the american nation chapter 27 the world war ii era, 1935–1945 copyright © 2003 by pearson...

The American NationThe American Nation

Chapter 27The World War II Era,

1935–1945

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

The American NationThe American Nation

Copyright © 2003 by Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Prentice Hall, Upper Saddle River, NJ. All rights reserved.

Section 1: The Gathering Storm

Section 2: World War II Begins

Section 3: Americans in Wartime

Section 4: The Allies Turn the Tide

Chapter 27: The World War II Era, 1935–1945

Section 5: The End of the War

Chapter 27, Section 1

The Gathering StormThe Gathering Storm

• What kind of dictatorship did Stalin set up in the Soviet Union?

• How did authoritarian governments come to power in Italy, Germany, and Japan?

• Why did the United States adopt a policy of isolationism?


Stalin’s Dictatorship in the Soviet UnionStalin’s Dictatorship in the Soviet Union

• Lenin had set up a communist government in the Soviet Union.

• After Lenin’s death in 1924, Joseph Stalin gained power. He ruled as a totalitarian dictator. In a totalitarian state, a single party controls the government and people’s lives.• Citizens do not ask questions.• Criticism is punished.

• Stalin modernized industry and agriculture, but his methods were brutal.• Peasants had to hand over land and animals to

government-run farms. Millions who resisted were executed or sent to labor camps.

• Stalin staged trials and executed his political enemies.


Fascism in ItalyFascism in Italy

• Benito Mussolini and his Fascist party seized power in 1922. Fascism combined militarism, extreme nationalism, and blind loyalty to the state.

• Fascists were supported by business leaders and landowners.• Mussolini played on Italian anger over the Versailles Treaty, which hadn’t

given Italy all the territory it wanted after World War I.• He also used economic unrest and fears of communist revolution.

• Mussolini outlawed all political parties except his own.• He controlled the press and banned criticism.• Critics were jailed or murdered.

• Mussolini promised to restore the greatness of ancient Rome.• He began a program of military aggression. Aggression is a warlike act by

one country against another without just cause.• In 1935, Italy invaded Ethiopia. The Ethiopian emperor Haile Selassie asked

the League of Nations for help, but the League responded weakly. Ethiopia fell.


Nazism in GermanyNazism in Germany

• Adolf Hitler brought the National Socialist German Workers’ Party, or Nazis, to power in Germany.• Hitler also played on anger about the Versailles Treaty,

which blamed Germany for World War I and made them pay heavy war costs.

• Hitler blamed Jews and other traitors. Hitler was using Jews and others as scapegoats—a person or group on whom to blame one’s problems.

• In 1933, Hitler became head of the German government.• He ended democratic rule and created a militaristic

totalitarian state.• The government controlled the press, schools, and religion.


Nazism in GermanyNazism in Germany

• Hitler preached that Germans belonged to a superior race.• The Nazis singled out Jews for special persecution. The Jews

were deprived of citizenship, forbidden to use public facilities, and driven out of their jobs.

• Later, Jews were sent to concentration camps—prison camps for civilians who are considered enemies of the state.

• In time, Hitler would unleash his plan to kill all European Jews.

• Hitler claimed that Germany had a right to expand to the east.• He began to rebuild Germany’s military.• In 1936, German troops moved into the Rhineland, near the

borders of France and Belgium.


Military Rule in JapanMilitary Rule in Japan

• Japan suffered in the Great Depression. People grew impatient with their democratic government, and military leaders took power.

• Like Hitler, these leaders preached racial superiority.

• Military rulers set out to expand into Asia.• In 1931, Japanese forces seized Manchuria in northeastern

China. Manchuria was rich in coal and iron.• The Japanese set up a state in Manchuria called Manchukuo.

• China called on the League of Nations for help.• The League condemned Japanese aggression but did little else.• The United States refused to recognize Manchukuo but took no

action.


Neutrality Acts

• In 1935, Congress passed the first of a series of Neutrality Acts, which banned arms sales and loans to countries at war.

• Congress also warned Americans not to travel on ships of countries at war.

Good Neighbor Policy

• In 1930, President Hoover had rejected the Roosevelt Corollary. He said that the United States no longer claimed the right to intervene in Latin American affairs.

• Franklin Roosevelt moved toward building friendlier relations with Latin America. Under his Good Neighbor Policy, American troops withdrew from Nicaragua and Haiti.

• The United States also canceled the Platt Amendment, which had limited Cuban independence.

In the United States, the isolationist mood of the 1920s continued. Americans were determined to keep from becoming involved.

American IsolationismAmerican Isolationism


Section 1 AssessmentSection 1 Assessment

One method Hitler used to gain support in Germany was toa) plan a program for dividing up the land into government-run farms.b) promise to restore the glory of the ancient Roman empire.c) blame Germany’s troubles on the Jews and other groups, but not on

Germans.d) call on the League of Nations for help with Germany’s economic

problems.

Under his Good Neighbor Policy, Franklin Roosevelta) withdrew American troops from Latin American countries.b) managed Cuban foreign policy and economic affairs.c) banned arms sales or loans to countries in Latin America.d) warned Americans to stay out of Latin American countries.

Want to connect to the American History link for this section? Click here.

http://www.phschool.com/atschool/TAN/Survey_2003/Student_Area/TAN_SC27_ACT_index.html


World War II BeginsWorld War II Begins

• How did aggression lead to war in Asia and Europe?

• How did the United States respond to the outbreak of World War II?

• Why did the United States finally enter the war?

In 1937, Japan began an all-out war against China.• Japanese planes bombed China’s major cities.• Japanese troops occupied northern and central China.

The Japanese advance into China alarmed American leaders.• They thought it would undermine the Open Door Policy,

which promised equal access to trade in China.• It threatened the nearby Philippines.• However, isolationist feelings kept the United States from

taking a firm stand.


Aggression in AsiaAggression in Asia


Aggression in EuropeAggression in Europe

In 1938, Germany annexed Austria.• This action violated the Treaty of Versailles.• Britain and France took no action.

Later in 1938, Hitler claimed the Sudetenland, the western part of Czechoslovakia. He said that many people of German heritage lived there.• Britain and France had signed treaties to protect Czechoslovakia

but did not want to go to war.• In September, leaders of Britain, France, Italy, and Germany met in

Munich. At this Munich Conference, Hitler promised that Germany would take no further territory once it had the Sudetenland.

• Britain and France agreed. This practice of giving in to aggression in order to avoid war is known as appeasement.



In August 1939, Hitler and Stalin signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact.• The two rivals agreed not to attack each other.• Secretly, they agreed to divide Poland and other parts of

Eastern Europe.• In September 1939, Hitler launched a blitzkrieg, or lightning

war, against Poland. The Poles soon surrendered.• The Soviet Union seized eastern Poland. It also invaded

Finland and later annexed Estonia, Lithuania, and Latvia.


The Outbreak of the Second World WarThe Outbreak of the Second World War

• Two days after Hitler’s invasion of Poland, Britain and France declared war on Germany. World War II had begun.

• Germany, Italy, Japan, and six other nations formed the Axis powers.• Eventually Britain, France, the United States, the Soviet Union, China,

and 45 other countries would make up the Allies.• In the spring of 1940, German armies smashed through Denmark and

Norway. In May they overran Holland and Belgium and pushed into France.• Britain went to aid France, but by May, the Germans forced them to

retreat to Dunkirk, a French port on the English Channel. The British sent every available ship to rescue the trapped soldiers.

• German armies marched to Paris. France surrendered on June 22, 1940.

• At the time, Britain stood alone against Germany.• In the Battle of Britain, German planes bombed London and other

British cities. British fighter pilots fought back.• After months of bombing, Hitler gave up his plan to invade Britain.


Most Americans favored the Allies but did not want to go to war. Isolationists opposed Roosevelt’s measures to help Britain and prepare the nation for war.

Aid to the Allies

• FDR asked Congress to repeal the law that banned the sale of arms to warring nations. Isolationists objected. FDR won a compromise. The United States could sell arms to the Allies under a “cash-and-carry” plan, that is, the Allies had to pay cash and carry away the arms in their own ships.

• German submarines sunk many British ships. Roosevelt agreed to give Britain 50 old American destroyers. In return, Britain gave the United States 99-year leases on military bases in Newfoundland and the Caribbean.

Preparing for war

• Congress approved greater spending for the army and navy.• Congress set up a military draft, the first peacetime draft.

FDR’s Third Term

• The threat of war persuaded Roosevelt to run for a third term. He was the first President to do so.

How The United States Reacted to the Outbreak of WarHow The United States Reacted to the Outbreak of War


Lend-Lease • Roosevelt suggested lending supplies to Britain.• Congress passed the Lend-Lease Act, allowing sales or

loans of war goods to “any country whose defense the President deems vital to the defense of the United States.”

• Airplanes, tanks, guns, and ammunition were transported to Britain by British merchant ships.

• When Hitler invaded the Soviet Union in June 1941, Roosevelt extended Lend-Lease aid to the Soviet Union.

The Atlantic Charter

• In August 1941, Roosevelt and Churchill issued the Atlantic Charter, which set goals for the postwar world.

• The leaders agreed to seek no territory from the war.• They supported “the right of all peoples to choose the form

of government under which they will live.”• The charter called for a “permanent system of general

security” similar to the League of Nations.

How The United States Reacted to the Outbreak of WarHow The United States Reacted to the Outbreak of War


Why the United States Finally Entered the WarWhy the United States Finally Entered the War

• Americans were alarmed by Japanese aggression in Asia. After Germany defeated France, Japan took control of French colonies in Southeast Asia. In September 1940, Japan signed an alliance with Germany and Italy.

• The United States tried to stop Japanese aggression by refusing to sell oil and scrap metal to Japan. This embargo angered the Japanese.

• Japanese and American officials met in November 1941. Japan asked the United States to lift the embargo. The United States asked Japan to withdraw its armies from China and Southeast Asia. Neither side would compromise


Why the United States Finally Entered the WarWhy the United States Finally Entered the War

• On Sunday morning, December 7, 1941, Japanese planes attacked the American Pacific fleet anchored at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii.• The Japanese thought the attack would force the United

States to beg for peace immediately.• American aircraft carriers survived the attack because

they were at sea at the time.• The Japanese did not bomb the fuel oil tanks in Hawaii.

The fuel oil was a valuable resource in the war that followed.

• On December 8, 1941, Congress declared war on Japan.• Germany and Italy then declared war on the United States.



After Hitler came to power in Germany, the first piece of land he claimed for Germany was a part of

a) Czechoslovakia.b) France.c) Poland.d) Belgium.

Which event finally brought the United States into World War II?a) the German invasion of Polandb) the German bombing of Londonc) the Japanese bombing of Pearl Harbord) Germany and Italy’s declaration of war against the United States




Americans in WartimeAmericans in Wartime

• How did Americans mobilize the economy in World War II?

• What impact did the war have on African Americans?

• Why did Japanese Americans and other groups face special problems during the war?


The United States Mobilized for WarThe United States Mobilized for War

The first task was to train forces for combat.• Army, navy, and air bases were built all over the country.• Recruits were trained to fight in jungles, deserts, towns, and farmlands.• Women joined all the armed services—although they were not allowed in

combat.The government controlled the economy during the war. Government agencies set prices, negotiated with labor unions, and decided what to produce.

• The War Production Board helped factories shift from producing consumer goods to producing war materials.

• As consumer goods became scarcer, the government imposed rationing or limitations on the amounts of certain goods that people could buy.

• To combat food shortages, many Americans planted victory gardens.• To pay for the war, the government raised taxes and borrowed money from

citizens by selling war bonds.• The war ended the Great Depression.


The United States Mobilized for WarThe United States Mobilized for War

Almost five million women entered the work force.• They replaced the men who joined the armed

services. • Rosie the Riveter, a fictional factory worker, became a

symbol of American women’s contributon to the war effort.

• War work gave women better pay and working conditions than before.

• The war changed women’s fashions. Many women began to dress for work in trousers and overalls.

• Women gained a new sense of confidence.

African Americans decided to pursue a “Double V” campaign—victory over the enemy abroad and victory over discrimination at home.

• As industry geared for war, some factories put up “Help Wanted, White” signs.

• To gain equality for African Americans, A. Philip Randolph, head of the Brotherhood of Sleeping Car Porters, called for a protest march on Washington.

• After meeting with Randolph, FDR ordered employers that did business with the government to end discrimination in hiring.

• Racial tension increased. Competition for scarce housing led to race riots.

FDR refused to end segregation of the races in the military.• Nearly a million African Americans enlisted or were drafted.• They had to serve in all-black units with white officers.• The Tuskegee Airmen were African American fighter pilots who trained at

Tuskegee, Alabama. By the end of the war, the Tuskegee airmen had destroyed or damaged about 400 enemy aircraft.


The War’s Impact on African AmericansThe War’s Impact on African Americans


The War’s Impact on Japanese AmericansThe War’s Impact on Japanese Americans

The war brought suffering to Japanese Americans. After the attack on Pearl Harbor, some people questioned the loyalty of Japanese Americans, although there was no evidence of disloyalty. Yet, President Roosevelt signed an order allowing the army to move Japanese Americans from their homes to “relocation camps.”

• Even people who were American citizens by birth were relocated.• Japanese Americans were forced to sell property and businesses at a loss.• Japanese Americans lived in crowded barracks behind barbed wire.• Despite unfair treatment, thousands of Japanese American men served in

the armed forces. The 442nd Nisei Regimental Combat Team became the most highly decorated military unit in United States history.In 1988, Congress apologized to Japanese Americans who had been driven from their homes. Congress approved compensation, or repayment for losses, in the amount of $20,000 to every survivor of the camps.


Problems for Other GroupsProblems for Other Groups

About 11,000 German Americans and several hundred Italian Americans were also held in government camps.• Other German and Italian Americans faced curfews or travel

restrictions.Mexican Americans also faced problems.• The United States signed a treaty with Mexico in 1942 establishing

the bracero program, in which recruiters found Mexican laborers to work in the United States. Many Mexicans moved north to work on farms and railroads.

• In 1943, a group of sailors attacked some Mexican Americans in Los Angeles. The incident led to several days of rioting. Newspapers blamed the Mexican Americans. In her newspaper column, Eleanor Roosevelt argued that the riots were caused by discrimination against Mexicans.

• Still, many Mexican Americans served in the military.



To mobilize for war, the United States did all of the following EXCEPT a) ration many consumer goodsb) encourage women to work in factories.c) sell war bonds.d) train women for combat.

Japanese Americans on the West Coast were moved from their homes to relocation camps because

a) they had shown that they were disloyal to the United States.b) certain people on the West Coast questioned their loyalty.c) they were not American citizens.d) it would force young Japanese Americans to join the service.




The Allies Turn the TideThe Allies Turn the Tide

• What defeats did the Allies suffer during the bleak days of 1942?

• How did D-Day and the opening of the “Second Front” help to turn the tide of battle in Europe?

• How did the war in Europe come to an end?


Allied Defeats of 1942Allied Defeats of 1942

• In 1942, German armies occupied most of Europe and much of North Africa. Japan was sweeping across Asia and the Pacific. German submarines were sinking ships faster than the Allies could replace them.

• German armies were closing in on Moscow, Leningrad, and Stalingrad. • The Soviets resisted by burning their crops and destroying farm

equipment so the Germans could not use them.• The German attack caused terrible hardships.

• Japanese forces were on the move in the Pacific.• Japan seized Guam, Wake Island, Hong Kong, and Singapore.• General Douglas MacArthur directed American and Filipino troops in

defense of the Philippines and the island of Bataan. In the end, MacArthur was forced to withdraw.

• Japan captured Malaya, Burma, and the Dutch East Indies. • The Japanese advance was a threat to India, Australia, and New Zealand.


The Tide of War Begins to TurnThe Tide of War Begins to Turn

The Allies had agreed that they must defeat Germany and Italy first. Then, they would send their combined forces to fight Japan.However, Americans won some victories in the war in the Pacific. • American forces met a Japanese fleet in the Coral Sea near Java in

May 1942. After a three-day battle, the Japanese fleet was turned back. It was the first naval battle in history in which airplanes did all the damage. The planes were from the aircraft carriers.

• One month later, the United States Navy won a stunning victory at the Battle of Midway. The victory hampered the Japanese offensive and kept Japan from attacking Hawaii again.

Allied forces began to push back the Germans in North Africa.• In October 1942, the British drove German forces under Erwin

Rommel from El Alamein, Egypt, toward Tunisia.• In May 1943, Rommel’s army had to surrender.


The Tide of War Begins to TurnThe Tide of War Begins to Turn

From North Africa, the Allies organized an invasion of Italy.• First, the Allies captured the island of Sicily, then crossed

from Sicily into Italy.• By then, the Italian people had overthrown Mussolini.• However, the Germans still occupied much of Italy.• In a series of bloody battles, the Allies fought their way

through Italy. On June 4, 1944, they freed Rome from Nazi control.

Meanwhile, the Soviet army had defeated the Germans at Leningrad and Stalingrad. Soviet troops were pushing the Germans back across EasternEurope.


The Second Front Helps to Turn the TideThe Second Front Helps to Turn the Tide

For years, Stalin had urged Britain and the United States to send armies across the English Channel into France. Such an attack would create a second front in Western Europe and ease pressure in the East.

• The allies were not prepared for such an invasion until 1944.• Years of planning went into Operation Overlord, the code name for the

invasion of Europe.• General Dwight Eisenhower was appointed commander of Allied forces in

Europe.• The Germans knew the attack was coming, but not when or where.

On June 6, 1944—D-Day, as it was known—a fleet of 4,000 Allied ships carried the invasion force to France.

• The troops scrambled ashore at Normandy.• Despite intense German resistance, the Allies pushed on.• The Allies reached Paris on August 25, 1944. Within a month, France was

free.


Turning PointsTurning Points


The War in Europe Comes to an EndThe War in Europe Comes to an End

By September, the Allies were advancing toward Germany. On December 16, 1944, German forces began a fierce counterattack.• In one area, the Germans pushed the Allies back, creating a bulge

in the front lines. This Battle of the Bulge, as it was later called, slowed the Allies down, but it did not stop them.

• While troops were fighting on the ground, British and American airmen were dropping bombs on German cities, factories, and oil refineries.

In 1944, President Roosevelt ran for a fourth term.• The Republican opponent was Governor Thomas E. Dewey of New

York.• Roosevelt and his running mate, Senator Harry S Truman of

Missouri, won more than 54 percent of the vote.• A short time later, in April 1945, Roosevelt died.


The War in Europe Comes to an EndThe War in Europe Comes to an End

By April 1945, Germany was collapsing. American troops were closing in: • from the west. Soviet troops were advancing from the

east.• On April 25, American and Soviet troops met at

Torgau, 60 miles south of Berlin.• Soon after, Hitler committed suicide.• On May 7, 1945, Germany surrendered. On May 8, the

Allies celebrated V-E Day—Victory in Europe.



In the darkest days of the war for the Allies, German armies had control ofa) the main cities of the Soviet Union—Leningrad, Moscow, and

Stalingrad.b) most of Europe and much of North Africa.c) Hong Kong and the Philippines.d) Western Europe, including Great Britain.

The Allies opened a second front in Europe by landing an enormous invasion force at

a) Stalingrad.b) Egypt.c) Sicily.d) Normandy.




End of the WarEnd of the War

• How did American forces advance in the Pacific?• Why did Japan finally surrender?• What made World War II the deadliest war in

history?


American Forces Advance in the PacificAmerican Forces Advance in the Pacific

While war raged in Europe, the Allies kept up pressure on Japan. The United States had two goals: to regain the Philippines and to invade Japan.To gain control of the Pacific Ocean, American forces used the strategy of island-hopping—capturing some Japanese-held islands and going around others. Each island that was won became a steppingstone to Japan.• First, American ships shelled an island. Next, troops waded

ashore under heavy gunfire. Then, Americans overcame fierce Japanese resistance in hand-to-hand fighting.

• Navajo soldiers radioed messages from island to island in a code based on the Navajo language. The Japanese intercepted the messages but could not understand these Navajo code-talkers.

In October 1944, American forces under General MacArthur returned to the Philippines.


American Forces Advance in the PacificAmerican Forces Advance in the Pacific

Americans then captured the islands of Iwo Jima and Okinawa.• Japanese leaders stressed an ancient code—the Way

of the Warrior. To surrender was to be dishonored. In suicide missions, kamikaze pilots loaded old planes with bombs and crashed them into Allied ships.

By 1945, American forces had begun to launch attacks against Japanese cities and factories. The United States made plans to invade Japan the following autumn.


World War II in the PacificWorld War II in the Pacific


Japan SurrendersJapan Surrenders

• President Truman, Winston Churchill of Great Britain, and Joseph Stalin of the Soviet Union met in Potsdam, Germany, in July 1945. While there, Truman received word that American scientists had successfully tested the atomic bomb.

• The Allied leaders sent a message warning Japan to surrender or face “prompt and utter destruction.” Not knowing about the atomic bomb, Japanese leaders ignored this Potsdam Declaration.

• On August 6, 1945, the American bomber Enola Gay dropped an atomic bomb on Hiroshima, Japan. The blast killed 70,000 people and injured an equal number. Many people died later from the effects of atomic radiation.

• On August 9, a second bomb was dropped on Nagasaki.• On August 14, 1945, the emperor of Japan announced that the nation

would surrender. The formal surrender took place on September 2 aboard the USS Missouri in Tokyo Bay. V-J Day—Victory in Japan—sparked wild celebrations across the United States.


World War II was the deadliest war in history.

Casualties • The exact number of casualties will probably never be known.

• Historians estimate that between 30 million and 60 million people were killed

Property • Bombers destroyed houses, factories, and farms.• By 1945, millions were homeless and had no way to earn a

living.

Bataan Death March

After the war, Americans learned about the brutal mistreatment of prisoners of war. The Japanese had forced about 75,000 American and Filipino prisoners to march 65 miles with little food or water. About 10,000 died or were killed.

The Deadliest War in HistoryThe Deadliest War in History

Holocaust • In the last months of the war, Allied forces discovered the extent of the Holocaust, the slaughter of Europe’s Jews by the Nazis. More than 6 million Jews were tortured and murdered in the Nazi death camps.

• Nearly 6 million Poles, Slavs, and Gypsies were also victims of the death camps.

• Nazis killed many prisoners of war, as well as people with physical or mental disabilities.

• As a reaction to the Holocaust, the Allies tried Nazi leaders at war crimes trials in Nuremberg, Germany. As a result of the Nuremberg Trials, 12 Nazi leaders were sentenced to death. Thousands of others were imprisoned. The Allies also tried and executed some Japanese leaders for war crimes


The Deadliest War in HistoryThe Deadliest War in History



The event that finally led the Japanese to surrender wasa) the Battle of Midway.b) the American capture of Iwo Jima and Okinawa, near the mainland of

Japan.c) the dropping of atomic bombs on Hiroshima and Nagasaki.d) the Potsdam Declaration.

The Holocaust wasa) the Allied bombing of European houses, factories, and farms.b) a forced march of American and Filipino soldiers in which thousands

died.c) the war crimes trial of Nazi leaders. d) the Nazi slaughter of European Jews.



the american nation chapter 27 the world war ii era, 1935–1945 copyright © 2003 by pearson...

Documents

world war

hitler blamed jews

german government

communist government

germanyadolf hitler

heavy war costs

italybenito mussolini

joseph stalin