Presented by Group#3

TOPIC

Abdul SalamRizwan Khalid

Iqbal SadiqArif Shehzad

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Problems with the concept of Leadership are addressed

The Ambiguity of Concept

School of thoughts

Homogeneity of Leaders

Constraints Constraints on leader Behavior

External Factors-Factors beyond leader Control

Empirical Evidence

Selection process

The Attr ibution of Leadership

Conclusion

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(a) The ambiguity of its definition & measurement

(b) The issue of whether leadership affects organizational Performance. (c) The process of selecting leaders.

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There have been many studies of Leadership the dimensions and definition of the concept remain unclear.

To treat leadership as a separate concept, it must be distinguished from other social influence phenomena.

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Hollander, Julian, Bavelas and Calder “Did not draw distinctions between leadership and other processes of social influence.” Kochan, Schmidt and DeCotiis

“Distinguish leadership from related concepts of authority and social power.”

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The Ohio state leadership studies Fiedler (LPC) Least Preferred Co-Worker Scale

Kerr et al (Reported more consistent effects of the two

dimensions)

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The attraction literature suggests that there is a tendency for persons to like those they perceive

as similar.

Zald (Succession is a critical decision, affected by political influence & environmental contingencies faced by the organization.

Thompson (Leader may be selected for their capacity to deal with various organizational contingencies.

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Social system

Members expectations

Conformity level with peers and subordinates

Fewer control on resources

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FiedlerBehaviorChange

Political and governmental policies

Interest rates

Inflation

Economic policies

e.g. An executive of construction company has

little control on cost and demand

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Two Studies assessed the effects of leadership on

organizational performance.

Liberson study: Liberson examine 167 business firms

in 13 industries over a 20 year period. They concluded

that administration has limited effect on organization

outcomes.

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Slancik & Pfeffer: Slancik and pfeffer examine the

effect of mayor on city budget for 30 U.S. cities. They

found that effect of mayor was limited both by absence

of power to control many expenditures and tax

resources and by construction of policies in response

to demands from interest in environment.

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Belief in the importance of leadership come with belief that

leadership position are selected and trained and activities are

develop to enhance leadership effectiveness

According to various studies following are important aspects of

selection process:

◦ Background information

◦ Personality

◦ Ability and motivation

◦ Social status12

Kelly conceptualized that persons were not only

interested in understanding world correctly but

also to control it.

Leaders come to be symbol

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People believes that the leadership behavior effect the

performance.

The attribution of leadership can also affected by the action of

organization.

Successful leaders associate themselves with the success and

separate themselves from failure. E.g. Nestle

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Leadership is associated with how a researcher views it.

Leadership Effects are open to question.

The analysis of leadership directs the attention towards social

causes

Leadership should be separated from social phenomena for

removal of ambiguity.

Leadership is associated with set of myths.

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