the american college of veterinary surgeons the first twenty-five years

Veterinary Surgery, 19, 1,3-13,1990

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons The First Twenty-Five Years

GHERY D. PETTIT, DVM, DiplomateACVS

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS), founded in 1965 and recognized by the AVMA in 1970, maintains high standards for surgical training programs and administers rigorous certifying examinations. It provides educational outreach to the veterinary medical profession by presenting scientific programs at ACVS annual meetings, sponsoring the Veteri- nary Surgical Forum in the USA and Europe, and publishing a refereed journal, Veterinary Surgery. The ACVS offers research grants and other awards to surgical residents, and encourages its members to pursue original investigations and contribute to the veterinary literature. In its silver anniversary year, it is appropriate to recall the aspirations and accomplishments of this forward-looking specialty organization.

ARK W. ALLAM, VMD, Dean Emeritus of the School M of Veterinary Medicine at the University of Penn- sylvania, is recognized as the Father of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons (ACVS) because he provided the original impetus, convened the organizing committee, and served as the first chairman of the ACVS Board of Regents (Fig. 1). He was also the first ACVS historian, 1977-198 1. Allam gave credit to William Fos- ter, VMD, a New Jersey practitioner who insisted in 1955 that such a college was needed, and to Isadore S. Ravdin, MD, a professor of surgery at the University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine who gave encouragement. From his perspective as past president of the American College of Surgeons, Ravdin suggested that its charter, constitution, and bylaws be used as a basis for planning a college of veterinary surgery.

During the American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA) meeting in Kansas City in 1959, Allam assem- bled a group of veterinarians interested in surgery to con- sider forming a certifying agency to give veterinarians willing to do postgraduate work some means of recognition for their effort. At a second meeting in Detroit in 196 1, an organizing committee was appointed in accor- dance with AVMA directives on specialty organizations. Members of the organizing committee were James Ar-

chibald (Ontario Veterinary College), Wade 0. Brinker (Michigan State University), Edwin A. Churchill (Chesa- peake City, Maryland), Richard L. Rudy (Ohio State University), and Jacques Jenny (University of Pennsyl- vania), chairman. The committee submitted a constitution and bylaws, their curricula vitae, and a formal peti- tion for recognition to the AVMA Advisory Board on Veterinary Specialties. The AVMA approved the membership of the organizing committee, recommended some minor changes in the constitution and bylaws, and gave provisory recognition of ACVS as a specialty organization. On December 14, 1965, the College was incorporated under the laws of the State of Illinois as a non- profit educational organization. The AVMA granted probationary approval of ACVS on July 9, 1967, and full approval on June 22,1970.

The first meeting of ACVS, from which we date this silver anniversary, was convened by the organizing committee on July 13, 1965, at the AVMA convention in Portland, Oregon. The first elected officers were Mark W. Allam (University of Pennsylvania), chairman of the Board of Regents; Jacques Jenny (University of Pennsyl- vania), president; Richard L. Rudy (Ohio State Univer- sity), president-elect; Wade 0. Brinker (Michigan State University), vice president; James Archibald (Ontario

From the Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington.

This account is based in part on a report by the ACVS History Committee (Charles W. Raker, Ghery D. Pettit, and Mark W. Allam, chairman), “Some Historic Facts, American College of Veterinary Surgeons, 1966-1980.” The author thanks the ACVS Board of Regents for making the minutes of their meetings and supporting documents available.

Reprint requests: Ghery D. Pettit, DVM, Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine and Surgery, College of Veterinary Medicine, Washington State University, Pullman, WA 99164-6610.

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4 ACVS-THE FIRST 25 YEARS

Fig. 1. Mark W. Allam, DVM, convener of the organizing committee and first chairman of the ACVS Board of Regents. Photograph made in 1966.

Veterinary College), secretary; Edwin A. Churchill (Chesapeake City, Maryland), treasurer; and Benjamin F. Hoerlein (Auburn University), recorder. Additional members of the Board of Regents were Ora R. Adams (Colorado State University), John R. Annis (Purdue University), C. Lawrence Blakely (Angel1 Memorial Ani- mal Hospital), and Gordon H. Keown (Washington State University).

Three types of membership were established: founder fellows (now called charter diplomates), active fellows (active diplomates), and honorary fellows (honorary diplomates). While not wanting to offend applicants who had been successful in the field of veterinary surgery, the Board of Regents followed the AVMA guidelines for selection of charter members of specialty organizations, in the belief that a keen, active nucleus would provide the best promise for development of a strong organization. Among the requirements were at least 10 years ofexperi- ence in surgery, authorship of significant publications re- sulting from surgical research or practice, and significant contributions to development of the specialty by teaching, research, or practice. In an address to the College in 1978, C. Lawrence Blakely observed, “In retrospect, I know that the selection of charter members was often

arbitrary and sometimes unfair. I am confident that many excellent surgeons were left out of the founding fathers. Certainly, acceptance as a charter member was not indisputable proof of superlative ability.”’

Thirty-six founder fellows (charter diplomates) were accepted in 1965 and 1966: Ora R. Adams, Mark W. Al- lam, John R. Annis, James Archibald, C. Lawrence Blakely, Wade 0. Brinker, Robert S. Brodey, Hugh C. Butler, Allan J. Cawley, Edwin A. Churchill, Donald H. Clifford, D. D. Delahanty, Edward R. Frank, Albert A. Gabel, Harry A. Gorman, Willard F. Guard, Benjamin F. Hoerlein, Jacques Jenny, LeRoy E. Johnson, E. Wynn Jones, Gordon H. Keown, Robert P. Knowles, Robert L. Leighton, Ellis P. Leonard, William V. Lumb, William G. Magrane, Frank J. Milne, Robert M. Nims, Ghery D. Pettit, Charles W. Raker, Mark P. Rines, Richard L. Rudy, Fred P. Sattler, Alfred G. Schiller, Kenneth W. Smith, and John D. Wheat.

To qualify as an active fellow (active diplomate) of the College, a veterinarian graduating after 1969 was required to have completed 5 years of special training and practice, at least 2 years of which were as a resident in surgery at a veterinary college or other institution approved by ACVS, and have passed an examination that included surgical anatomy, physiology of trauma, surgical pathology, practice of surgery, and selected surgical procedures. Graduates before 1969 could be admitted for examination on recommendation of the Board of Re- gents after a review of their experience, competence, publications, and similar contributions to veterinary surgery. Humorists noted that a satisfactory moral and ethical standing in the profession was required for active fellows, but such a requirement for founder fellows had been overlooked. Honorary fellows (honorary diplomates) were to be persons of unusual eminence in the veterinary or allied professions (Appendix I).

Confusion over the terms “fellow” and “diplomate” arose because the organization of ACVS was patterned after the American College of Surgeons, whose members were called fellows. While he was ACVS president in 1969, Blakely explained that a diplomate was a physician certified as a specialist by an agency competent to give such certification. A fellow was a member of an incorporated literary, scientific, or professional society, or a per- son appointed to a position allowing for advanced study. The American College of Surgeons did not give examinations, but accepted the determinations of nearly 20 boards that did give examinations. Thus, a physician could be a diplomate of the Board of Thoracic Surgery and thereby become eligible for fellowship in the Amen- can College of Surgeons. With urging from the AVMA, the members of ACVS voted in I970 to change their title from fellow to diplomate because the College was an examining and certifying agency. The final word on the

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Fig. 2. Benjamin F. Hoerlein (right), newly installed ACVS president, receives the gavel of office from C. Lawrence Blakely (center), new chairman of the Board of Regents, as Wade 0. Brinker (left), retiring chairman of the Board of Regents, looks on. Fifth ACVS annual rneet- ing, Miami, Florida, February 6, 1970.

subject was thought to have been delivered the following year by J. Jenny when he facetiously addressed the members of the College as “Dear Fellow Diplomates.”

Board of Regents

Management and control of the business and professional affairs of the College were vested in the Board of Regents, whose voting members included all elected officers and four elected members. The immediate past president became chairman of the Board of Regents (Fig. 2). In 1966, the office of secretary was changed to executive secretary, and the executive secretary, treasurer, and recorder were made appointed offices with 3-year terms and no vote. In 1976, the office of vice president was eliminated. To increase opportunities for participation, the number of regents was increased from 4 to 6 and their terms of office were reduced from 4 years to 3 years (Ap- pendix 11).

James Archibald was executive secretary from 1966 until he was elected vice president in 1975. He was succeeded by Alfred G. Schiller, who previously held the offices of recorder, vice president, president-elect, presi-

dent, and chairman of the Board of Regents. The duties of the executive secretary grew continuously during the 15 years of Schiller’s tenure, so he and the College were fortunate to have his wife, Carolyn, as an administrative assistant.

Residency Training Programs

According to Article 111 of the ACVS constitution, the objectives of the College are advancement of the art and science of surgery and protection of the public against incompetence by developing methods of graduate teaching in veterinary surgery with particular reference to the resident system, establishing an agency to certify veterinarians as specialists in surgery, and encouraging its members to pursue original investigations and contribute to the veterinary literature. In keeping with the first objective, the major business at the first annual meeting (February 4, 1966, Chicago, Illinois) was discussion and acceptance of a document by C. Lawrence Blakely (committee chairman), John R. Annis, and Richard L. Rudy, “General Educational and Training Requirements for Prospective Members.” That document and a compan- ion paper submitted on November 18, 1966, “Admis- sion and Examination Requirements,” are known collo- quially as “the Blakely report.” The authors observed that the special problem of requiring proficiency in general surgery in all species would make it difficult to deter- mine the ability of an applicant on the basis of examination alone, so the character and quality of the training would be very important. Candidates would be required to submit 50 summarized case histories illustrative of their training and reprints of five of their most represen- tative publications. That high standards were expected was illustrated by these closing paragraphs of the Blakely report:

“Because candidates are expected to be educated men and not just skilled technicians and because they may well go on to accept teaching appoint- ments, they will be expected to use good grammar and to express themselves logically, coherently and completely.

“The ACVS through its Board of Regents will base its acceptance of a candidate for examination not only upon evaluation of his graduate studies but upon all information available to it. The Regents may exercise the privilege of visiting an institution of training and evaluating its facilities and programs. The Regents may also observe a candidate at any time during his studies with a view to making an independent evaluation of his qualifications.”

The AVMA had no mechanism for establishing standards for internships or residencies, so ACVS established its own. The mandatory 5 years of training were divided


into a rotating internship of 1 year (Phase I), a surgical residency of 2 years (Phase II), and supervised experience and practice for 2 years (Phase 111). The Blakely report was amended to require only 25 case reports and one major publication. Eventually, the publication requirement became first authorship of two major articles in refereed scientific journals that resulted from the applicant’s research or practice of surgery. The number ofcase reports was reduced to 15 in 1983 and the requirement was eliminated in 1986. Summarized case reports were replaced in 1989 by annual submission of a verified surgical case log and other documentation of adequate training.

In 1967, Wade 0. Brinker, C. Lawrence Blakely, Jacques Jenny, and James Archibald were directed to prepare criteria for approval of institutions offering residency programs. In 1972, Robert P. Knowles (chairman), Tinlothy H. Brasmer, and William V. Lumb were appointed to a newly formed Residency Accreditation Committee. They obtained information from 16 institutions offering surgical residency programs and prepared a detailed protocol for description, evaluation, site inspection, and accreditation of such programs. At that time, there were approximately 100 rotating internships and 30 surgical residency positions available in the United States and Canada, with little uniformity in their requirements. The first on-site inspection of a veterinary surgical residency program was made in 1973 at Colo- rado State University by Charles W. Raker, at the time of an AVMA accreditation visit. By 1975, the programs at Colorado State, Auburn, Ohio State, Purdue, and Michigan State universities had been inspected and granted probationary approval, and applications had been received from the universities of Illinois, Pennsyl- vania, Georgia, and California. In 1978, the categories of approval were redefined as:

( 1) Approval. Programs and facilities in which there were only minor deficiencies that could be corrected eas- ily.

(2) Probational Approval. Programs and facilities in which there were some deficiencies that were expected to be corrected.

(3) Provisional Approval. Programs and facilities in which there were major deficiencies that required correction.

There would be automatic acceptance of this portion of the credentials of residents from programs granted approval or probational approval, but the credentials of residents from programs with provisional approval or not inspected would be evaluated individually.

By 1980, ten residency programs had been inspected, eight of which received probational approval. Two programs had been reinspected, raising their status to ap-

proval. One new inspection and six reinspections were scheduled over the next 3 years, and eight new inquiries were on file. Also in 1980, the term “approval” was replaced by “accredited.”

Proposals by ACVS to combine ACVS and AVMA in- spections did not materialize. In 198 1, the 2 years of supervised experience and practice (Phase 111) were criti- cized by the AVMA as being merely a “waiting period,” but they were defended by ACVS as essential to the full development and maturity expected of a specialist. The supervision of residents in Phase I11 was increased, and a Residency Liaison Committee was created to evaluate individual programs that did not conform to the established standards. The Residency Liaison Committee replaced an ad hoc Committee on Nonconforming Resi- dency Programs that was formed in 1978. The Residency Accreditation Committee, renamed the Residency Pro- gram Committee, was directed to evaluate standard residency programs and facilities and provide support and guidance to residency directors. Site visits were sus- pended in 1982 while new guidelines for evaluation were being prepared. In 1984, Phase 111 was eliminated and Phase I1 was expanded from 2 years to 3 years. Also in 1984, Charles D. Knecht became the first ACVS om- budsman, to help residents and others overcome gaps in communication. He was succeeded in 1987 by Dennis M. McCurnin. On February 9, 1989, a comprehensive revision of the residency program that incorporated sug- gestions from several ACVS committees and the AVMA Advisory Board on Veterinary Specialties was adopted. Information about it is available in the 1989 edition of the ACVS Informational Brochure (the “Blue Book”), which has been published and updated periodically since 1970.

Certifying Examination

According to an early version of the ACVS constitution, the Board of Regents was to review all applicants’ qualifications and function as the examining board. In 1967, they appointed James Archibald, Allan J. Cawley, and Jacques Jenny as an ad hoc committee to review applications for recommendation to the Board of Regents. Twenty-seven of 4 1 applicants were declared eligible to write the examination.

An examining committee appointed in 1967 was directed to prepare an examination, using the Blakely report as a guideline for its format and presentation. Mem- bers of the committee were Robert S. Brodey, Hugh C. Butler, Allan J. Cawley, Donald H. Clifford, and Albert A. Gabel, chairman. The first certifying examination, held in Boston, Massachusetts, July 21-22, 1968, included written questions, interpretation of slides and ra- diographs, and oral questions about the literature and

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the field of the candidate’s interest. Candidates who failed one or two parts of the examination could repeat those parts, but only three attempts would be permitted. Although the scope of the examination has increased, that basic format persists.2 The credentials and examination committees were made standing committees in 1972.

Annual Meetings

The American College of Veterinary Surgeons meets annually in February. There are business meetings of the Board of Regents and the College, and a scientific program. The president presides at the College business meetings and the president-elect is program chairman. Meeting sites have varied from veterinary schools to holi- day resorts, but the scientific programs have always been sophisticated and stimulating. At first, attendance was limited to diplomates and their guests, but current policy encourages open registration. Since the thirteenth meeting (1978), increased emphasis on planned activities for spouses has broadened the social attractiveness of most of the meetings.

Mark W. Allam Lecture

The Mark W. Allam Lecture, a special feature of ACVS annual meetings, was proposed by Jacques Jenny at the sixth annual meeting in 197 1 at Park City, Utah, in tribute to Allam’s contributions in establishing the College. The topics relate to the major interest ofthe Col- lege, advancement of the art and science of surgery, and the speakers are chosen from any branch of the medical sciences, in keeping with the Virchow concept of “one medicine” advocated by Allam (Appendix 111). Jenny was unanimously selected to deliver the first lecture, an assignment that was prevented by his untimely death on November 20, 197 I . Mark W. Allam lecturers have been awarded a commemorative scroll and an honorarium of $1000.00 (Fig. 3). The first four honoraria were provided by Pitman-Moore, Inc., the fifth by ACVS diplomate Vladimir Sokolovsky, and subsequent ones by the Col- lege treasury.

Veterinary Surgical Forum

The Veterinary Surgical Forum was created in re- sponse to a perceived need for special-interest continuing education programs, including requests for specialty training for practitioners that would lead to some form of board certification. Proposals studied and rejected by the ACVS Board of Regents included creating a subsid- iary organization in which practitioners might or might

Fig. 3. Willem J. Kolff (right), the 1984 Mark W. Allam Lecturer, receives his commemorative scroll from Mark W. Allam (left), for whom the lecture series is named.

not qualify to take the certifying examination, and establishing more than one level of membership in ACVS.

Speaking for the Residency Accreditation Committee (Robert P. Knowles, Timothy H. Brasmer, and William V. Lumb) at the Board of Regents meeting in February 1973, Knowles acknowledged that any alternate mechanism for practitioners to qualify for board certification should be developed in logical, orderly stages. However, the need to provide surgical education was urgent, he said, and should not wait for development of a certification procedure. The committee proposed that the first Veterinary Surgical Forum, a 2 day educational program for all veterinarians, be held that October in Chicago. The Board of Regents concurred and president-elect Fred P. Sattler was designated program chairman (Fig. 4).

The first Veterinary Surgical Forum, held November 1-2, 1973, at the Hyatt Regency O’Hare Hotel near Chi- cago, attracted nearly 400 veterinarians. Fifty ACVS diplomates were on the program. Fundamental principles underlying good surgical practices were considered in two general sessions. In 12 seminars on subjects as di- verse as anesthesia and design of surgical facilities, participation by several speakers and division into relatively small groups encouraged a free exchange of questions and answers. Pretesting, posttesting, and appraisals by the participants formed a basis for modification of subsequent sessions.

The second Veterinary Surgical Forum (1 974) was expanded to 3 days and drew 495 registrants. Each seminar was scheduled for one full day, with most subjects offered on two performance levels. The format of the third Fo- rum ( 1 975) was similar except that small animal orthopedics was offered on three levels. At the suggestion of the Education Committee, which was created in 1974 to


Fig. 4. Robert P. Knowles (standing left) and Fred P. Sattler (standing center) receive recognition for their roles in establishing the Veteri- nary Surgical Forum from president John T. Vaughan (right), as chairman of the Board of Regents Ghery D. Pettit (seated left) applauds. Sixteenth ACVS annual meeting, New Orleans. Louisiana, February 19, 1981.

review all educational programs of the College, the format of the fourth Forum (1 976) was revised to an inten- sive organ-system approach. Innovations in 1977 included formal participation by the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists and the American College of Veterinary Ophthalmologists, and a separate program fbr veterinary technicians led by M. Joseph Bojrab. Reg- istration was 670 and there were 101 speakers. Three Veterinary Surgical Forums have been presented in Ger- many, in 1986, 1987, and 1989, under the leadership of Joseph J. Foerner, R. Bruce Hohn, and Paul B. Jennings, Jr. Although some basic material continues to be offered for those who have not attended previous sessions, the Forum curricula also provide advancing levels of explicit information for those whose surgical interests are more specialized. From its inception, the Veterinary Surgical Forum has been the most comprehensive continuing education program on veterinary surgery in the world, with a justified reputation for excellence. The Forum chairmen are listed in Appendix IV.

Veterinary Surgery

As early as the second annual meeting of the College (February 17, 1967, at Colorado State University), discussion began whether papers presented at ACVS annual meetings should be published in a proceedings book or an established journal. In 197 1, Fred P. Sattler was authorized to distribute a small quarterly bulletin containing clinical reports, news about the College and its members, and a report of activity by the Board of Regents. The first issue, entitled Archives ofthe American CoI/e,e cf I/ererinary Surgeuns, consisted of eight mimeo-

graphed pages containing abstracts of papers presented at the sixth ACVS annual meeting (1971) and College news. In 1973, original papers presented at the first Vet- erinary Surgical Forum were published. Refereed papers were introduced in 1974. Archives was published twice a year and reached a maximum size of 68 pages per issue. However, rising costs and inadequate circulation were major problems.

In 1977, Archives was renamed The Journal of Veteri- nary Surgery, Donald L. Piermattei was appointed editor, and an 18 member Editorial Review Board was selected. The Publications Committee included Piermat- tei, Timothy H. Brasmer, William D. DeHoff, and William V. Lumb, chairman. In 1978, the journal ap- peared with a new format and another new name, Veteri- nary Surgery. It was published by the J. B. Lippincott Co., a relationship that continues successfully to this day. Original articles underwent rigorous refereeing by ACVS diplomates, contributions were invited from all sectors of the scientific community, clinical reports and abstracts were included, and publication was increased to four issues per year. William V. Lumb served as editor for three issues in 1982, pending the appointment of Co- lin E. Harvey. While Harvey was editor, publication was increased from quarterly to bimonthly, the Editorial Re- view Board was increased to 36 members, and abstracts from the annual meetings reappeared.

In 1985, the ACVS Board of Regents contracted with the American College of Veterinary Anesthesiologists (ACVA) to include a section called Veterinary Anesthe- sia with articles reviewed and edited by ACVA diplomates. By 1986, circulation exceeded 2400 and articles were indexed in Biol. Abst., Current Contents (Agric. Biol. Environ. Sci.), and Sci. Cit. Ind,

Chew D. Pettit became editor in 1987, with a goal of publishing manuscripts that maintained the highest standards of integrity so Veterinary Surgery would remain a publication the scientific world could rely on to provide accurate and useful new information. In 1989, the Na- tional Library of Medicine accepted Veterinary Surgery for indexing and inclusion in IndexMedicus and its data- base service, MEDLARS, and the National Agricultural Library selected it for indexing and inclusion in its data- base, AGRICOLA.

Awards

Resident Research Award

In 1980, competitive research grants for residents were inaugurated with awards of $2000.00 each to Robert Rooks at the University of Illinois (Tension produced by cerclage wire instruments) and Teresa Nesbitt at Michi- gan State University (Effects of osteophyte debridement

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Fig. 5. Donald C. Sorjonen (right), Auburn University, receives the first ACVS Resident Publication Award from his residency advisor, Charles D. Knecht (left). Seventeenth ACVS annual meeting, San Diego, California, February 25, 1982.

in osteoarthrosis). One or more awards in varying amounts have been made each year since then, with four grants totaling almost $25,000 made in 1989.

Rcsident Publication Award

An award was authorized in 198 1 for the best article by a surgical resident published each year in Veterinary Surgery. The first winner was Donald C, Sorjonen of Au- burn University (Fig. 5).3

Fig. 7. Presentation of the first Distinguished Service Awards at the 20th ACVS annual meeting, San Diego, California, February 7,1985. Top. John F. Fessler (ACVS president) is seated on the far left. Rich- ard L. Rudy (award recipient) and Mrs. Rudy are standing at the podium as he delivers his acceptance speech. To the right of Mrs. Rudy is Mrs. Joseph J. Foerner. C. Wayne Mcllwraith (the after-dinner speaker) is next, and Nancy Goodman is seated on the far right. Cen- ter. Standing from left to right are Mrs. Fessler, John F. Fessler, Ghery D. Pettit. Benjamin F. Hoerlein (award recipient), Mrs. Hoerlein, Mrs. Foerner. and C. Wayne Mcllwraith. Bottom. Dr. Fessler is seated on the far left. Dr. and Mrs. Albert G. Schiller (award winners) are admiring their plaque. Dr. Pettit (presenter of the awards) is standing next, and Joseph J. Foerner (ACVS president-elect and program chairman) is on the far right, behind the podium.

Resident Presentation Award

An award was authorized in 198 1 for the best presentation by a resident at each ACVS annual meeting. The first winner, in 1982, was Alan J. Nixon of Colorado State University for his equine paper, “Subtotal dorsal cervical laminectomy.7> ~i~~~ also won the Resident Publication Award in 1984 for a three part articIe on dorsal laminectomy in the horse (Fig. 6). Since 1986, Resi- dent Publication and Resident Presentation awards have

Fig. 6. Alan J. Nixon (right), Colorado State University, who also received the first Resident Presentation Award in 1982, accepts the Resident Publication Award from Colin E. Harvey (left), editor of Veter- inary Surgery. Nineteenth ACVS annual meeting, Philadelphia, Penn- sylvania, February 16,1984.


Fig. 8. Karl F. Bowman (second from right) gives the Resident Pre- sentation Award to Elizabeth M. Hardie (second from left), University of Georgia, as honorable mention winners Margaret MacHarg (far left), Purdue University, and Claire J. A. Spackman (far right), University of Minnesota, look on. Nineteenth ACVS Annual Meeting, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, February 16, 1984.

been made for the best research papers and the best clinical papers.

Dislinguished Service Award

This award was established in 1984 to recognize and honor persons of unusual eminence in veterinary surgery for their outstanding contributions related directly or pe- ripherally to veterinary surgery (Fig. 7; Appendix V).

Senior Student Surgery Award

In 1989, ACVS offered further encouragement to those who will advance the art and science of surgery by awarding a certificate and a 1-year subscription to Veterz- nary Surgery to a senior student at each American and Canadian veterinary school who excels in surgery, chosen by ACVS diplomates on their faculties.

Growth of the College

From 36 charter diplomates 25 years ago, ACVS grew to a membership in 1989 of 394, of whom 38 were women. The increasing contributions of women in veterinary surgery are exemplified by their participation as resident award winners (Fig. 8). Lynn G. Wheaton was the first woman to become a diplomate, in 1973. She and several other women have served on College committees and the Editorial Review Board of Veterinary Surgery. Sharon Stevenson was appointed recorder in 1987. Eliz- abeth A. Stone, who was U.S.A. Veterinary Surgical Fo- rum chairman, 1988-1990, was elected to the Board of Regents in 1988.

During the second ACVS annual meeting (1967), Henry Swan, MD, DSc, warned the ACVS founders about the magnitude of the tasks they were undertaking

and the opposition they would encounter in creating a specialty of veterinary ~urgery.~ The only justification for such specialization, Swan believed, was a firm conviction that better health for animals was a worthy goal and that if surgery was required in treatment, it would be done more safely, with fewer complications and better func- tional results, if it was done by veterinarians who received extra training and who limited themselves to a practice consisting solely of surgery. Although not all of the problems he envisioned were encountered, we are in- debted to many talented surgeons for their leadership and perseverance in bringing ACVS successfully through its first quarter century. If the College is to remain effec- tive in the next 25 years, adherence to its stated objectives and high standards must remain primary concerns.

References

I . Blakely CL. Reminiscing. The 1978 Mark W. Allam Lecture. Vet Surg 1978;7:57-62.

2. Crier RL, Donawick WJ, Greiner TP, et al. The certifying examination of the American College of Veterinary Surgeons. Vet Surg 1977;6:5 1-54,

3. Sorjonen DC, Shires PK. Atlantoaxial instability: a ventral surgical technique for decompression, fixation. and fusion. Vet Surg

4. Swan H. The American College of Veterinary Surgeons looks to the future on its first birthday: a view from the ground floor. Second ACVS Annual Meeting, Fort Collins, Colorado, Febru- ary 17. 1967.

1981; 10~22-29.

Appendix I. ACVS Honorary Diplomates

197 1 Clifford Snyder, MD College of Medicine University of Utah

The Animal Health Trust Suffolk, England

Denver, Colorado 974 Howard Rosen, MD

New York, New York 975 Willis W. Armistead, DVM, MS, PhD

University of Tennessee Knoxville, Tennessee

Laboratory for Comparative Pathology Stockholm, Sweden

1980 Otto Ueberreiter, DrMedVet, DrMed, Drhc Veterinary Medical University of Vienna Vienna, Austria

1983 Donald B. Olsen, DVM College of Medicine University of Utah

1972 W. Brian Singleton, CBE, FRCVS

1974 Henry Swan 11, MD, DSc

976 Sten-Erik Olsson, DVM, MD

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1986 Saki Paatsama, DVM Helsinki, Finland

Appendix 11. The ACVS Board of Regents

1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 197 1 1972 1973 1974 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

I . Chairmen ofthe ACVS Board of Regents

Mark W. Allam Mark W. Allam Jacques Jenny Richard L. Rudy Wade 0. Brinker C. Lawrence Blakely Benjamin F. Hoerlein John R. Annis Alfred G. Schiller William V. Lumb Fred P. Sattler Charles W. Raker James Archibald Phillip T. Pearson Larry J. Wallace Ghery D. Pettit John T. Vaughan William B. Henry, Jr. William J. Donawick Donald R. Howard John F. Fessler Joseph J. Foerner Clarence A. Rawlings Michael G. Shires Charles D. Knecht Alan J . Lipowitz

2. Elected Members of the ACVS Bourd of Regents

Ora R. Adams ( I 965- 1966) John R. Annis ( 1965- 1967) C. Lawrence Blakely (1965-1966) Albert A. Gabel (1967-1968*) Gordon H. Keown (1965-1969) William G. Magrane (1967- 1970) Fred P. Sattler(l968-1971) William V. Lumb ( 1969- 1972) Charles W. Raker (1970-1973) Timothy H. Brasmer(1971-1974) Phillip T. Pearson ( 1972- 1974) Donald R. Howard ( 1975f; 1977-1 978) Robert P. Knowles (1973-1976) William B. Henry (1974-1977) John T. Vaughan (1974-1978) William D. DeHoff ( 1976- 1979) Robert C. Griffiths (1 977) William J. Donawick ( 1977- 1979)

Joseph J. Foerner (1978-1980) Dennis M. McCurnin (1978-1980) John F. Fessler ( 1979- 198 1 ) Clarence A. Rawlings ( 1979- 198 1 ) Jerry H. Johnson (1980-1982) Vladimir Sokolovsky ( 1980-1982) E. Dean Gage(1981-1983) Michael G. Shires (1981-1983) RudolfT. Dueland (1982-1984) Gustave E. Fackelman (1 982- 1984) R. Bruce Hohn (1983-1985) Alan J. Lipowitz (1983- 1985) D. J. Krahwinkel ( 1984- 1986) Donald L. Piermattei ( 1984- 1986) Steven P. Arnoczky (1985-1987) Bruce L. Hull (1985-1987) Peter B. Fretz (1986-1988) Robert B. Olds (1986- 1988) Paul C. Gambardella ( 1987- 1989) Peter F. Haynes (1987- 1989) Elizabeth A. Stone ( 1988-1 990) Nathaniel A. White ( 1988- 1990) JamesT. Robertson (1989-1991) Anthony Schwartz ( 1989- 199 1)

* Appointed to complete Blakely’s unexpired term. t Appointed to complete Pearson’s unexpired term.

3. ACVS Treasurers

Edwin A. Churchill (1965- 1972) John F. Fessler (1973-1978) Donald R. Howard ( 1 979- 198 1) Paul C. Gambardella (1 982-1 986) Richard E. Lau (1987-1989)

4. ACVS Recorders

Benjamin F. Hoerlein (1 965- 1967) Alfred G. Schiller (1968- 1969) Ghery D. Pettit ( 1970- 1977) Robert C. Griffiths ( 1978- 1980) CharlesD. Knecht (1981-1983) Peter F. Haynes ( 1984- 1986) Sharon Stevenson (1987-1989)

Appendix 111. Mark W. Allam Lecturers

1972 Willis W. Armistead, DVM, MS, PhD Dean, College of Veterinary Medicine Michigan State University “Veterinary Surgery-Past, Present, Future”

1973 Henry Swan 11, MD, DSc Professor of Surgery


Colorado State University “Hypothermia, Torpidation, Kamongo and

Antabolone” 1974 Hans Selye, CC

Institute of Medicine and Experimental Surgery University of Montreal, Canada “The Stress Adaptation Syndrome”

Dean, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine University of Glasgow, Scotland “Observations on the Role of Clostridia in

1975 Sir William L. Weipers

Veterinary Surgery” 1976 William R. Pritchard, DVM

Dean, School of Veterinary Medicine University of California, Davis “Constraints on and Determinants of Professional

Competency and Ethical Behavior of Veterinarians”

1977 Richard C. Lillihei, MD Professor of Surgery University of Minnesota “The Pathobiology and Therapy of Shock”

1978 C. Lawrence Blakely, VMD Director of Surgical Services Angel1 Memorial Animal Hospital Boston, Massachusetts “Reminiscing”

President Tufts University “The Role of Vetennary Education in Medical

Research”

1979 Jean Mayer, PhD, DSc

1980 Jack C. Hughston, MD Hughston Orthopedic Clinic Columbus, Georgia “The Mechanism and Management of Athletic

Injuries of the Knee” 198 1 Henry J. Mankin, MD

Ashley Professor of Orthopedics Harvard Medical School “Homologous Transplantation of Bone”

1982 Lawrence Bliquez, PhD Professor of Classics and Art History University of Washington “The Tools of Asklepius, The Surgical Gear of the

Greeks and Romans” 1983 Mark W. Allam, VMD

Emeritus Professor of Surgery University of Pennsylvania “Post Surgical Convalescence”

Distinguished Professor of Medicine and Surgery University of Utah “What Next in Artificial Organs”

1984 Willem J. Kolff, MD, PhD

1985 Clifford C. Snyder, MD College of Medicine University of Utah “Myocutaneous Flaps and Their Utilization by the

Veterinary Surgeon” 1986 Leo K. Bustad, DVM, PhD

Dean Emeritus College of Veterinary Medicine Washington State University “Human-Animal Inter-relationship: Our

Responsibilities to Our Animals” 1987 Robert E. Marx, DDS

Oral Maxillary Surgeon University of Miami “Recent Advances in Maxillo-Facial

Reconstruction” 1988 Eli Chernin, ScD

Department of Tropical Public Health Harvard School of Public Health “Biomedical Writing and Publication”

1989 John S. Najarian, MD College of Medicine University of Minnesota “Current Status of Organ Transplantation”

Appendix IV. Veterinary Surgical Forum Chairmen

1973 Fred P. Sattler (Program) 1974 Charles W. Raker (Forum); Timothy H. Brasmer

(Program) 1975 Timothy H. Brasmer (Forum); James Archibald

(Program) 1976 Timothy H. Brasmer (Forum); William B. Henry,

Jr. (Program) 1977 S. Gary Brown (Forum); E. Dean Gage

(Assistant); Larry J. Wallace (Program) 1978 E. Dean Gage (Forum); Paul B. Jennings, Jr.

(Assistant); Ghery D. Pettit (Program) 1979 Paul B. Jennings, Jr. (Forum); Clarence A.

Rawlings (Assistant); John T. Vaughan (Program) 1980 Paul B. Jennings, Jr. (Forum); Theodore S.

Stashak (Assistant) William B. Henry, Jr. (Program)

198 I Paul B. Jennings, Jr. (Forum); Delbert J. Krahwinkel, Jr. (Assistant); William J. Donawick (Program)

1982- 1984 Clarence A. Rawlings (Forum); Alan J. Lipowitz (Assistant)

1985-1987 Alan J. Lipowitz (Forum); Elizabeth A. Stone (Program); William A. Lindsay (Exhibits)

1988 Elizabeth A. Stone (Forum); Nathaniel A. White (Program); William A. Lindsay (Exhibits); Richard M. DeBowes (Publicity)

PETTIT 13

1989 Elizabeth A. Stone (Forum); Nathaniel A. White (Program); Peter K. Shires (Exhibits); Nancy 0. Brown (Publicity)

Appendix V. Distinguished Service Award Recipients

1985 Richard L. Rudy, DVM, MSc

1985 Benjamin F. Hoerlein, DVM, PhD

1985 Alfred G. Schiller, DVM, MS and

Ohio State University

Auburn University

Carolyn (Mrs. Alfred G.) Schiller

Champaign, Illinois 1986 Wade 0. Brinker, DVM, MS

Michigan State University 1986 Vladimir Sokolovsky, MS, PhD, DVM

Chicago, Illinois 1987 James Archibald, DVM

University of Guelph 1987 R. Bruce Hohn, DVM, MS (posthumously)

Ohio State University 1988 Robert P. Knowles, DVM (posthumously)

Miami, Florida 1989 Fred P. Sattler, DVM

Big Bear Lake, California

Abstract of Current Literature

OMENTAL ANGIOGENIC LIPID FRACTION AND BONE REPAIR. AN EXPERI- MENTAL STUDY IN THE RAT Nottebaert M, Lane JM, Juhn A, Burstein A, Schneider R, Klein Ch, Sinn RS, Dowling Ch, Cornell Ch, Catsimpoolas N Joiirnul oforthopaedic Research 1989; 7: I 57- 169

A lipid material extracted from the omentum has previously been shown to contain a potent angiogenetic activator, capable of creating intense vasoproliferation in traumatized tissues. This study was undertaken to analyze the efficacy of local administration of this omental lipid fraction on osseous vascularization and bone repair. An osteoperiosteal seg- mental femoral defect in the rat was replaced by demineralized allogenic bone graft exposed to continuous local delivery of omental lipid via an implanted miniosmotic pump. Saline solution delivered in the same way served as a control. Neovascularization and bone forma- tion in the transplant were quantitatively evaluated by means of dynamic radioisotopic bone imaging, radiographic photodensitometry, microangiography, and biomechanical testing. Compared with the control group, the omental lipid angiogenic fraction-treated specimens showed an 80% overall increase (p < .OO 1) in bone density as well as a twofold increase (p < .001) in regional blood perfusion, maximal at 2 weeks after surgery. At 12 weeks, the treated specimens had significantly higher union rates (p < .05) and strength (p < .O 1 ) than the controls. These data demonstrate that the omental lipid fraction factor has potent angiogenic properties that enhance bone blood perfusion and bone regeneration.

the american college of veterinary surgeons the first twenty-five years

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