the allied home fronts wherever allied forces fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support...
TRANSCRIPT
The Allied Home Fronts• Wherever Allied forces
fought, people on the home fronts rallied to support them. In war-torn countries like the Soviet Union and Great Britain, civilians endured extreme hardships. Many lost their lives. Except for a few of its territories, such as Hawaii, the United States did not suffer invasion or bombing. Nonetheless, Americans at home made a crucial contribution to the Allied war effort. Americans produced the weapons and equipment that would help win the war.
Mobilizing for War
• Fighting the war requires complete use of all national resources
• 17 to 18 million U.S. workers—many of them women—make weapons
• People at home face shortages of consumer goods
• Propaganda aims to inspire civilians to aid war effort
Fighting the Enemy on Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & the Battlefield &
on the Home Fronton the Home Front
Fighting the Enemy on Fighting the Enemy on the Battlefield & the Battlefield &
on the Home Fronton the Home Front
Working on the Assembly Working on the Assembly LineLine
Working on the Assembly Working on the Assembly LineLine
First Ever Peacetime First Ever Peacetime DraftDraft
First Ever Peacetime First Ever Peacetime DraftDraft
Segregated UnitsSegregated UnitsSegregated UnitsSegregated UnitsTuskegee Airmen-
all-black squadron of fighter pilots during WWII that successfully protected every bomber they escorted during the war.
Join the Women’s Army Join the Women’s Army CorpsCorps
Join the Women’s Army Join the Women’s Army CorpsCorps
Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air CorpsCorpsPilotsPilots
Women’s Army Air Women’s Army Air CorpsCorpsPilotsPilots
Allied Counterattacks in the Pacific
• Midway• Southeast Asia• Island hopping• Japanese main
islands
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
U.S. Surrenders at Corregidor,
the Philippines [March, 1942]
War in the Pacific
• The Second front of the war.• Japanese troops landed in the
Philippines after bombing Pearl Harbor.• Forced Americans to surrender• General Douglas McArthur-gifted
general who was forced to flee the Philippines promising the people of the Philippines, “I shall return.” Two years later, he did leading the U.S. offensive in the Pacific.
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
Bataan Death March: April, 1942
76,000 prisoners [12,000 Americans] Marched 60 miles in the blazing heat to
POW camps in the Philippines.
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:First U.S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 The
Doolittle Raid
Lt. Col. Jimmy Doolittle:First U.S. Raids on Tokyo, 1942 The
Doolittle RaidSixteen U.S. bombers, led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, take off from an aircraft carrier 800 miles off Tokyo and make
the first bombing raid against Japan.
Sixteen U.S. bombers, led by Lt. Col. James Doolittle, take off from an aircraft carrier 800 miles off Tokyo and make
the first bombing raid against Japan.
The Battle of Coral Sea
• Took Place on May 7th and 8th, 1942
• Was SW of the Solomon Islands and E of New Guinea
• It was the first Pacific War battle of 6 battles between opposing forces.
• The Battle of Coral Sea resulted from Japanese forces trying to capture Fort Moresby on New Guinea’s E coast, which would threaten Australia’s safety also.
Turning Point
• Japanese seemed to be winning the war.• May 1942, the U.S. navy defeated the
Japanese fleet in the Battle of the Coral Sea.
• In June, American ships sank four enemy aircraft carriers at the Battle of Midway.
• Japan’s navy never recovered its losses!• Allies began forcing Japanese from the
lands they had taken over.
Having achieved its initial military goals by early 1942, the Japanese decided to take more Pacific outposts--including Midway Island Although the Japanese failed to achieve a clear victory in the Coral Sea and therefore had to abandon their plans of taking Port Moresby in Papua New Guinea, they nevertheless launched a major naval expedition towards the island of Midway.
The Japanese planned to attack the Island of Midway, expanding their hold on the Central Pacific. American intelligence intercepted Japanese plans and knew of the impending Japanese attack. The Americans sent their entire carrier force, including the recently damaged "Yorktown," to intercept the Japanese force. The Americans succeeded in sinking four Japanese carriers, losing only the "Yorktown." This was the turning point in the Pacific War.
Yamamoto erred in dividing his force of more than 160 vessels. The U.S. commander, Adm. Chester Nimitz; commander of the U.S. Navy in the Pacific, with 76 ships available, including the carriers Hornet, Enterprise, and Yorktown, was stronger than the Japanese thought. Searches by U.S. aircraft established the position of the Japanese fleet
BATTLE OF MIDWAY, a decisive naval battle of WW II where U.S. dive-bombers sunk four Japanese carriers; and lost one U.S. carrier. It is the turning point of the Pacific War. This victory by the U.S. over Japan ended the Japanese advance in the Pacific.
The Tide Turns on Two Fronts
• Churchill wanted Britain and the United States to strike first at North Africa and southern Europe. The strategy angered Stalin. He wanted the Allies to open the second front in France. The Soviet Union, therefore, had to hold out on its own against the Germans. All Britain and the United States could offer in the way of help was supplies. Nevertheless, late in 1942, the Allies began to turn the tide of war both in the Mediterranean and on the Eastern Front.
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942
The North Africa Campaign:
The Battle of El Alamein, 1942 Gen. Ernst
Rommel,The “Desert Fox”
Gen. Bernard Law
Montgomery(“Monty”)
Gen. Erwin Rommel with the 15th Panzer Division between Tobruk and Sidi Omar. Sdf. Zwilling, Libya, January or November 24, 1941.
The North African Campaign
• Rommel takes Tobruk, June 1942; pushes toward Egypt• British General Montgomery attacks at El Alamein, forces
Rommel back. • What followed in the subsequent days was one of the fiercest
tank battles in world war history with both sides achieving mixed results. But at the end, Allied forces gained the upper-hand and Rommel's forces had to retreat, thereby not only losing one of the most crucial battles of the war but also paving the way for the Allies to launch their offensive against Mussolini's Italy.
• American forces land in Morocco, November 1942• General Dwight D. Eisenhower— U.S. general who led
allied forces in North Africa and commanded the Allied forces that landed at Normandy on D-Day.
• In May 1943, Rommel’s forces were defeated by Allies
George C. Scott Playing General Patton in the 1968 Movie, “Patton”
George C. Scott Playing General Patton in the 1968 Movie, “Patton”
The Eastern Front
• Hitler Invades the Soviet Union– Germany invades an unprepared Soviet
Union in June 1941– Soviet troops burn land as they
retreat(Stalin’s scorched earth tactics); Germans move into Russia
– Germans stopped at Leningrad, forced to undertake long siege
– Germans almost capture Moscow, but forced to pull back
The Battle of Stalingrad
• German army moves to capture Soviet oil fields• Battle of Stalingrad—Soviets, Germans battle for
control of the city• German troops capture city, Finally, on January 31,
1943, after what came to be considered as one of the greatest battles of World War II, the German forces totaling around 91,000 men surrendered to the Russians in Stalingrad. The Battle of Stalingrad was therefore a turning point in WWII and marked the beginning of the German defeat that was to with end in the capture of Berlin in 1945.
Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
Battle of Stalingrad:Winter of 1942-1943
German Army Russian Army1,011,500 men 1,000,500 men
10,290 artillery guns
13,541 artillery guns
675 tanks 894 tanks
1,216 planes 1,115 planes
The Home FrontThe Home FrontThe Home FrontThe Home Front
“Rosie the Riveter- based on a popular song, became a symbol of women who entered the workforce to fill the jobs left vacant by men serving in the war.
Mexican Farm WorkersMexican Farm Workers
Bracero Program:Bracero Program: 200,000 Mexican-200,000 Mexican-Americans were sent to Americans were sent to LA in 1943, to work LA in 1943, to work
• The U.S. forced The U.S. forced rationing of goods such of goods such as wool, gas, butter, and as wool, gas, butter, and sugar were limited.sugar were limited.
• The Zoot Suit Riots were a series of riots that erupted in Los Angeles, CA during
WWII, between sailors and soldiers stationed in the city and Hispanic youths, who were recognizable by the zoot suits
they favored.
• While Mexican Americans were mostly beaten, African American and Filipino American youths were also
targeted.
http://www.library.ucla.edu/special/scweb/slwar11.htm
• The riots began in Los Angeles, amidst a period of rising racial tensions between American
servicemen stationed in southern California and the Los Angeles’
Chicano community.
http://www.picturehistory.com/find/p/13038/mcms.html
• Many of the tensions between the Chicano community and the sailors
existed because the servicemen walked through Chicano neighborhoods on the way back to their barracks after nights of
drinking.
http://www.library.ucla.edu/special/scweb/slwar14.htm
• The discrimination against the Chicano minority community was compounded by
robberies and fights during these drunken interactions..
http://www.library.ucla.edu/special/scweb/slwar12.htm
• Clashes between white servicemen and Hispanic youths increased. In May 1943, sailors claimed that “zoot suiters” stabbed a sailor, and they retaliated by beating young Hispanics leaving a local
dance.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/eng_timeline/timeline2.html
• On May 31, 1943, a group of white sailors on leave clashed with a group of young Hispanics in the downtown area. One sailor, was badly
injured. In response, 50 white sailors gathered and headed out to downtown and East Los
Angeles, which was the center of the Hispanic community.
http://www.1947project.com/blog?from=245
• The sailors attacked young people, especially targeting males in “zoot suits.” In many instances, the police intervened
by arresting Hispanic youths for disturbing the peace. The police left the
sailors to the military justice system.
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/zoot/eng_timeline/timeline2.html
During WWII, on the dramatic day when Marines raised the flag to signal a key
and decisive victory at Iwo Jima, the first word of this amazing news crackled over
the radio in an odd language.
The language conformed to no linguistic system known to the Japanese.
http://www.cinema.com/image_lib/5087_004.jpg
The curious sounds were the U.S. military’s one form of communicating
orders and plans that the master code breakers in Tokyo were unable to
decipher.
This perfect code was the language of the Navajo tribe.
http://www.lapahie.com/Pictures/Navajo_Platoon9_Sh.jpg
After a string of cryptographic (secret codes) failures, the military in 1942 was desperate for a way to send messages among troops that would not be easily
intercepted by the enemy. enemy.
http://www.bulldozer.nu/bilder/windta3.jpg
Standard codes were an option, but the cryptographers in Japan could quickly
crack them. The Japanese were excellent at intercepting short-distance
communications…
…on walkie-talkies for example, and then having well-trained English-speaking
soldiers either sabotage the message or send out false commands to set up an
ambush.
Since Navajo had never been written down or translated into any other
language, it was an entirely limited to Navajos alone.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/johncollierjr/323361279/
Not long after the bombing of Pearl Harbor, the military sent 29 Navajos to
Camp Pendleton in California to begin a test program.
http://www.larin.org/images/windtalkers_-_new_pic_3.jpg
These first recruits had to develop a Navajo alphabet since none existed.
http://history.sandiego.edu/gen/images3/navajo-codetalkers01.jpg
And because the Navajo lacked words for military technology, the men developed
symbols specific to their task.
http://www.flickr.com/photos/39143222@N02/3709312850/ http://www.diggerhistory.info/images/tanks/jap-tank-type95-ha-go2.jpg
Turtle = Tank
“Everything we used in the code was what we lived with on the reservation
every day,
like the ants, the birds, bears.”
– Code Talker Chester Nez
• Thus, the term for a tank was “turtle,” a tank destroyer was “tortoise killer.” A battleship a “whale.” A hand grenade was “potato.” A fighter plane was “hummingbird,” and a torpedo plane “swallow.”
http://www.gregscott.com/rwscott/rwscott.hummingbird_small.jpg
http://www.damninteresting.net/content/Japanese_Zero.jpg
Japanese Zero fighter plane & bomber
It didn’t take long for the original 29 recruits to expand to an elite corps of Marines, numbering at its height 425
Navajo Code Talkers, all from the American Southwest.
http://www.samuelholiday.com/images/127-MN-69896.jpg
• Each Navajo Talker traveled everywhere with a personal bodyguard. In the event of capture, the Talkers had agreed to commit suicide rather than allow the valuable code from falling into the hands of the enemy.
http://www.wpt.org/wayofthewarrior/images/WWII_Navajo-CT3.jpg
If a captured Navajo was unable to follow the grim instructions, the bodyguard’s instructions were
understood: shoot and kill his code talker-Native American radio operators who served in the Marines
during WWII, interpreting and communicating in a secret code based on the Navajo language..
http://www.einsiders.com/reviews/archives/images/windtalkers.jpg
The language of the Code Talkers, and their mission was a secret they were all ordered to keep, even from their
families.
http://mprofaca.cro.net/codetalkers_obv.jpg
It wasn’t until 1968, when the military felt convinced that the Code Talkers would
not be needed for any future wars…
http://www.wpt.org/wayofthewarrior/images/WWII_Navajo-CT3.jpg
…that America learned of the incredible contribution a handful of Native
Americans made to winning history’s biggest war.
http://www.wpt.org/wayofthewarrior/images/WWII_Navajo-CT3.jpg
War Limits Civil RightsWar Limits Civil Rights
• Japanese Americans face Japanese Americans face prejudice and fearprejudice and fear
• Army puts Japanese Americans Army puts Japanese Americans in internment camps in 1942in internment camps in 1942
• Japanese intermentJapanese interment- Over - Over 100,000 Japanese Americans 100,000 Japanese Americans were forced to relocate during the were forced to relocate during the war due to fear and suspicion. war due to fear and suspicion. Many lost everything.Many lost everything.
Many people were afraid that Japanese Americans that lived on the West Coast might be acting as
spies helping Japan attack the U.S.• HOWEVER…There was NEVER any evidence that
Japanese Americans acted as spies during WWII.
RelocationRelocation On February 19, 1942, President Roosevelt issued Executive Order 9066. This forced Japanese Americans to move from their homes to “internment” camps.
This was to keep them from spying by monitoring their
lives. “Yellow Peril” became rampant throughout the
U.S.
11,000 Japanese families had to sell their homes and businesses to
relocate to these camps. Evacuees were allowed to take only what they could carry. What they couldn’t sell
was just left for the taking.
Japanese Americans were put on buses and shipped to one of 10 relocation centers around
the United States.
The barracks were surrounded by
barbed wire and overseen by high
wooden watchtowers. Privacy
was almost nonexistent.
Evacuees tried to make the best of it by living their lives
with some degree of normalcy. Schools,
libraries, sports teams, churches, and
Americanization classes were created.
Originally, FDR considered the relocation “legal” under constitutional
powers granted to the president during times of
war.Korematsu vs. U.S. -the Supreme Court supported the claim the relocation
was constitutional because it was based on “military strategy,” not
race.Later, this was overturned and all camps were closed
by early 1945.
Japanese Men in WWIIJapanese Men in WWII
• Later on into the war, Americans realized that Japanese-Americans could be used as secret weapons
• Japanese speaking individuals translated captured Japanese documents and monitored radio traffictraffic
• Attended Military Intelligence Specialist School and eagerly enlisted in the military
• By Dec. 1944, 1500 Japanese men had enlisted in the 442nd regimental Combat Team