The Air We BreatheThe Air We Breathe

2004. 9.2004. 9.

Yongsik LeeYongsik Lee

TIP For additional advice,

Please visitwww.ezchem.pe.kr

Spaceship EarthSpaceship Earth

Spaceship EarthSpaceship Earth

• The Earth is a fragile The Earth is a fragile spaceship with limited spaceship with limited resources and resources and reproduction capacity. reproduction capacity.

• The thickness of the The thickness of the biosphere is just biosphere is just 10 km - that's less 10 km - that's less than a thousandth of than a thousandth of its diameter. its diameter.

Your Piece of LandYour Piece of Land• The diameter of the Earth is roughly 12'756'000 m The diameter of the Earth is roughly 12'756'000 m

so it's surface is 5.112 x 10so it's surface is 5.112 x 101414 m m22. .

• The human population in year 2000 is estimated to The human population in year 2000 is estimated to six billion (6 x 10six billion (6 x 1099) people. ) people.

• This gives every person on Earth a piece of about This gives every person on Earth a piece of about 85'200 m85'200 m22 which is a square of just 292 x 292 m. which is a square of just 292 x 292 m. – Approximately 71% of the surface are covered with water Approximately 71% of the surface are covered with water

so the remaining land is equal to a square of 157x157 m. so the remaining land is equal to a square of 157x157 m.

– But remember that about 20% are covered with desert. But remember that about 20% are covered with desert. Every food you eat must grow on this piece of land.Every food you eat must grow on this piece of land.

Your Water RationYour Water Ration

• There are approximately 1.4 x 10There are approximately 1.4 x 101818 m m33 water on water on Earth, that's 2.3 x 10Earth, that's 2.3 x 1088 m m33 or a cube with 616 m side or a cube with 616 m side length for each person.length for each person.

– 97.2% of it are saltwater, 97.2% of it are saltwater,

– 2.14% are ice on the poles and in glaciers, 2.14% are ice on the poles and in glaciers,

– 0.001% are in the atmosphere and 0.001% are in the atmosphere and

– 0.6% are drinkable freshwater, 0.6% are drinkable freshwater,

• so your water tank is a cube with 111 m side length. so your water tank is a cube with 111 m side length.

• Don't forget to share this water with other animals.Don't forget to share this water with other animals.

호흡하는 공기호흡하는 공기

• AirAir

– Mixture of Nitrogen, Mixture of Nitrogen, oxygen and othersoxygen and others

물질의 분류물질의 분류

• Heterogeneous mixtureHeterogeneous mixture

• Homogeneous mixtureHomogeneous mixture

– solutionsolution

– SubstanceSubstance

• CompoundCompound

• elementelement

Concentration of a mixtureConcentration of a mixture

• Solution is a homogeneous mixtureSolution is a homogeneous mixture

– Solution = solute + solventSolution = solute + solvent

• Vol% = solute volume / solution volumeVol% = solute volume / solution volume

• Wt% = solute wt / solution wtWt% = solute wt / solution wt

– mass% is correct but …mass% is correct but …

• Ppm (part per million)Ppm (part per million)

• Ppb (part per billion)Ppb (part per billion)

• Ppt (part per trillion)Ppt (part per trillion)

• 0.1 M NaOH 0.1 M NaOH 수용액 만들기수용액 만들기

Inhaled and exhaled airInhaled and exhaled air

• Table 1.1Table 1.1

• 산소는 체내에서 대사 산소는 체내에서 대사 과정을 통해 이산화탄소와 과정을 통해 이산화탄소와 물을 생성한다물을 생성한다 ..

• 그러나 날숨의 물은 허파 그러나 날숨의 물은 허파 내부 표면이 젖어 내부 표면이 젖어 있어서이다있어서이다 ..

• 날숨에도 날숨에도 16 vol%16 vol% 의 의 산소가 있다산소가 있다 . Mouth to . Mouth to mouth resuscitation mouth resuscitation 의 의 효과를 생각해보자효과를 생각해보자 ..

Risk assessmentRisk assessment

• 과학적 자료를 평가하여 위험을 과학적 자료를 평가하여 위험을 확률적으로 예측하는 과정확률적으로 예측하는 과정

• 독성과 노출독성과 노출– 물질의 본질적인 위험물질의 본질적인 위험

– 접촉한 물질의 양접촉한 물질의 양

• 동물실험이나 역사적 결과의 통계처리동물실험이나 역사적 결과의 통계처리

독성과 노출 독성과 노출 - - 일산화탄소일산화탄소

• Peanut butter carcinogenPeanut butter carcinogen

– 1/10,000 – 1/100,0001/10,000 – 1/100,000

Air pollutionAir pollution

• Complete Table 1.2 with air composition of Complete Table 1.2 with air composition of SeoulSeoul

• Permissible limits for 4 polluantsPermissible limits for 4 polluants

– CO 9 ppm (8 hour average)CO 9 ppm (8 hour average)

– Ozone 0.12 ppm (1 hour average)Ozone 0.12 ppm (1 hour average)

– SOx 0.030 ppm (24 hour average)SOx 0.030 ppm (24 hour average)

– NOx 0.053 ppm (yearly average)NOx 0.053 ppm (yearly average)

Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide (CO)

ozoneozone

• Allotrope of oxygen (OAllotrope of oxygen (O22))

• 자극성이 강한 독특한 냄새자극성이 강한 독특한 냄새

• 반응성이 크고 호흡기에 악영향반응성이 크고 호흡기에 악영향

• 성층권 오존은 자외선을 차단하여 성층권 오존은 자외선을 차단하여 생물체를 보호생물체를 보호

NOx and SOxNOx and SOx

• 호흡 장애 물질호흡 장애 물질

• 19521952 년 년 1212 월 런던 스모그로 월 런던 스모그로 44 천명 천명 사망사망

• 산성비의 원인산성비의 원인

Air pollution sourceAir pollution source

• 석탄의 연소석탄의 연소– 석탄은 불순물로 황을 석탄은 불순물로 황을 1-3% 1-3% 함유함유– 연소하면 황은 이산화황으로연소하면 황은 이산화황으로– 불순물 무기질의 재는 촉매작용불순물 무기질의 재는 촉매작용– SoxSox 는 물과 만나면 황산 형성는 물과 만나면 황산 형성

• 내연기관내연기관– 불순물 황은 미량이나 다른 모든 오염기체 생성불순물 황은 미량이나 다른 모든 오염기체 생성– 불완전 연소는 일산화탄소와 불완전 연소는 일산화탄소와 VOC VOC 형성형성– 노킹 방지제 노킹 방지제 tetraethyl leadtetraethyl lead

오염의 주범 오염의 주범 - - 자동차자동차

자동차 배기가스 오염자동차 배기가스 오염

• Between 1970 and 1989Between 1970 and 1989

– CO emissions from vehicles in the United Kingdom CO emissions from vehicles in the United Kingdom increased by 74 %increased by 74 %

– NOx emissions more than doubled. NOx emissions more than doubled.

• By 1993, road vehicles were the source ofBy 1993, road vehicles were the source of

– 90 % of all emissions of CO 90 % of all emissions of CO

– 49 % of all emissions of NOx.49 % of all emissions of NOx.

Octane numberOctane number

• Octane numberOctane number– Knocking characteristicsKnocking characteristics

– Measure of ability to burn smoothly in an internal Measure of ability to burn smoothly in an internal combustion enginecombustion engine

• Autoignition temperatureAutoignition temperature– A liquid will ignite without a source of ignitionA liquid will ignite without a source of ignition

– Low for straight-chain hydrocarbonLow for straight-chain hydrocarbon

– High for branched-chainHigh for branched-chain

– Gasoline (C5 – C12) needs a sparkGasoline (C5 – C12) needs a spark

• One-cylinder test engineOne-cylinder test engine

• Isooctane (100) vs. heptane (0)Isooctane (100) vs. heptane (0)

• % number of isooctane = octane number% number of isooctane = octane number

• Octane number 87-92 in USAOctane number 87-92 in USA

• Pseudo-gasolinePseudo-gasoline

• Anti-knocking agent – tetraethyl leadAnti-knocking agent – tetraethyl lead

• Octane enhancers – toluene, tert-butyl alcohol, Octane enhancers – toluene, tert-butyl alcohol, MeOH, EtOHMeOH, EtOH

Lead poisoningLead poisoning

• Lead has no known biological functionLead has no known biological function

• No proven safe lower limit of leadNo proven safe lower limit of lead

• Lead is ubiquitous – cheap metalLead is ubiquitous – cheap metal

Source of leadSource of lead

• PaintPaint

• Gasoline – tetraethyl lead (anti knocking agent)Gasoline – tetraethyl lead (anti knocking agent)

• Household dustHousehold dust

• Ceiling dustCeiling dust

• Pesticides (lead arsenate)Pesticides (lead arsenate)

• cigarettecigarette

Catalytic converterCatalytic converter

• It is a stainless steel box mounted in the It is a stainless steel box mounted in the exhaust system. exhaust system.

• Inside is a catalyst on a ceramic or Inside is a catalyst on a ceramic or metallic support protected from vibration metallic support protected from vibration and shock by a resilient ceramic or and shock by a resilient ceramic or metallic 'mat'. metallic 'mat'.

• The catalysts are combinations of The catalysts are combinations of platinum, palladium and rhodium.platinum, palladium and rhodium.

Catalytic converterCatalytic converter

Hybrid CarHybrid Car

Indoor air pollutionIndoor air pollution

• includes chemical sprays, household products includes chemical sprays, household products such as paint strippers, cigarette smoke and such as paint strippers, cigarette smoke and various building materials. various building materials.

• Infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria Infectious agents such as viruses and bacteria may also be more concentrated indoors may also be more concentrated indoors especially where overcrowding exists. especially where overcrowding exists.

• Sick Building Syndrome often results from air Sick Building Syndrome often results from air pollution especially in buildings with a lack of pollution especially in buildings with a lack of proper ventilation and fresh air.proper ventilation and fresh air.

• Talbe 1-10Talbe 1-10

ReferencesReferences

• www.nies.ch/me/earth.htmlwww.nies.ch/me/earth.html

• www.time.comwww.time.com/time/ 2002/hybrid_car//time/ 2002/hybrid_car/

• http://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biolohttp://www.schoolscience.co.uk/content/4/biology/abpi/asthma/asth2.htmlgy/abpi/asthma/asth2.html

• Photolysis of the Carbon Monoxide Photolysis of the Carbon Monoxide Complex of Myoglobin: Nanosecond Time-Complex of Myoglobin: Nanosecond Time-Resolved Crystallography Resolved Crystallography

• http://www.lead.org.au/bblp/sld019.htmhttp://www.lead.org.au/bblp/sld019.htm