the age of jackson, reform and industrial growth
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The Age of Jackson, Reform and Industrial Growth. 1824-1860. The Rise of Mass Democracy. 1825-1840. Possible Quick Writes. - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
THE AGE OF JACKSON, REFORM AND INDUSTRIAL GROWTH
1824-1860
1825-1840
The Rise of Mass Democracy
Possible Quick Writes Andrew Jackson and his supporters have been
criticized for upholding the principles of majority rule and federal supremacy inconsistently and unfairly. Assess the validity of this criticism in the cases of two of the following: recharter of the bank, the nullification controversy and the removal of Native Americans
In what ways did the religion of the Second Great Awakening and economic changes influence the reform movements of the period 1820-1860?
How did industrialization change the roles of labor and women in the first half of the 19th century?
I. The Corrupt Bargain Early 1820’s sectional differences
emerge after the Panic of 1819 and the Missouri Compromise
Emergence of two party political systemA. New types of political parties
emerged, became acceptedB. Emergence of new type of voter:
fewer property qualifications means more people eligible to vote (less restriction)
C. New styles of campaigns, banners, badges, politicking
1828 new party, Democrats 1830’s Whig Party emerges Two party system part of checks and
balances of political power More people began to vote (78%
in1840)
I. The Corrupt Bargain 1824- Last of the old style elections Adams (MA), Clay (KY), Wm. Crawford (GA),
Jackson (TN) all running for president Jackson strongest personal appeal, support
from the West Won a majority of the vote, did not win in
electoral college Clay (also Speaker of the House), threw
support behind Adams Clay hated Jackson (from 1818 Florida
foray) Did not like Adams either, but both were
nationalists
I. The Corrupt Bargain 1825 vote in House gave
election to Adams, Clay becomes Sec. of State (seen as stepping stone to presidency)
Supporters of Jackson called it a corrupt bargain
No positive evidence of “corrupt bargain”, Clay becomes Sec. of State
Changed political system, no more elections behind closed doors
II. Yankee Misfit in the White House
Adams could be an irritable loner
Great Sec. of State, poor president
Not good at politics Did not have popular support Kept people in office, didn't
do political favors for supporters
Nationalistic views and ideas in contrast with national mood turning towards sectionalism and state’s rights
Land policies and Indian policies turned off Westerners
III. Going “Whole Hog” for Jackson in 1828
By 1828 Democrat-Republicans split into two groups
National Republicans supported Adams
Republicans supported Jackson Jackson seem as champion
of common man Mudslinging, accusations in
election of 1828 Vote split along sectional lines West and South supported
Jackson New England supported
Adams Vote split in rest of country
but Jackson won the electoral vote
Shift of political power from eastern seaboard to emerging western states
IV. Old Hickory as President Jackson from humble beginnings Force of personality and power of leadership led to rise to national
prominence First president from the west, frontier aristocrat, slave owner Election seen as rise of “peoples champion” Wild inauguration, supporters flooded Washington, and wrecked
White House Conservatives saw this as the rise of the dreaded democratic mob
V. The Spoils System Washington was due for an
overturn in the established powers, many had been around since the early 1800’s
Under Jackson spoils system used on a large scale (rewarding supporters with political jobs)
Promise of “spoils” led to party loyalty instead of economic, class and geographic loyalties
Rewarding cronies led to scandal, but it was an important element to the development of the two party system
VI. The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Tariffs had protected American Industry against European competition
Invited retaliatory tariffs against American goods Tariff raised in 1824, 1828 Southerners thought tariffs discriminated against
them Tariff of 1828 called “Tariff of Abominations”,
“Black Tariffs” Southerners sold goods on world market,
unprotected by tariffs, forced to buy manufactured goods in a market protected by tariffs
Northeast was having a boom in manufacturing, how was the South doing?
Tariff was an easy scapegoat
VI. The Tricky “Tariff of Abominations”
Meanwhile in the South….. Feelings were heightened by the fear
that the federal government would interfere with slavery
Missouri Compromise, Denmark Vesey slave rebellion (1822), mounting pressure in support of abolition (in US and abroad)
Tariff seen as issue to the South as a way to take a stand for states’ rights
South Carolina took the lead 1828 The South Carolina Exposition
secretly written by John Calhoun (vice president)
Wrote that tariff was unjust and unconstitutional, proposed that states should nullify tariff within their own borders
VI. “Nullies” in South Carolina In SC Tariff of 1832 tipped balance to support
nullification Delegates declared tariff null and void in state Threatened to take state out of the Union No other Southern states actively supported
SC actions Jackson would not permit defiance, dispatched
military reinforcements to state to enforce, collect tariff
Jackson endorsed tariff Henry Clay stepped in to broker a compromise
VI. “Nullies” in South Carolina Compromise- Tariff Bill of 1833-
would reduce tariff 10% over 8 years
Debate broke down over sectional lines
South favored compromise, Jackson would not have to use the military
Force Bill also passed at the same time, authorized president to use military to collect tariff
SC delegates met again repealed ordinance of nullification, but they nullified force bill
Only winner was Clay, seen as hero that saved the country
VII. The Trail of Tears Jacksonians committed to Western Expansion, viewed Native
Americans as in the way Since 1790’s American policy toward Indians, they were
recognized as separate nations US acquired land through treaties, terms violated regularly as
Anglo settlement pushed west Some tribes assimilated into American culture, some resisted it Cherokee of GA, NC assimilated into American ways (part of 5
Civilized Tribes- Creek, Choctaw, Seminole, Chickasaw) Cherokee embraced civilization- written constitution, written
legal code, alphabet Some were even slave holders 1830- Congress passes Indian Removal Act, appropriated
money to remove Indians to permanent reservation west of the Mississippi (act supported by Jackson, Southerners and Westerners)
Jackson, like many Westerners thought Indians needed to be removed east of the Mississippi, open land to white settlement
VII. The Trail of Tears 1828- Georgia Legislature declared
Cherokee tribal council illegal, asserted jurisdiction over their lands
Cherokees appealed to Supreme Court (two separate cases)
Court upheld rights of Indians Jackson disagreed with the Supreme
Court, ordered removal of Indians (“Marshall made his decision, now let him enforce it”)
Uprooted more than 100,000 Indians, westward movement known as the Trail of Tears
1836 Bureau of Indian Affairs established to administer relations with Native Americans
Settlers pushed west the permanent frontier for Indians gradually shrank and many guarantees went up in smoke
VII. The Trail of Tears Sauk and Fox Indians in
Wisconsin and Illinois resisted eviction
Led by Black Hawk the rebellion was crushed by American troops in 1832 (Black Hawk War)
Seminoles waged a bitter guerilla war for seven years in the swampy Everglades (1835-1842)
Leader, Osceola was captured under a flag of truce, some fled deeper into the swamps, 80% were moved to Oklahoma
VIII. The Bank War Jackson distrusted big business and the Bank of the
US Why?Good
Banks minted gold and silver coins Paper money printed by private banks (value fluctuated
with health of bank and amount of money printed Bank of US source of credit, principle depository of
federal money, source of credit and stability Acted like another branch of government
Bad Bank not accountable to people, existed to make a
profit for investors, seen as against “American "way
VIII. The Bank War1832 Bank War begins Webster, Clay push for recharter
of Bank to make it a political issue in election of 1832 If passed and signed by Jackson it
would alienate his western followers, if vetoed he would loose support of wealthy, influential easterners
Jackson vetoed, declared bank unconstitutional, found it harmful to nation
Another instance of Jackson regarding executive branch superior to judicial branch
Jackson expands power of executive branch
IX. Old Hickory Wallops Clay in 1832
Clay and Jackson squared off in election of 1832
First time third party ran, Anti-Masonic Party Supporters in NY, Middle states, New
England Against secret societies, support from
evangelical Protestants (use political power to bring moral and religious change)
Jacksonians against government interference in social and economic life
First use of nominating conventions Clay had support from businessmen
and eastern newspapers Jackson wins election handily (219-49
in electoral college)
X. Burying Biddle’s Bank Charter for Bank of US expire 1836 ,
Jackson wants to take it out 1833 Jackson removes federal deposits,
bleed bank dry Had to reshuffle cabinet to find people to
support him Biddle calls in loans from Bank to show
importance, causes financial panic Jackson places funds in state banks (“pet
banks”), banks with pro Jackson sympathies Banks flood country with paper money,
currency becomes unreliable 1836- Specie Circular required public
lands to be purchased with hard currency (gold, silver currency)
Put brakes on land speculation, sales Causes financial panic and crash in 1837
XI. Depression, Doldrums and the Independent Treasury Panic 1837 caused by over-speculation
on lands, borrowed money based on shaky currency and wildcat banks
Causes Jackson’s policies on the Bank of the US Rising grain prices British Banks calling in loans Caused commodity prices to drop, land
sales to fall off, factories closed, high unemployment and bank closures
XII. Election of 1836 Martin Van Buren chosen as
Jackson’s successor Whigs don’t nominate single
candidate, many candidates for regional appeal
Wanted to put election in hands of House
Van Buren won election easily Van Buren inherited problems
over which he had no control Did not have the force of
personality that Jackson had to deal with problems
Depression, possible war with Canada
XIII. The Birth of the Whigs 1830’s new political party emerges-
Whigs Hatred of Jackson was what they rallied
around Whigs were led by Clay, Calhoun, Webster
Attracted groups alienated by Jackson- supporters of American System, southern states righter's, northern industrialists, absorbed evangelical protestants from Anti-Masonic Party
Progressive in support of active government programs and reforms, called for internal improvements
Supported prisons, asylums, public schools and the market economy
Claimed to be defenders of common man (stole from Democrats)
Van Buren’s Problems
Whigs tried to make government more active to end depression (expansion of credit, tariffs), Van Buren kept government out of economy
Van Buren tried to help economy through the “Divorce Bill”, keeping government out of banking by establishing an independent treasury, caused credit to shrink
Not popular 1840- Passed by Congress, repealed
next year, revived in 1846 and continued until the Civil War
XVI. Log Cabins and Hard Cider of 1840
1840 Van Buren runs again for president, Whigs get behind one candidate William Henry Harrison
Harrison, war hero and Indian fighter
Views on issues vaguely known Played as a “common man”, really
from old Virginia family Selected John Tyler as VP Plan was to drive corrupt
Jacksonians from White House Harrison won, time for Whig ideas
of government action to stimulate the economy
XV. Two Party System 1840’s American politics adopt populist, democratic style Old aristocracy seen as bad Politicians wanted to claim humble beginnings, politicians
had to adopt “common touch” Resulted in formation of vigorous and durable two party
system Both parties grew out of Jeffersonian Republicanism Democrats were for the liberty of the individual, state’s
rights, federal restraint Whigs supported national bank, protective tariffs, internal
improvements and moral reforms Both mass based, appeal led to compromise within the
parties, kept extreme views from becoming dominant, reduced sectionalism