1973: Mesoscale Objective Map Analysis Using Weighted Time Series Observa-

tions. NOAA Technical Memorandum ERL NSSL-62, 60 pp.

Blanford, H.F., 1884: On the connexion of the Himalayan snowfall with dry winds and seasons

of drought in India. Proc. Roy. Soc. London, 37, 3-22.

,1886: Rainfall of northern India, Ind. Met. Dept. Memoirs, 3, 658.

Chang, C.P. and T.N. Krishnamurti, 1987: Monsoon Meteorology. Oxford Monographs on

Geology and Geophysics No. 7. Oxford University Press, New York. 544pp.

Cressman, G.P., 1959: An operational objective analysis scheme. Mon. Wea. Rev., 87,

329-340.

Das, P.K., 1986: Monsoons. World Meteorological Organization. WMO-no. 613, 155pp.

_ 1987: Short and long-range monsoon prediction in India. in Monsoons. J. S. Fein and

P. L. Stephens, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, 549-578.

Dhar, O.N., P. R. Rakhecha, and B.N. Mandal, 1980: Does the early or late onset of the monsoon

provide any clue to subsequent rainfall during the monsoon season? Mon. Wea. Rev., 108,

1069-1072.

Fein, J.S. and P.L. Stephens, 1987: Monsoons. John Wiley and Sons, New York, 632 pp.

India Meteorological Department, 1906: Climatological atlas of India.

, 1943: Climatological atlas for Airmen.

, 1962: Monthly and annual rainfall and number of rainy days. 1901-1950.

_ 1971a: Rainfall atlas of India.

1971b: Climatological atlas of India, (Abridged).

, 1981: Climatological atlas of India, Part A (Rainfall).

Katz, R.W., 1983: Statistical procedures for making inferences about precipitation changes sim-

ulated by an atmospheric general circulation model. J. Atmos. Sci., 40, 2193-2201.

Levitus, S., 1982: Climatological Atlas of the World Ocean. NOAA Professional Paper

No. 13, U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C. 173 pp. (+17 microfiche).

39

Madden, R.A., and P.R. Julian, 1972: Description of global scale circulation cells in the tropics

with a 40-50 day period. J. Atmos. Sci., , 29, 1109-1123.

May, W., D.J. Shea, R.A. Madden, 1992: The annual variation of surface temperatures

over the world. NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-372+STR, 134 pp, 16 fiche.

Mooley, D.A., B. Parthasarathy, N.A. Sontakke, 1982: An index of summer monsoon rainfall

excess over India and its variability: 1871-1978. Arch. Met. Geoph. Biokl. Ser. B., 31,

301-311.

Ramage, C.S., 1971: Monsoon Meteorology, Academic Press, New York, 296pp.

Ramamurthy, K., 1969: Some aspects of the 'break' in the Indian southwest monsoon during

July and August. Forecasting Manual, Part IV. India Meteorological Dept, New Delhi, India.

Rao, Y.P., 1976: Southwest Monsoon. India Meteorological Department, Meteorological

Monograph: Synoptic Meteorology 1. 367 pp.

, 1981: The climate of the Indian subcontinent, in World Survey of Climatology 9, K.

Takahashi and H. Arakawa, Eds., Elsevier, 67-182.

Rumney, G.R., 1968: Climatology and the world's climates. Macmillan, New York. 656pp.

Sasaki, Y., 1960: An Objective Analysis for Determining Initial Conditions for Primi-

tive Equations. Ref. 60-16T, Atmospheric Research Lab., University of Oklahoma Research

Institute, Norman, OK. 23 pp.

Shea, D.J., K. E. Trenberth, and R. W. Reynolds, 1990: A global monthly sea surface temperature

climatology. NCAR Technical Note NCAR/TN-345+STR, NCAR, Boulder, CO, 167 pp.

S.J. Worley, I. R. Stern, and T.J. Hoar, 1994: An introduction to atmospheric and oceano-

graphic data sets. NCAR Technical Note, NCAR/TN-404+IA, 130 pp.

Shukla, J., 1987: Long Range Forecasting of Monsoons. in Monsoons. J. S. Fein and P. L.

Stephens, Eds., John Wiley and Sons, 523-547.

Sikka, D.R., and S. Gadgil, 1980: On the maximum cloud zone and the ITCZ over Indian longi-

tudes during the southwest monsoon. Mon. Wea. Rev., 108, 1840-1853.

Sontakke, N.A., 1993: Fluctuations in northeast monsoon rainfall over India since 1871. Ad-

vances in Tropical Meteorology. R.N. Keshavamurty and P.C. Josh, Eds., McGraw-Hill,

149-158.

G.B. Pant, and N. Singh, 1993b: Construction of all-India summer monsoon rainfall series

for the period 1844-1991. J. Climate, 6, 1807-1811.

Subbaramayya, I., S.V. Babu, and S.S. Rao, 1984: Onset of the summer monsoon over India

40

and its variability. Met. Mag., 107, 37-44.

Webster, P., 1981: Monsoons. Sci. Amer., 245, 108-118.

, 1987: The variable and interactive monsoon. in Monsoons. J. S. Fein and P. L. Stephens,

Eds., John Wiley and Sons, 269-329.

41

Table AlSequential Numbering of Days

43

Day ofMonth

123456789

.10111213141516171819202122232425262728293031

Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec

1 32 60 91 121 152 182 213 244 274 305 3352 33 61 92 122 153 183 214 245 275 306 3363 34 62 93 123 154 184 215 246 276 307 3374 35 63 94 124 155 185 216 247 277 308 3385 36 64 95 125 156 186 217 248 278 309 3396 37 65 96 126 157 187 218 249 279 310 3407 38 66 97 127 158 188 219 250 280 311 3418 39 67 98 128 159 189 220 251 281 312 3429 40 68 99 129 160 190 221 252 282 313 343

10 41 69 100 130 161 191 222 253 283 314 34411 42 70 101 131 162 192 223 254 284 315 34512 43 71 102 132 163 193 224 255 285 316 34613 44 72 103 133 164 194 225 256 286 317 34714 45 73 104 134 165 195 226 257 287 318 34815 46 74 105 135 166 196 227 258 288 319 34916 47 75 106 136 167 197 228 259 289 320 35017 48 76 107 137 168 198 229 260 290 321 35118 49 77 108 138 169 199 230 261 291 322 35219 50 78 109 139 170 200 231 262 292 323 35320 51 79 110 140 171 201 232 263 293 324 35421 52 80 111 141 172 202 233 264 294 325 35522 53 81 112 142 173 203 234 265 295 326 35623 54 82 113 143 174 204 235 266 296 327 35724 55 83 114 144 175 205 236 267 297 328 35825 56 84 115 145 176 206 237 268 298 329 35926 57 85 116 146 177 207 238 269 299 330 36027 58 86 117 147 178 208 239 270 300 331 36128 59 87 118 148 179 209 240 271 301 332 36229 88 119 149 180 210 241 272 302 333 36330 89 120 150 181 211 242 273 303 334 36431 90 151 212 243 304 365

->

Location Region Lat.-Lon. Year Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearADONIALAMUR ALAMARALOOGRADA

ALURIAMALAPURAM

ANAKAPALLIASIFABAD REVATMAKUR

ATMAKUR

AVANIGADDA

BADVELBAPATLA

BEGAMPET

BHIMAVARAM

BHIMUNIPATNAM

BOBBILIBOLARAM

BUKKAPATNAMCHANDRAGIRI

CHIDAVARAMCHINTAKUNTA

CHINTALAPUDI

CHIPURUPALLYCHITTOORCHITVEL

CHODAVARAMCORINGA CORINZACUDDAPAH

DHARMAVARAM

ELLOREGAJAPATHINAGAR.AM

GANNAVARAMGOOTYGUDIVADA

GUDURGUNTUR

GURJALA GURUJALAHANAMKONDA

HINDUPUR.

HUZURNAGAR

ISAKAPALLY

ITCHAPURAM

JACTIAL

JAGGIAYAPETJAMMALAMADUGU

JANWADAKADIRI

KAIKALUR

KAKINADAKALAHASTI

KALYANDRUG

KAMALAPURAMKANUPARTHI

KAVALIKOILKUNTLA

KONDAKOTHAPETA

KOVVURKRISHNAPATNAMKUPPAMKURNOOL

LAXMANCHANDAMACHARLA

MADAKASIRA

MAHBUBNAGARMALAKAPURAMMANGALGIRI

MANGINAPUDIMASULIPATNAM

MEDAK

MUMMIDIVARAMNALGONDA

NANDIGAMA

NANDIKOTTUR

NANDYAL

NARASANNAPETANARSAPUR

NARSARAOPET

NARSIPATNAM

NELLORE

NIZAMABAD

OWK

PALAKONDAPALAMNERPARVATIPURPATTIKONDA

PEAPALLI PYAPALI

PEDDAPURAMPENDRAKAPENUKONDA

PITHAPURAMPOLAVARAM

POLAVARAM

94 PONNUR PONNURU

ANDHRA 1563 7728ANDHRA 1677 8188ANDHRA 1515 7852

ANDHRA 1538 7723ANDHRA 1657 8200ANDHRA 1768 8300ANDHRA 1937 7930ANDHRA 1462 7963ANDHRA 1588 7858ANDHRA 1603 8092

ANDHRA 1475 7907ANDHRA 1590 8047

ANDHRA 1745 7847

ANDHRA 1653 8155ANDHRA 1788 8343

ANDHRA 1857 8337ANDHRA 1755 7852ANDHRA 1420 7778ANDHRA 1360 7933

ANDHRA 1783 8293ANDHRA 1858 7798

ANDHRA 1707 8098

ANDHRA 1830 8357

ANDHRA 1322 7912


ANDHRA 1448 7883

ANDHRA 1442 7772

ANDHRA 1670 8112

ANDHRA 1830 8333ANDHRA 1655 8080

ANDHRA 1512 7763

ANDHRA 1643 8098ANDHRA 1415 7987

ANDHRA 1630 8045ANDHRA 1655 7963

ANDHRA 1802 7957

ANDHRA 1382 7748ANDHRA 1690 7988

ANDHRA 1473 8012

ANDHRA 1912 8470

ANDHRA 1880 7893

ANDHRA 1688 8010ANDHRA 1485 7840

ANDHR.A 1740 7822ANDHRA 1412 7817

ANDHRA 1655 8120

ANDHRA 1695 8223

ANDHRA 1377 7972

ANDHRA 1455 7712

ANDHRA 1458 7867

ANDHRA 1558 8022

ANDHRA 1492 8000

ANDHRA 1525 7832

ANDHRA 1802 8358ANDHRA 1672 8190ANDHRA 1702 8173ANDHRA 1427 8012ANDHRA 1275 7835

ANDHRA 1583 7807


ANDHRA 1673 7798ANDHRA 1762 8320

ANDHRA 1642 8058

ANDHRA 1623 8118

ANDHRA 1618 8113

ANDHRA 1805 7827

ANDHRA 1665 8212

ANDHRA 1705 7927

ANDHRA 1678 8028

ANDHRA 1587 7827

ANDHRA 1550 7850ANDHRA 1842 8405

ANDHRA 1643 8170

ANDHRA 1623 8005ANDHRA 1767 8262

ANDHRA 1445 7998

ANDHRA 1867 7810

ANDHRA 1522 7813


ANDHRA 1538 7752

ANDHRA 1523 7773

ANDHRA 1708 8213

ANDHRA 1633 8133ANDHRA 1408 7758

ANDHRA 1712 8225

ANDHRA 1725 8165ANDHRA 1740 8282

ANDHRA 1605 8055

1901- 701901-701901-70

1901---701901--701901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-931901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-551901-701901-70

1901-701930-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-641901-701901-701901-841901-70

1901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-83

1901-70

1951-70

1901-70

1901-70

1930-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-931901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-661901-70

1901-70

1901-68

1901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-931935-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-701901-681901-69

1901-70

1901-931933-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-93

1901-84

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-68

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-671901-69

95 PRATHIPADU96 PRODDATUR97 PULIVENDLA

98 PUNDI99 PUNGANUR

100 PUTTUR101 RAJAHMUNDRY

102 RAJAMPET103 RAMACHANDRAPURAM

104 RAPALLE

105 RAPUR

106 RAYACHOTI

107 RAYADURG108 RAZOLE RAJOLE

109 SALUR

110 SANGAREDDI REV

111 SATHENAPALLI112 SATYAVEDU113 SIDHOUT SIDDAVAT114 SOMPETA

115 SRIKAKULAM

116 SRUNGAVARAPUKOTA

117 SULLURPET

118 TADA119 TADEPALLIGUDEM120 TADPATRI121 TANDUR122 TANUKU123 TEKKALI

124 TENALI125 TIRUPATI126 TIRUVUR TIRUVVRU127 TUNI128 UDAYAGIRI129 URVAKONDA130 VENKATAGIRI131 VENKATAGIRIKOTA

132 VENUKONDA

133 VIJAYANAGARAM

134 VIJAYAWADA

135 VISHAKHAPATANAM

13G YADKI

137 YELLAMANCHILI138 YELLAVARAM139 YEMMIGANUR

140 BOMDILA141 DENNING

142 PASIGHAT143 SUNPURA

144 ZERO145 AMCHONG SONEPUR

146 AMGURI

147 ATTABARI

148 ATTARIKHAT149 BADARPUR

150 BALIPARA ADDIBAR

151 BARDUAR

152 BARKOLA153 BARPETA154 BARPUKHURI155 BEDETTIBEHALI

156 BIJNI

157 BIKRAMPUR158 BOKO159 BORELI160 CHARDUAR

161 CHHAYGAON

162 DAFLATING

163 DAMRA164 DEWAN

165 DHAKUAKHANA166 DHUBRI

167 DIBRUGARH

168 DOOM DOOMA

169 DULLABCHERRA170 GAUHATI

171 GOALPARA

172 GOHPUR173 GOLAGHAT

174 HAILAKANDI175 HAJO

176 HALFLONG

177 HARMATI178 JAFFIRBAND179 JAIPUR

180 JAITANGA VALLEY181 JORHAT

182 KACHUGAON

183 KAMALPUR184 KARIMGANJ185 KERKERIYA186 KOPATI KAUPATI187 KOYAH

188 KUKICHERRA

45

123

4

678

910

11

12

1314

1516

1718

19

2021

22

23

242526

2728

29

3031

323334

353637

38

3940

4142

43

4445

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57585960

616263

64

656667

68

697071

72

73

7475

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

838485

86

87

88

8990

01

9293

ANDHRAANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ANDHRAANDHRA

ARUNACHALARUNACHAL

ARUNACHAL

ARUNACHAL

ARUNACHAL

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAMASSAMASSAM


ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM


ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

1723 82201475 78571442 78231867 84371337 78581345 79551700 8177

1420 79171683 8203

1603 8085

1420 79531405 78751470 76851647 8183

1852 8320

1763 7808

1638 80131343 79971447 78971893 8460

1830 8390

1812 8313

1378 8002

1360 80031683 81521492 78031723 77581675 81721862 8425

1623 80651363 79401712 80621735 82551488 79301495 7725

1397 79581300 7850

1605 7975

1812 8342

1652 8062

1772 8323

1505 7787

1755 82871743 8203

1578 7748

2727 92432787 9483

2810 95382783 95882758 9483

2597 90972680 9453

2712 9467

2670 9175

2488 9258

2682 92732592 9148

2493 92752632 91022675 9308

2683 9335

2648 90722497 92252597 91252683 9265

2687 92782605 9140

2655 9430

2593 9078

2483 9300'

2722 9445

2602 89982747 9492

2757 9557

2448 92452618 9175

2618 9063

2688 9363

2652 93982470 9258

2625 9153

2517 9302

2730 9442

2453 92752727 9538

2513 9300

2677 9422

2655 9005

2633 9168

2487 9235

2687 91932658 9222

2457 92502438 9257

1901-701901-701901-70190'1-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-7019.31-701901-70

1901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-68

1901-701901-70

1901-701965-76

1929-51

1916-70

1929-53

1965-811901-66

1901-68

1901-661901-68

1901-59

1901-591901-661901-57

1901-68

1901-661901-68

1901-681901-661901-551901-661901-59

1901-57

1901-66

1901-681901-67

1901-59

1901-81

1901-61

1901-68

1901-66

1902-62

1901-59

1901-661901-551901-59

1901-59

1901-79

1901-681901-661901-661901-55

1901-55

1901-57

1901-551901-66

1901-571901-68

1901-661901-49

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearKULIKUCH1

KUTUR.ILAKHIMPUR

LANKALUMDINGMAIBONGMANDAKATAMANGALDAI

MARGHERITAMARNAI

MAZBAT MAJBAT

MONIERKHAL

MORAN

NALBARI

NAZIRA

NIGRITINGNOWGONG

ORANGAJULI

PALASBARI

PATACH.ARKUCHI

PATHALIPAM

RANGIA

RANI RANIGODA

SADIYASAGUNBARISEKONISELENG

SIBSAGARSILCHAR

SINGIMARISONARITEZPURWILTON

PORT BLAIR, ANDA

AGEONARARIA

ARRAHA RWVAL

ASSOBANIASTHAWAN

AURANGABADBAGAHABAHERABAHRAGORABAKHTIARPURBALUMATH

BANKA

BANOBARH

BARHARWA

BARHARWA

BARSOE

BASSAWAN

BAUNSI

BEGUSARAI

BETTIAHBHABUA

BHAGALPURBHORE BORCH

BIHARBIKRAM

BORIOBUXARCHAIBASA

CHAINPUR

CHAKAIBANDACHAKRADHANPUR

CHAPRA

CHASCHATRA

CHATTARPURCOLAGAON

DALTONGANJ

DAR.AULI

DARBHANGA

DAUDNAGAR HASPUR

DEHRI

DEO

DINAPURDUMKAFORBESGANJ

GARHWAGAVAGHATSILA

GIDHOURGOBINDPUR

GODDA

GOGRIGOILKERA

GONDWARA KOHRA

GOPALGANJGUMLA

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM,ASSAMASSAMASSAMASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAMASSAM

ASSAMASSAMASSAM

ASSAM

ASSAMASSAMASSAMASSAMBAY ISLANDBIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHAR

BIHAR

2608 9233

2657 9325

2723 9412

2592 92972575 9318

2530 93152625 9175

2643 9203

2728 9567

2610 9075

2675 9235

2458 9295

2717 9492

2645 9143

2692 9475

2675 9403

2637 9270

2682 9185

2612 9153

2650 0123

2743 9430

2645 9162

2603 9158

2783 95672618 9275

2642 03002675 94502698 94632482 9280

2062 92482703 9503

2662 9278

2750 05501167 9272

2538 8460

2613 87382557 84672523 8468

2408 8758

2522 85622475 8438

2710 8410

2608 8613

2228 8670

2572 8658

2383 8478

2488 8693

2267 8493

2548 8572

2487 8778

2723 8463

2562 8793

2518 8372

2480 8703

2543 8615

2680 8450

2505 83622525 8700

2645 8412

2518 85552545 8487

2483 8750

2557 8398

2255 8582

2313 8423

2453 8640

2270 8563

2578 8473

2363 8617

2420 84872437 8420

2527 8723

2405 8407

2608 8413

2617 8590

2505 8440

2492 8418

2465 8442

2563 8505

2427 8725

2630 8727

2417 8380

2475 8495

2260 8650

2487 8632

2383 86532483 8722

2548 86632253 85382562 8742

2647 8445

2303 8455

1901-681001-661901-931901-501901-501901-681901-541901-66

1901-661001-681901-68

1901-681901-57

1901-68

1903-571901-571901-66

1901-571901-68

1901-57

1901-57

1901-52

1901-68

1901-66

1901-531901-59

1901-591901-G81901-81

1901-81

1901-661901-561901-881901-68

1001-931901-701901-661901-81

1901-70

1901-681903-70

1901-701901-70

1901-661901-701901-65

1902-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-68

1901-701901-66

1901-65

1901-69

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-64

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-81

1902-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-811901-701901-701902-70

1901-70

1901-81

1901-70

1901-811901-70

1901-81

1901-701901-70

1901-811901-52

1902-701901-93

1901-701901-67

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-691901-681903-70

281282283

284285280287288

289

290291

202

293

294

295296

297

298299

300301

302

303304

305

306307308309

310311312313314315316317

318

319

320321322

323

324325

326327

328

329

330

331

332

333

334

335

336337

338

339340

341342343

344

345

346347348349

350351352353

354

355356357

358

359

360361

362363364365366

367

368369370

371

372

HAJIPURHATHWAHIRANPUR

HUSSAINABADISLAMPURJAHANABADJAMALPUR

JAMUIKATBARI

KHARAGPURKHARSAWAN

KHUTAUNA

KISHANGANJKOATH

KURDEGE

LADANIA

LATEHARLOHAR-DAGA

LOUKAHIMADHIPURA

MADHUBANI

MAHESPUR

MAHUA

MAHUADAURMANOHARPURMANOHARPURMARHAURA AMNAR

MEHGAWANMOHANIA MAHANIA

MONGHYRMOTIHARIMUZAFFARPURNAGERUTARINAWADAH

PACHAMBAPAKRIBARWANPAKURPALKOTPANKIPARAIYAHATPARTAPGANJPATNA

PUPRI

PURNEARAJAULI

RAJMAHALRAMNAGARRAMNAGARRANCHIRANKAROSERASAHEBGANJSAMASTIPURSARAIKELA

SASARAM

SHEIKHPURA

SHEOHARSHERGHATI

SIKRAUL

SILLISITAMARHI

SIWANSUPAULTAMAR

AMINI

HUT BAY/LITTLE A

LONG ISLANDMAYA BANDAR

KONDULNANCOWRYAHMEDABAD AEROAHWAAMODANANDANJARANKLESHWARBAJANBALASINOR

BANSDA

BARDOLIBHAVNAGARPARABHUJBORSADBROACHBULSARBYAD

CAMBAYCHHOTA-UDEPURCHIKHLICHUDA

D .BARIA

DAKOR

46

Location Region Lat.-Lon. Year

189

190191

192193

194195

196197

198

199200

201

202

203

204

205

206

207

208

209

210

211212213

214215

216217

218219220221

222

223224

225

226

227

228229230

231232233234

235

236237

238

239240

241242

243

244

245246

247

248

249250

251252

253

254

255

256

257

258

259

260

261

262

263264

265

266

267

268

269

270

271272273274

275

276277278

279280

BIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHAR

BIHARBIHARBIHARBIHARBIHAREX-INDIAEX-INDIAEX-INDIAEX-INDIAEX-INDIAEX-INDIAGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARAT

2568 85202637 84322470 8770

2453 84022515 8522

2522 8500

2538 8667

2493 8622

2237 8602

2512 8655

2280 8583

2652 8640

2612 8793

2533 8425

2257 8413

2662 86332375 8450

2343 84682647 8657

2592 8678

2635 8608

2430 8777

2580 8540

2340 8413

2238 8522

2533 8383

2597 8487

2505 8732

2517 8360

2538 86472667 84922612 8540

2428 8350

2488 8555

2420 8630

2495 85732463 8783

2288 8465

2405 8447

2467 8717

2630 8697

2562 8517

2647 8572

2577 8747

2465 8550

2505 8783

2542 8425

2717 8432

2338 8533

2400 8383

2575 8603

2525 8763

2587 8580

2272 8595

2495 8403

2515 8585

2653 85282455 8480

2543 8413

2337 85832658 8548

2622 8437

2612 86622307 8563

1112 7273

1058 9255

1242 9293

1292 9292

722 9373

798 93532307 7263

2075 7368

2200 7287

2255 7297

2312 7003

2163 73002312 7177

2295 7333

2077 7337

2112 73122175 7220

2325 6980

2243 7290

2170 7297

2062 72932322 7323

2232 7262

2230 7402

2075 73072248 7168

2470 73922275 7315

1001-G81901-031001-701902-701003-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-66

1901-701901-70

1903-701901-G21901-70

1901-671903-68

1902-701901-701903-65

1901-691901-70

1901-691901-70

1902-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-701901-811901-811902-701901-701901-701901-701901-651901-69

1902-70

1901-681901-67

1901-671901-68

1901-80

1901-70

1901-09

1901-70

1901-701901-67

1902-681901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-65

1901-611901-70

1901-65

1901-701901-681901-681901-671901-67

1901-70

1969-841953-84

1953-84

1953-84

1953-841901-831903-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-691901-701901-70

1901-701901-701901-61

1901-571901-70

1901-691901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-691901-701901-70

1901-62

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearDEESADHANDHUKADHARAMPURDHOLERADHOLKADHORAJIDHRANGADHRADWARKAGODHRAGOGHAGONDALHALOLHANSOTHIMATNAGARIDARILAVJALALPURJAMBUGHODAJAMBUSARJASDANJHALODJUNAGADHKAIRAKALOLKAPADVANJKHAMBHALIAKHAWADALAKHAPATLUNAWADAMAHUAMAHUDHAMANDVIMANDVIMATARMEHMEDABADMODASAMOHANPURMORVINADIADNALIANALIYANAVANAGAROLPADPALANPURPALITANAPARDIPORBANDARPRANTIJRADHANPURRAHAPURRAJKOTRAJPIPLA NANDODSANANDSONGADHSURATTHARADTHASR.AUMBERGAONVAGRAVALODVERAVALVIRAMGAMWADHWANWANKANERAMBALAAMBALABALLABGARHBHIWANIBUDHLADADADUPURFARUKHNAGARFATEHABADFEROZEPUR JHIRKAGOHANAGULAH GULAGURGAONHANSIHATTINHISSARJAGADHARIJATUSANAJHAJJARJINDKAITHALKARNALNARAINGARHNUHPALWALPANIPATPUNAHANARAJAUNDREWARIROHTAK

GUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJAR.ATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATGUJARATHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANAHARYANA

242022372055222522722173229822372278216821972250215823602385214520952238220522032310215222752262230322222385238323132108228221252283227022832345234522822270232723252247213524172152205221622343238323572230218822982173212024382280202021852105209023122270226230373038283328802993302528452952278029133005284729102805291530172833286029302980297030472812281529382787296028202890

7220719873187218724570457147690873627128708073487282729773007280729073737280712074157047727073477307696769736878736271787293733069377263727573287307708372870883688570087275724371837295696372877160706370787350723871887283716273227277728573277037720571677093767876777733761375587742768375457697767076307703759777237573.773076557665?6327638770077137702773376977720764876607658

1901-831901-691901-701901-671901-701901-701901-701901-831901-691901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-G81901-701001-671901-701901-701901-671901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701960-701953-60

1953-691901-701901-641901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-681901-611901-701901-701901-641958-701901-591901-701901-701901-701901-701901-641901-701901-681901-701901-931901-691901-701901-661901-931901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-931901-701901-701901-701901-651901-76

1901-701901-701901-491901-651901-501001-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-651901-701901-701901-651901-701901-701901-651901-171901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-70

466467468469470471472473474475476477478479480481482483484485486487488489490491492493494495496497498499500501502503504505506507508509510511512513514515516517518519520521522523524525526527528529530531532533534535536537538539540541542543544545546547548549550551552553554555556557558

LocationSAMPLASATHAWASSIRSASOHANASONEPATTAURU UAORUTHANESARTOHANABAN3AR SARAJ-TEHCHOWARIDEHRA GOPIPURDHARMSALA LOWERHAMIRPURKANDAGHATKANGRAKILBAKOTAR.HKOTKHAIKULUKYELONGNALAGARHNURPURPALAMPURSIMLAUNAMALE ISLANDSAKARDU OBSYAKHNOORANANTNAGBADGAMBARAMULLABHIMBERDIGARDRASGILGITGULABARHGULMARGKHALATSEKHANGRALKISTWARKOTLIKULGAMMIRPURPANAMIKPENDRASPOONCHRAJPURI RAMPURRAMANAGARRAMBANREASISONEMARG,SOPORESRI RANBIRSINGHSRINAGARUDHAPURURIUTTAMACHIPURAVANTIPURAALURAMMATHYANEKALANKOLAARKALGUDARSIKEREATHANIBADAMIBAGALKOTBAGEPALLIBAGEWADIBAINDURBANGALOREBANGARPETBANTWALBELGAUMBELLARYBELTHANGADYBELURBHATKALBIDARBIJAPURBILGICHALLAKIRECHAMARAJNAGARCHANNAGIRICHANNAPATANACHANNARAYAPATNACHICKBALLAPURCHICKMAGALURCHIKNAYAKANIHALLCHIKODICHINTAMANICHITRADURGACOONDAPUR

Region Lat.-Lon.HARYANA 2877 7677HARYANA 2845 7647HARYANA 2953 7503HARYANA 2825 7708HARYANA 2900 7703HARYANA 2822 7695HARYANA 2998 7683HARYANA 2970 7592HIMACHAL 3163 7733HIMACHAL 3245 7602HIMACHAL 3188 7622HIMACHAL 3222 7632HIMACHAL 3170 7653HIMACHAL 3097 7712HIMACHAL 3210 7625HIMACHAL 3150 7813HIMACHAL 3130 7748HIMACHAL 3112 7753HIMACHAL 3195 7712HIMACHAL 3258 7707HIMACHAL 3105 7672HIMACHAL 3230 7592HIMACHAL 3213 7653HIMACHAL 3110 7717HIMACHAL 3147 7628ISLANDS 417 7350J AND K 3530 7562J AND K 3288 7473J AND K 3372 7515J AND K 3383 7458J AND K 3420 7437J AND K 3298 7407J AND K 3425 77753 AND K 3443 7577J AND K 3592 7438J AND K 3343 7493J AND K 3405 7440J AND K 3425 7683J AND K 3433 7650J AND K 3330 7575J AND K 3352 7390J AND K 3363 7502J AND K 3320 7380J AND K 3475 7750JAND K 3442 7558J AND K 3378 7412J AND K 3338 7430J AND K 3280 7532J AND K 3325 7525J AND K 3308 7483J AND K 3432 7532J AND K 3430 7447J AND K 3262 7473J AND K 3408 7483J AND K 3292 7513J AND K 3405 7403J AND K 3450 7467J AND K 3388 7490KARNATAKA 1297 7598KARNATAKA 1223 7585KARNATAKA 1270 7768KARNATAKA 1467 7430KARNATAKA 1277 7605KARNATAKA 1332 7625KARNATAKA 1673 7507KARNATAKA 1592 7568KARNATAKA 1620 7570KARNATAKA 1378 7778KARNATAKA 1658 7597KARNATAKA 1387 7463KARNATAKA 1297 7758KARNATAKA 1300 7818KARNATAKA. 1288 7503KARNATAKA 1585 7453KARNATAKA 1515 7685KARNATAKA 1298 7528KARNATAKA 1317 7585KARNATAKA 1398 7455KARNATAKA 1792 7753KARNATAKA 1682 7572KARNATAKA 1635 7562KARNATAKA 1432 7665KARNATAKA 1192 7693KARNATAKA 1403 7592KARNATAKA 1265 7720KARNATAKA 1290 7638KARNATAKA 1343 7773KARNATAKA 1333 7577KARNATAKA 1342 7662KARNATAKA 1643 7458KARNATAKA 1340 7807KARNATAKA 1423 7643KARNATAKA 1363 7468

47

373374375376377378379380381382383384385386387388389390391392393394395396397398399400401402403404405406407408409410411412413414415416417418419420421422423424425426427428429430431432433434435436437438439440.441442443444445446447448449450451452453454455456457458459460461462463464465

Year1001-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-691951-691901-691901-691901-691954-691901-G91901-691901-651901-G91901-691903-781954-691901-691901-691901-701901-691981-881901-441901-691901-701901-701902-701901-471956-641901-681901-441903-471901-821956-791956-771901-621901-471902-701901-471956-751956-791901-621901-621901-691901-691901-691901-791930-701901-691901-931901-691901-471901-561901-701901-701902-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-931901-701901-701901-841901-841901-701901-701901-701901-841901-841901-701901-701901-701901-691901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-701901-931901-70

Location Region Lat.-Lon.DAVANGI REDEVANHALLIDHARWAR

DODBALLAPURFRAZERPETGAURIBIDANUR

GOKAKGUBBIGUDIBANDAGULBARGA

GUNDLUPET

HADAGALLI

HALIYALHANGALHARAPANAHALLI

HARIHARHASKOTE

HASSAN

HAVERI

HEGGADDEVANKOTEHIREKERUR

HIRIYURHOLALKHEREHOLENARSIPUR

HONNALI

HOSADURGAHOSANAGAR

HOSPETHUBLIHUKERI

HUNGUNDHUNSUR

ILKALINDIJAGALURJAMKHANDI

KADURKALGHATGI

KAMPLIKANAKAPURA

KARKAL

KARWARKHANPURKOLAR

KOLLEGALKOPPA BALGADI

KORATAGERE

KRISHNARAJNAGAR

KRISHNARAJPET

KUDLIGI

KUMSIKUMTA

KUNIGALLINGASUGURMADHUGIRI

MAGADIMALAVALLI

MALURMANDYA

MANGALOREMERCARAMOLAKMURAMUDDEBIHAL

MUDHOL

MUDIGEREMULBAGAL

MULKIMUNDAGOD

MUNDARGIMYSORE

NAGAMANGALANANJANGUD

NAPOKLU

NARASIMHARAJAPUR

NARGUNDNAVALGUND

NELAMANGALA

PAVAGADA

POONAMPETPUTTUR

RAICHUR

RAMDURGRAMNAGARAMRANEBENNUR

RON

SAGARSAMPAGAON-BAILH

SANIVARSANTHE

SANKLESPURSAUNDATTI

SAUNUR SAVNUR

KARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKA


KARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKA


KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

1447

132515451328124513621617133213631735

11801502

15331477

14781452

13081300

1480

12081445

139514031278

14231382

1392

15271533

16231607

1230159717171452

165013551518

1540

1255

1322

14781563

13131212

1355

13531243

1267

1492

1405

1442130216171365

1295123813001253

1287124214721633

1633

13131317

13101497

1522

123012821213

1230

13621572

1555

1310

1410

12151277

1620

15951272

1462

15701417

1582

1282

1295

15771497

759277707500775575977752

7483

760937770

7685

7668

7593

74757513

7598758077787615

7540

7633

7540

7662

76187623

7565

7617

75057640

75137460

76057628

761275977633

753076027497

7660

7742

750074137452

78137712

7535

7723

7642

7648

7638

75387442

770276527720

7722

77077793

7688748575737675

7613

7528

756378407478

7503

7590

7670

76757668

7568

75527538

7537

7740

7728

7593

7520

7735

7530

7728

7562

75757503

7485

75907578

7510

7533

Year1001-70

1901-091001-70

1001-70

1901-68

1901-701901-70

1901--70

1901-701001-84

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701001-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-84

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1902-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-701901-70

1901-68

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-811901-83

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-701901-62

1901-701901-70

1901-841901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701902-70

1901-701901-84

1901-70

1901-701901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-691901-701901-70

1901-70

650651652653654655656657658659

660661

662

663664

665666

667

668

669670

671672

673

674675

676

677

678

679680

681682

683684685

686

687

688

689

690691692

693

694

695696

697

698699700

701702703704

705706

707708

709710711712

713

714

715716

717718

719

720

721722

723

724725

726

727

728

729730

731

732

733

734

735736

737

738

739

740

SHIGGAONSHIKARPURSHIMOGASIDDAPURSIDLAGHATTA

SINDGISIRA

SIRSISIRUGUPPASOMWARPET

SORAB

SRINGERI

SRINIVASPURSRIRANGPATNAM

SUNTICOPPA

SUPAT.NARSIPUR

TARIKERE

THIRTHAHALLI

TIPTUR

TUMKUR

TURUVEKERE

UDIPIVIRAJPET

YELLAPUR

BADAGARA

CALICUT

CANNANORE

CHERAPALASERI

CHITTURCHOWGHAT

HOSDURG

IRIKKURKASARGODKUTTIADIMANANTODDY

MANJERIMANNARGHAT

NILAMBUR

OTTAPALAM

PALGHATPARLIPARUR

PAYYANURPERINTHALAMANNA

PERUMPAVURPONNANI

QUILANDI

TELLICHERY

TIRUVANGADI

TRICHUR

TRIPRAYARVAYITTIRIARYANKAVUCOCHIN FORT

MAVELIKARAPUNALUR

QUILON PWD

TRIVANDRUM

BALODA BAZARDHAMTARIGARIABUND

RAIPUR

SARAIPALI

SIMGAAMBAHBHANDAR

BHIND

DATIA

GIRDSABALGARH

SHEOPURAJAIGARH

ALIRAJPUR/RAJPURAMBIKAPUR

ASHTA

BAIHAR

BALAGHAT

BANDA

BARWANIBHILSA VIDISHA

BHOPAL

BIJAWAR

BILASPURCHATARPUR

CHHUIKHADANDAMOH

DHARDONGARGARH

DURG DRUG

GUNA

48

Location Region Lat.-Lon. Year559560561

562

563

564

565506G567568

569

570

571

572

573574

575

576

577

578

579

580

581

582

583584

585

586

587

588589590

591592593

59459i

596

597

598

599

600601

602

603604

605

606607

608

609610

611612613614

615616617

618619620

621622

623624

625626

627628

629

630631

632633

634

635

636

637

638

639

640

641

642

643

644

645

646

647

648

649

KARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA


KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKARNATAKA

KARNATAKA

KARNATAKAKERALA

KERALA

KERALA

KERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALAKERALAKERALAKERALA

KERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALA

KERALAKERALA

KERALAKERALAKERALAKERALA

KERALA

KERALA

KERALA

KERALAM.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

149814271393

1433

133816921375146215631260

14381342

13351242

1245

152712201372

1368

1328

1335

13171335

1218

1495

116011251187

108710701057123011971252

116711801112

1098

1128

1078

1078

10801015

121010971012

1078

1145

1175

110510521045

1155

898997

925

900

88884821672070

20632123

2108

21632670

2573

26572567

2620

2625

2567

2490

22302312

2302

2210

2180

2405

2203

2353

2327

2462

22082492

2153

2383

2260

21202122

2463

7522

75357563748877857623769274837690

758575107525

782276687583

74507690

75807523

76457710

7667

7475

75807472

75587578

7537

7632

76737605

75107555749875757602

7613

7647

7623

7638

7665

76557622

7520

76237648

7592

7570

75507592

7622

7613

760377177623

76537692

7660

76958217

81578207

81658245

8170

7823

7875

78807847

7817

7740

7670

8025

7437

83207672

8057

8020

7897

7488

7782

7742

7950

8213

796081007945

7530

80758128

7732

1901-701901-701901-501901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-701001-701901-70

1902-701901-701002-76

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-701001-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-93

1901-70

1901-701901-701901-501901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-651901-68

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-50

1901-701905-701901-80

1901-70

1901-70

1905-70

1901-93

1903-681901-681903-661901-93

1902-58

1901-581903-70

1901-68

1901-70

1901-681901-65

1901-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-69

1901-651901-70

1901-67

1901-67

1901-57

1901-70

1901-69

1929-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-69

1902-701901-70

1901-691902-63

1901-701901-70

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearHARDA

HATTA

HOSHANGADAD

JADALPURJABERAJASHPURNAGAR.

JHABUAKATANGIKHAIRAGARHKHAMARIA

KHURAI

KORBA

KOWARDHA

LANJIMAIHAR

MANAWAR

MUNGELI

MURWARA KATHI

NAGODENOWGONGPACHMARHI

PANDARIA

PANNA

PENDRARAIGARH

RAJNANDGAON

REHLIREWASAGAR

SAKTISARANGARH

SEONI

SIDHISIHORA

SIRONJSOHAGPUR

SOHAGPURSUTNA

TEONTHAR

TIKAMGARHACHALPUR

AHIRIAHMEDNAGAR

AKLUJAKOLA

AKOLAAKOT

ALANDIALIBAG-CVL.HOSP.

AMALNERAMRAOTI

ANJANGAON

ARMORI

ARVIASOLA

AURANGABADBADNERABALAPURBARAMATIBARSIBARUD WARUD

BASSEIN

BHADGAON

BHANDARA

BHIRBHIWANDIBHOR

BHUSAVALBOMBAY COLABA

BRAHMAPURI

BULDANA

CHALISGAON

CHANDGAD

CHANDORCHANDRAPUR

CHANDUR BAZAR

CHANDUR RAILWAY

CHIKHALDA

CHIKHLI

CHIMURCHIPLUN

CHOPDA

DAHANU

DAHIWADIDAPOLIDARWHADARYAPURDEOLGAON RAJA

DEVGADDEVRUKH

DHANORADHARNIDHOND

M.P.M.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.M.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.M.P.M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.M.P.M.P.M.P.

M.P.M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

M.P.

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAHMAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

2235

24132277

2317

23552288

2278

2178

2142

2180

2405

2233

2202

2150

2428

2223

2207

2385

24572507

2247

2222

2472

2277

2192

2108

2363

2453

2385

2203

2158

22452440

2348

2410

2270

23322457

2498

2475

2127

1940

1008

1788

1955

2070

2110

1867

1863

2105

2093

2117

2047

2098

2025

1988

2087

2067

1815

1823

2147

19352067

2117

1900

1930

18132107

1890

2060

2053

2045

1593

2033

1997

2125

2082

2142

2035

2050

1753

2125

1998

1770

1777

2032

2093

2003

16371705

2027

2157

1847

7708

79607777

7995

79688413

74587980

8098

8133

7832

8270

8125

8053

8077

7508

8168

8040

8058

7945

7843

8142

8020

8190

8340

8103

7907

8130

7875

8297

8308

7748

8188

8010

7770

7820

8135

8083

8103

7883

7752

8000

7480

7503

7402

7703

7707

7388

7288

7507

7778

7732

7998

7825

7985

7533

7773

7678

7458

75707827

7280

7523

7907

75777305

7385

7578

7282

7987

7618

7502

7418

7425

7930

7773

7797

7732

7625

7938

7352

7530

7272

74557320

7777

7733

7603

73377362

8032

76887460

1901-- 691901-6091901-83

1901- 93

1901-681901-691901-70

1901-6601902-70

1902-66

1901-6901901-61

1902-691901-67

1901-691906-70

1901-70

1901-55

1001-69

1901-83

1901-82

1901-591901-70

1903-931901-69

1902-69

1901-70

1901-68

1901-83

1902-70

1901-69

1001-68

1901-68

1901-691936-69

1901-691901-70

1901-93

1901-68

1901-70

1901-70

1914-70

1901-84

1901-66

1901-70

1901-83

1901-70

1901-64

1901-58

1901-70

1901-831901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1006-70

1901-831901-701901-701901-70

1901-701901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-591901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-83

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1920-60

1901-68

1901-70

834835836837

838839840

841842

843844

845

846

847

848

849850

851852853854

855856

857858

859860861862

863864865

866867868

869870

871

872

873874

875

876877

878

879880

881882

883884

885

886

887

888

889890891892

893894

895

896897

898899900901

902903

904905

906

907

908

909910911

912

913

914

915916

917

918

919920

921

922923

924925

926

DHULIADIGR.ASDINDORIDONEGAON

EDALABAD.ERANDOLGADHINGLAJGARGOTI

GARMURIGHODA AMDEGAON

GHORAJHERI

GUHAGAR

HINGANGHATIGATPURI

INDAPUR

ISLAMPURJALGAON

JALGAONJAMKHED

JAMNERJATH

JEJURI

JUNNARKALVAN

KALYAN

KARADKARANJIAKARJATKARJAT

KARMALAKATOLKHAIREE

KHAMGAONKHANDALA

KHEDKHEDKHOLAPUR

KOLHAPUR

KOPARGAONKOREGAON

KUDALKUNGHARI

KURLA

KURUNDWAD

LONAVALAMADHAMAHABALESHWAR

MAHAD

MAHIMMALEGAONMALKAPUR

MALSIRAS

MALVANMANDANGAD

MANGAON

MANGRULPIRMATHERAN

MEDHAMEHKAR

MHASWADMOKHADA

MORSIMULMURDAD

MURTAJAPURNAGPUR MEYO HOSP

NANDEDNANDGAON

NANDURA

NANDURBAR

NASIKNAVAPUR

NERNEVASA

NIPHADOSMANABAD

PACHORA

PANCHGANIPANDHARPURPANDHERIKAWARA

PANVEL

PARNER

PAROLA

PATAN

PATUR

PAUDPEINT

PENPHALTAN

PIMPALGAON

POONAPUSAD

PUSESAULI

49


742

743

744745746

747748

749

750751

752

753

754

755

756757

758759

760

761

762

763

764

7657066767

768

769

770771

772

773

774

775

776

777

778

779

780

781

782

783

784

785

786'

787

788

789

790

791

792

793

794

795

796

797798

799800

801

802

803

804

805

806

807

808

809

810

811

812

813

814815

816

817

818

819

820

821

822

823

824825

826

827

828

829830

831

832

833

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAH

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAH

2090 7478

2012 7772

2020 7383

2018 7672

2107 7607

2093 7533

1622 74351630 7413

1995 79901905 73832053 7963

1747 7320

2055 7883

1972 7358

1812 75031705 7427

2105 75572105 7653

1873 75322082 7578

1705 7522

1828 7417

1922 7388

2050 7403

1925 7312

1728 74182048 77481855 75001892 7333

1840 75202127 7858

2027 7977

2072 7657

1805 7403

1772 7340

1885 7300

2095 7752

1670 7423

1990 7448

1770 7417

1602 7370

1958 7083

1907 7288

1068 7458

1875 7340

1803 7552

1793 7367

1808 7342

1965 7272

2055 7453

2088 7620

1787 7492

1005 7347

1798 7325

1823 7328

2032 7735

1898 7328

1778 7383

2017 7655

1763 7470

1993 7333

2133 7802

2007 7968

1923 7340

2073 7738

2115 7912

1913 7733

2032 7467

2083 7647

2137 7425

2000 7378

2115 7380

2048 7787

1955 7493

2008 7412

1817 7605

2067 7537

1792 7382

1765 7533

2002 7855

1898 7312

1900 7445

2088 7512

1737 7390

2045 7695

1853 7362

2025 7350

1873 7310

1798 7443

2017 7398

1853 7385

1992 7758

1747 7433

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701927-681901-70

1906-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-841901-701901-701001-701901-70

1902-671901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-581901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1906-70

1901-701901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1906-70

1901-62

1901-66

1901-68

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-601901-70

1901-66

1901-831901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-631901-70

1901-67

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-63

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-931901-701901-70

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearRAHURIR.AJAPURRAMTEKRATNAGIRIRAVERRISODROHASAKOLISAKRISANGAMNER

SANGLI

SANGOLA

SASVAD

SATARA

SATNA

SAWANTWADI

SHAHADA

SHAHAPUR

SHEGAONSHEVGAON

SHIRALA

SHIROLSHIRPURSHOLAPURSHRIGONDASINDKHEDASINNARSIRONCHASIRPUR

SIRURTALEGAONTALEGAON D-DHERA

TALODATASGAONTELHARA

THANATIRORA

TRIMBAK

UMERKHEDUMERKHED

UMRER

URANVADAVADGAON MAVAL

VADUJVENGURLA

VITA KHANAPUR

WAI

WANI

WARDHAWARORA

WASHIM.YAVAL

YEOLAYEOTMAL

CHURACHANDPUR F

IMPHALIMPHAL C.HOSP

MARAM FARMCHERRAPUNJICHERRAPUNJI/P.S.JOWAIMAWPHLANG

SHILLONG

TURAUPPER SHILLONG

AIJALCHAMPHAI

DEMAGIRI

LUNGLEHSAIRANG

DIMAPUR

KOHIMA

MOKAKCHUNG

WOKHA

AKHUAPADA

ASKA

ATHMALIK

BALASORE

BALLIGUDABANKI BANKIGARH

BANPURBARAMBA

BARIPADABERHAMPUR

BHADRAKBHAWANIPATNA

BISSEM-CUTTACKBOLANGIRCHATRAPUR

CHENDIPADA

MAHMAHMAH

MAHMAHMAH

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAHMAHMAHMAH

MAH

MAHMAH

MAHMAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MAH

MANIPURMANIPUR.

MANIPUR

MANIPURMEGHALAYAMEGHALAYAMEGHALAYA

MEGHALAYAMEGHALAYA

MEGHALAYAMEGHALAYA

MIZORAM

MIZORAM

MIZORAMMIZORAMMIZORAMNAGALAND

NAGALAND

NAGALANDNAGALAND

ORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

1940

16652140

169821251997

1843

210821001957

1687

1743

1835

1768

2000

1590

2155

19452080

1933

1697

1673

21351707

1862

2128

19851883

2018

18832068186521571703

210319202143

1995

1958

1958

20851890

1965187317601587

1728

1793

20052075

2022

2012

2117

20052038

2433

247724852540252525282543

2545

255725522557

2373

2347

22922288

23802592

2563

2633

26102093

19622072

2150

2020

2038

1978

2043

2195

1932

2107

1992

19522070

1935

2110

746573527933

7333

76037680

731280007430

7422

7457

7520

7403

73987420

7382

7447

7333

7670

75227415

7460

7488759074707475

7400

79977700

7438781074157422

746076837298

7993

7353

7770

7770

7933

7292

731373657445

7363

7455

7390

7895

78627902

7713

7570

7448

7813

9365939093979412

9173

9172

9220

91779188

9023

91909272

9333

924792759267

9375

9417

9453

9425

8628

8467

8453

8693

8392

8553

8518

8535

8673

8480

8650

8317

8350

8350

8500

8487

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-93

1901-70

1901-66

1901-701901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-93

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-691901-70

1901-70

1901-68

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-62

1901-68

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-701901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-65

1959-701953-93

1901-661959-70

1902-81

1901-67

1901-68

1901-46

1902-81

1901-81

1901-59

1901-52

1901-59

1901-68

1901-57

1901-59

1901-571948-70

1901-69

1901-57

1901-58

1901-67

1903-67

1901-93

1901-58

1901-67

1901-58

1901-58

1901-64

1901-58

1901-57

1902-49

1901-58

1902-64

1901-58

1901-67

10181019

1020102110221023

1024

1025

1020

1027

1028

1029

1030

1031

1032

1033

1034

1035

1036

10371038

1039

1040

1041

1042

1043

1044

1045

1046

10471048

1049

105010511052

1053

1054

1055

1056

1057

10581059

1060106110621063

1064

1065

1066

10671068

1069

1070

1071

1072

10731074

1075

10761077

1078

1079

108010811082

1083

1084

1085

1086

1087

1088

1089

1090

1091

1092

1093

1094

1095

1096

1097

1098

1099

1100

1101

1102

1103

1104

1105

1106

1107

1108

CUTTACKCUTTAKDASPALLADHARINGBADIDHARMASALADHENKANAL

GOPGOPALPURGUMMA

GUNUPURHINDOL

JAGATSINGPUR

JAIPURJALLESORE

JEYPOREKAMAKHYANAGAR

KANAS

KENDRAPARAKEONJHARGARHKHURDA

KORAPUT

MALKANGIRI

NARSINGPURNAWARANGPURPADWAPAL-LAHARAPARLAKIMEDIPHULBANIPOTTANGIPURANKOTPURIPURUSHOTTAMPURRAM/UDAYAGIRIPRAMBHARAYAGADARUSSELKONDA

SALEPURSAMBALPUR

SOROSURADATALCHER

BANDHER

BARAULIBATALA

BHARTHALADADAHOR

DASUYA

DHANETA

FAZILKA

FEROZEPUR CITY

FEROZEPUR SADAR

GARHSHANKARGOBINDGARH

GUJJRAN

HOSHIARPUR

JAGRAONJALALABAD

JODHPUR

JULLUNDARKASSULIKHARARKOTRA

LEHAL

LUDHIANA

LUDHIANA

MOGA

MUKTESAR

NAKODAR

NATHANANAWANSHAHR

PATHANKOT

PATIALAPHILLAUR

RANIKERUPARSAMRALA

TIBRI

ZIRAAJMER

ALWAR

ANGAI

ANUPGARH

BAKANI RALLAI

BALIBARIBARMER

BASERI

BAYANA BIANABEAWAR NAYANAGARBHARATPUR

BIKANER

50


930931932

933934

935936

937938

939940

941

942

943

944945

946947

948

949

950951

952

953954

955

956

957

958959

960

961

9q.2

903

904

965

966967

968

969970

971

972

973

974

975976

977

978

979

980

981

982

983

984

985986

987

988

989

990

991

992

993

994

995

996997

998999

1000

1001

1002

1003

1004

1005

1006

1007

1008

1009

1010

1011

1012

1013

1014

1015

1016

1017

ORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSA

ORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSAORISSA

ORISSAORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSA

ORISSAPUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJABPUNJABPUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJABPUNJAB

PUNJAB

RAJASTHANRAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHANRAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

RAJASTHANRAJASTHAN

RAJASTHAN

2047

204720351992

20782067

1998

1927

18981908

2062

2027

2083

2182

18852093

2002

2050

2163

2018

1882

1835

2045

1923

1838

2143

1878

2048

18572065

1980

1953

19151952

1917

1995

20502147

2128

1977

2095

3012

30923180

30503053

3180

3013

3040

3092

30883122

3017

3013

3153

3078

3060

3003

3133

30883075

2988

3037

3092

3093

30803047

3112

3032

31123228

3033

3102

3035

3097

3083

3210

3097

2645

2757

2660

2920

2430

2518

2665

2575

2675

2690

2610

2722

2800

8587

859384858413

86158560860284888403

8382

85208617

8633

8722

8257

8555

85658642

8558

8563

8272

8190

85088255

8267

8518

8410

8423

8297

8483

8582

8488

8413

85108342

8458

8613

8397

8670

8443

8522

7542

770075207608

7558

7563

7623

74037462

74587612

7425

7600

7592

75487425

7508

7558769776657582

76507587

75877517

7452

7548

7508

7612

75657647

7580

7580

7652

7618

7558

7498

7462

7660

7748

7323

7623

7328

7760

7140

7753

7728

7432

77507330

1901-551901-841901-671901-58

1901-49

1901-64

1901-67

1901-84

1901-54

1901-67

1903-67

1901-67

1901-671901-58

1901-58

1901-55

1901-641901-64

1901-671901-581901-58

1901-64

1901-671901-58

1901-58

1901-64

1901-58

1901-67

1901-64

1901-58

1901-841901-57

1901-50

1901-64

1901-64

1901-58

1901-571901-84

1901-58

1901-64

1901-64

1901-70

1901-50

1901-70

1901-68

1901-701901-70

1901-67

1901-701901-69

1901-70

1901-70

1901-68

1901-671901-70

1901-70

1901-601901-70

1901-701901-501901-701901-67

1901-671901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-60

1901-70

1901-701901-93

1901-70

1901-70

1901-691901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-701902-50

1906-70

1901-70

1901-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-93

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearBIKANERBILARACHATSUCHIRAWACHOMUCHOTANDAUSADEOLIDESURIDHOLPURDIDWANADUGARPURGANGAPURGOELAGOVINDGARHGUDHAHANUMANGARHHINDAUNIKLERA AKLERAJAIPURJAISALMER.JAITRAMJALOREJASOLJAWAJAJHUNJHUNUJODHPURJODHPURKAMEN KAMANKARANPURKARAULIKEKRIKHETRIKISHANGARHKOTPUTLIKOTRA HLACHMANGARHLALSOTLUNKARANSARMACHILPURMAHAJANMAHWA MAHWARMALPURAMANDAWARMANDREALMANOHAR THANAMERTA CITYNAGAUR (NAGORE)NAWANEEMKATHANANIMARANANOHARPACHPADRAPALANAPARBATSARPHALODIPISANGANPOKARANRAJAKHERARAMGARHRAMGARHSAMSAMBHARSAMODSANGANERSAPOTRASAWAI MADHOPURSAWARSEPAOSHEOSHERGARHSIKARSIRMUTHRASIWANASRIMADHOPURSURATGARHSURPURA NOKHATIJARA .TODGARHTONKUNIARA ALIGARHADANAKOTTAIALANGUDIAMBURANNAVASALARANTANGIARAVAKURICHIARIYALURARKONAMARNIATHIPETTUATTURAVANASHI

RAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANRAJASTHANTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADU

2802

2618

2660

2823

2717

2548

2690

2577

2528

2670

2740

2393

2648

2612

2750

2518

2958

2672

2442

2682

2692

2620

2535

2582

25952813

2630

2630

2765

2983

2650

2597

2800

2782

2772

2437

2737

2655

2850

2663

2875

2705

2628

2787

2630

2423

2663

2720

2702

2773

2800

2918

2593

2785

2688

2713

2640

2693

2690

2737

2758

2683

2692

2717

2680

2628

2598

2575

2682

2618

2633

2762

2652

2565

2747

2932

2758

2795

2568

2617

2592

1055

1037

1280

1045

1018

1077

1113

1308

1267

1327

1160

1120

7330

7370

7595

7565

7572

7107

7633

7538

7355

7788

7458

7583

7673

7495

7700

7172

7432

7702

7657

7580

7092

7395

7262

7222

7422

7538

7302

7303

7727

7347

7702

75157580

7672

7622

7320

7687

7633

7375

7723

7392

7693

7538

7655

7723

7680

7403

7375

7500

7578

7638

7477

7227

7325

7475

7237

7438

7192

7818

7050

7682

7050

7518

77575

7578

7675

7637

7522

7775

7125

7230

7515

7737

7242

7560

7375

7348

7685

7397

7580

7603

7897

7898

7872

7870

7898

7792

7908

7967

7930

8028

7862

7728

1958-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-58

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-50

1906-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-93

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-62

1901-70

1901-70

1901-93

1929-70

1901-70

1928-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1951-53

1901-70

1901-70

1906-70

1901-53

1962-68

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-54

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1906-70

1901-70

1906-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1957-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1957-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1902-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1906-70

1906-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-62

1901-70

1901-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-65

1901-70

1901-70

1202

1203

1204

1205

1206

1207

1208

1209

1210

1211

1212

1213

1214

1215

1216

1217

1218

1219

1220

1221

1222

1223

1224

1225

1226

1227

1228

1229

1230

1231

1232

1233

1234

1235

1236

1237

1238

1239

1240

1241

1242

1243

1244

1245

1246

1247

1248

1249

1250

1251

1252

1253

1254

1255

1256

1257

1258

1259

1260

1261

1262

1263

1264

1265

1266

1267

1268

1269

1270

1271

1272

1273

1274

1275

1276

1277

1278

1279

1280

1281

1282

1283

1284

1285

1286

1287

1288

1289

1290

1291

1292

1293

1294

BHAVANICHATRAPATTICHENGAMCHETTIKULAMCHEYYARCHEYYARCHIDAMBARAMCHINGLEPUTCOIMBATORECOVELONGCUDDALOREDENKANIKOTTAHDEVALADHARAPURAMDHARMAPURIDINDIGULERODEGINGEEGLENMORGANGOBICHETTIPALAYAGUDALURGUDIYATHAMHARURHOSURILUPPURJAYAMKONDAMKALLAKURICHIKANCHEEPURAMKANGAYAMKARAMBAKKUDIKARURKATTUMANNARKOILKATTUMAVADIKETTYKILANILAIKODAIKANALKODANANDKODAVASALKODUMUDIKOTAGIRIKRISHNAGIRIKULATTURKULITHALAIKUMBHAKONAMKUNDHA KAILKUNDKURINJIPADILALGUDIMADRASMADURANTAKAMMANAPPARAIMANNARGUDIMARUNGAPURIMAYURAMMELURMERCANAMMETTUPALAYAMMUSIRIMUTHUPETNADUVATTAMNAGAPATTINAMNAMAKKALNANNILAMNEIDAVASALNIDAMANGALAMNILAKOTTAIOMALUROOTACAMUNDPALACODEPALANIPALLADAMPANRUTIPARAMATHIPATTUKKOTTAIPENNAGARAMPERIAKULAMPERIYANAICKAMPALPERUMBALURPERUNDURAIPOLLACHIPOLURPONNAMARAVATHIPONNERIPOONAMALLEEPORTO NOVOPUDUKKOTTAIRASIPURAMRAYAKOTTAHSAIDAPETSALEMSANKARISATYAMANGALAMSENDAMANGALAMSHOLINGUR

51


11131114

1115

1116

1117

11181119

1120

11211122

112311241125

1126

1127

1128

1129

1130

1131

1132

11331134

1135

1136

1137

1138

11391140

1141

1142

1143

1144

1145

1146

1147

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1149

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1151

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1177

1178

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1186

1187

1188

1189

1190

1191

1192

1193

1194

1195

1196

1197

1198

1199

1200

1201

TAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADU

1145

1047

1230

1115

1235

1267

1140

1270

1100

1278

1177

1253

1147

1073

1213

1035

1135

1225

1158

1147

1150

1297

1205

1272

1052

1122

1173

1283

1100

1045

1097

1128

1012

1138

1018

1023

1150

1085

1108

1143

1253

1070

1092

1097

1127

1157

1087

1300

1253

1060

1067

1043

1110

1005

1218

1130

1095

1040

1147

1077

1122

1088

1035

1077

1017

1175

1140

1230

1045

1098

1177

1117

1043

1213

1012

1115

1123

1128

1065

1252

1028

1332

1303

1150

1038

1145

1252

1305

.1165

1147

1150

1128

1312

7770

7762

7878

7880

8002

7958

7970

7998

7697

8025

7977

7778

7640

7753

7817

7797

7772

7943

7650

7743

7650

7887

7850

7783

7862

7937

7893

7972

7757

7915

7808

7955

7923

7677

7887

7747

7692

7948

7787

7687

7823

7855

7842

7937

7665

7960

7883

8018

7988

7842

7945

7840

7965

7833

7997

7695

7845

7950

7655

7985

7817

7962

7915

7943

7785

7805

7673

7808

7752

7730

7957

7803

7932

7790

7753

7695

7887

7758

7702

7913

7853

8020

8012

7975

7882

7818

7805

8023

7817

7787

7725

7823

7943

1901-70

1903-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-93

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-50

1901-70

1901-70

1901-69

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1903-70

1901-70

1901-93

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-66

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1902-67

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-65

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-84

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1902-70

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearSIRKALISRIMUSHNAMSRIPERUMBUDUR

SULURTALAVADI

TANJAVURTHALLITHAMMAMPATTYTHATHAIENGARPETTHIRUTHURAIPOONDTINDIVANAM

TIRUCHENGODE

TIRUCHIRAPALLITIRUKKATTUPALLI

TIRUKOILURTIRUMAYAM

TIRUPOONDITIRUPPATHUR

TIRUPPATTUR

TIRUTANITIRUVAIYARU

TIRUVALLUR

TIRUVANNAMALAI

TIRUVARUR.TITTAGUDI

TRANQUBARTURAIYURUDAYALIPATTIUDUMALPET

ULUNDURPETUPPILIYAPURAM

UTHANKARAIUTTIRAMERURVALANGIMAN

VALAPADYVALLAMVANIYAMBADIVANUR

VAYALURVEDARANAYAM

VEDASANDURVELLOREVILLUPURAMVIRALIMALAI

VRIDDHACHALAMWALLAJAH

'

WANDIWASH

YERCAUDAMBASAMUDRAM

ARAMBOLYARASADI

ERANIEL

KAYALPATANAMKAYATNURKIRNUR NAMKULASEKARAPATNAM

KUZHITHURAI

NAGARCOILOTTAPIDARAM

PALAYANKOTTAIPAMBANRAJAKKAMANGALAMRAMANATHAPURAM

SANKARANKOIL

SATTUR

SHENCOTTAHSIVAGANGASRIVAIKUNTAM

TENKASI

THAMARAIKULAM

TUTICORIN

AGARTALA

BELONIA

AGRA

AGRA

AKBARPURALIGANJ

ALIGARH

ALMORA

AMETHI

AMROHAANUPSHAHR

ATRAULA

ATRAULI

AZAMGARH

BAGHPATBAH

BAHRAICHBAHRAICH

BALANPUR

TAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU


TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU


TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU


TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADUTAMILNADU


TAMILNADU

TAMILNADUTAMILNADU

TAMILNADU

TRIPURATRIPURA

U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.

1125114012071103

11781078

12581145

11131053

12251138

1077

10851197

10251062

10121248

1318

1088

13131223

10771140

11031115

1062

10581170

1127

1225

1262

108711671072

1268

1203

1202

1037

10521292

1103

1060

1150

1293

1250

1178

870825887820

850

895855

842830

817892

873

927813938917

937

897985863895

813

8802388

2325

27172720

2642

2750

27902960

26152890

2835

2732

2803

2605

2895

2688

2753

2757

2800

707379427007771377027013

77657850

7845

7065

79657700

7872

78077022

78757082

7860

78587062

7010

70027008

79657912

7087

78607802

7725

7928

78527855

79787038

7842700778637075

7983

7083

77057015

79507855

7933

7037

7062

78227743

7750

78107732

78127778

7810

780577207745

7803

77757930

7737

7883

7755

7702

7725

7848

7702

7732

7748

7815

9125

9147

7803

7800

8253

7918

7808

7967

8180

7847

7827

8242

7828

8318

7722

7860

8160

8160

7767

1001-701003-701001-701001-70

1001-70

1001-70

1901-621001-70

1001-70

1001-70

1901-70

1001-70

1901-03

1002-701901-70

1901-70

1002-70

1001-701001-70

1001-70

1001-701001-70

1901-70

1001-701001-701901-701001-70

1901-621001-70

1001-701001-701001-701001-701902-701901-701001-701001-64

1001-70

1901-691001-70

1901-70

1001-84

1001-701001-63

1901-70

1001-70

1001-70

1001-701901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1901-70

1964-70

1904-70

1901-58

1001-70

1001-701901-70

1901-701901-841001-841901-701901-70

1901-70

1001-701916-701001-701901-70

1001-701901-70

1901-70

1901-93

1938-70

1901-83

1901-681901-67

1901-68

1901-67

1901-68

1901-671901-68

1901-68

1901-671901-68

1001-68

1901-671901-68

1901-681901-83

1901-68

1385

13861387

1388138013001301

1302

13031394

1305

1306

1307

1308

13991400

14011402

1403

1404

1405

1406

1407

1408

140014101411

1412

1413

14141415

14161417

1418

141914201421

1422

14231424

1425

14261427

1428

1420

1430

14311432

1433143414351436

1437

14381439

1440

14411442

1443

144414451446

1447

1448

1440

1450

14511452

14531454

1455

14561457

1458

1459

1460

1461

1462

14631464

1465

14661467

1468

14691470

14711472

1473

1474

BANSI

BARODABASAUNTIDASTI

BERINAGBHAGAON BHOGAON

BHAINSWALBHIKAPUR

BIJNORBILARI

BILGRAMBIRONKHOL

BISAULI

BISWANBUDAUN

BUDHANABULANDSHAHR

CHAMPAWAT

CHAUKURICHHATA

CHHOTA KOSI

CHUNARDALMAU

DATAGANJ

DAYANATHPURDEOBANDDEOGAON LALGANJ

DEORIADHAMPURDHANDAUS

DOMERIAGANJ

ETAHETMADPUR

FAIZABADFATEHABADFATEHPUR

FATEHPUR SIKRI

FIROZABAD

GANGAPUR

GHAZIABAD

GONDAGOPALPUR

GUNNAUR

HAIDARGARH

HALDWANI

HARAIYA

HARDOI

HARDWAR MAYAPUR

HARPURHASANGANJHASANPUR

HATA

HATHRAS

IGLASIKAPUR

JALALPURJALESAR

JAUNPUR

JEOLI JANSATH

JIWANPUR SAGRI

JOSHIMATHKADIPUR

KAIRANAKAISERGANJ

KARHALKARNAPRAYAGKASGANJKASHIPURKATHGODAM

KHAIRKHAIRAGARHKHALILABAD

KHANDHLA

KHERI

KHURJA

KILPURI

KOTDWARA

KUNDA

LUCKNOW

LUCKNOW

MAHARAJGANJ

MAHUL PNULPUR

MAINPURI

MAINPURI

MALIHABAD

MATMATHURA

MAWANAMEERUT

MIRZAPUR

52


12071298129913001301

130213031304

1305

1306

1307

1308

13091310

1311

1312

13131314

1315

13161317

1318

13191320

13211322

13231324

1325

13261327

13281329

13301331

1332

13331334

1335

13361337

1338133913401341

1342

13431344

13451346

134713481349

1350

1351

1352

13531354

13551356

13571358

1359

13601361

13621363

1364

13651366

1367

1368

13691370

1371

1372

1373

1374

1375

13761377

13781379

13801381

1382

13831384

U.P.U.P.U,.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.

271727232755

2678

20772725

2953

2767

203728622718

3025

2830

2748

28052928

28402933

2975

2773

2778

2512

2607

2803

2818

29702573

26502030

27102722

27572723

2678

270327172708

2715

2528

28652713

2845

2823

2660

2022

2680

2740

29052872

26782873

2675

2760

2772

2660

2632

27472575

2032

2615305526172940

2725

27003027

2780

2922

2928

27932603

2678

2932

2790

2825

29002975

2572

2685

26872637

2608

2723

27232692

27632750

29102902

2515

8293

77737752

8272800579187730

78677813

7880

8003

7025

7893

8100

79127748

7787

8008

8025

7750

7743

8290

81037940

7760

7768

8298

83787852

79288267786878208213783081227767

7838

8288

7743

8103

7862

7843

81377952

8247

8013

7817

7778

80637828

83757805

77938212

8273

78308268

7785

83337958

8237

7720

8155

7895702578657893

7953

7783

7780

8307

7727

8080

7785

7968

7853

8152

8093

80938128

8287

79037905

807277727768

7793

7772

8258

1901-681901-611901-611001-681001-681001-68

1901-671901-61

1001-68

1001-681901-681901-681901-671901-67

1001-671901-68

1001-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-681901-67

1901-67

1901-681901-67

1001-681001-68

1001-68

1901-681001-68

1901-681001-68

1001-68

1901-681901-63

1001-681901-671901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-67

1901-671901-68

1901-67

1901-67

1901-681901-681901-68

1901-68

1901-67

1901-671901-681901-68

1901-68

1901-681901-67

1901-671901-68

1901-68

1001-68

1901-68

1901-681901-67

1901-68

1901-68

1901-681901-68

1901-681901-681901-67

1901-68

1901-68

1901-681901-67

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-56

1901-77

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-83

1901-63

1901-68

1901-68

1901-67

1901-83

1901-67

Location Region Lat.-Lon. YearMISRIKHMOHANLALGANJ.MORADABAD

MUHAMMADPUR

MUHAMMADPURMUHAMMDIMUKTESHWARMUSAFIR KHANAMUSTAFABAD .lASR.AMUZAFFARN AGAR

N GHASANNAGINA

NAGLA

NAINITAL

NAJIBABAD

NAKURNANPARA

NAWABGANJOKHIMATHPADRAUNA

PATTI

PAURI

PITHORAGARHPRATAPGARH

PURWARAE BARELIRAMNAGARRANIKHETROORKEE

RUDRAPUR/KITCHHASADABAD.SAFIPUR

SAHARANPUR

SAHASWAN

SALON

SAMBHAL

SANDILA

SANEHIGHAT

SARDHANA

SHAHABADSHIKOHABAD

SIDHAULISIKANDARABAD

SIKANDRA RAOSITAPUR

SRINAGAR

SULTANPUR

TANDATARABGANJ

THAKURDWARA

UNNAO

VARANASIDELHI SADAR

MAHRAULINEW DELHI/SAFDAR

ALIPURALIPURDUAR

AMLAGORA

AMTAARAMBAGHAZIMGANJBALURGHATBANKURABARABAZAR

BARRACKPOREBASIRHAT

BERHAMPOREBOLPUR

BONGAON

BORSATBUDGE BUDGE

BURDWAN

BUXA

CHANCHAL

CONTAI

COOCH BEHAR AERODANTAN

DARJEELINGDIAMOND HARBOUR

DINHATA

FALAKATA

GANGAJALGHATI

GANGARAMPUR

GAZOLE

GHATALHOOGHLY

HOWRAHINDUS

ITAHARJALPAIGURIJHALDAH JHALDA

U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.

U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.U.P.

U.P.

U.P.

U.P.UNION T.UNION T.UNION T.

W. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

27432G67

2887

2603

2980

27952947

263727232947

2823

2945

2900

2938

2962

2993

2787

2690

30502092

2592

3015

2958

2590

2047

2023

2940

2903

2985

2892

27452673

29952807

20032858

2707

2080

29132763

27102728

2845

2708

2757

3020

2027

2055

2097

2920

2653

2530

2863

2852

2858

2253

2647

2277

2258

2288

2423

2522

2323

2303

2277

2267

2413

2367

2307

2272

2248

2323

2677

2533

2178

2033

2197

2705

2220

26152652

2343

2538

252222652292

2258

2315

25302653

2337

8053

8098

7878

83387797

8022

79658180

7867

7708

8087

7843

7952

7945

7835

7730

8150

8120

7925

83988220

7878

8022

81958078

8123791279437788

79507803

8035

7755

7875

8147

7857

8052

8153

7702

79957858

8083

77707838

8068

7877

8208

8265

8198

7887

8050

8302

7725

7718

7720

8833

8955

8733

8802

8778

8823

8877

8707

8642

8837

8888

8827

8770

8882

8848

8818

8785

8958

8792

8775

8947

8727

8827

8820

8947

8920

8712

8852

8820

8772

8840

8832

8763

8815

8872

8598

1901-671901-031901-68

1901-081901-681901-681901-831901-671901-68

1901-068

1901-068

1901-08

1901-67

1901-68

1901-608

1901-08

1901-70

1901-021901-681901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-67

1901-68

1901-08

1901-68

1901-83

1901-68

1901-68

1901-671901-68

1901-67

1901-68

1901-68

1901-68

1901-67

1901-07

1901-68

1901-08

1901-67

1901-68

1901-68

1901-67

1901-681901-67

1901-67

1901-671901-68

1901-67

1901-78

1901-65

1901-65

1901-93

1901-841901-591901-56

1901-661901-681901-611901-70

1901-841901-68

1901-651901-701901-84

1901-66

1901-671901-59

1901-70

1901-84

1901-68

1901-541901-50

1901-84

1901-66

1901-841901-69

1901-58

1901-64

1901-61

1901-68

1901-571901-631901-621901-481901-66

1901-621901-84

1901-61

1566156715608

15691570

1571

1572

157315741575

1576

1577

1578

1579

.1580

1581

1582

1583158415851586

1587

1588

15891590

1591159215931594

1595159615971598

1599

1600

1601

16021603

1604

16051606

16071608

16091610

1611

1612

16131614

1615

1616

1617

1618

16191620

16211622

1623

162416251626

1627

16281629

163016311632

163316341635

1636

1637

1638

1639

1640

16411642

1643

1644

16451646

1647

1648

16491650

16511652

16531654

1655

1656

KALCHINIKALNAKATWAKHATRA

KOTALPURKRISHNANAGARKUKRAHATIKURSEONGMALDAMATHABHANGA

MEKLIGANJMIDNAPORE

MONGPOO

ONDA

PANSKURAPOTKABARI

PURULIARAGHUNATHPURRAIGANJ

RAIPURRANAGHAT

SERAMPORESILIGURI

SILIGURISONAMUKHI

SURI

TAMLUKTUFANGANJULUBERIA

VISHNUPURSAGAR ISLAND

BOGRA

CHHORCHITTAGONG/PATEN

COX'S BAZAARDACCA/TEZGAON

ISHURDI

JESSORE

RANGPURSYLHETMANDALAY

MEIKTILA

MINGALADON

PRUMEBIELIXIDU

DENGQENNANGQEN

NYINGCHIQUMARLEB

TUOTUOHE

ZADOI

BARKHANDERA ISMAIL KHAN

DROSHFT SANDEMAN

HYDERABADISLAMABAD

JACOBABADJHELUMKHANPURLAHOREMULTANNAWABSHAH

PESHAWAR

SARGODHAANURADHAPURABATTICALDA

COLOMBO

COLOMBO/RATMALANHAMBANTOTA

KANKESANTURAI

NEGOMBONUWARA ELIYA

PUTTALAM

TRINCOMALEE

BAINGOINBURANG

GYANGZEJIALI

KAITSE

LHASA

LHUNZE

NAGQU

NEDONG

PAGRISHIQUANHESOG XIANTINGRI

XAINZA

XIGAZE

ZHATEKETANG

53


14701477

1478

1479

1480

148114821483

1484

1485

1486

1487

1488

1489

1490

1491

14921493

14941495

14961497

1498

14991500150115021503

1504

150515061507

15081509

1510

15111512

1513

15141515

15101517

151815191520

15211522

1523

1524

1525

15201527

15281529

153015311532

153315341535153615371538

1539

1540

1541

1542

1543

1544

15451546

1547

1548

1549

1550

1551

1552

1553

1554

1555

1556

1557

1558

1559

1560

1561

1562

1563

1564

1565


W. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGALW.BENGALW.BENGALW.BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W.BENGAL

W.BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGAL

W. BENGAL


W.BENGALW. BENGALW. BENGAL

W. BENGALW. BENGAL

BANGLADESH

BANGLADESHBANGLADESHBANGLADESHBANGLADESH

BANGLADESH

BANGLADESH

BANGLADESHBANGLADESH

BURMA

BURMA

BURMA

BURMACHINA

CHINACHINACHINA

CHINACHINA

CHINA

PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN

PAKISTAN

PAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTAN

PAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTANPAKISTAN

PAKISTANPAKISTAN

PAKISTANSRI LANKASRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

SRI LANKA

TIBET/CHINATIBET/CHINA

TIBET/CHINA


TIBET/CHINA

TIBET/CHINA

TIBET/CHINA


TIBET/CHINA

TIBET/CHINA

TIBET/CHINATIBET/CHINATIBET/CHINA

TIBET/CHINA

2670

2320

2365

22982302

2340

2218

26882503

2635

26332242

2692

231322422387

2333

235525622280

23182275

2663

26722330

23922230

26322247

2308216524852552

22272145

237824152318

2575

24902198

2083

1690

1880

3410

31423220

29553413

3422

3290

29883182

3540

3135

2538

3362

283032932865315530202625

3402

3205833772

690

682

612980

717

697

803

858

31373022

2890

3078

3207

2970

2842

3148

2925

27733250

31902863

30952922

3073

8945

8835

8813

8685

8760

8852

8812

8828

8813

8922

8892

8732

8850

8720

8772

88458638

86678813

86958855

88358832

88438742

8753

879289678812

87328805

8937

6978

9182

9198

9038

89038917

8925

91889610

9583

961895229503

95609647

94359578

9243

9532

6972

7092

7178

6947

6842

7310

6847

7372

7068

743371426837

7158

72678042

8170

7987

7988

8113

8007

79888077

7983

8125

90028127

89609340

8405

9113

9247

9205

9178

89088008

93808708

8863

8892

9245

1901-661901-631901-66

1901-631901-58

1901-811901-661901-701901-841901-67

1901-55

1901-84

1901-70

1901-57

1901-701901-56

1901-701901-70

1901-59

1901-461901-67

1901-63

1901-881901-67

1901-631901-701901-70

1901-651901-681901-67

1901-841982-931979-93

1982-93

1982-931979-93

1982-931982-93

1982-931982-93

1979-88

1979-881979-88

1979-93

1979-88

1979-93

1979-93

1979-931979-93

1979-931979-93

1979-93

1979-93

1979-881979-93

1979-881979-93 .

1979-931979-931979-931979-93

1979-93

1979-881979-93

1979-931982-931979-88

1979-931979-93

1979-93

1979-87

1979-931979-93

1979-93

1979-93

1979-931979-93

1979-88

1979-88

1979-93

1979-93

1979-93

1979-93

1979-861979-93

1979-93

1979-93

1979-931979-93

1979-93

1979-88

APPENDIX C:DAILY ANNUAL CYCLES OF PRECIPITATION STATISTICS

AT SELECTED INDIAN STATIONS

[Section 4 (pg. 21) describes how to interpret the plots.][Table Al (pg. 43) lists "day of year" to "calander day" transformation.]

55

KONDULPRC (MM). NYEARS= 24 11953-19841

EX-INDIA 722 9373 7 MSD= 1100

- 70

060

>-

mm 50

z 40

z1 30z

20

10

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

50 188 150

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION

M..

S I

8.I

DISTRIBUTION of LOG (WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

I

1 8I i T-T i I IL i i i I I ise Wo "a O *

PRCAIM TION [10mm CLASSES]

0.0 LS P L 7.

LOG PrCIPITATIO [O.5 CLtASE]

Figure C-01

57

WK DAY UP TO7TD1 1 25 30.92 8 31 50.23 15 22 28.14 22 22 32.35 29 27 37.06 36 19 30.27 43 15 17.38 50 15 14.89 57 18 20.2

10 64 17 20.211 71 8 10.112 78 15 15.413 85 14 12.614 92 16 14.715 99 18 21.216 106 23 30.717 113 28 52.318 120 33 55.819 127 48 79.020 134 57 92.321 141 60 103.722 148 56 104.023 155 46 67.724 162 52 90.225 169 55 101.226 176 54 73.827 183 45 51.728 190 42 67.029 197 51 84.830 204 60 98.431 211 41 56.332 218 46 70.433 225 50 82.034 232 45 64.735 239 55 77.436 246 52 80.037 253 57 77.838 260 49 80.239 267 62 100.440 274 53 93.141 281 51 69.042 288 49 88.343 295 55 75.744 302 62 85..545 309 49 71.446 316 54 92.247 323 48 69.548 330 49 68.949 337 52 112.450 344 51 79.551 351 44 76.252 358 33 52.6

EE

253

400Ir 31.S

1050I

700

3w1I

1II

th ffi--.. . .-

PRC (MM) NYEARS= 27 (1953-1984]

MAYA BANDAR EX-INDIA 1292 9292

3CL9

0

1 :

20.9 § i

I;

wle

W"o

PrEEP7rrATmoN lomm cLmsSEs)

Figure C-02

58

30 MSD= 1 WK DAY UP TOT1 1 6 9.82 8 4 6.73 15 3 3.34 22 3 6.05 29 3 1.56 36 5 7.27 43 2 3.38 50 1 0.49 57 2 3.2

10 64 1 0.611 71 0 0.112 78 1 0.313 85 0 0.014 92 3 1.615 99 3 3.316 106 7 12.517 113 14 17.718 120 29 54.419 127 33 59.220 134 45 88.121 141 54 114.222 148 70 135.423 155 70 189.724 162 59 111.825 169 71 117.226 176 71 117.427 183 71 119.028 190 61 109.929 197 69 120.730 204 68 114.931 211 67 114,332 218 67 99.633 225 62 101.534 232 67 107.335 239 70 109.636 246 68 122.137 253 59 87.938 260 62 100.439 267 63 13.940 274 57 01.741 281 44 58.442 288 41 50.743 295 39 54.144 302 40 55.145 309 35 57.846 316 26 34.047 323 27 30.248 330 17 24.549 337 19 31.850 344 21 35.951 351 5 5.752 358 11 19.2

I

DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

1400-

S

8E

II . ... . .....LOG PCPTATW (ION (. CLASSES) 251

I

1C

q

ucrla.

-i

CL

z i2

zn

I

-C0

cr

ul

x

IC0

5

a

5

a

5

a

5

0

5

ll3413

U.7

4.,

a

PRC (MM) NYEARS= 78 [1901-1993]

PORT BLAIR, A BAY ISLAND 1167 9272 73 MSD= 1

DAY OF YEAR


!il.i..I[100 CSo SE

PREClTATION [10mm CLASSES]

DAY OF YEAR

42.1

i;

loi


LOG PRtC1TATION 10.5 CUSSES]

Figure C-03

59

100

90

B0

60

50

40

30

20

10

WK DAY UP TOTD1 12 21.6

2 8 6 6.13 15 5 4.64 22 6 10.45 29 6 5.16 36 5 7.67 43 5 9.68 50 7 7.89 57 3 3.4

10 64 5 6.911 71 4 4.012 78 6 5.413 85 3 4.814 92 10 9.515 99 11 11.716 106 17 18.517 113 17 17.418 120 30 42.219 127 39 53.320 134 55 85.521 141 60 115.522 148 67 125.523 155 67 132.624 162 68 113.125 169 68 119.026 176 65 106.727 183 57 85.928 190 59 92.429 197 67 98.430 204 60 93.231 211 60 94.732 218 66 109.933 225 58 89.334 232 65 89.335 239 66 106.936 246 64 113.637 253 63 96.538 260 66 124,339 267 60 105.140 274 62 94.741 281 51 70.942 288 46 52.043 295 44 55.944 302 44 55.545 309 39 64.446 316 41 57.347 323 38 48.348 330 31 44.049 337 28 46.650 344 23 43.251 351 18 28.052 358 15 25.4

158

E

liS

8

157

a-

L.0

nmcm0

z2

.z

z

Zr

c

!a

2

Sr

S

L;M2M

4400 r

33oo

tIoo;

PRC IMM), NYEARS= 47 (1916-1970]

PASIGHAT ARUNACHAL 2810 9538

DAY OF YEAR

so 1000 sooo C ES

PRECIRTAION [10nm CLASSES)

us

a

I a

17.2 a

1.1

Figure C-04

60

0 MSD= 2 WK OAY UP TOTD1 1 8 7,12 8 14 11.93 15 12 11.54 22 17 14.85 29 20 23.66 36 28 25.97 43 24 19.48 50 26 23.79 57 29 27.2

10 64 29 31.211 71 26 23.512 78 37 38.113 85 32 36.614 92 36 42.315 99 47 57.616 106 44 57.717 113 44 73.218 120 52 93.219 127 48 90.620 134 47 99.621 141 52 109.922 148 48 129.123 155 57 189.424 162 66 185.025 169 74 278.726 176 75 267.827 183 71 264.728 190 74 249.729 197 64 217.830 204 59 164.331 211 65 183.332 218 65 181.333 225 51 139.834 232 51 139.535 239 49 134.136 246 50 138.037 253 54 160.938 260 49 134.239 267 44 92.940 274 42 93.141 281 31 67.942 288 25 36.243 295 19 33.444 302 12 10.645 309 9 9.4

46 316 9 9.047 323 6 4.948 330 6 3.549 337 3 2.350 344 9 7.851 351 4 4.652 358 7 5.1

246

9

8

6;

|

4;

X 3

To

ZZDO

IL"

6 0

I6

I;

LOG PtCCITATN [0.s CLASSES]245

I

uCL

L'.

0

nmmOcrCL

-j

z0

z0uz

2

\

I

vsnwrws _, ,,,, I,,,,-,,_ ,-,,-,,,, _._ __ _ _ .__o_

[

_

._, ......I

34.3

t -

I

hillom ------. . . . . . . . . . � � . . I � � � i

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 79 [1901-1988]

ASSAM 2662 9278 77 MSD= 3

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR


I

DAY OF YEAR

47.4

ti

E.

v

k!


PI I I I I I I I I I I I I I I A I I I S* so 100 HO 2

PRECIPrTATION [lomm CLASSS]

eo U 0a 7S

LOGa RCIMTATMN 1o.5 CLASSS)

Figure C-05

61

TEZPUR WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 2 2.02 8 4 2.93 15 4 1.84 22 7 4.85 29 7 3.96 36 7 5.07 43 8 5.68 50 9 6.19 57 8 5.9

10 64 12 9.211 71 12 8.412 78 18 14.613 85 20 17.014 92 27 25.115 99 37 39.316 106 33 31.917 113 40 43.218 120 52 58.819 127 48 58.120 134 48 56.421 141 46 60.622 148 44 63.223 155 51 69.424 162 56 81.425 169 55 70.926 176 54 69.327 183 53 77.528 190 56 89.929 197 51 66.330 204 51 66.431 211 51 72.932 218 55 81.233 225 48 76.334 232 48 56.635 239 43 62.536 246 45 53.537 253 43 54.438 260 38 50.139 267 31 34.940 274 32 37.141 281 22 28.442 288 16 17.743 295 14 17.144 302 9 8.545 309 6 5.046 316 5 3.547 323 5 3.748 330 4 5.149 337 1 0.650 344 3 1.951 351 3 1.352 358 4 1.8

120

119

---1

u

LI

m0

z2

z0uz

3WOD

2 M

1900

950

IoD

11 --- --...........

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 81 (1901-19931

AGARTALA TRIPURA 2388 9125 16 MSD= 41 00

90

80

70ua.L

° 60

J

m' 50

o

o 40

8 30

3

20

10

5s 188 150


P0ECIMPIAION (10mm CLASSES]


S

31.4

0

leJ

LOG PRECIMlATIO [0.5 CUSSES]

Figure C-06

62

WK DAY UP TOTt 1 2 2.52 8 2 2.23 15 2 0.84 22 3 2.05 29 4 3.46 36 5 6.47 43 7 8.78 50 7 10.29 57 7 10.1

10 64 9 12.011 71 9 12.812 78 13 20.313 85 11 15.914 92 15 21.715 99 21 36.816 106 32 51.717 113 31 53.618 120 35 62.519 127 31 63.920 134 33 57.721 141 40 75.722 148 42 80.323 155 51 101.324 162 58 115.825 169 58 95.126 176 48 62.927 183 51 71.228 190 61 82.729 197 51 67.930204 53 75.131 211 54 70.232 218 55 69.633 225 50 71.434 232 53 64.035 239 49 63.136 246 47 62.737 253 47 50.738 260 41 53.339 267 37 52.540 274 35 55.041 281 25 40.642 288 19 30.943 295 13 20.044 302 11 17.045 309 4 7.346 316 6 9.047 323 3 4.448 330 3 4.849 337 1 0.850 344 2 2.051 351 1 0.752 358 2 2.7

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

--.1.33200 r

. 41.9

u.12400

t;I.Z aFI

4.,DOo

131

Il _ __l _ [ I I I I I I I I

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 72 11902-1981]

CHERRAPUNJI MEGHALAYA 2525 9173 1313 MSD= 4

DAY OF YEAR

20e

18E

161

ct 1 4o

X hlc

121

Ei

z

:i S, 660

4

2

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATIONDAY OF YEAR


o loe to M ee* e· o L o 7.

PRECIPTATION [(0mm CASSES] LOG PRECIPITAIM [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-07

63

80

K DAY UP TOTDI 1 2 1.52 8 4 4.33 15 6 5.24 22 5 6.45 29 8 7.86 36 10 9.87 43 9 10.18 50 12 14.19 57 13 21.1

10 64 18 39.311 71 18 26.412 78 30 56.513 85 33 76.714 92 39 96.815 99 53 144.816 106 59 175.517 113 59 193.318 120 76271.219 127 69 284.220 134 70 313.221 141 72 312.222 148 72 389.423 155 78 595.124 162 86 689.125 169 87 679.626 176 91 725.727 183 93 599.628 190 91 715.029 197 85 494.930 204 88 475.931 211 87 425.232 218 89 493.633 225 82 390.734 232 80 384.635 239 75 313.236 246 71 261.637 253 70 320.938 260 55 189.139 267 49 205.240 274 52 228.641 281 36 127.042 288 22 54.643 295 17 54.544 302 11 28.845 309 6 12.946 316 7 15.347 323 4 10.648 330 3 3.149 337 1 0.850 344 3 2.951 351 2 1.452 358 2 4.5

128

08

V

LI

127

1

cr-

mcrcl

z2

z0uzD

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 74 [1901-1984)

DARJEELING W. BENGA 2705 8827 2129 MSD= 5

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

L.....PRECISYADAN O1mm CLASSES)

3LI

I;

FoIi11

9

LOG PRCCIPAIlON 10.5 CASSES]

Figure C-08

64


2 8 3 4.33 15 4 2.74 22 6 5.65 29 6 4.66 36 9 5,97 43 8 7.48 50 11 8.09 57 7 6.3

10 64 11 9.811 71 11 9.212 78 18 14.713 85 17 16.114 92 18 17.715 99 22 18.916 106 29 26.417 113 32 30.418 120 40 39.519 127 42 41.420 134 42 40.121 141 50 46.222 148 48 52.923 155 56 86.224 162 70 131.925 169 73 143.726 176 80 166.027 183 83 165.828 190 85 179.429 197 82 172,630 204 79 169.031 211 81 150.432 218 83 159.133 225 76 135,034 232 72 121.135 239 67 112.136 246 66 115.737 253 62 114,738 260 53 84.639 267 43 74.540 274 35 66.641 281 19 25.942 288 15 25.443 295 7 8.444 302 6 8.845 309 5 6.646 316 2 2.247 323 3 2.548 330 2 2.649 337 2 1.150 344 2 1.451 351 2 1.052 358 2 1.0

154

AVE SDJAN 18.4 35.1FE8 25.1 21.8MAR 52.0 39.7APR 101.4 63.7MAY 188.5 77.9JUN 525.4 224.8JUL 760.5 168.6AUG 590.7 156.2SEP 420.3 194.3OCT 126.3 150.7NOV 21.1 50.7DEC 4.6 9.6

MED 1/6 5/6JAN 8.4 0 27FEB 17.4 6 46MAR 48.8 10 83APR 90.0 39 163MAY 179.8 122 276JUN 495.4 334 682JUL 768.3 591 906AUG 570.7 432 748SEP 383.8 245 594OCT 78.2 24 205NOV 4.2 0 26DEC 0.5 0 9

EaCPITATION1

7-

LI0

!Z-i

mcm0

z2

z0

z

.-~~--~- _ , --. _.-.- _. .... __" _- _.__[_ . --

4t.lMOO.

Ua50I

1000,

*so .

LfmI

153

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 74 (1901-1984]

W. BENGA 2503 8813 30 MSD= 5

DAY OF YEAR


147

lI.. .......I I I I I I II R I II I I I I I I I

4 O Q e Ino *m

PRECIPITATION [10mm CLASSES]

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

tii r

r

LU 5. M O. 5 CL 7

L0 MP:OIATAON l0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-09

65

MALDA100

90

70

60

=o(>

0-

m

0:Q.

I,

-Jaz

0zo

0

zM

50

40

30

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 2 1.72 8 3 3.13 15 3 3.14 22 4 4.05 29 6 4.56 36 5 2.67 43 5 4.48 50 6 6.49 57 2 2.1

10 64 5 4.711 71 4 2.112 78 5 4.913 85 3 3.814 92 4 4.415 99 7 5.316 106 9 12.017 113 10 9.618 120 13 15.819 127 18 18.220 134 16 24.721 141 19 23.922 148 24 43.823 155 24 35.224 162 38 51.225 169 43 69.626 176 46 73.427 183 47 67.228 190 49 71.029 197 49 71.330 204 46 66.131 211 47 58.132 218 54 67.833 225 47 60.934 232 40 59.935 239 42 66.836 246 41 60.137 253 41 67.938 260 35 56.939 267 32 54.040 274 28 51.541 281 17 29.142 288 12 21.443 295 6 10.244 302 6 8.545 309 3 3.246 316 2 1.847 323 2 2.948 330 2 1.749 337 0 0.150 344 1 1.551 351 1 0.252 358 2 1.02 .0

20

10

156

i

155

2400

1800

UNOO

GoMF

1oIIa Ia

-I3.4

Ja

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 80 (1901-1984]

7 MSD= 6

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

I g.2.1 9

YC

re~

EI 3.

2o 0so oo Oo w O L L M AM4

PRECIPnATION [lm CASSES] LOG PRECTATON (0.5 CSSES] 14

Figure C-10

66

a.LL0

-im<

-I

c

z

z::

I,

E!

5

z

w

-j.

Q

dean _

2400

9 Iwo

INN.- I........ -- l-If I 1 I II I I I I 1I I I IT _- ~ ~ ~~I III

1s

I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= B3 [1901-19841

3 MSD= 6

I0 o s o o 6J s LO 7J u.o

PRECIPITATION [0lmm CLASSES] LOG PRECIPITATIn [O0. CLASSES]

Figure C-ll

67

2500

2100

t;3

35 10

1

;Z

um

CL

-I

m

mC)a:

-jrz2

z

0u

z

M

I:

U;

- -- I..-, - -- l

I

I u

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 78 [1901-1984]

ORISSA 1980 8582


I t

Ifk!

Figure C-12

68

PURI 7 MSD= 7 WK DAY UP TOTO1 3 4.0

2 8 2 1.83 15 2 1.94 22 3 3.75 29 4 5.46 36 4 5.47 43 4 4.98 50 5 5.09 57 3 2.7

10 64 3 3.011 71 3 3.012 78 4 3.513 85 3 2.314 92 2 1.715 99 4 4.4

16 106 4 4.617 113 4 3.218 120 5 7.219 127 9 11.720 134 9 10.521 141 9 13.322 148 14 15.423 155 20 26.324 162 28 43.225 169 32 51.026 176 37 60.227 183 34 68.028 190 39 56.429 197 38 55.930 204 42 73.231 211 41 67.032 218 36 58.333 225 42 68.034 232 38 53.835 239 44 68.036 246 44 69.537 253 43 59.838 260 37 47.239 267 37 46.740 274 33 51.541 281 26 41.542 288 25 42.743 295 16 37.844 302 17 36.745 309 7 16,746 316 9 28.647 323 6 15.248 330 2 2.949 337 1 1.650 344 2 2.151 351 2 2.852 358 1 0.5

6G

5

5

- 4!

4a

_ 3

3

2.

2

o

1:2

o1

II


oe U Lo 7.

LOG PRECUITATIO [0.5 CLASSES] 163

1

u

LL-0

!i

m

am

z

E

z0UzZ)

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 78 11901-1984]

SAMBALPUR ORISSA 2147 8397 148 MSD= 7

DAY OF YEAR

5r

4!

41

-3

0

2

2m

0.

z

1

axw

..VZ!

1


.... .. ...


I.I

10.9

I-I-- I- -I , I I [. I [ I I I I I I I I

PRECIPIATION [10mm CLASSES]

Figure C-13

69

WK DAY UP 70T1 1 2 2.62 8 2 1.53 15 2 3.24 22 3 4.45 29 6 5.96 36 6 5.87 43 6 5.98 50 7 6.59 57 7 4.1

10 64 4 3.611 71 5 5.112 78 5 5.613 85 6 5.214 92 5 2.715 99 5 3.316 106 5 4.117 113 3 2.018 120 4 2.219 127 6 4.220 134 5 5.021 141 6 5.422 148 12 11.023 155 17 21.824 162 31 50.725 169 44 68.226 176 51 94.527 183 57 102.528 190 56 102.329 197 60 100.730 204 66 119.531 211 67 121.432 218 63 106.933 225 61 133.034 232 56 96.635 239 53 84.336 246 51 84.437 253 42 62.938 260 35 45.739 267 23 31.640 274 22 24.841 281 13 11.942 288 10 11.343 295 5 4.844 302 6 6.245 309 3 2.246 316 1 1.247 323 3 2.248 330 3 2.049 337 1 0.550 344 1 0.851 351 1 1.052 358 1 0.4

168

I9

167L00 PRECITATlt O10 [ CLASSES]

u

cr-

r-

ma.

z2

z0

z

---2400 r

mm00

1200I

ooII

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 75 [1901-19811

CHAIBASA BIHAR 2255 8582 226 MSD= 8

DAY OF YEAR

50

45

40

35

38

; 25

z208

In

. 15

le

10


aI

12liI tiI Su

FILO

o P Mc no o noSSS

PRCCIrrTATION tlOmm CLASSES


LOG LCPIECiATOII [0.5 SCLASS

Figure C-14

70

100

90

80

70

crC.L

oLL.0

-,

mcCmoCo

zo1-

zo

zz

50

30

20

AK DAY UP TOTDI 1 4 3.02 8 4 3.73 15 4 3.04 22 6 4.95 29 8 6,56 36 8 8,37 43 9 10.88 50 8 6.19 57 6 4,7

10 64 6 4.411 71 7 7.312 78 6 3.713 85 7 4.914 92 6 5.215 99 8 7.616 106 8 7.717 113 7 5.618 120 12 9.119 127 19 17.820 134 13 11.321 141 16 15.622 148 19 19.223 155 24 25.724 162 34 42.425 169 42 56.226 176 43 57.027 183 50 71.028 190 49 74.229 197 50 66.330 204 55 79.931 211 54 73.132 218 52 61.133 225 50 75.434 232 51 72.935 239 48 62.636 246 48 59.537 253 42 48.738 260 33 40.239 267 31 40.540 274 26 33.741 281 15 16.542 288 13 19.043 295 8 9.444 302 9 9.945 309 3 3.246 316 2 2.847 323 4 5.648 330 2 2.449 337 1 0.450 344 1 1.151 351 2 1.452 358 1 0.4

194

aII193

2Woor·- -1 47.1

1»05I

1300I

s IF

I . I I I I I

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 62 (1902-1970]

BIHAR 2405 8447 1066 MSD= 8

DAY OF YEAR



3E

PRECIPITATIO NI Omm CLASSES]

tlS

'i. ese Is aogI

o.e 1°5.0 cu I

LOG PEtCPITATIGON [O.S CLASSES]

Figure C-15

71

PANKI100

90

80

70u

LL60

I._

mm 50oa.

z 40o

2z

o 30z

20

10

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 2 3.32 8 5 4.23 15 4 2.24 22 10 8.95 29 9 6.96 36 8 6.47 43 6 5.58 50 8 7.89 57 6 3.9

10 64 6 5.011 71 4 2.312 78 4 2.513 85 4 2.114 92 3 2.115 99 3 2.516 106 1 0.917 113 2 1.118 120 3 2.019 127 4 3.820 134 3 2.221 141 4 3.322 148 9 8.623 155 16 15.024 162 22 30.725 169 30 39.726 176 37 52.327 183 44 72.028 190 47 60.929 197 50 78.330 204 53 89.631 211 57 103.832 218 58 84.033 225 50 82.534 232 48 69.435 239 47 68.636 246 44 62.837 253 36 50.038 260 26 32.439 267 22 29.140 274 22 19.941 281 10 11.442 288 8 10.243 295 5 5.144 302 4 4.345 309 3 5.4146 316 2 1.947 323 2 4.748 330 2 1.049 337 0 0.150 344 1 0.751 351 2 1.452 358 2 1.9

192

I

191

U;

.c0

LU

2IC

L;

·- .14.7

35.7

700 I.Stwoo

13.g

9.3

25

goo o0

75 4.6450

I

o.- I . . .

PRC (MM)I NYEARS= 63 [1901-19811

BIHAR 2492 8418 108 MSD= 9DEHRI


34.8

23.2 1

.E8

n.6

T I ON . . . . . .. .. .* . . .Po C o "o 2O *

PRlCI TTATION [10mm ClSSE S]


&. M *.o 1.

LOG PECITATION [O.S CLASSES]

Figure C-16

72

K 050 UP TOTOWK DAY UP TOTO1 1 4 3.72 B 3 2.73 15 5 2.34 22 8 7.35 29 7 5.36 36 7 6.37 43 5 3.38 50 7 6.39 57 3 2.0

10 64 4 3.611 71 4 3.712 78 5 2.513 85 4 2.114 92 3 2.715 99 2 1.416 106 2 1.217 113 2 1.018 120 3 1.719 127 6 5,120 134 2 1.521 141 3 2.122 148 5 5.723 155 12 20.624 162 22 29.425 169 23 31.526 176 36 57.827 183 42 54.328 190 42 72,129 197 48 72.130 204 47 65.131 211 50 72.132 218 53 91.433 225 47 73.134 232 41 60.535 239 45 71.436 246 40 59.837 253 37 68.038 260 27 41.139 267 21 32.740 274 20 25.141 281 8 8.542 288 6 7.543 295 3 2.344 302 3 3.645 309 2 2.546 316 2 2.447 323 2 3.448 330 1 0.349 337 1 0.750 344 1 0.551 351 1 1.052 358 3 1.8

I

187

1

a:

L-

.2

cr-

z0

zD

-Z

w

etCL

z

nL',x

-i

---1oor

1200I

oo i-

400I

y!Fo

II-~

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 71 [1901-19811

MOTIHARI BIHAR 2667 8492 66 MSD= 9

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR


I

S

I.,1.


[. I

4 1

P ON 1 -CASS

PRtCIPrIATN [1Omm CASSES

L0 U eo 7

LOG PR[CIIATOM [1°. CLASSES]

Figure C-17

73

WK DAY UP TOM1 1 3 2.22 8 4 2.93 15 4 2.74 22 4 3.55 29 5 3.86 36 4 3.47 43 5 4.78 50 5 3.89 57 2 1.5

10 64 4 3.111 71 2 2.012 78 4 3.513 85 4 3.414 92 2 1.115 99 4 3.316 106 7 6.417 113 6 8.018 120 7 7.719 127 11 13.820 134 10 12.221 141 12 13.022 148 20 25.623 155 22 28.124 162 25 40.325 169 34 58.026 176 38 71.627 183 43 82.928 190 46 86.729 197 49 98.130 204 41 69.531 211 43 82.632 218 44 BO.033 225 43 67.734 232 42 66.135 239 33 57.436 246 33 61.837 253 39 57.238 260 26 53.139 267 18 32.340 274 20 35.241 281 7 10.042 288 6 9.743 295 3 3.744 302 2 2.845 309 2 1.946 316 1 1.547 323 1 0.448 330 1 0.349 337 0 0.350 344 0 0.451 351 1 1.152 358 2 1.9

190

35

30

25

15

189

I

u

LL0

,

cca-

-i

z0

zM

-C

w

rr

(L

178

13.4

I I% E9i

4.5

,On

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 78 [1901-1983]

BAHRAICH U.P. 2757 8160 125 MSD=10

PRrCIPIrATION (10mm CLASSES]

I86W6

LOG MRCCIPIAIION [0.5 CLASSES)

Figure C-18

74


2 8 4 4.43 15 5 5.04 22 7 6.75 29 8 5.06 36 7 5.17 43 5 4.88 50 6 4.29 57 3 2.3

10 64 5 4.611 71 3 1.712 78 4 2.513 85 4 2.214 92 2 1.115 99 2 1.716 106 2 1.917 113 3 2.018 120 3 2.319 127 8 6.820 134 5 5.621 141 6 7.822 148 11 14.023 155 15 16.924 162 18 27.025 169 24 49.026 176 29 57.627 183 38 64.828 190 40 69.929 197 44 90.530 204 40 75.631 211 45 82.732 218 44 75.733 225 39 61.234 232 40 68.035 239 34 61.036 246 34 68.837 253 32 69.338 260 21 40.239 267 17 30.840 274 14 29.841 281 8 17.142 288 5 6.643 295 2 3.044 302 2 4.445 309 2 1.146 316 1 1.847 323 1 1.048 330 1 0.449 337 1 1.650 344 2 1.051 351 2 1.752 358 4 3.0

207

1

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PRC (MM). NYEARS= 73 11901-19781

VARANASI U.P. 2530 8302 75 MSD=10 WK DAY UP TOT1 5 3.12 8 3 2.13 15 7 6.24 22 8 7.05 29 7 5.46 36 7 6.37 43 5 3.88 50 8 6.29 57 3 2.4

10 64 4 3.211 71 4 2.912 78 3 1.713 85 3 2.714 92 2 1.315 99 2 1.916 106 1 0.617 113 1 0.918 120 2 2.519 127 6 4.020 134 2 2.321 141 3 2.622 148 4 3.923 155 9 10.824 162 15 16.925 169 21 23.226 176 30 41.627 183 39 56.528 190 43 72.929 197 49 79.530 204 45 67.231 211 46 67.432 218 56 88.533 225 46 66.434 232 45 60.335 239 39 60.936 246 39 61.637 253 36 66.538 260 27 40.939 267 22 31.040 274 18 30.241 281 6 6.942 288 5 7.843 295 1 1.344 302 2 3.045 309 2 3.346 316 2 3.147 323 2 1.848 330 1 0.749 337 1 1.150 344 0 0.351 351 2 2.352 358 3 1.5

0DA OF YEARDISTRIBUTION Of WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

PE [100 o CSS

PRECIfTATION [10mm CASSES]

47.6

35.7

ti

. E

o PCcno [o.s C 7SS]LOG PR£CIMITATIOM [0.5 CU.ASSES]

Figure C-19

75

t85

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IA.0

re

269

I

I

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-i

m

I-C

z

z0uz:3

-- ..

18.0

13.5

tOo

4.5450

10,

L.~~~~~~~~~~~~~~~

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 78 [1901-19831

U.P. 2717 7803 171 MSD=11

DAY OF YEAR

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

I2LG

LOU P LO CIPITAIO .

LOG MC¢IPITATON [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-20

76

AGRA100

90

B0

- 70ua.

60

,_mm 50

J

Z 400

r

oz3

Z 30:3

20

10

1W DAY UP TOTD1 1 6 3.62 8 3 3.33 15 4 3.24 22 5 3.25 29 5 3.96 36 2 2.17 43 5 4.38 50 4 2.79 57 3 1.210 64 3 2.911 71 4 2.812 78 3 2.113 85 3 1.914 92 3 1.515 99 2 1.416 106 2 1.717 113 1 1.118 120 2 0.919 127 4 2.820 134 3 2.021 141 5 3.422 148 4 2.923 155 7 5.224 162 7 8.025 169 13 14.526 176 19 34.627 183 27 31.828 190 32 44.629 197 38 54.630 204 40 51.631 211 42 59.332 218 41 64.633 225 35 58.834 232 31 44.535 239 35 48.136 246 26 35.437 253 22 37.538 260 15 26.339 267 12 20.140 274 7 10.541 281 4 6.342 289 2 2.243 295 1 2.144 302 1 1.145 309 2 1.846 316 1 1.547 323 1 0.948 330 2 0.849 337 1 1.050 344 1 1.251 351 2 1.852 358 2 1.1

u8. am

E

RE P ITA ION I- I i I I I i iLso IO so 2go0

PRECIPITATION [O1mm CLASSES] 197

_ .t -Iu. a

¼.O.4.0

100Ir

1200

re9

400 I4.7

1.~~~~~~~~.

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 72 [1901-1983]

U.P. . 2985 7788 276 MSD=11

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 8 8.22 B 10 8.23 15 9 9.84 22 10 10.25 29 11 12.9b 36 8 8.07 43 9 10.28 50 8 10.19 57 7 8.0

10 64 8 8.111 71 6 5.61278 7 4413 85 4 4.514 92 5 3.015 99 3 2.816 106 5 3.517 113 4 2.918 120 3 1.719 127 7 4.520 134 7 4.821 141 3 2.822 148 9 8.023 155 11 13.224 162 14 17.425 169 18 27.826 176 28 48.027 183 31 51,228 190 40 71.729 197 43 88.030 204 45 82.331 211 45 79.232 218 45 87.233 225 41 73.534 232 36 61.335 239 30 54.336 246 24 39.337 253 24 48.538 260 14 27.039 267 15 38.340 274 8 15.641 281 4 8.842 288 3 3.743 295 2 2.844 302 2 1.845 309 1 0.546 316 1 0.847 323 1 1.448 330 1 0.949 337 1 1.950 344 4 3.651 351 5 4.052 358 6 5.8

OAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

IaBIf

LOG PRECIArrt [0.5 CLASSES] 195

Figure C-21

77

ROORKEE

oe T o E eA EPKcPrTnATi [10mm CLASSES)

!I

.-.U(r0.L.,0

-i

mc

a-

z2

z0z

c

w

CL

z

(20

09

1600

45.2

".3

11.1

I3.1

4.S

11 0 - - -

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 65 [1901-1968]

JOSHIMATH U.P. 3055 7958 790 MSD=12

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

50 100 158


50 300 350


4M~

t;

rtu~

130

0 T O nO0 o .·

PRMCIMTATION [lOmm CLASSES]

04 U LO 7.P

LOG MtEClPITATON [O.s SSES]

Figure C-22

78

o.

LL.0

_1

mm

--

o

a2

J

0

zo

.)z

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 11 14.12 8 16 16.83 15 13 13.54 22 18 16.85 29 20 23.46 36 18 17.77 43 20 18.58 50 19 20.49 57 20 20.2

10 64 21 23.411 71 20 19.512 78 20 23.613 85 19 16.514 92 17 15.415 99 15 12.616 106 15 11.717 113 11 8.118 120 11 6.519 127 16 11.120 134 11 7.121 141 11 5.622 148 10 6.123 155 16 10.524 162 25 18.625 169 30 25.626 176 36 29.727 183 44 35.128 190 50 36.929 197 49 42.430 204 56 47.631 211 56 49.532 218 57 48.233 225 55 39.334 232 50 36.735 239 42 30.636 246 38 27.137 253 31 20.938 260 22 16.339 267 22 28.540 274 13 12.541 281 7 8.942 288 7 8.543 295 4 2.644 302 6 4.545 309 3 2.046 316 3 3.447 323 2 3.448 330 4 2.649 337 4 2.850 344 7 7.251 351 7 7.652 358 8 7.0

209

3O0Or

220I

1500

750 I

Lfm

IiI...................

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 66 [1901-19681THAKURDWARA U.P. 2920 7887 243 MSD=12

50 100 150 200 250 300 350


PrcciprIAniON [l011m CO.ASSES]


05.

i t;

a ,E

11.

LOG PICPIATION [O.S C.SES]

Figure C-23

79

100

90

80

-

- 70

o

° 60I

_

oS 50

z 40

o

20

10

I 30

20

10

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 5 4.52 8 7 6,63 15 8 8.54 22 8 8.75 29 10 9.76 36 8 9.17 43 8 8.18 50 8 8.19 57 4 3.7

10 64 5 4.711 71 4 2.512 78 4 2.413 85 5 3.614 92 3 2.015 99 2 1.516 106 3 3.017 113 2 1.618 120 2 2.019 127 7 4.420 134 5 3.821 141 3 2.122 148 7 5.423 155 9 18.324 162 i2 15.225 169 22 43.026 176 26 52.827 183 33 59.428 190 38 77.629 197 42 77.930 204 42 78.931 211 48 80.932 218 43 71.833 225 41 76.234 232 37 76.935 239 33 55.436 246 29 48.637 253 29 51.738 260 18 36.239 267 16 36.340 274 10 26.541 281 4 13.042 288 4 7.443 295 3 3.344 302 1 0.845 309 1 0.946 316 2 1.047 323 1 1.148 330 2 0.849 337 2 0.950 344 4 2.951 351 3 4.352 358 4 2.5

I

205

I

* _w~ocr

1050F

700

w5

LIa

. . . I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 71 [1901-19761

HARYANA 3038 7677 272 MSD=13

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATIONOAY OF YEAR

Uti

I

U.6

Po t oo w (107a. C.LPR A 0 ,00 CLo s

Pfi'C[PrTATION [1!mm CLASSES]


L1EPAI (0.5 CLASSE) 1

eo u -r1 I .e

LOG PRmCIPTATmN [0.5 CASSS)]

Figure C-24

80

AMBALA1e

:

Q.

. ,

mm c

Q:

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 8 7.72 8 10 7.53 15 8 11.04 22 7 7.45 29 13 14.86 36 8 7.07 43 9 9.28 50 11 14.69 57 7 6.3

10 64 6 7.811 71 6 5,712 78 8 6.813 85 4 3.414 92 6 5.515 99 4 1.916 106 4 3.217 113 2 1.218 120 3 1.719 127 8 6.120 134 5 5.021 141 3 3.522 148 6 6.223 155 12 13.824 162 11 14.825 169 15 16.026 176 20 29.527 183 27 39.028 190 35 62.529 197 39 62.130 204 38 64.931 211 38 67.732 218 34 56.833 225 34 56.434 232 27 43.335 239 25 32.036 246 21 43.337 253 23 47.238 260 11 24.839 267 14 28.340 274 6 14.741 281 3 5.942 288 3 2.643 295 2 3.544 302 1 1.245 309 1 0.746 316 2 1.247 323 1 0.948 330 2 2.849 337 2 1.650 344 6 4.751 351 5 3.852 358 4 4.3

!

-o=-

o

zD

4

3

1

1400

IONo

520 17.2

12.130

700 2I0 IL

4.3

. INN.. - -I I . . . . . . . . I I I I I I I I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 87 [1901-19931NEW DELHI/SAF UNION T. 2858 7720 214 MSD=13

DAY OF YEAR

1 B.

b

254

RI KIPAII [¶ I 01.38 CLASSES

PRECIPITATION [10mm CLASSES) LOG PI3CY TATI0 10.2 CLASSCS)

Figure C-25

81


2 8 5 4.83 15 6 4,84 22 5 4.15 29 7 6.46 36 4 3.77 43 7 6.48 50 6 5.79 57 4 3.5

10 64 5 4.711 71 5 2.712 78 4 2.613 85 3 2.514 92 4 2.215 99 4 1.916 106 2 2.417 113 3 2.218 120 3 2.619 127 6 4.220 134 3 2.221 141 5 3.722 14B 5 3.823 155 9 6.624 162 12 12.325 169 15 17.726 176 16 26.927 183 24 29.728 190 29 41.529 197 32 53.730 204 34 50.231 211 34 61.632 218 34 47.433 225 29 38.534 232 30 41.435 239 25 41.136 246 21 37.537 253 20 33.838 260 13 26.739 267 12 23.640 274 6 11.441 281 4 5.042 288 2 2.443 295 2 1.544 302 1 0.945 309 1 0.546 316 1 0.647 323 1 1.448 330 1 0.349 337 2 2.650 344 4 2.151 351 3 2.052 358 3 1.8

2

riLIle

I

ua:

Ll-

m0

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2

zuz

_. ... .... ., .. ..._ _o

----IwBr---.9

1200F

SooI

400

WA

.... I

PRC (MM)I NYEARS= 70 [1901-1970]

FEROZEPUR SAD PUNJAB 3088 7458 197 MSD=14


tiJ6

A

ILI

o I00 W 200 o



Loo MCITA0N 0.5 C ASStLM rnEtruATION 10.5 CuSSEs]

Figure C-26

82


2 8 7 5.43 15 7 5.74 22 4 2.65 29 7 6.06 36 5 2.57 43 7 5.88 50 7 5.69 57 5 4.6

10 64 5 3.911 71 6 5.612 78 7 5.113 85 4 3.014 92 4 2.615 99 3 2.216 106 3 3.217 113 2 1.718 120 1 1.019 127 5 3.420 134 4 3.021 141 4 2.522 148 2 1.923 155 7 6.724 162 7 6.325 169 7 8.426 176 11 13.027 183 13 14.828 190 19 33.429 197 21 33.830 204 21 36.131 211 16 26.232 218 20 26.733 225 16 27.234 232 17 26.335 239 13 23.336 246 10 20.337 253 11 17.238 260 7 12.739 267 4 7.740 274 2 3.141 281 2 1.342 288 3 1.443 295 2 1.944 302 1 0.445 309 1 0.946 316 1 0.647 323 0 0.948 330 1 1.249 337 2 1.550 344 4 3.751 351 4 2.852 358 2 1.9

VI

IiI

l

ua.

LL.0

co

a--i

z2

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591.I1 ~)l.

440 .

220I

yrBe

5

0 -

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 70 [1901-1970]

HOSHIARPUR PUNJAB 3153 7592 0 MSD=14

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

W( DAY UP TOTD1 9 8.6

2 8 10 11.03 15 9 7.64 22 10 10.85 29 11 11.26 36 10 11.07 43 9 8.28 50 10 10.69 57 8 8.2

10 64 9 9.511 71 9 8.412 78 9 8.813 85 6 3.714 92 7 13.415 99 7 4.016 106 4 3.217 113 3 1.518 120 3 2.019 127 5 3.420 134 6 4.321 141 4 3.822 148 6 4.123 155 9 9.324 162 8 9.925 169 14 15.126 176 20 29.827 183 26 45.628 190 33 56.429 197 36 68.930 204 38 65.131 211 37 72.232 218 32 58.933 225 31 51.034 232 31 57.335 239 22 36.936 246 21 32.937 253 20 38.238 260 11 21.439 267 8 21.340 274 5 24.841 281 2 5.842 288 3 2.843 295 3 4.144 302 2 2.045 309 2 1.646 316 1 0.647 323 2 1.948 330 2 2.449 337 3 2.750 344 6 5.851 351 7 7.252 358 6 4.6


47.2 U r 1

23.4 S 21 -0

sM o e l e * L, s J ~ ZPRECPrTATION [lOmm CLASSES] LOG PIRC01TATION [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-27

83

100

90

80

70

a:Q.

60

m 50| .aQ

z 40

2

0z

2u 30

10

0

17.5

U.1

4.6

0

I

.

1400

105(

700

350

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 67 [1901-1969]

PALAMPUR HIMACHAL 3213 7653 1217 MSD=15

DAY OF YEAR


11,._0 r 100 0 00 *.

PRECMItTTION [10mm CL.ASSS]

2a.4

I h

lI0.

0.0 L I .IA 7J.

LOG PRECITATION [0.5 C.SSES]

Figure C-28

84

10

9

8

7uaca.

I-_.

m 5o0a.aJ

-

3z

AK DAY UP TOTD1 1 15 20.82 8 20 25.73 15 19 23.54 22 21 27.45 29 26 33.96 36 21 24.37 43 22 24,98 50 20 26.59 57 18 21.8

10 64 19 21.911 71 17 23.312 78 23 28.913 85 18 16.314 92 18 17.815 99 16 14.416 106 13 11.417 113 11 8.718 120 11 10.019 127 16 13.520 134 16 19.221 141 11 8.522 148 15 15.123 155 23 27.524 162 24 30.425 169 28 41.826 176 38 74.727 183 51 105.928 190 66175.729 197 75 195.230 204 76 218.331 211 77 199.232 218 79 230.933 225 77 225.034 232 66 172.735 239 61 128.136 246 50 102.737253 43 71.038 260 26 37.439 267 21 32.540 274 14 21.741 281 8 10.042 288 6 5.543 295 7 7.944 302 4 4.745 309 3 3.446 316 3 3.947 323 3 3.448 330 3 5.149 337 6 6.550 344 11 16.751 351 11 13.952 358 15 13.6

108

I9a0

107

I

1

g.c0I-

rI2

£5x

-j§0

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2400r_ I7 a3r.9

M0DF

1200

(00

I".:

PRC IMM). NYEARS= 70 [1901-19701HIMACHAL 3110 7717 2201 MSD=15

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR


48.4 1200 1.4

t4

0o so lo o a so * ngo L L0 7. 0PRECIPITATION [10mm CLASSES) LOG MECIPITATON 10.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-29

85

SIMLA WK DAY UP TOTD1 13 12.82 8 15 13.23 15 18 16.84 22 16 14.25 29 20 19.06 36 18 15.77 43 20 14.58 50 18 17.49 57 16 11.7

10 64 16 13.811 71 16 13.312 78 19 17.913 85 15 12.014 92 17 12.815 99 15 10.116 106 14 10,117 113 10 7.418 120 11 8.019 127 20 15.020 134 17 16.421 141 16 11.922 148 17 16.123 155 22 21.024 162 30 28.725 169 38 44.726 176 43 55.827 183 54 70.828 190 63 96.229 197 67 109.030 204 67 99.331 211 71 95.732 218 65 95.933 225 67 103.234 232 60 83.635 239 52 65.936 246 43 55.837 253 41 55.138 260 25 32.339 267 18 27.840 274 14 18.541 281 8 9.542 288 5 4.343 295 6 6.844 302 5 3.045 309 2 2.246 316 4 2.747 323 2 2.048 330 4 2.949 337 4 3.750 344 8 6.751 351 9 6.852 358 10 6.5

114

I

113

ua:

LI

t:

cr

mOEra.

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z0uz

I,

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cr

zc

rwJ.

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3000

Ina

1500

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PRC (MM). NYEARS= 43 11901-19441

J AND K 3592 7438 1492 MSD=16

DAY OF YEAR

UK DAY UP TOTO1 1 3 2.02 4 1.63 15 3 1.34 22 3 1.75 29 4 2.46 36 1 0.97 43 3 2.18 50 3 1.79 57 4 2.6

10 64 6 4.811 71 6 3.912 78 6 4.013 85 7 6.914 92 7 3.715 99 8 5.116 106 9 7.117 113 12 7.418 120 8 4.419 127 8 4.420 134 9 5.121 141 10 5.922 148 6 3.023 155 4 2.524 162 4 2.025 169 5 2.426 176 6 1.727 183 4 2.628 190 2 1.629 197 4 1.830 204 6 2.931 211 5 2.232 218 7. 3.533 225 6 3.334 232 5 2.635 239 5 5.136 246 4 2.637 253 4 2.938 260 5 1.839 267 3 1.140 274 3 2.241 281 3 1.542 288 2 1.543 295 2 0.944 302 3 1.045 309 1 0.346 316 0 0.247 323 0 0.348 330 0 0.049 337 1 0.450 344 1 0.951 351 2 1.052 358 0.6

220

50 386 350


63.2 240

6. 4 6aO V

26 I

-.. 260 . U 7. ..

PRECIPoAToN [1omm CuSSES] tOG PRECPITATO [O.S CLASStS]

Figure C-30

86

GILGIT

50 I

wI0

219

219

1

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17.7

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420 120 I

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PRC (MM). NYEARS= 65 11901-1969]

REASI

I .

I9I'I

PRECIPITATION [10mm CLeASSES] LOG PRC[IPTATION [O.S C 2SS]21

Figure C-31

87

1400

1050

t;

; 70a:

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17J

r I I I I I I I I I 1 -1 I I IO so No no ~ W

PRC (HM), NYEARS= 82 [1901-1993]

SRINAGAR J AND K 3408 7483 1585 MSD=16

50 100 150 200

DAY OF YEAR

250 308 350

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 15 10.12 8 18 12.83 15 16 12.64 22 21 17.85 29 23 19.96 36 16 13.67 43 21 18.88 50 21 18.79 57 25 20.0

10 64 24 22.311 71 24 24.412 78 28 26.813 85 25 21.414 92 29 24.115 99 25 22.216 106 23 17.217 113 28 22.518 120 20 15.319 127 22 18.320 134 19 15.721 141 17 13.522 148 13 8.323 155 11 8.324 162 14 10.125 169 10 6.826 176 11 7.027 183 14 10.828 190 13 9.429 197 16 15,330 204 19 13.031 211 19 18.132 218 18 14.833 225 17 14.634 232 14 12.035 239 15 15.036 246 11 7.337 253 12 11.138 260 9 6.339 267 8 7.340 274 8 6.541 281 8 7.342 288 8 7.643 295 7 7.344 302 7' 5.945 309 5 3.746 316 5 3.847 323 4 4.048 330 4 3.749 337 4 4.050 344 13 12.651 351 12 7.952 358 14 12.9

218

48.7 m0 - 1».5

3LS 8 00 -13.0

1.2 . _ .8

. .. ILI a.,,1 ....

PREC.J7AToN (10mm CLASSES) LOG 73ECWP1ATW0 [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-32

88

A-

6i

5

._

J

z 4

m

o

zo

3

z

EE i

I

I

217

I

s

2

-C

w

E

z

w0I

-.-- _ .- _ _ _. ___ ,

.

_

3000

2230

iow

750o

) r -1 94.9 120~~~~~~~~~~~110 r 2.

I

I -

I

I -

I II., ,0---

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 65 11906-1970]

ANUPGARH RAJASTHAN 2920 7323 161 MSD=17


PRECIPITATION 110oo CLASSES)

DAY OF YEAR

37.l

1 j

1 i

12.9


CA Li (5 A

LOC F-KCV4TAtON JCLS0 ASSCS

Figure C-33

89

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 2 0.92 8 2 0.53 15 2 1.54 22 2 0.65 29 2 1.36 36 2 2.97 43 2 1.68 50 2 1.69 57 2 1.4

10 64 2 2.711 71 2 2.612 78 2 0.913 85 1 1.414 92 2 1.315 99 2 1.016 106 2 0.917 113 1 0.418 120 1 0.319 127 3 1.720 134 2 1.221 141 2 1.622 148 2 1.123 155 2 2.224 162 4 4.325 169 4 3.826 176 5 6.127 183 9 10.628 190 8 12.529 197 11 12.230 204 12 13.531 211 10 11.132 218 8 14.733 225 8 9.334 232 11 18.135 239 10 14.936 246 8 11.037 253 4 6.838 260 3 4.739 267 1 1.340 274 1 2.641 281 0 0.342 288 0 0.043 295 1 0.444 302 0 0.045 309 0 0.046 316 0 0.047 323 0 0.648 330 0 0.149 337 1 0.350 344 1 1.351 351 1 0.952 358 1 1.1

K85910

247

I

1

u

LL.0

cc

m

a.

z2

z0uz

Z;.c

w

a

25

z

0w

-K0

AD r-_- v

~IQ.4

285I

0oo

.- ....

PRC IMM), NYEARS= 69 [1901-19701

JAISALMER RAJASTHAN 2692 7092 292 MSD=17

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

41.1

3E

I;

ifVW7

PRECWTAION (IsOo" CLASSES]

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1 0.22 8 2 0.73 15 1 0.54 22 1 0.85 29 2 1.46 36 1 0.77 43 1 0.8B 50 3 2.69 57 1 0.6

10 64 2 0.911 71 1 0.512 78 2 1.413 85 1 0.814 92 1 0.415 99 1 0.916 106 1 0.517 113 1 0.518 120 1 0.619 127 1 0.920 134 3 1.621 141 3 1.922 148 3 2.923 155 2 1.624 162 3 3.125 169 3 2.526 176 6 6.727 183 10 12.228 190 9 12,229 197 11 13,130 204 14 15.431 211 12 12.132 218 11 15.833 225 10 13.934 232 13 18.035 239 13 17.036 246 7 7.737 253 5 7.338 260 2 1.939267 3 1.940 274 1 0.641 281 0 0.342 288 0 0.043 295 0 0.444 302 0 0.045 309 0 0.146 316 1 0.947 323 0 0.048 330 0 0.549 337 0 0.050 344 1 0.451 351 1 0.752 358 1 0.5

278

LOG PmClPTATION [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-34

90

100

90

80

70uaL,

O60

_.

mm 50

0co.L

z 40

1z0. 30z

20

10

0

345

t;.11

= 13or

277

Z;0

rcF

6

crIx

2

-. __- I _ ..-, -.

_.._

__440 r-- -S4.1

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 70 [1901-19701

I9

PRECPTATION [10mm CLASSS) LOG PRECIPITATIQO (0. CLASSES

Figure C-35

91

r)

700

05

IO

1

u

LI

m

m0

z0

z

zD

Lii

ol

z

_. -.. __. . ..... _. __ 411-1 - I "I- -- Ili-

.. ^^ _~~~~~~~~~~~ .1

r I

lomm. ,

td

nj

I I I I I I I I I I I i I I I

0 so m so M

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 87 [1901-1993]

RAJASTHAN 2682 7580 390 MSD=18


so Ano0oo o C AS E

PRECWNITAnoN 110mm CLASSCS)

5LI

39.4

I tz

26 8'RC,

OAJ UL 7 1

LOG PRtCIlfTATON [(0.5 CASSCS]

Figure C-36

92

JAIPUR100

90

80

60

50

40

30

20

10

WK DAY UP TOT1 1 2 2.02 8 3 2.83 15 2 2.04 22 2 1.75 29 4 2.96 36 2 0.87 43 4 2.88 50 4 3.39 57 3 2.2

10 64 2 1.311 71 2 1.912 78 3 1.613 85 3 1.514 92 1.015 99 2 1.916 106 2 1.717 113 2 1.218 120 2 1.819 127 5 3.120 134 5 3.421 141 5 3.722 148 5 5.423 155 8 6.024 162 12 12.725 169 11 11.426 176 19 21.527 183 24 28.928 190 32 42.629 197 38 58.330 204 37 56.131 211 34 46.932 218 38 51.633 225 32 47.234 232 34 48.035 239 32 42.936 246 23 24.537 253 18 21.938 260 13 13.839 267 8 11.640 274 6 8.141 281 3 3.742 288 2 3.143 295 1 2.344 302 2 2.045 309 1 0.846 316 2 0.947 323 1 0.648 330 2 1,049 337 2 1.050 344 2 2.251 351 2 1.352 358 1 0.5

8

133

0

;Z

ucra-L-

-imc

-i

z0

0

z:D

-- _16Kgr

t20o

gooI

400

yt MJ

. I I I I I I . I . I I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 69 [1901-19701

M.P. 2203 7488

50 10 1508 20BB 250 3BB 350DAY OF YEAR

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

88

Idok!

-4.5 u

PCIPITATN 10mm CASSES]

Figure C-37

93

LOG PRECIPITATION 10.5 CASSES

BARWANI 0 MSD=19 WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 2 2.62 8 1 0.63 15 1 0.74 22 1 0.55 29 1 0.46 36 0 0.17 43 1 0.28 50 1 0.69 57 1 1.3

10 64 1 0.911 71 1 0.312 78 1 0.613 85 1 1.014 92 0 0.215 99 1 0.416 106 1 0.817 113 1 0.618 120 0 0.319 127 2 1.520 134 3 2.421 141 1 0.822 148 6 4.923 155 13 13.924 162 24 35.425 169 24 32.826 176 34 40.527 183 42 48.028 190 36 38.529 197 40 42.030 204 42 39.831 211 39 31.632 218 29 26.533 225 32 28.134 232 30 31.935 239 30 34.836 246 28 44.537 253 26 35.738 260 20 28.439 267 16 17.340 274 12, 13.341 281 6 11.642 288 4 5.743 295 2 1.244 302 2 3.145 309 3 5.646 316 2 3.447 323 2 2.948 330 2 1.949 337 1 0.550 344 2 1.451 351 1 1.352 358 0 0.350 100 150 200 250 300 350

1600

= oo

I

SiISI

211

;Zum(LL..

0

I

cr.

z:2

z0uz

- I I I I I I I I I I I IO so w no no .a

Li

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 78 [1901-1983)

M.P. 2507 7945 230 MSD=19

50 100 150 200 250 300 350DAY OF YEAR

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 4 2.92 B 5 3.03 15 6 5.74 22 7 6.85 29 7 5.36 36 3 2.27 43 5 3.28 50 4 4.99 57 4 2.910 64 3 1.811 71 2 1.612 78 2 1.313 85 2 1.214 92 2 0.815 99 2 1.216 106 1 0.917 113 1 1.018 120 1 0.719 127 2 1.520 134 3 2.021 141 3 2.022 148 7 4.323 155 8 9.024 162 14 14.825 169 22 28.426 176 29 44.927 183 39 66.728 190 42 65.929 197 50 88.630 204 51 87.531 211 50 78.232 218 53 103.133 225 46' 82.334 232 44 69.735 239 39 57.736 246 37 57.637 253 27 44.038 260 19 25.139 267 17 26.540 274 11 13.041 281 7 8.742 288 3 3.943 295 2 1.644 302 2 2.745 309 3 4.746 316 3 3.647 323 2 1.848 330 2 2.349 337 2 1.250 344 2 1.151 351 2 1.452 358 3 3.1

214


-4.2

I b

§ D

. 32

a ,9~

PEtCIPOATION [lDmm CuAES]

Figure C-38

94

LOG PECIPITATI [o0.5 LASSES]

NOWGONG100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

IB T

,;7

ua-LA-O

m

0

-j

z0

z0L.zD

U;

w

a

ucxz0.

xw0"

I17.0

LSt

II

9

4.2

213

isoo

too

I i I I I I I I -- 1 1 T -F T

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 88 (1901-1993]

M P 2123 8165 296 MSD=20


Ii

DAY OF YEAR

t(

v E


I8

I I I I I I I rrP I I I I I LAISa so WC o we *0

CPR£CIATION [10mm CLASSES] LOG PECIMATlO [10.5 CUASSES]

Figure C-39

95

RAIPUR100

90

80

70

o

a.LL

m 500:a.

z 40

o

8 30zD

20

10

K DAY UP TOTD1 1 3 2.32 8 3 1.93 15 3 2.24 22 4 3.45 29 5 4.76 36 6 5.27 43 6 4.88 50 6 5.89 57 6 4.9

10 64 3 2.511 71 5 4.612 78 6 5.313 85 6 4.914 92 6 3.215 99 6 3.616 106 5 4.317 113 4 2.618 120 7 5.419 127 6 4.320 134 7 5.721 141 5 3.222 148 10 8.823 155 16 17.624 162 28 52.325 169 41 62.426 176 47 80.327 183 49 87.328 190 50 83.129 197 48 69.130 204 54 87.031 211 54 97.132 218 52 81.133 225 49 80.934 232 48 73.635 239 44 75.536 246 44 64.337 253 38 62.238 260 27 46.639 267 22 30.540 274 19 23.441 281 11 11.142 288 9 10.343 295 5 4.844 302 6 5.745 309 2 2.546 316 1 1.447 323 3 2.248330 2 2.649 337 1 0.650 344 1 0.851 351 1 0.652 358 1 1.2

159

I

47.t

1)50 I

.. .... I

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 78 [1901-19831

AHMEDABAD AER GUJARAT 2307 7263 56 MSD=2110

9

B

7uc:a.>-

- 6

J

mm 5a:0nrn

z 40

I 3z3


L .. ..P so T O 1 0 o 00

PRECTATION [1Omm CLASSES]

DAY OF YEAR

36.4

il12.1


LU P C AO 7

LOG PFRECIATION [O.5 CuAES]

Figure C-40

96

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 0 0.52 8 1 0.33 15 1 0.84 22 1 0.45 29 1 0.66 36 0 0.17 43 0.38 50 0 0.29 57 1 0.5

10 64 1 0.311 71 1 0.412 78 0 0.313 85 0 0.114 92 1 0.415 99 0 0.116 106 1 0.517 113 1 0.718 120 1 0.819 127 2 3.320 134 3 2.221 141 2 1.322 148 5 6.523 155 8 10.524 162 12 14.825 169 18 26.226 176 29 44.927 183 39 69.628 190 41 66.329 197 38 57.630 204 45 99.931 211 44 62.532 218 40 55.533 225 34 48.134 232 33 38.735 239 31 51.936 246 25 47.737 253 21 36.838 260 15 25.439 267 9 11.540 274 4 5.241 281 4 4.042 288 1 0.443 295 1 1.144 302 1 0.545 309 1 1.546 316 2 1.747 323 3 3.148 330 1 1.349 337 0 0.250 344 0 0.251 351 1 0.752 358 0 0.0

r

139

1

"'n14w r

10SOF

700 I

O50

IIT,i . .i i i i . i I i 1 I . i I . . i

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 87 (1901-19931

SURAT

I21

s o IO W, o m0 0.0 U *.0 7. "PCCInATlON [o10rm CLASSES)] o PCITAT [0.5 CASSS] 173

Figure C-41

97

tia8

a-LA-0

n-Im0a-

-ccz0

z0uz

---- I..-. --.

----

It;

I

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 69 [1901-1970]

GUJARAT 2312 7003 75 MSD=22

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

50.4 220 !1 .1

37.8 1 14.3

*25.2 i0o l .1

I --iI i i i I I I i i

PRCIrTATION [10mm CULSSES] LOG PRECIITATIOH [0.5 CASSE]

Figure C-42

98

ANJAR100

80

- 70ua:n

LL

0 60>.

m Im 50

2r 1CL

z 400o

z

u 30z

20

10

Z

UK DAY UP TOTD1 1 0 0.72 8 0 0.33 15 0 0.14 22 1 0.65 29 1 0.76 36 1 0.67 43 1 0.68 50 1 1.09 57 0 0.110 64 0 0.311 71 0 0.512 78 0 0.613 85 0 0.214 92 0 0.015 99 1 0.5

16 106 0 0.117 113 0 0.018 120 1 0.319 127 0 0.020 134 1 2.421 141 0 0.522 148 2 1.923 155 3 3.924 162 4 8.125 169 7 8.026 176 12 15.427 183 19 32.828 190 24 44.929 197 20 27.130 204 22 42.831 211 17 27.032 218 15 18.033 225 13 16.934 232 12 12.235 239 14 17.336 246 12 19.737 253 11 13.538 260 7 7.439 267 3 2.240 274 2 2.541 281 1 0.942288 1 1.443 295 2 3.244 302 0 0.045 309 0 0.1

46 316 1 0.647 323 0 0.448 330 1 0.449 337 0 0.0

50 344 1 0.351 351 1 0.552 358 0 0.0

177

I

la -

w

F

um

z

wX:

I.

x

UD -

290

145

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 87 [1901-19931

GUJARAT 2090 7037

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION D

-4.4

r E9

- 4.

0---- . ~ ~ ~

e OO so 00 e 0 .

PRtCPTTATON [10m CLSSES]

Figure C-43

99

ISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

LOG RE g ?AT AS7J

LOC PRECinTATIM [0.5 WMASCS]

6 MSD=22VERAVAL100

90

80

70

60

50

40

30

20

10

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1 0.42 8 1 0.33 15 0 0.04 22 0 0.15 29 1 0.86 36 0 0.27 43 1 0.48 50 0 0.49 57 0 0.1

10 64 0 0.311 71 0 0.312 78 0 0.013 85 0 0.114 92 0 0.015 99 0 0.116 106 0 1.517 113 0 0.018 120 0 0.119 127 0 0.120 134 1 1.621 141 0 0.422 148 2 3.723 155 6 11.624 162 12 27.125 169 19 47.626 176 23 50.327 183 33 77.728 190 31 48.829 197 34 58.430 204 34 45.331 211 28 53.832 218 25 29.933 225 25 27.734 232 21 21.635 239 21 25.536 246 19 21.237 253 15 25.538 260 12 16.939 267 8 8.640 274 5 4.741 281 3 6.042 288 2 3.043 295 2 3.744 302 1 0.745 309 1 5.246 316 1 1.047 323 2 2.948 330 1 0.449 337 0 0.150 344 1 0.651 351 0 0.352 358 0 0.0

E

u

181

7.

L.0

-i

cr0-

z0

uz

wa

cr

CLz :

w

r!C3

-

iaoc

105

700

e"

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 79 [1901-19841

BOMBAY %COLAB MAHARASHTRA 1890 7282100

90

80

70

60

50

40

20

10

0


44.9

3317

S8

l w PRECIP N [1

PRECIPATION ItOmm ClASSSI

Figure C-44

100

11 MSD=23 WK DAY LP TOTO1 1 1 1.32 B 0 0.33 15 1 0.44 22 0 0.35 29 1 1.26 36 1 0.57 43 0 0.38 50 0 0.09 57 0 0.3

10 64 0 0.111 71 1 0.612 78 0 0.113 85 0 0.014 92 0 0.115 99 0 0.116 106 1 0.817 113 1 0.318 120 1 0.319 127 0 0.120 134 2 1.821 141 4 5.522 148 10 19.223 155 29 55.824 162 54 121,225 169 61 166.426 176 67 163.327 183 74 186.928 190 67 139.129 197 71 146.430 204 75 129.331 211 72 135.332 218 64 88.933 225 56 80.634 232 59 78.635 239 58 82.736 246 49 73.337 253 43 66.538 260 38 76.439 267 30 44.140 274 19 34.941 281 13 16,742 288 5 7.243 295 4 5.244 302 4 4,945 309 3 2.346 316 2 3.647 323 3 5.048 330 1 1.149 337 1 0.850 344 1 0,851 351 1 0.852 358 0 0,1

iU0 IAo 7J0Lo tKmanOn [0.5 QAnSS] 83

I

U

CL.

LA-O

!ZI

mrm0

m

z0

zI,

.=

z

L"j

s

2100r

1.50 I

1300

gsoC

0LT-T leJ

M-- I -rI . I I . . I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 86 [1901-1993)


DAY OF YEAR

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DI

0 b e o i noo, * o

PRECIPTATON ftOm CLASSES]

Figure C-45

101

ISTRIBUTION of LOG [wET DAY PRECIPITATION]

.LOG P oTA

LOC M'EUPTAIT'd [0.S GSES]

RATNAGIRI

L.L

0

-i

m

c

m

0

m

cz

z0uzD,

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 1 0.42 8 0 0.53 15 0 0.14 22 0 0.15 29 1 0.66 36 0 0.07 43 0 0.08 50 0 0.09 57 0 0.0

10 64 0 0.011 71 0 0.112 78 0 0.013 85 0 0.214 92 0 0.115 99 1 0.516 106 2 1.717 113 1 0.618 120 3 1.619 127 2 1.720 134 4 3.621 141 9 11.522 148 22 37.823 155 49 115.324 162 73 202.525 169 81 236.526 176 83 231.527 183 87 226.728 190 80 204.629 197 83 195.330 204 87 188.931 211 86 174.432 218 81 128.033 225 75 120.034 232 78 116.035 239 71 104.436 246 64 89.037 253 52 76.238 260 45 68.539 267 38 57.540 274 29 53.141 281 22 27.542 288 12 15.943 295 10 10.744 302 7 8.545 309 8 9.646 316 5 10.347 323 4 8.848 330 2 1.849 337 1 1.750 344 2 2.951 351 1 1.352 358 0 0.0

86

3000

2150

85

I

tor

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 77 (1901-19841

MAHABALESHWAR MAHARASHTRA 1793 7367 1381 MSD=24

DAY OF YEAR

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATKON]

000 220 1400 15,4

No00 1.5 0050 .

«0 |||| " I I 3O · OO . L 7 1"0

0o SO 2oo * 00 L eo 7A o1

PRttIPIrATON 10mm CLASSES] LOG PECIIATION [0.5 CLASSES)

Figure C-46

102

1c

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1 1.42 8 1 0.83 15 0 0.24 22 0 0.35 29 1 1.36 36 0 0.17 43 0 0.18 50 1 0.79 57 0 0.2

10 64 1 1.811 71 2 1.512 78 1 0.913 85 2 1.614 92 4 3.215 99 4 3.016 106 7 10.317 113 6 7.318 120 7 9.719 127 5 5.720 134 10 8.821 141 14 17.922 148 19 26.323 155 49 74.224 162 76 195.725 169 90 282.226 176 91 396.927 183 96 538.428 190 96 528.829 197 97 566.430 204 97 624.031 211 98 618.332 218 97 466.833 225 96 378.534 232 95 326.635 239 92 306.636 246 88 224.637 253 76 149.838 260 68 133.139 267 54 84.440 274 40 69.441 281 31 38.842 288 18 22.443 295 14 13.844 302 12 16.045 309 11 10.846 316 9 8.747 323 7 11.248 330 4 2.749 337 2 2.250 344 3 3.351 351 2 3.052 358 0 0.1

102

t;

a0

101

i

a:CL

L-

o

-i03cm0cra.

z0

z

0

z

D

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 86 [1901-19931

MAHARASHTRA 1853 7385 559 MSO=24 WK DAY UP TOT1 1 1 0.42 8 0 0.23 15 1 0.44 22 1 0.45 29 1 0.76 36 0 0.07 43 1 0.58 50 1 0.39 57 0 0.1

10 64 1 0.711 71 1 0.612 78 1 0.313 85 2 1.714 92 2 1.815 99 3 2.516 106 4 2.517 113 6 5.518 120 6 6.919 127 4 3.620 134 7 7.321 141 10 10.522 148 11 13.723 155 19 31.424 162 26 23.125 169 25 27.326 176 33 34.527 183 40 43.128 190 38 35.829 197 41 37.830 204 47 43.831 211 44 39.332 218 30 24.133 225 27 26.734 232 24 17.135 239 22 19.136 246 19 15.837 253 18 18.438-260 31 44.439 267 32 43.640 274 21 28.541 281 18 20.742 288 14 15.843 295 9 8.944 302 7 10.045 309 8 8.946 316 5 4.247 323 6 7.948 330 3 2.549 337 1 0.650 344 3 1.751 351 2 1.852 358 0 0.4

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOO [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

".2

d

I

k!1 C

SI8re

U

LS C I e [ C ?

LOG PRCIPfeATM l [0l CLSSES] 97

Figure C-47

103

POONA1 00

80

uu-LLo

-.

J.

m

mo

0r

o

I:-

zo

z:D

60

50

40

30

20

10

t

I I I I I........... 05so no no no

MtCIPATION [lOmm CLAS]

I

I

_'2400r

1w00

1200I

GM

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 77 [1901-19831


DAY OF YEAR

b,,,0 0 -0 CC IAT O i 2 00ES

PRECIPITATION (10mm CLASSES)

55.6 IO _ - ILI

41.7 -14.2

27.8 § 340 4 -* 4

i'U. t.70 -7I 4.7

.........V -1 I I I I I I I I . I . . I . I .1 I ILa U (.o .S ES

LOG PRClmTATON [o.s5 aCASSES

Figure C-48

104

AURANGABAD1_0

90

80

-- 70

070

60

_-

mm 50o

EL

z 40

o 30

20

10

0

VK DAY UP TOTD1 1 2 2.02 8 1 0.83 15 2 1.44 22 1 0.75 29 2 1.66 36 1 1.07 43 1 0.58 50 1 1.29 57 1 1.4

10 64 2 1.311 71 2 0.812 78 1 0.513 85 2 1.114 92 3 1.315 99 2 1.616 106 3 1.617 113 1 1.218 120 2 1.619 127 1 1.120 134 3 2.721 141 6 7.822 148 9 8.923 155 18 21.324 162 28 35.025 169 29 37.126 176 35 42.327 183 37 40.528 190 36 34.829 197 38 37.830 204 43 42.631 211 43 46.532 218 31 28.533 225 25 23.434 232 30 32.535 239 31 40.536 246 30 37.437 253 27 44.238 260 31 37.439 267 27 35.640 274 17 20.641 281 11 11.442 288 7 9.343 295 5 6.444 302 6 6.845 309 7 9.446 316 5 4.547 323 4 6.648 330 5 8.949 337 2 1.650 344 3 2.451 351 3 3.752 358 1 1.0

104

2DOO

130

Noo

103

100

I

2-

ot

uiX:

-j

-C

0

_ ._ ... _ _ .. , _ , ... .V- I -.. - -I- - I I -- I -I 1

-MA

PRC tMM). NYEARS= 70 [1901-19701


i I I I I [ C I I I I I I I

a so too no z

MrCCuTAT1ON [lomm CLASSES]

37.2

i24J . 8

tt.4

LOG PltCUPTATION [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-49

105

NANDED WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 2 1.62 8 2 1.73 15 1 1.34 22 2 0.85 29 2 4.96 36 4 3.07 43 1 1.08 50 3 3.49 57 2 3.4

10 64 1 1.311 71 2 1.012 76 2 1.613 85 5 3.314 92 4 2.915 99 3 2.616 106 3 2.217 113 3 2.218 120 3 1.319 127 3 1.420 134 6 4.121 141 5 6.522 148 10 9.123 155 19 21.024 162 26 27.825 169 35 52.326 176 39 54.027 183 41 51.928 190 36 48.429 197 41 52.330 204 49 59.831 211 46 57.232 218 34 36.333 225 35 43.734 232 40 59.535 239 38 52.436 246 35 52.937 253 33 56.738 260 31 48.939 267 28 39.740 274 18 21.841 281 10 10.642 288 8 10.043 295 3 2.544 302 6 9.945 309 5 7.046 316 4 4.147 323 2 2.248 330 3 2.649 337 1 1.350 344 3 3.851 351 1 0.852 358 1 1.2

58

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Figure C-50

106

AKOLA WK DAY UP OTD1 1 4 3.12 8 4 3.43 15 3 1,94 22 2 1.55 29 3 2.96 36 2 1.67 43 2 1.7B 50 3 2.79 57 3 2.8

10 64 2 1.311 71 2 1.612 78 3 1.613 85 3 2.614 92 2 0.915 99 2 1.016 106 3 2.117 113 1 0,718 120 2 0.819 127 2 1.120 134 4 1.621 141 3 2.422 148 8 9.023 155 14 12.824 162 23 28.025 169 33 46.526 176 38 52.627 183 41 55.128 190 43 48.729 197 37 49.430 204 43 50.331 211 46 62.332 218 31 37.633 225 29 31.534 232 26 33.035 239 29 37.036 246 28 38.137 253 27 42.938 260 27 35.439 267 19 27.040 274 14 16.041 281 7 9.542 28B 5 6.043 295 2 2.114 302 5 4.945 309 5 4.916 316 2 5.747 323 3 5.448 330 3 4.749 337 2 2.050 344 3 2.351 351 3 3.752 358 3 2.6

40

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PRECIPITATION [1mmS CASSES] LOG MPECPITA'no N [0.5 CuSSr] 49

Figure C-51

107

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 3 3.12 8 3 2.03 15 2 1.74 22 3 3.85 29 4 4.56 36 5 3.87 43 6 4.68 50 7 5.99 57 6 4.6

10 64 4 2.611 71 5 3.712 78 6 4.313 85 6 4,514 92 7 4.215 99 5 3.816 106 5 4.417 113 4 2.218 120 3 3.119 127 6 2.720 134 6 4.821 141 6 4.622 148 10 8.823 155 17 18.724 162 30 42.625 169 40 61,026 176 49 84.327 183 51 85.028 190 51 86.529 197 48 64.730 204 56 85.531 211 51 84.232 218 47 62.633 225 37 53.434 232 45 68.035 239 43 63.036 246 44 60.837 253 37 51.138 260 30 34.139 267 23 29.840 274 16 20.341 281 11 10.542 288 7 8.743 295 5 4.144 302 6 7.845 309 3 4.146 316 2 2.047 323 3 5.648 330 5 5.849 337 1 1.450 344 3 3.751 351 2 2.652 358 2 2.7

I

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ISAKAPALLY ANDHRA 1473 8012


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10 64 1 2.411 71 0 0.112 78 1 1.913 85 1 0.414 92 2 2.115 99 2 4.116 106 3 3.017 113 1 1.418 120 3 2.119 127 3 4.820 134 7 8.521 141 8 17.822 148 8 8.323 155 5 5.024 162 8 7.125 169 14 13.626 176 14 13.927 183 16 11.028 190 16 12.529 197 18 15.730 204 18 13.831 211 19 16.632 218 18 16.333 225 18 15.534 232 21 23.535 239 17 17.236 246 18 27.337 253 19 18.838 260 20 25.839 267 17 26.540 274 20 29.141 281 25 41.042 288 36 78.543 295 33 82.444 302 32 87.545 309 30 83.046 316 26 63.147 323 23 47.548 330 17 32.449 337 13 26.150 344 12 23.651 351 7 12.852 358 6 7.7

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DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG (WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

9 a

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PRECIPITATION [lOmm CLASSES] LOG PRECpTATION 0.3 CUASES] 69

Figure C-53

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DAY OF YEARDIISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET AY PRECIPITATION DISRIBTION LOG [ PRECIPTAON]

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PRECIPITATION [10mm CLASSES] LOG PRECIPITATION [05 CLAuSSES]

Figure C-54

110

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Figure C-55

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WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1 0.82 8 1 0.83 15 2 1.14 22 1 1.05 29 4 4.96 36 3 2.97 43 3 2.98 50 6 5.89 57 3 3.5

10 64 1 0.611 71 3 3.212 78 4 3.013 85 5 4.414 92 7 7.415 99 5 3.416 106 5 4.417 113 5 3.218 120 4 3.219 127 5 5.320 134 3 3.121 141 7 4,922 148 7 7,523 155 20 18.724 162 24 26.225 169 38 54.326 176 43 61.627 183 43 60,128 190 42 56.129 197 51 70.130 204 52 68.931 211 51 65.732 218 37 45.333 225 36 45.434 232 37 46.335 239 35 49.336 246 38 50.637 253 35 41.938 260 34 48.839 267 27 31.740 274 22 26.241 281 13 14.142 288 11 12.943 295 6 9.344 302 6 11.845 309 4 3.646 316 2 1.647 323 2 1.848 330 1 1.849 337 2 1.250 344 1 1.051 351 1 1.352 358 1 0.4

280

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PRC (MM), NYEARS= 86 [1901-19931

BEGAMPET ANDHRA 1745 7847 545 MSD=28

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

WK DAY UP TOT1 1 1 1.92 8 1 0.53 15 2 2.04 22 1 0.95 29 2 1.96 36 2 1.67 43 2 2.28 50 3 3.79 57 2 2.1

10 64 1 2.411 71 3 3.012 78 4 4.213 85 3 3.214 92 6 4.815 99 5 5.416 106 6 6.317 113 7 5.918 120 6 5.119 127 5 4.920 134 7 6.021 141 10 11.122 148 12 10.023 155 18 18.624 162 22 24.025 169 27 31.426 176 31 32.827 183 31 32.028 190 33 35.429 197 36 41.830 204 41 45.831 211 37 40.732 218 31 30.333 225 32 34.134 232 29 32.735 239 31 34.536 246 31 38.037 253 31 38.838 260 32 42.539 267 27 38.540 274 18 21.341 281 17 19.542 288 14 16.643 295 11 14.244 302 10 13.745 309 9 7.846 316 5 6.447 323 4 4.348 330 2 3.349 337 1 1.750 344 2 1.151 351 1 1.352 358 1 1.1


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LOG PRECIPITATION [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure C-56

112

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PRECIPITATION (10mm CLASSES]

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PRECIPITATION [10mm CLASSES

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LOG PRCCTPITION [O.S CLSSES

Figure C-57

113

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 3 3.62 8 2 1.13 15 1 1.14 22 1 1.45 29 2 1.16 36 0 0.37 43 1 0.58 50 1 1.19 57 1 2.0

10 64 1 0.211 71 1 0.712 78 2 1.713 85 1 0.814 92 1 1.515 99 3 2.616 106 5 4.917 113 4 3.018 120 5 5.319 127 5 7.120 134 11 10.621 141 11 15.422 148 12 16.723 155 15 17.524 162 18 21.125 169 16 14.726 176 18 18.127 183 20 21.128 190 20 27.729 197 26 28.130 204 29 32.131 211 22 21.732 218 20 23.833 225 26 29.934 232 26 33.935 239 24 24.936 246 24 29.137 253 23 27.838 260 29 46.139 267 28 38.440 274 21 26.141 281 23 33.242 288 25 33.043 295 18 23.644 302 21 27.245 309 21 27.046 316 19 21.747 323 13 17.248 330 7 8.649 337 9 9.250 344 5 3.951 351 3 1.952 358 3 1.7

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ANDHRA 1583 7807 280 MSD=29


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Figure C-58

114

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WK DAY UP TOT1 1 0 0.42 8 2 0.93 15 1 0,94 22 0 0.45 29 1 1.76 36 1 0.57 43 1 2.28 50 2 0.99 57 2 1.7

10 64 1 2.311 71 1 1.112 78 2 1.413 85 2 1.714 92 4 3.015 99 4 3.716 106 4 4.117 113 6 4.818 120 8 6.519 127 6 7.420 134 7 6.621 141 11 14.122 14B 12 11.823 155 19 24.124 162 15 17,225 169 19 18.126 176 22 18.327 183 23 20.528 190 28 25.729 197 31 28.530 204 37 34.731 211 33 28.632 218 25 21.433 225 27 28.134 232 27 29,635 239 23 21.636 246 23 25.237 253 25 28.138 260 32 43.739 267 30 43.140 274 19 22.641 281 19 19.842 288 17 20.943 295 11 11.744 302 11 15.145 309 10 8.646 316 5 5.047 323 4 3.948 330 3 2.649 337 .2 1.50 344 2 1.251 351 1 0.552 358 1 1.3

t~I

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PRECiPrTAT'ON [10mm CLASS5] 77

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PRC IMM). NYEARS= 86 [1901-1993)

TAMIL NADU 1300 8018 16 MSD=30

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

SK DAY UP TOTD1 1 11 14.32 8 7 11.23 15 5 8.54 22 3 2.55 29 2 1.86 36 2 2.87 43 3 3.78 50 4 3.99 57 1 0.9

10 64 1 2.911 71 2 2.612 78 1 1.813 85 2 1.814 92 2 2.615 99 3 4.716 106 4 5.317 113 2 1.918 120 3 6.819 127 4 8.320 134 7 15.121 141 4 10.022 148 7 5.323 155 9 9.624 162 12 11.425 169 19 16.626 176 17 14.427 183 20 18.128 190 20 22.429 197 25 23.630 204 28 29.331 211 23 21.932 218 29 27.933 225 26 27.334 232 28 29.735 239 26 34.036 246 24 27.637 253 23 25.338 260 27 31.439 267 24 32.440 274 23 43.141 281 27 40.542 288 34 59.543 295 40 92.244 302 44 108.445 309 41 91.846 316 33 86.047 323 30 71.948 330 28 53.049 337 26 50.050 344 19 33.251 351 12 20.152 358 10 17.3

50 10e 150 20e 250 300 350

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPIATION]

48.

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Figure C-59

115

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TIRUCHIRAPALL TAMIL NADU 1077 7872 85 MSD=30 WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 8 9.02 8 9 10.13 15 3 3.54 22 2 3.25 29 2 1.66 36 2 1.57 43 2 2.38 50 3 3.19 57 2 1.3

10 64 2 2.011 71 2 2.412 78 3 2.413 85 3 3.314 92 6 8.515 99 8 12.116 106 7 9.917 113 10 13.918 120 8 9.619 127 11 18.420 134 16 19.421 141 12 15.222 148 11 16.723 155 11 14.924 162 8 10.325 169 5 4.826 176 6 4.427 183 8 9.428 190 11 13.929 197 8 8.630 204 9 13.631 211 9 10.532 218 11 14.333 225 14 18.834 232 18 22.735 239 23 31.336 246 18 30.237 253 23 33.838 260 24 33.939 267 25 35.440 274 25 34.941 281 32 39,642 288 33 44.143 295 29 40.744 302 32 41.045 309 31 38,346 316 27 36.747 323 22 26.348 330 23 24.849 337 21 26.150 344 12 12.051 351 13 14.852 358 9 12.2

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION Or WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

PRECIPITATIION I0000 CUSSES]LOG PUCPIATI C ?SLOG PltCIPtlATO. [.5 CLOSE

Figure C60

116

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MANGALORE KARNATAKA 1287 7485 22 MSD=31

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

PREOPITATION [mm CLASSES]

Figure C-61

117

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WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1.82 8 1 1.13 15 0 0.44 22 0 0.05 29 1 1.16 36 0 0.07 43 1 0.58 50 0 1.09 57 0 0.0

10 64 1 0.511 71 1 2.012 78 1 1.313 85 2 2,614 92 4 4.515 99 5 5.216 106 8 11.417 113 11 11.618 120 11 19.219 127 13 24.320 134 24 38.321 141 32 64.122 148 46 100.623 155 76 189.224 162 88 244.725 169 89 260.126 176 90 249.927 183 92 264.528 190 91 228.329 197 87 240.630 204 92 225.531 211 90 177.232 218 83 159.733 225 78 147.434 232 78 145.735 239 72 93.236 246 63 83.337 253 50 59.938 260 48 60.239 267 45 58.040 274 40 54.841 281 36 58.642 288 34 44.043 295 28 34.444 302 24 28.745 309 23 27.946 316 14 16.647 323 11 14.348 330 7 7.149 337 4 4.650 344 4 6.451 351 2 3.252 358 2 3.0

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Figure C-62

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GULBARGA KARNATAKA 1735 7685 459 MSD=32 WK DAYUP TOD1 1 1 1.22 8 A 2.23 15 1 1.14 22 1 0.55 29 2 2.76 36 1 2.17 43 1 0.68 50 2 1.29 57 2 1.7

10 64 1 1.311 71 2 1.612 78 3 2.413 85 4 3.514 92 5 3.615 99 5 4.616 106 6 3.817 113 ' 6.118 120 9 7.919 127 6 4.520 134 9 7.621 141 9 11.322 148 14 15.623 155 19 23.824 162 22 25.325 169 27 30.126 176 27 30.227 163 26 27.128 190 33 31.429 197 31 35.530 204 32 33.831 211 31 36.032 218 21 22.833 225 28 29.834 232 29 44.335 239 28 34.936 246 27 36.937 253 32 44.138 260 39 62.539 267 33 46.540 274 22 26.341 281 14 19.542 288 12 12.743 295 11 11.844 302 11 10.645 309 7 9.646 316 5 4.247 323 3 5.248 330 3 3.949 337 1 1.650 344 1 0.851 351 1 0.352 358 1 1.3

OAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION Of WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

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Figure C-63

119

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BANGALORE KARNATAKA 1297 7758 920 MSD=33

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MOttPTATION [10mm CLSSES]

WK DAY LP TOTDI 1 2 1.32 8 3 2.13 15 1 1.64 22 1 0.35 29 1 1.46 36 1 0.57 43 1 1,48 50 3 4.59 57 1 1.710 64 2 2.911 71 2 1.612 78 3 2.213 85 3 3.414 92 5 4.515 99 8 12.016 106 10 9.917 113 13 14.818 120 17 19.419 127 18 18.620 134 24 28.721 141 24 27.222 148 25 29.223 155 24 23.524 162 17 16.625 169 17 12.426 176 19 13.727 183 26 25.628 190 23 22.929 197 31 27.730 204 27 25.131 211 30 26.832 218 29 29.033 225 32 30.334 232 33 34.035 239 28 29.136 246 25 27.737 253 27 38.538 260 36 52.139 267 34 50.540 274 33 48.941 281 31 45.442 288 25 31.843 295 21 24.044 302 20 22.545 309 19 20.646 316 13 13.947 323 12 12.248 330 7 6.249 337 7 6.150 344 6 4.551 351 2 1.952 358 2 1.6

58 333 350


LOG PRECPTATION [O. CLASS]

Figure C-64

120

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CHITRADURGA KARNATAKA 1423 7643 733 MSD=33100

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Figure C-65

121

AK DAY UP TOTD1 1 0.92 8 1 0.43 15 1 1.94 22 0 0.45 29 1 1.06 36 1 0.67 43 0 0.38 50 1 1.49 57 1 0.4

10 64 2 1.611 71 1 0.512 78 1 0.913 85 3 2.114 92 5 3.415 99 6 4.716 106 7 7.317 113 12 12.418 120 13 14.719 127 10 12.020 134 17 20.821 141 16 24.522 148 15 16.623 155 19 21.624 162 13 10.025 169 18 10.326 176 19 12.627 183 23 14.628 190 24 14.529 197 29 17.230 204 32 19.531 211 28 18.232 218 21 16.733 225 24 18.034 232 25 20.935 239 22 20.036 246 15 12.537 253 17 14.838 260 27 29.839 267 30 39.040 274 26 33.841 281 26 35.342 288 19 24.543 295 18 23.344 302 15 17.645 309 15 17,246 316 11 12.147 323 7 8.048 330 5 5.649 337 3 4.050 344 5 4.751 351 2 2.452 358 2 1.950 100 150 200 250 300 350

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PRC (MM), NYEARS= 87 [1901-19931

KERALA 1125 7578 4 MSD=34

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

to o O no * Oe X J O 7J

PRECIPITAT)ON [Owmm CUSSESL] LOG PICPITATNI O. CLASSS]

Figure C-66

122

CALICUT100

90

80

70

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WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 2 3.32 8 2 2.13 15 1 0.74 22 1 1.55 29 1 1.86 36 1 0.47 43 1 2.48 50 2 2.09 57 1 0.8

10 64 1 1.911 71 4 5.112 78 4 5.613 85 4 5.914 92 10 16.515 99 12 19.216 106 17 19.517 113 16 27.018 120 20 32.119 127 23 42.720 134 32 58.521 141 33 77.522 148 47 105.123 155 72 181.624 162 82 199.625 169 87 194.926 176 87 221.627 183 83 213.728 190 84 194.029 197 81 188.330 204 83 175.031 211 77 134.032 218 73 133.333 225 65 105.034 232 59 77.535 239 47 51.836' 246 44 52.637 253 34 41.638 260 38 48.139 267 40 63.940 274 37 63.041 281 36 66.742 288 35 B3.543 295 32 57.444 302 32 54.845 309 29 46.546 316 21 33.347 323 18 50.548 330 11 15.449 337 9 14.150 344 6 7.451 351 1 1.652 358 3 2.3

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PRC (MM). NYEARS= 87 11901-19931

TRIVANDRUM KERALA 848 7695 64 MSD=34

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

50 lIS 151 2ze

OAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION

44l

3.i

24.4 ' I

1. iI II

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OISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

IdI

I I i i I i I I I I I i i i i i I CL Smo le m ot e

MECIMKATM [lOmm CLASSES] LOG rPIa TATlON [O.S ASSCS)

Figure C-67

123

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z 40

o

Q| 30z

10

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 7 6.92 e 7 5.13 15 4 3.24 22 5 4.05 29 4 4.86 36 4 5.07 43 4 5,48 50 8 7.69 57 4 3.2

10 64 7 6.711 71 9 7.512 78 8 8.313 85 15 15.B14 92 19 21.315 99 21 24.616 106 21 24.717 113 23 30.418 120 25 28.519 127 26 37.020 134 31 49.421 141 36 58.322 148 45 67.423 155 62 102.824 162 59 84.225 169 57 65.626 176 56 70.827 183 49 58.928 190 50 46.029 197 47 49.430 204 48 46.131 211 38 37.432 218 38 37.733 225 35 32.034 232 33 29.735 239 26 22.236 246 28 28.337 253 27 25.638 260 31 34.339 267 35 52.340 274 33 47.541 281 33 49.842 288 41 73.943 295 42 70.944 302 46 72.445 309 38 55.646 316 32 43.447 323 29 40.348 330 20 24.649 337 19 23.950 344 12 14.951 351 10 14.152 358 8 9.0

264

8Ii

263

I

a

4200

31SO

20J

2oo00

1os 2&

. . . . . . .

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 45 [1901-1970]

EX-INDIA 1112 7273 3 MSD=35 WK DAY UP TOTOl 1 6 6.62 8 9 9.33 15 3 3.54 22 5 4.75 29 2 0.96 36 0 0.07 43 1 1.08 50 1 0.89 57 0 0.310 64 A 0.011 71 2 1.512 78 1 0.913 85 2 1.914 92 2 3.615 99 4 4.716 106 4 3.617 113 5 6.118 120 4 4.119 127 8 10.820 134 19 29.821 141 33 66.922 148 43 81.423 155 61 98.724 162 55 77.625 169 59 85.726 176 52 76.927 183 63 86.828 190 51 66.529 197 53 81.630 204 53 74.831 211 44 47.232 218 38 56.433 225 34 44.534 232 39 50.735 239 34 38.936 246 34 33.237 253 31 29.438 260 39 39.139 267 31 34.740 274 26 33.441 281 36 39.842 288 29 37.343 295 19 25.744 302 21 20.445 309 22 28.646 316 17 21.147 323 13 16.648 330 10 11.049 337 8 12.750 344 8 15.151 351 5 4.452 358 4 5.0


41.3

37.0

z24.7 1

E 2

no

LOG MrIRYATON (0.5 CLACSE)19

Figure C-68

124

AMINI100

90

80

70uac0.

LL

0 60

_J

mm 50Oa.

._j

Z 40O

I 30z

20

10

I

Ire o i aE00 .

PNCaMnATtON [tOmM CSSE]

I

m

IOO u.K

40

I00o

450 4.7

it

I I I I I I I - I

APPENDIX D:DAILY ANNUAL CYCLES OF PRECIPITATION STATISTICS

AT SELECTED STATIONS FROMPAKISTAN, BANGLADESH, SRI LANKA and TIBET

[Section 4 (pg. 21) describes how to interpret the plots.][Table Al (pg. 43) lists "day of year" to "calander day" transformation.]

The statistics presented in this section are based relatively short records. In addition, thereare sampling problems. Thus, the statistics should be interpreted with caution.

125

PRC IMM). NYEARS= 10 (1979-1993)

2988 6972 1097 MSD= 0 WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 5 2.52 8 0 0.03 15 8 6.74 22 3 1.85 29 1 0.36 36 4 1.97 43 6 12.38 50 7 2.89 57 9 4.9

10 64 6 1.811 71 9 7.212 78 16 13.913 85 17 15.614 92 10 9.815 99 4 2.416 106 3 2.017 113 9 13.018 120 3 2.019 127 8 14.120 134 5 3.121 141 4 5.222 148 4 3.123 155 3 2.524 162 2 1.325 169 10 13.326 176 16 15.627 183 21 20.828 190 26 26.529 197 25 29.830 204 20 25.731 211 19 23.332 218 20 13.133 225 16 19.534 232 12 18.535 239 15 13.436 246 10 8.137 253 3 4.638 260 9 13.039 267 3 2.440 274 0 0.041 281 4 2.042 288 4 2.243 295 0 0.044 302 2 1.545 309 0 0,246 316 1 0.247 323 4 1.148 330 0 0.049 337 2 7.850 344 1 0.951 351 3 2.452 358 3 0.9


0 omm Uss

PUCPIMrrATION [Omm CLASSES]

8io I

e LS o 7o s]

LOG RECIrTATok [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure D-01

127

BARKHAN

I

19

4 M ex-I

I

a:ix.U-0

a)c ;m0

z0

z

z

I

-

I-swu,F£

5

ICL

w

2o( n.8

17.941.

'.0 ILI

LO155

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 12 (1979-1993]

2552 6978

50 100 150 200

5 MSD= 0

HEAN UP 1.5H AMP PHASE1 1.7 208.42 1.4 33.23 1.4 90.14 1.1 34.25 0.8 70.1

I LLII I . I250 300 350

5s 190 15B 20B 259 300 350

OAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION O WET DAY PRECIPITATIN DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

4.s so~~~~~~~~~~~~~-

t4.S

I y .oI

1i . . . . . . I . . .- I . I I

211 4 |.0

_ lui1-1 1 1 - # I I I I I I -r I I I I II I I f I I I I I I I Iso w e so 00 6 . 14 WA

PRECIRTATION [Iomm CIA sES] LOG PRITATaW 18.5 LAssEs]

Figure D-02

128

CHHOR1 00

90

80

60

50

40

30

a:a

0

I--

inmoo

a.

zo

ozooz

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 0 0.12 8 O 0.03 15 0 0.04 22 0 0.15 29 1 0.76 36 0 0.07 43 1 0.28 50 1 0.59 57 1 0.8

10 64 0 0.011 71 3 1.412 78 0 0.013 85 0 0.014 92 1 0.215 99 2 1.416 106 1 0.717 113 0 0.018 120 0 0.019 127 2 1.220 134 0 0.021 141 0 0.222 148 1 0.723 155 2 0.924 162 0 0.125 169 0 0.026 176 1 0.627 183 3 2.728 190 3 6.029 197 6 5.430 204 8 11.131 211 9 7.732 218 7 7.933 225 9 13.734 232 4 6.735 239 3 8.836 246 1 0.637 253 0 0.038 260 0 0.039 267 0 0.240 274 0 0.041 281 0 0.042 288 1 0.743 295 0 0.044 302 4 4.045 309 0 0.046 316 0 0.047 323 1 1.448 330 0 0.149 337 0 0.050 344 1 0.851 351 1 0.852 358 0 0.0

10

01L.IIIAkM

iI

29

-III -, -,, - I. v - ~ 1 · 111 fill I k11 11 'i 11 -_ I I m~r II r.Il

II

.90I-

r

z

w

!

5

Lj

S

0 0. .

40

3o

20 14S

7JtO

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 13 [1979-19931

DERA ISMAIL K 3182 7092 173 MSD= 0

LA.0

mxLm

a.

z0

z


PDtEIPIn TA A 3I.m m CLA SSES

DAY OF YEAR

47.1

lf I t

IL7

DISTRIBUTION of LG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

o0* 2 LO 74.

LOG PREIPamTm [.s EUSSE]

Figure D-03

129

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 2 1.12 8 1 0.63 15 1 1.14 22 4 2.25 29 5 3.06 36 3 2.07 43 6 4.38 50 6 5.79 57 6 3.3

10 64 6 4.11 71 0 12.0

12 78 15 10.313 85 11 8,414 92 6 5.415 99 10 6.216 106 3 6.317 113 5 3.918 120 1 4.219 127 2 0.920 134 3 4.821 141 0 0.422 148 4 5.523 155 2 2.024 162 2 7.025 169 3 1.126 176 0 0.027 183 8 6,928 190 2 0.929 197 7 7.530 204 7 16.231 211 13 25.732 218 6 13.433 225 2 9.434 232 8 16.835 239 2 3.636 246 4 6.237 253 1 4.238 260 3 2.339 267 2 1.040 274 1 0.341 281 2 1.342 288 4 4.943 295 0 0.044 302 1 0.945 309 0 0.046 316 3 1.447 323 1 0.648 330 2 1.349 337 1 5.750 344 5 2.051 351 3 3.252 358 2 2.0

I

13

5

4

4

10,

a

za.

w

1

20r

o

o

so

I I I I i I I I I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 12 [1979-199)3

FT SANDEMAN 3135 6947 1405 MSD= 0 WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 7 3.02 8 1 1.63 15 2 1,44 22 8 9.45 29 9 9.56 36 3 2.07 43 12 17.58 50 9 5.29 57 3 4.0

10 64 6 4.211 71 10 7.112 78 13 10.013 85 9 10,914 92 6 5.015 99 4 2.516 106 4 3.817 113 4 3.818 120 8 6.119 127 3 2.620 134 8 7.921 141 0 0.222 148 2 1.823 155 2 1.924 162 0 0.225 169 1 1.126 176 0 0.327 183 0 0.328 190 6 7.629 197 6 5.330 204 14 10.731 211 14 18.832 218 13 13.233 225 8 9.434 232 8 5.135 239 2 1.436 246 1 1.137 253 1 0.738 260 1 0.239 267 1 0.840 274 1 0.241 281 2 1.442 288 3 2.243 295 2 2.544 302 2 1.145 309 1 0.546 316 3 1.847 323 0 0.148 330 2 1.449 337 2 1.250 344 5 1.451 351 3 1.752 358 3 2.2


I91

PtCIMTATlON [10mm CLASSES] LOG PECITATION 10.5 ClASUSS]

Figure D-04

130

I 0

90

- 70u

0:

60>-

J

n 50

0 40o

u 30z

mr

10

II

11

i oA

E

u£'z.

rowr

."I0

!_1Sr

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 12 (1979-19931

3362 7310 508 MSD= 0

50 100 150 200

| DAY OF YEIF

U250 300 350

iLiI i508 11O 566oII1t ' 1 J III

I/I

I, I.

II0

oI

I Ik

I

15s 20eOAY OF YEAR

ON

Afl

I

380 350

i(I' I I I i ... ....

H AMP PI1 4.9 20!2 7.8 413 4.6 11 (4 1.6 6V

I 5 2.4 4,

1. I I II IIhllll

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 9 10.02 8 4 6.13 15 7 3.94 22 16 17.05 29 7 12.36 36 10 12.77 43 14 13.28 50 9 15.49 57 14 17.0

10 64 19 25.411 71 21 23.212 78 31 40.713 85 11 6.514 92 15 13.115 99 15 23.016 106 10 25.517 113 10 14.618 120 4.219 127 16 28.220 134 8 4.621 141 6 5.622 148 11 9.923 155 4 5.324 162 7 4.225 169 11 12.326 176 19 33.027 183 18 13.828 190 23 53.429 197 25 38.830 204 29 67.931 211 30 84.232 218 25 44.633 225 26 58.434 232 27 48.035 239 19 28.336 246 14 38.437 253 11 29.238 260 17 18.039 267 7 18.640 274 3 3.841 281 4 6.942 288 12 8.643 295 0.044 302 1 0.445 309 4 2.046 316 2 1.547 323 4 5.748 330 7 2.749 337 3 8.550 344 8 8.951 351 9 9.352 358 14 12.8

6

AVE SDJAN 36.7 35.0FEB 38.0 41.4MAR 85.1 44.9APR 66.6 90.6MAY 43.3 58.7JUN 50.4 52.1JUL 169.9 54.1AUG 210.5 82.4SEP 82.7 95.0OCT 18.7 18.0NOV 8.2 11.3DEC 35.3 32.9

hED 1/6 5/6JAN 18.0 4 82FEB 21.0 6 68MAR 73.5 50 114APR 40.0 13 75MAY 22.6 6 100JUN 27.0 10 115JUL 184.0 167 194AUG 218.5 136 287SEP 60.5 6 131OCT 14.0 0 39NOV 4.0 0 14DEC 28.5 4 80

DISTRIBUTION of LO [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

me Le Ls Ls i

LOG; taPVnPITATno aSSES)

Figure D-OS

131

ISLAMABAD100

80

70u

o60

--

_

mC 50

20

-10

zL 30

20

10

45

48

30

" 35

25; 25

g 20

- 15

o

10

5

a

I

s58 f1

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATr

ISS9

so N noe

mraiPMnaN (lomm cL.SSa]

. . . I II-r-fi-tiI I . , , .. lr I , i50 I

LtUlL.LII .II i, l i lllll III I . ... ........... ".L-A L-L JI . . . t I

- I

I

-L

RI

I ..u

III

I i

I-

I

---

I

I

IFr

250

I,

118

1 I

UI

*A

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 12 [1979-1993]

2830 6847 55 MSD= 0

so "I WI 3n

PRECIMATIN [(07mm CIASES] LOG PntCPTAtoN [o0.5 CLAss]

Figure D-06

132

JACOBABAD

-

LL.0

,,-

Ic

0

_i

C)z

. a

I M

K DAY UP IOTAWK DAY UP TOTD1 1 0 0.02 8 0 0.13 15 0 0.04 22 0 0.45 29 0 0.16 36 1 0.77 43 7 5.78 50 2 1.09 57 3 2.10 64 3 2.0

11 71 1 0.212 78 4 5.613 85 1 1.514 92 2 1.015 99 0 0.516 106 1 0.617 113 1 0.718 120 1 0.219 127 3 2.520 134 2 1.621 141 0 0.022 148 0 0.023 155 0 0.024 162 0 0.125 169 2 1.126 176 0 0.027 183 2 0.928 190 4 3.629 197 6 5.030 204 3 6.731 211 5 8.832 218 3 5.733 225 1 0.734 232 0 0.035 239 0 0.036 246 0 0.037 253 0 0.138 260 3 4.539 267 0 0.040 274 0 0.041 281 0 0.042 288 0 0.043 295 0 0.044 302 1 0.445 309 0 0.046 316 1 0.847 323 0 0.048 330 0 0.049 337 1 0.850 344 0 0.251 351 2 2.452 358 3 0.8

I..................

21

-. .. . .. , .--UilnlKItIVIIuM V. L.. W.US ...

__34i u.1

US5

L,I0

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 13 11979-1993)3293 7372 232 MSD= 0


IS

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION of LOG (WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

IIe eo o Le

rIRtaTATION [(Omm CLASSES] uC PftaPt ATON ([.S CLASts]

Figure D-07

133

K DAY UP TOTO1 1 12 8.82 8 5 4.93 15 3 1.54 22 14 16.75 29 10 8.46 36 7 18.67 43 12 10.88 50 9 26.49 57 10 12.6

10 64 13 13.211 71 17 13.412 78 19 37.913 85 11 10.114 92 13 7.715 99 8 9.816 106 10 17.217 113 14 11.618 120 9 5.219 127 10 12.720 134 6 5.021 141 14 12.622 148 6 2.623 155 4 1.524 162 11 12.025 169 10 9.526 176 18 14.927 183 16 16.128 190 23 41.029 197 34 47.530 204 30 41.031 211 29 68.732 218 26 60.033 225 17 29.534 232 20 33.535 239 13 18.336 246 11 22.237 253 16 26.938 260 6 4.139 267 9 8.440 274 5 3.141 281 7 6.242 288 7 5.543 295 0 8.044 302 1 0.745 309 0 0.146 316 2 2.147 323 4 6.148 330 6 4.549 337 1 0.650 344 7 8.2

1 351 6 5.852 358 11 16.7

JHELUM

Cr.

t-

J

om0

az

o

M>

so

45

48

35

- 30

fi

25

z20

a

15

10

I

I

. _260r

SLI

UA

eL-e-T

Ill. I. I . . . I . I a

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 11 (1979-19931

2865 7068 87 MSD= 0 vK DAY UP TOT1 1 4 1.92 8 0 0.03 15 0 0.14 22 5 1.95 29 1 0.96 36 1 1.27 43 2 1.78 50 2 2.59 57 1 0.7

10 64 0 0.111 71 3 1.012 78 4 3.713 85 0 0.114 92 1 1.115 99 0 0.216 106 1 1.617 113 0 0.018 120 4 4.719 127 1 1.320 134 1 2.621 141 0 0.422 148 0 0.023 155 4 3.424 162 0 0.025 169 0 0.026 176 3 1.127 183 0 0.328 190 0 0.029 197 1 1.930 204 7 7.031 211 6 2.732 218 2 0.933 225 0 0.034 232 1 0.535 239 0 0.036 246 1 1.637 253 0 0.038 260 4 7.139 267 1 0.440 274 0 0.241 281 0 0.042 288 1 1.643 295 0 0.244 302 0 0.245 309 0 0.046 316 0 0.047 323 0 0.248 330 0 0.049 337 0 0.050 344 0 0.251 351 1 2.152 358 1 0.6

OAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

50.,

SOI

S4 .0 I

»7.0

23

oJ u eo 7J oe

LOG PtECWAT)M [o.» c. UssEs]

Figure D-08

134

KHANPUR100

80

70uL

b.

m

oc-

z 40o

z

o 30z

20

10

I'U

H 1

t* i o no o

IRTCnoATNo [10mm CLASSES]

I . l . f I

I

I

I -

.27-6$7*W

PRC (MMH) NYEARS= 13 [1979-19931

LAHORE


II

PREOTATmON [10mm CLASS LOG MPrrECPATO [0.5 cuASES) 15

Figure D-09

135

100

LL0

tzI

mccm0w

z2

z0uz

ISO r45.7

12 J- 34J10 . 2

4 Is.o

* s M o leo e *

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 13 [1979-19931

3020 7142 122 MSD= 0



t;SF.88

PrC lTA o S]MCefAYMoN [IOMm CLSSES]

EI 9

.u u i ~,, ?

LL ML cmS o [ ?A o s]LOC PKCPITAT 105 CLSSSFigure D-10

136

MULTANI W

9

u.

7

o 6

--mm

5

c3a-a.

Z 4

oz

U 3z

WK DAY UP TOTDl 1 4 1.72 8 1 0.63 15 3 1.44 22 6 2.35 29 2 1.36 36 1 0.67 43 5 4.18 50 4 2.49 57 5 3.0

10 64 3 3.311 71 3 8.612 78 8 5.213 85 4 2.314 92 2 0.915 99 4 4.016 106 3 1.617 113 5 4.618 120 0 0,419 127 4 7.820 134 3 1.721 141 4 4.422 148 3 2.323 155 2 1.924 162 1 1.125 169 0 0.026 176 2 2.327 183 6 8.128 190 4 6.929 197 3 1.630 204 9 16.131 211 8 23.332 218 3 9.433 225 4 4.634 232 2 4.135 239 8 5.036 246 3 15.637 253 3 4.138 260 0 0.239 267 6 4.640 274 1 0.741 281 1 0.642 288 0 0.243 295 0 0.144 302 1 0.945 309 4 3.446 316 0 0.047 323 1 1.048 330 0 0.049 337 0 0.150 344 1 0.751 351 1 1.052 358 0 0.2

1

17

I

I A M

1

U;-C0

W

3r-

"I0

I -3lO 17a

ni 2o.

to.o s.

I, L7

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 13 11979-1993]

3402 7158 360 MSD= 0


PREICQTATIONR ltoo CLASSES

OAY OF YEAR

IlI E

DISTRIBUTION of LOG (WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

8

ma O Li Lo 74

Loo MatCmATO [0o.5 CLAS]

Figure D-ll

137

PESHAWAR100

90

80

70o

c

20

o 60I-

Jn1m

r

o

20

10

1B

WK DAY UP TOTDI 1 4 3.72 8 2 0.63 15 5 2.64 22 11 10.15 29 8 11.06 36 4 2.97 43 8 15.08 50 11 21.39 57 12 16.3

10 64 19 23.611 71 17 30.012 78 26 25.113 85 18 18.214 92 8 6.015 99 10 10.216 106 13 16.017 113 6 2.918 120 11 8.819 127 15 15.320 134 1 2.121 141 2 1.522 148 9 8.423 155 2 1.124 162 2 1.825 169 2 1.626 176 2 2.027 183 4 3.128 190 4 9.929 197 6 5.730 204 7 8.531 211 8 27.432 218 14 18.533 225 14 15.834 232 6 10.535 239 2 2.936 246 6 5.737 253 1 0.638 260 4 1.839 267 8 3.740 274 3 1.641 281 1 1.242 288 2 4.643 295 0 0.044 302 4 1.645 309 2 1.546 316 1 0.647 323 3 1.448 330 4 5.449 337 5 4.950 344 7 5.851 351 4 3.8152 358 5 6.3

120

40

I"

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 13 [1979-1993)

3205 7267 186 MSD= 0 WK DAY UP TOT1 5 2.4

2 8 1 1.03 15 3 1.24 22 4 1.95 29 4 4.66 36 6 7.77 43 5 5.18 50 7 10.79 57 7 15.2

10 64 11 9.111 71 9 5.512 78 20 14.413 85 11 6.014 92 7 4.315 99 15 11.816 106 7 24.117 113 7 4.618 120 2 1.319 127 9 6.520 134 0 0.321 141 4 2.322 148 10 3.923 155 4 1.224 162 5 2.625 169 5 9.426 176 7 10.827 183 9 12.928 190 14 37.929 197 12 16.030 204 11 24.431 211 16 22.832 218 25 54.033 225 7 11.334 232 9 17.035 239 1 1.236 246 7 14.537 253 11 18.338 260 5 4.739 267 4 3.640 274 2 1.341 281 2 2.242 288 3 1.343 295 0 0.044 302 0 0.145 309 1 0.446 316 0 0.147 323 3 6.748 330 1 1.749 337 2 3.350 344 1 0.551 351 4 4.752 358 7 6.5

DAY OF YEARDISTRI8UTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

so A ON s E oE 0

PRECIMAYM Ituhnm CLASSES) LOG PCrrPTATON [o.s CLSSES]

Figure D-12

138

SARGODHA

L.0

-

_J

CD0

a.

,-

O

u

:3

1

s

0.r

2ALxw

0

£5,

..̂1I0 r

41A

I

If

mo

s0

40

L-0I

0. , . 1-1 1--l I I r--r-r

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 10 (1982-1993)

2485 8937 18 MSD= 0

LOG PICCPITATION (0. CLASMA)

Figure D-13

139

BOGRA

N

O.0

-

om

cs:

zo

UK DAY UP TOTD1 1 0 0.02 8 1 2.13 15 0 0.24 22 C 0.05 29 0 0.06 36 0 0.27 43 4 1.28 50 1 0.39 57 1 0.8

10 64 3 1.811 71 6 2.812 78 4 2.013 85 1 0.314 92 0 0.115 99 2 1.716 106 3 2.017 113 9 11.218 120 4 3.819 127 10 12.720 134 10 14,121 141 18 30.822 148 17 30.823 155 25 86.924 162 17 20.425 169 25 43.826 176 17 28.427 183 32 58.828 190 20 18.929 197 17 15.130 204 35 52.931 211 22 35.732 218 8 14.333 225 13 10.534 232 30 30.135 239 12 8.236 246 26 52.437 253 20 28.338 260 8 14.439 267 21 23.040 274 7 17.241 281 14 37.142 288 11 13.643 295 3 1.644 302 0 0.145 309 3 1.746 316 0 0.147 323 1 0.648 330 3 1.149 337 0 0.050 344 1 0.751 351 0 0.052 358 4 1.2

I)

33

i

. _

1

_ . _ _ _ . . _ . . . , .

0 o no "

MCJPTTATM [Itnw" CLASUS

so " t"

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 10 [1982-1993]CHITTAGONG/PA 2227 9182 4 MSD= 0 WK DAY UP TO1

II I . A1 1 1 U.2 8 0 0.3 15 0 0.4 22 0 0.5 29 1 0.6 36 2 1.7 43 0 0.8 50 5 6.9 57 1 0.

10 64 3 3.11 71 4 3.12 78 1 3.13 85 8 11.14 92 1 3.15 99 7 7.516106 5 9.617 113 9 17.118120 6 5.19127 6 6.:20 134 6 12.121 141 17 26.;22 148 7 11.;23 155 23 38.424 162 28 51.!25 169 19 25.826 176 33 57.927 183 47 57.928 190 28 57.729 197 20 42.430 204 40 70.131 211 24 39.532 218 20 27.533 225 11 8.E34 232 39 74.035 239 16 21.436 246 13 16.937 253 17 19.738 260 8 8.139 267 23 30.940 274 18 32.341 281 5 7.142 288 16 20.043 295 0 0.744 302 3 4.145 309 4 7.646 316 4 3.747 323 4 12.848 330 1 1.449 337 0 0.250 344 1 0.851 351 1 0.352 358 1 1.9

I I 44


4L3

-2U ....st

. k!

tA m e msPoa oN IOmm CUs s 20

MtPPIMATION [10m(m CLASSES)

Figure D-14

140

ILOG PRCOtPTATlo [10. CLASSES]

43

I

, ,,,,

a.

LL

0

ccm0

z0

z0L)2

40

oI?In

,rsr

t20

I

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 10 (1982-1993]COX'S BAZAAR 2145 9198

tI I

MCWmTAION [lo CLASSES)

2 MSD= 0

2. 6.5 7.

LOG POE I.PIIATI W (0. C10 LA8el

Figure D-15

141

ocr

).,.J0

mo

a.

_Jz

zo

z

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 1 0.52 8 1 0.33 15 0 0.04 22 0 0.05 29 1 0.86 36 0 0.17 43 2 1.98 50 4 6.39 57 4 2.5

10 64 1 0.611 71 1 1.112 78 4 3.713 85 2 1.714 92 3 2.715 99 3 0.816 106 0 0.017 113 8 13.718 120 7 5.819 127 2 1.620 134 3 5.821 141 14 14.322 148 14 24.523 155 25 34.724 162 37 59.925 169 38 46.426 176 44 64.927 183 57 74.928 190 41 58.629 197 42 53.830 204 56 70.531 211 37 56.732 218 31 33.333 225 33 27.934 232 37 45.435 239 31 33.036 246 29 46.837 253 20 18.938 260 14 14.239 267 19 13.940 274 15 10.441 281 12 13.342 288 14 12.143 295 5 3.544 302 4 3.345 309 5 4.546 316 10 11.547 323 5 5.048 330 1 2.649 337 3 1.150 344 1 0.351 351 1 0.652 358 0 0.0

iII

45

I

............ . W. L·..l .A r..Arll.l.r..J

o

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 10 (1979-19931

7 MSD= 0

LA

>-I

0

.m

mZ

0oz


a mo eO O R *.o L Lo 7J O.o

PRECIEa ATION [IlOm CLUSSES) rO PrrcE ATrno [0.5 ctss]) 39

Figure D-16

142

200

so

I

II

a II

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 10 [1982-1993]

2318 8917

IL60

a

z

0

z

50 100 150 200 250 300 350


4UI 43.S

27. g 9 u

5S w

Ii

i i i i i id Imcrmo [m ] LOs PRECIPIAO [0.s 7CL s]PIECIPiTATWN [Im LASSS] LOG PaMAT [0.5 Ml An]

Figure D-17

143

JESSORE 6 MSD= 0 WK DAY UP TOTD1 3 1.3

2 8 0 0.13 15 1 0.54 22 0 0.05 29 1 0.66 36 0 0.07, 43 2 0.98 50 4 3.29 57 1 0.410 64 1 0.911 71 1 1.412 78 3 5.613 85 5 5.814 92 3 1.815 99 3 1.116 106 3 3.817 113 4. 2.918 120 6 11.619 127 6 2.820 134 6 15.521 141 7 7.822 148 9 12.523 155 16 34.924 162 22 37.125 169 25 49.126 176 19 21.027 183 17 21.428 190 19 29.929 197 16 18.530 204 21 20.131 211 11 11,532 218 10 14.233 225 14 5.534 232 27 26.435 239 10 5.636 246 11 6.837 253 17 11.738 260 12 32.539 267 19 29.740 274 8 7.341 281 15 10.642 288 10 14.243 295 4 1.644 302 1 1.845 309 5 2.546 316 0 0.247 323 0 0.048 330 0 0.249 337 0 0.050 344 0 0.051 351 1 0.652 358 4 2.2

I

41

so

Ws -

70

35

Z;

rc5

IL

2

a

.I2

17.1

La

i.l

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 10 [1982-1993)

2575 8925 34 MSD= 0

me en u M.1LOG P80allTATION [8.8 CL.4SSE]

Figure D-18

144

RANGPUR

70um

60

cnm 50

20

10

z 40

o§ 30z

20

10

WK DAY UP TOm1 1 0 0.12 8 4 2.93 15 0 0.04 22 0 0.05 29 0 0.06 36 1 1.87 43 1 1.18 50 1 1.89 57 0 0.310 64 0 0.011 71 3 4.112 78 1 9.313 85 3 4.114 92 3 1.815 99 3 2.616 106 8 10.917 113 13 16.318 120 10 16.219 127 13 12.720 134 14 12.821 141 18 26.522 148 22 35.123 155 18 40.124 162 25 40.525 169 20 33.726 176 25 47.327 183 38 41.628 190 34 37.629 197 24 25.630 204 37 96.131 211 18 26.332 218 5 9.533 225 14 18.734 232 28 37.535 239 13 22.336 246 20 17.537 253 27 40.538 260 9 18.139 267 15 21.640 274 9 7.441 281 15 20.742 288 11 14.443 295 3 5.444 302 0 0.145 309 1 0.546 316 1 1.447 323 1 0.448 330 1 1.549 337 0 0.250 344 0 0.251 351 1 0.352 358 3 1.2

I I

P Pso No no

MCtmATMM iromm ASSCS 31

"IwIgi5

J

a

w

3.

-i

0"

_ _ .._ _ _ .._ ._ _ , ._ ._ * --* * -_ _ -*, * ---_ * ,

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 10 [1982-19931

2490 9188 34 MSD= 0

DISTRIBUTION Of WET DAY PRECIPITATON

r* so I o oo

PRECIPTATION [10mm CLAuSE


LOG PRECPTATON [0.5 CLASSES]

Figure D-19

145

SYLHET100

90

80

- 70o

60-.

m

0050o

.J

z 40

3020

30

10

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 1 0.62 8 4 2.13 15 0 0.24 22 0 0.05 29 1 0.96 36 1 6.17 43 2 3.38 50 5 4.89 57 8 9.5

10 64 1 0.611 71 9 12.612 78 12 15.313 85 7 9.214 92 16 25.015 99 31 58.216 106 24 28.217 113 21 34.718 120 17 30.419 127 35 37.420 134 36 40.321 141 31 73.122 148 29 64.223 155 41 69.624 162 43 99.425 169 55 84.326 176 44 66.227 183 48 71.928 190 50 64.429 197 49 52.830 204 45 91.831 211 43 52.032 218 42 40.733 225 37 53.434 232 47 73.235 239 35 44.336 246 41 68.937 253 47 74.438 260 40 74.639 267 43 65.440 274 21 28.841 281 23 28.742 288 28 39.143 295 1 6.544 302 0 0.345 309 5 7.046 316 0 0.047 323 1 0.348 330 3 4.249 337 0 0.050 344 3 2.051 351 0 0.052 358 7 4.6

Ia

35

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 9 [1982-19931

ANURADHAPURA 833 8042 89 MSD= 0100

80

u70

M.o

I.-60

20

z 40

0o

5 30z

20

10


.PEC.IP ATION (.I.. .... SSE

m m we

DAY OF YEAR

II ir~

DISTRIBUTION of LOG IWET DAY PRECIPITATION]

rO MtCITATION [0.5 CLASSS)

Figure D-20

146

WK DAY UP TOT1 1 18 46.02 0 21 36.73 15 15 10,74 22 0 0.75 29 9 7.56 36 9 23.17 43 7 16.48 50 3 2.19 57 9 14.5

10 64 15 23.011 71 9 6.912 78 8 10.113 85 8 6.414 92 20 27.815 99 29 33.716 106 30 28.517 113 32 46.518 120 16 27.619 127 18 32.620 134 24 25.321 141 7 7.222 148 7 8.723 155 10 9.624 162 1 0.725 169 0 0.426 176 2 1.227 183 3 6.628 190 12 24.329 197 5 1.830 204 0 0.131 211 2 1.332 218 9 10.333 225 3 5.734 232 8 11.135 239 2 0.436 246 3 2.537 253 9 10.138 260 25 41.539 267 17 27.840 274 16 19.641 281 18 29.742 288 32 26.643 295 40 62.144 302 44 62.145 309 47 57.746 316 29 39.647 323 38 53.848 330 34 37.149 337 27 31.750 344 30 33.451 351 26 45.852 358 14 26.7

II

51

I

U;c

0.

I

s

ra

.Cz

Lax

a1

I-

1O

443

I3.2

o2I- 2LI

n.iso

L0

I I I I I I I I I I I .

BATTICALDAPRC (MM). NYEARS= 8 11979-1988)

772 81 70 5 MSD= 0 WK DAY UP TOT1 1 13 12.62 8 33 75.23 15 25 29.84 22 24 21.85 29 18 40.16 36 20 58.67 43 10 13.78 50 4 2.29 57 22 25.810 64 14 27.011 71 12 15,812 7B 9 6.913 85 11 9.914 92 10 6.415 99 13 9.916 106 10 9.017 113 11 33.518 120 4 28.819 127 2 1.820 134 0 0.121 141 6 6.722 148 2 3.923 155 9 12.124 162 5 8.525 169 4 14.626 176 2 5.127 183 0 0.028 190 4 7.129 197 7 14.930 204 4 4.731 211 8 8,932 218 5 4.133 225 3 5.334 232 7 10.735 239 5 3.636 246 9 12.637 253 17 13.538 260 21 16.139 267 10 17.940 274 12 29.441 281 9 18.342 288 25 22.943 295 39 78.544 302 38 46.345 309 35 52.946 316 32 53.747 323 43 68.848 330 52 67.549 337 41 42.850 344 41 60.851 351 45 94.952 358 19 16.7

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION or WET DAY PRECIPITATION DISTRIBUTION of LOG [WET DAY PRECIPITATION]

b

Ivi"V8!

.I99

LOG M81PTATOW ([0.5 CASS)55

Figure D-21

147

-

l-O

Fcc

0a:

_i

o1:

z0

U

o

c

zo

z

PRctcTATION [lOm l CASSES]

^ A_

1

U;.c

0

a5L;

Lam

cl0

a47mK41

4.7

PRC IMM) NYEARS= 12 (1979-19931

803 7983

I

II ...II IIIA 1 m I I a o s e

MGECTATION [Kknmn CLASSES]

Lb2 Lu o 17

LOG PMOMTATON (0.5 CLASS]

Figure D-22

148

2 MSD= 0PUTTALAM

u

LL.0

-i

cc

m0cr.-i

cz0

uzM

'K DAY UP TOTO1 1 16 23.92 8 10 11.83 15 5 9.34 22 1 2.55 29 4 2.7636 6 15.2743 6 2.48 50 10 6.59 57 10 13.3

10 64 10 11.911 71 5 6.112 7 6 7.613 85 10 13.614 92 22 30.415 99 20 30.216 106 21 30.917 113 19 28.718 120 10 10.919 127 17 13.920 134 20 34.521 141 4 4.822 148 14 19.023 155 15 22.824 162 7 7.425 169 7 2.426 176 7 2.027 183 6 7.328 190 5 6.329 197 2 0.930 204 6 2.831 211 3 2.032 218 6 2.733 225 4 5.234 232 0 0.135 239 1 1.436 246 5 2.037 253 11 19.938 260 14 12.239 267 7 7.540 274 13 30.741 281 20 21.142 288 33 38.043 295 42 72.344 302 33 45.145 309 57 75.646 316 39 43.547 323 33 46.148 330 27 33.249 337 27 24.450 344 30 25.451 351 28 21.452 358 15 14.1

i I

53

P -

. .. .. . . .L1I~IKIDUTn1 l wl m . .....lrl..n....

4.4

34A

1

23.2 9 I

k I

ILS

MO

70

*a

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 12 [1979-1993]BURANG, TIBET 3022 8127 4562 MSD= 0

0a

o

m

c5

o

l:

z

o

z

DAY OF YEAR

DAY OF YEARDISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION

"A

4L2 I E

I Et,

20.4


IPT o O SS ee

mPTATWA [10mm A1SES]

- 1l ai u IJ

LOG PRErCIRTAON O.S CUSSES]

Figure D-23

149

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 4 2.22 8 3 1.73 15 0 0.64 22 0 0.35 29 1 0.76 36 1 0.97 43 8 3.28 50 9 5.39 57 6 3.6

10 64 5 5.611 71 8 3.912 78 9 9.413 85 8 5.914 92 3 1.215 99 10 3.916 106 4. 3.017 113 8 5.118 120 8 5.419 127 3 2.420 134 8 7.621 141 3 1.422 148 2 1.623 155 0 0.724 162 0 0.225 169 1 1.926 176 6 4.427 183 0 0.52B 190 15 16.429 197 9 6.930 204 9 6.031 211 6 4.732 218 10 6.733 225 11 5.734 232 4 1.635 239 7 3.636 246 7 3.537 253 4 4.938 260 5 1.839 267 2 4.040 274 0 0.111 281 5 5.812 288 4 1.513 295 1 0.444 302 2 0.415 309 0 0.116 316 0 0.047 323 1 0.918 330 0 0.019 337 1 0.850 344 4 3.051 351 0 0.152 358 7 4.9

86

i

85

I

w

5

ccz0

wm

ISO o0.0 M.1

t7.1

1S.O

n0 325

S.O0

17.540 1.0

- . .. . . .

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 12 [1979-1993]

KAITSE. TIBET 3207 8405 4420 MSD= 0

50 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

50 188 150 210

DAY OF YEAR

i

HEOIAN ET 2.0H AMP PHASE1 2.5 206.22 1.5 29.83 0.8 79.74 0.8 82.25 0.4 26.2

WK DAY UP T0m1 1 1 0.62 8 1 0.63 15 0 0.34 22 0 0.05 29 0 0.06 36 0 0.07 43 0 0.08 50 0 0.09 57 0 0.0

10 64 0 0.311 71 1 4.312 78 1 O.B13 85 1 0.414 92 0 0.315 99 1 0.516 106 0 0.517 113 1 0.818 120 1 0.519 127 0 0.220 134 0 0.421 141 2 1.322 148 1 0.923 155 1 1.624 162 4 3.425 169 6 6.226 176 8 4.827 183 15 8.628 190 16 10.129 197 18 9.930 204 29 15.031 211 10 6.432 218 17 9.633 225 20 12.734 232 17 8.435 239 12 9.436 246 7 5.837 253 13 6.338 260 1 0.739 267 5 2.840 274 1 1.041 281 4 3.542 288 0 0.043 295 0 0.144 302 1 0.745 309 0 0.046 316 0 0.047 323 0 0.048 330 1 0.749 337 0 0.050 344 1 0.851 351 0 0.252 358 0 0.1

80

AVE SDJAN 0.9 2.1

FE8 0.1 0.1MAR 0.9 1.2APR 2.2 2.6MAY 2.5 2.4JUN 14.8 13.3JUL 32.6 23.8AUG 43.4 21.1SEP 18.0 12.9OCT 5.1 8.7NOV 0.0 0.1DEC 1.2 2.8

MED 1/6 5/6JAN 0.0 0 1FEB 0.0 0 0MAR 0.2 0 2APR 1.0 0 5MAY 1.3 1 5JUN 11.0 2 22JUL 31.1 11 55AUG 50.0 21 59SEP 18.2 5 30OCT 0.0 0 13

NOV 0.0 0 0DEC 0.0 0 2

250 3B0 358


U.O ' GSE

r u m 7Jr MrI

LOO PtcMIATiON [s cl.5 AS]

I

79

Figure D-24

150

o.

c

0

_Jmccm0

O.

z

z

0

z

C~

so

45

40

" 35

308ri, 25

zn 20

10

IADISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATION

. I I I I ,. I I I I I I S So weo « ao

[IMITAT^IT [10mm C.SSES]

. . . . . . v 8 U U i i | Ui | | z z E w § T

i_= * LC · "111 1 w 1 1 11 111*111 1 - .A . I I.I .- { ·Y l _ rII .!1 1 II I IIIJ

.I87.4

120

27.0

wt

4W.

2U

Su

LAa

I v v-F -r-r

PRC (MM), NYEARS= 14 [1979-19931

LHASA, TIBET 2970 9113 3659 MSD= 0

DAY OF YEAR

DISTRIBUTION OF WET DAY PRECIPITATIONOAY OF YEAR

SL2

6L2

34.1 1

*.17.1

*, , , .I I ..... ..........so no M CA 0

PRECIPrIATION (IOm CLASSES)


LO U 0. Cta o rrcsrr Ia cufa

Figure D-25

151

Q

CLLL

0

cc

m0m

z0

z0L)z

WK DAY UP TOTO1 1 0 0.12 8 0 0.23 15 0 0.04 22 0 0.25 29 1 0.86 36 0 0.47 43 0 0.08 50 0 0.19 57 0 0.1

10 64 0 0.011 71 2 1.012 78 0 0.213 85 0 0.414 92 2 0.915 99 2 1.016 106 1 1.317 113 3 2.118 120 3 2.219 127 11 5.820 134 13 5.821 141 9 7.722 148 10 7.423 155 18 10.424 162 22 18.025 169 24 20.126 176 23 15.527 183 36 26.228 190 34 22.429 197 43 31.330 204 38 29.831 211 33 22.132 218 38 26.233 225 42 32.134 232 36 26.835 239 32 21.636 246 32 20.237 253 28 16.938 260 22 11.939 267 11 8.840 274 7 3.541 281 4 3.342 288 2 1.143 295 1 0.944 302 0 0.045 309 0 0.346 316 0 0.047 323 0 0.048 330 2 0.649 337 0 0.250 344 3 1.951 351 0 0.252 358 0 0.2

5S

4341

- 31

{ 2!

z< 2i

1

94

II

93

MA

an

I. . I I . I

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 13 [1979-1993)

TI 3250 8008 4279 MSD= 0

ill 1 .. I1, 1 t

MEAN UP= 2.2

H AMP PHASE1 3.1 213.62 2,8 28.63 2.0 94.44 1.5 29.65 1.3 63.0

. 1 150 100 150 200 250 300 350

DAY OF YEAR

MEDIAN WET 1.4H AMP PHASE

45

1 1.9 215.52 1.8 30.0

40 *3 1.2 96.714 0.8 32.5L 5 0.7 64.9

35

39

25

20

is

-------- --------- -

5 ll J . illllj^L

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 1 0.92 8 0 0.23 15 1 0.54 22 3 1.75 29 0 0.26 36 0 0.37 43 0 0.48 50 0 0.39 57 1 0.5

10 64 00.211 71 1 1.012 78 0 0.513 85 0 0.414 92 0 0.115 99 0 0.216 106 0 0.217 113 0 0.218 120 2 0.919 127 1 0.620 134 1 0.921 141 1 0.622 148 O 0.123 155 2 1.224 162 0 0.525 169 1 0.326 176 1 0.727 183 3 2.528 190 8 4.929 197 10 4.830 204 21 29.231 211 9 13.432 218 11 9.533 225 13 5.834 232 2 1.435 239 7 6.236 246 2 1.437 253 2 0.738 260 1 0.939 267 4 1.940 274 0 0.241 281 0 0.342 288 0 0.043 295 0 0.244 302 0 0.145 309 0 0.046 316 0 0.047 323 0 0.148 330 0 0.049 337 1 0.350 344 3 1.651 351 0 0.152 358 1 0.5

78

AVE SDJAN 1.5 2.3FEB 1.0 1.4MAR 1.6 1.6APR 0.5 0.7MAY 2.0 3.2JUN 2.9 3.6JUL 46.8 56.5AUG 31.9 40.3SEP 4.6 5.6OCT 0.6 0.9NOV 0.3 0.6DEC 2.6 3.6

MED 1/6 5/6JAN 0.6 0 4FEB 0.3 0 2MAR 0.8 0 4APR 0.3 0 1MAY 0.9 0 3JUN 1.7 0 7JUL 28.5 7 69AUG 19.0 7 41SEP 3.0 0 8OCT 0.1 0 1NOV 0.0 0 0DEC 0.9 0 6

250 300 350


I I I I I I I I I I i i I S i I I IElie AIe OM a .*

PRECIPTATION [tOmm CASSES] LOG PMWOIIATM8 [80.5 ELASO)

Figure D-26

152

SHIQUANHE,100

90

80

.-

o

-J

mr.m0(.

C_

--z0

Z

70

60

50

30

20

10

50 188 158 200


I II

77

a ;rr . II I! ll a I ' , l U ' II.IIlY 11 111lI I I II IlIII1111 L

n I I , .T- l i I II

U-.o .

r . I .,

64.J I

r I -

2"2t.S

L-LIMI

5

-C

I.-w

Rc

19

,·rCL

2

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 14 [1979-1993]TINGRI, TIBET 2863 8708 4302 MSD= 0

DAY OF YEAR


2 8 0 0.13 15 1 2.14 22 0 0.05 29 0 0.06 36 0 0.27 43 1 0.38 50 1 0.39 57 0 0.0

10 64 0 0.111 71 0 0.112 78 0 0.113 85 0 0.214 92 0 0.515 99 1 0.416 106 2 0.917 113 3 1.218 120 0 0.319 127 1 0.820 134 5 2.821 141 3 2.122 148 2 1.423 155 7 2.924 162 4 1.425 169 8 5.626 176 12 16.227 183 14 10.228 190 24 18.329 197 35 28.230 204 32 25.931 211 32 28.232 218 34 26.533 225 53 40.434 232 28 20.635 239 24 12.636 246 14 10.837 253 8 3.938 260 5 4.039 267 1 1.240 274 2 0.741 281 1 0.542 288 1 2.043 295 1 0.644 302 1 0.345 309 0 0.046 316 0 0.047 323 0 0.048 330 1 0.249 337 0 0.050 344 0 0.051 351 2 1.252 358 1 0.4

98

50 100 150 208 250 308 350


c

P A ( lso No ~ ~

PRECIMIATION l1rnm CULSES) LOG PCIPTATnON s [ cuASs]

Figure D-27

153

1 00

90

80

- 70oa.LL

60

-J

m 50

_J

z 40

zu 30z

20

10

IIq;)

le'

97

I

I -

I -

I

i

I

.G

-4L

32.3

ar

220

5sno9

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 14 (1979-1993]

XAINZA, TIBET 3095 8863 4671 MSD= 0

DAY OF YEAR

,. I I I ,.

EDIAN WET 3.0H AMP PHASE1 4.0 204.72 1.0 24.13 0.4 30.54 0.1 71

5 0.6 61.9

1tl...L ·.

... , L .1. I .

WK DAY UP TOTD1 1 0 0.32 .8 1 0.73 15 0 0.14 22 0 0.25 29 0 0.16 36 0 0.17 43 0 0.28 50 1 0.59 57 1 0.910 64 0 0.011 71 1 0.812 78 0 0.213 85 1 0.414 92 0 0.315 99 2 1.016 106 2 1.217 113 1 0.918 120 2 1.519 127 3 9.420 134 4 2.121 141 12 5.122 148 6 3.623 155 9 8.424 162 17 12.725 169 15 7.426 176 25 15.427 183 36 17.228 190 38 25.529 197 28 25.830 204 36 24.031 211 18 15.232 218 47 25.633 225 39 23,034 232 34 26.735 239 21 10.036 246 27 13.337 253 20 15.238 260 18 8.139 267 10 7.440 274 2 1.841 281 6 8.342 288 O 0.743 295 1 0.944 302 1 0.545 309 1 0.446 316 0 0.247 323 0 0.048 330 0 0.149 337 0 0.050 344 1 0.451 351 0 0.352 358 0 0.1

88

AVE SOJAN 1.3 2.3FEB 1.7 2.5MAR 1.6 2.7APR 3.5 3.5MAY 13.3 14.8JUN 41.2 26.0JUL 95.4 59.4AUG 91.6 51.7SEP 45.7 21.5OCT 11.4 22.6NOV 0.8 1.3DEC 1.0 2.0

MED 1/6 5/6JAN 0.5 0 1FEB 0.6 0 3MAR 0.5 0 3APR 2.6 1 5NAY 9.9 1 21JUN 47.4 13 70JUL 75.1 59 119AUG 90.9 37 128SEP 41.6 27 56OCT 5.8 1 9NOV 0.0 0 2DEC 0.4 0 1

. _.. _ __-- -25i 3i0 350


II

a r so A nof no se cASSE) LOG PRcmPTATrO [Io c0.ue]

Figure D-28

154

100

80

- 707

a:a.

I-

o 60

_J

mm 50.mo

z 40I--

I 30

20

41

, 3

I.W

0.z

w

r31

5

5

0

5

05

S. A53 18 151 208


87

150 . . .. . . . . . . . . . . . I .. .. I I .I .

4

77n.

Su2

A.4

l r1 1l I I I I.. . . I I .I , I . . .

- -- --- --- --- ---

IMi[. ! ,..

so

to

UP

PRC (MM). NYEARS= 14 (1979-1993]

XIGAZE, TIBET 2922 8892 3837 MSD= 0

I P IP II I I Io I I I. I I I C

tlCtcnATATM [10mm CLAMES)

I~we

L a. s Lo 74

LOG PCt0IPITA [(o CLASSS]

Figure D-29

155

WK DAY UP TOm1 1 0 0.02 8 0 0.03 15 0 0.04 22 1 0.25 29 0 0.06 36 0 0.07 43 0 0.18 50 0 0.09 57 0 0.1

10 64 0 0.111 71 1 0.612 78 1 0.713 85 0 0.214 92 0 0.215 99 0 0.116 106 1 0.617 113 2 0.918 120 3 1.719 127 4 2.520 134 11 11.721 141 9 5.622 148 9 12.223 155 12 6.224 162 9 13.425 169 21 13.226 176 24 21.027 183 33 22,028 190 32 25.929 197 43 35.030 204 46 40.731 211 41 35.932 218 40 31.033 225 47 38.234 232 42 40.935 239 30 26.136 246 29 20.537 253 20 12.338 260 11 8.139 267 4 2.640 274 4 1.741 281 5 3.542 288 1 1.143 295 2 1.144 302 0 0.045 309 1 0.246 316 1 0.747 323 0 0.048 330 0 0.149 337 0 0.050 344 0 0.051 351 0 0.052358 0 0.0

I I)

91

;;7

L)m0.

U-0

-jc(m0Irm

z0

z0

z

Z;qo

2EJ

ECsn0Ir5p3§

_ . _ _ _ .. _ _ . __ _ , _ _ _ ,

.l.ln..u....n Ur ..-1 .Ac " r...

__3OWrM.*

22i

soII

7»

!O *Ao

. . . . . . . . .

APPENDIX E:SEASONAL STATISTICS OVER THE SUBCONTINENT

[Values at island stations are explicity plotted.]

156

J-S: SEASONAL MEAN

LAALA. C1A'~C~I MI KAF~Ak1 OND: S

70

SEASONAL MEAN

80

Figure E-1. Mean seasonal precipitation (mm).

157

20

10

30

20

10

90

JF: SEASONAL MEAN

M/Arvl; Z /AOJI'4/A - MF-MIN

AI

JF: SEASONAL STANDARD DEV

MAM: SEASONAL STANDARD DEV

Figure E-2. Standard deviation of seasonal precipitation (mm).

158

30

10

30

20

10

JF: SEASONAL COEF OF VARIATION

MAM: SEASONAL COEF OF VARIATION OND: SEASONAL COEF OF VARIATION

70

Figure E-3. Coefficient of variation (xl00).

159

80 90

J-S: SEASONAL COEF OF VARIATION

J-S: SEASONAL MEDIAN

MAM: SEASONAL MEDIAN OND: SEASONAL MEDIAN

70 80 90

Figure E-4. Median seasonal precipitation (mm).

160

20

10

JF: SEASONAL MEDIAN

.

'�"��"� -- ��--��- ��--

I

I

I

AI

I7n An Qn

J-S: SEASONAL DIFFERENCE: MEAN - MEDIAN

MAM: SEASONAL DIFFERENCE: MEAN - MEDIAN OND: SEASONAL DIFFERENCE: MEAN - MEDIAN

Figure E-4. Difference between mean and median (mean-median) seasonal precipitation (mm).

161

10

30

20

10

JF: SEASONAL DIFFERENCE: MEAN - MEDIAN

i

IV ou J0

J-S: SEASONAL 1/6 SEXTILE

MAM: SEASONAL 1/6 SEXTILE OND: SEASONAL 1/6 SEXTILE

70 80

Figure E-6. 1/6 sextile (mm).

162

30

20

10

30

20

10

30

20

10

30

20

10

90

JF: SEASONAL 1/6 SEXTILE

J-S: SEASONAL 5/6 SEXTILE

MAM: SEASONAL 5/6 SEXTILE

80 90

OND: SEASONAL 5/6 SEXTILE

70 80

Figure E-7. 5/6 sextile (mm).

163

30

70 90

JF: SEASONAL 5/6 SEXTILE

J-S: P01: PROBABILITY OF DRY DAY => WET DAY

MAM: P01: PROBABILITY OF DRY DAY => WET DAY

Figure E-8. Mean seasonal probability of a dry day followed by a wet day.

164

30

20

10

30

20

10

30

20

10

30

20

10

JF: P01: PROBABILITY OF DRY DAY => WET DAY

70 Bo vu

J-S: P11: PROBABILITY OF WET DAY => WET DAY

MAM: P11: PROBABILITY OF WET DAY => WET DAY OND: P11: PROBABILITY OF WET DAY =' > WET DAY

Figure E-9. Mean seasonal probability of a wet day followed by a wet day.

165

30

20

10

30

20

10

30

20

10

30

20

10

IV au Nu

J-S: PHAT: UNCONDITIONAL PROBABILITY OF PRC

Figure E-10. Mean unconditional probability of precipitation on a particular day during the season.

166

30

20

10

JF: PHAT: UNCONDITIONAL PROBABILITY OF PRC

J-S: SEASONAL NO. of WET DAYS

MAM: SEASONAL NO. of WET DAYS OND: SEASONA

70 80

L NO. of WET DAYS

90

Figure E-ll. Number of wet days during a season.

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30

20

10

30

20

10

I... ..... - .--- -- -- --- - - -

I

AI

i

JF: STANDARD DEV of NO. of WET DAYS

Figure E-12. Standard deviation of the r

168

lumber of wet days during a season.

30

20

10

30

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10

the annual cycle of precipitation over the indian

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