the american revolution chapter 2. the decision for independence written primarily by thomas...
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The American RevolutionChapter 2
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The Decision for Independence
Written primarily by Thomas Jefferson.
Natural rights had been “endowed” to all persons “by their Creator.” No need to claim “rights as Englishmen” Blamed King George III Americans no longer considered themselves English
Upheld the right of the people to overthrow oppressive rule. Based its argument primarily on the contract theory
of government developed by John Locke: power comes from the consent of the people.
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The Declaration of Independence The Continental
Congress passed the resolution on July 2, 1776
On July 4, 1776, each member of the Second Continental Congress signed the document.
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Choosing Sides
1/3 American Loyalists (Tories) Often lived in urban and
coastal areas. 1/3 Patriots
(actively supported) 1/3 Did not care
enough to fight Not just a war
between the British and Americans; truly a civil war.
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Military Resources
British (far more resources) Manpower Navy Professional armies and mercenaries
Colonial Short supply lines Familiarity with area George Washington French Willing to sustain war
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The Revolutionary War
Congress struggled to provide the army with adequate supplies. Inability to control colonies, raise money, draft
men, etc.
“Regulars” versus the militia Washington designed a defensive strategy to
compensate for weakness. The Americans lost most of the battles in the
Revolutionary War.
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Turning Points
On Christmas night, 1776, Washington slipped across the Delaware River at Trenton (New Jersey) with 2,400 men and surprised the drunken Hessians, killing or capturing over a thousand.
6 American casualties.
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Turning Points Victory at
Saratoga (October 1777) Horatio Gates and
Benedict Arnold capture John Burgoyne and 9,500 British
Saratoga changed
everything Franco-American
Alliance
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Turning Points:Alliance with France
In Paris, the French celebrated the Battle of Saratoga as a French victory. The French had already been sending military
supplies to the colonists Most gunpowder in the first years of the war came
from France. On February 6, 1778, France and
America signed two treaties: A Treaty of Amity and Commerce (Recognition
of U.S.) A Treaty of Alliance
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Turning Points
The American Revolution became a global war.
Britain was fighting wars with America, France, Spain, and Dutch Other theaters of war included India,
the West Indies, and Florida. British realized the rest of the empire
at stake
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The Struggle in the South
English politicians & generals believed that the war could be won in the South. Loyalists were numerous in
the backcountry Planters could not afford to
turn their guns away from their slaves
Capture Savannah (1778) & Charleston (1779)
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The Struggle in the South
Neighbors and even families fought and killed one another. Both sides burned farms, tortured prisoners, etc. White fears of rebellion
African American quests for liberty (1/3 of population) Disagreement among British over freeing slaves
Kings Mountain (1780) American victory over British Turning point of war in the South Followed by victory at Cowpens (January 1781) British became convinced that they could not put
down the rebellion in the South.
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Turning Points
Battle of Yorktown (Virginia) October 19, 1781 Lord Charles Cornwallis
surrounded by French fleet and surrenders to Washington
Over 7,000 British and Hessians became prisoners
Added to setbacks in other parts of the world, the British decided to end the war.
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Peace of Paris (1783)
An important factor in the conclusion of peace negotiations with Britain was the American decision to negotiate separately with the British.
Terms U.S. political independence recognized Mississippi River recognized as western border
of the United States Congress would not prevent the British
merchants from collecting debts owed to them by Americans
Florida was given to Spain
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Results of the American Revolution: Social effects
Spirit of equality weakened old habits of deference Example: voting qualifications
were lowered Higher education increased
Example: 14 colleges founded in 1780s and 90s to go with the 9 before Revolution
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Results of the American Revolution: Social effects
Complete freedom of religion Transition from the toleration of religious
dissent to a complete freedom of religion in the separation of church and state
Legislative representation for the backcountry was increased
Weakened the major Indian tribes along the frontier / cleared the way for rapid settlement of the trans-Appalachian West
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Results of the American Revolution: Slavery
British army freed thousands of slaves; others escaped 55,000 slaves fled to freedom during the
Revolution Slaves who fought for the
colonies were given their freedom Northern states began to outlaw
slavery Only Georgia and South Carolina
continued to import.
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Results of the American Revolution: Political
Most political experimentation between 1776 and 1787 occurred at the state level with new state constitutions The Articles of Confederation were ratified by the states
in 1781; before then the Continental Congress operated as an extralegal body
Articles of Confederation (1781) Weak central government with little authority Congress was not intended as a legislature, nor as a
sovereign entity unto itself, but as a collective substitute for the monarch – a plural executive rather than a parliamentary body