The Acropolis Restoration NewsÀ ™ ª ∞

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À ¶ ¶ √ 88 ñ JJuullyy 22000088

GGeenneerraall vviieeww ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss ffrroomm tthhee ssoouutthheeaasstt.. PPhhoottoo GG.. PPaaggaanniiss,, JJaannuuaarryy 22000088

ªª.. IIooaannnniiddoouu,, 22000077--22000088,, pprrooggrreessss ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss AAnnaasstteelloossiiss WWoorrkkss ªª.. IIooaannnniiddoouu,, CCoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn aanndd RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss MMoonnuummeennttss:: iinntteerrvveennttiioonnss ppllaannnneedd ffoorr tthhee ppeerriioodd 22000099--22001133

VV.. EElleeuutthheerriioouu,, VV.. MMaanniiddaakkiiss,, AA.. VVrroouuvvaa,, RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee wweesstt ssiiddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn.. GGeenneerraall pprrooggrraammmmiinngg ooff tthhee wwoorrkk aanndd pprrooppoossaallss ffoorr iinntteerrvveennttiioonn

DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, TThhee uussee ooff oorrtthhoopphhoottooggrraapphhyy iinn tthhee ggeeoommeettrriicc ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonnEE.. SSiioouummppaarraa,, IInnvveennttoorryyiinngg tthhee SSccaatttteerreedd MMeemmbbeerrss ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss

DD..NN.. EEnngglleezzooss,, DD.. MMoouulllloouu,, PPrreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff tthhee CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss:: ppaasstt aanndd ffuuttuurreeFF.. MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo,, NNeewwss ffrroomm tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss

FF.. MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo,, HHoonnoouurriinngg tthhee mmaarrbbllee tteecchhnniicciiaannss ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss:: tthhee GGoolldd CCrroossssooff tthhee OOrrddeerr ooff tthhee PPhhooiinniixx ttoo NNiikkooss SSkkaarriiss

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Anastelosis on the Acropolis continued atundiminished pace during the second half of2007 and the first half of the present year.The works, as is well known, are carried outby the Acropolis Restoration Service (YSMA)itself, a special Service of the Ministry of Cul-ture, with the academic supervision of theCommittee for the Conservation of the Acro-polis Monuments (ESMA); funding is pro-

vided by the 3rd Community Support Frame-work.

In brief, the following works were carried outon the monuments of the Acropolis Rockduring the past year:

In the PPaarrtthheennoonn, structural restoration of thedismantled members of the north colonnade

was continued. During the second half of2007 the eight columns were reset in placeand work began on resetting the entablature,at the level of the architrave, under the super-vision of the architect-archaeologist LenaLambrinou, responsible for the relevant studyand the civil engineer Antigoni Vrouva. Workon the west end of the north colonnade wasalso initiated with the dismantling of the me-topes. Specifically, from June 2007 to June 2008,the structural restoration of 34 members (twocolumn capitals, four architrave blocks, fivefilling blocks, ten frieze blocks, seven corniceblocks) was completed, and 24 members werereset on the monument (six drums of the 4thcolumn, four column capitals and fourteen ar-chitrave blocks). Six metopes, three filling blocks and onetriglyph were dismantled from the west end ofthe north side. Their structural restorationwas begun, and work proceeds on copyingthe metopes to replace the originals on themonument. The Directorate of Topography, Photogram-metry and Land Register of the Ministry ofCulture made a photogrammetric survey ofthe entablature of the west end of the northcolonnade and the west façade of the Par-thenon. The orthophotomosaics were pro-

cessed by the rural and surveying engineerDionysia Mavromati. Studies for structural restoration of the entab-lature of the west end of the north colonnadewere completed by the architect RozaliaChristodoulopoulou and the civil engineerAntigoni Vrouva, and for the entablature ofthe Parthenon west façade by the architectsVassiliki Eleutheriou and Vasso Manidakiand the civil engineer Antigoni Vrouva. Bothstudies have been approved by the ESMA,and approval of the second study is awaitedfrom the Central Archaeological Council ofthe Ministry of Culture. Work on the Par-thenon continues under the direction of thearchitect Nikos Toganidis.

In the PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa, from July 2007 to date, workon restoring the monument has continued inaccordance with the approved study of TasosTanoulas and Maria Ioannidou. Specifically,work continued on restoring the ceilings ofthe west hall and this has been completed withthe resetting of restored architectural mem-bers of the superstructure, i.e. the beams, theinter-beam blocks and the coffered ceilingblocks. With the recent removal of the work-stands from the areas of intervention, the cof-fered ceiling of the west hall is now visible tovisitors approaching along the central passage-way. Work continued also on restoring themembers of the entablature and pediment ofthe east portico, specifically the blocks of thecornice, the tympanon, the raking corniceand the sima. Restoration of the east porticohas reached the level of the frieze and theoverlying members are expected to have beenset in place by the end of 2008. In addition, in March 2008, conservation wascarried out on the reinforced concrete floor ofthe Propylaia Pinakotheke, introduced in thestabilizing intervention of Anastasios Orlan-dos and Eustathios Stikas in 1955. The workcomprised surface water-proofing of the slab,repairs to parts of the bearing elements and test-ing of the strength and homogeneity of theconcrete. In April, 2008, work started on the infra-structure of the Justinian cistern of the Propy-laia, and it is continuing at present. This in-volves the repacement of the wooden floorand suitable reforming of the space, so that itcan serve as a storeroom for the ceiling coffersthat will not be used in the recent intervention. For interventions planned for the future, in

July 2008 the architect K. Karanasos submit-ted to ESMA the study for restoring the southwall of the Propylaia. On approval by theCommittee, the study has been submitted tothe Central Archaeological Council, where itis expected to be discussed at the next meet-ing. Works in the Propylaia continue to beunder the direction of the architect TasosTanoulas.

In the tteemmppllee ooff AAtthheennaa NNiikkee, 13 restored ar-chitectural blocks from course II (from thetop) of the cella wall were reset, and fourteenblocks of the epikranitis with their joining ele-ments. Resetting of the restored blocks of thearchitrave was begun, as also the column bases.Work continues on the structural restorationof the members of the overlying layers (ceilingcoffers, inter-beams, horizontal cornice blocks)

RReeppllaacciinngg aann aarrcchhiittrraavvee bblloocckk oonn tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonnnnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee.. PPhhoottoo LL.. LLaammbbrriinnoouu,, JJuullyy 22000088

22000077--22000088,, pprrooggrreessss ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss AAnnaasstteelloossiiss WWoorrkkss

DDiissmmaannttlliinngg aa mmeettooppee ffrroomm tthhee wweesstteerrnn eenndd ooff tthheePPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee.. PPhhoottoo AA.. KKaaffoouurroouu,,MMaayy 22000077

TThhee nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn,, iinn ccoouurrsseeooff rreessttoorraattiioonn,, ffrroomm tthhee eeaasstt.. PPhhoottoo LL.. LLaammbbrriinnoouu,,JJuullyy 22000088

VViieeww ffrroomm tthhee ssoouutthh ooff tthhee rreessttoorreedd cceeiilliinngg ooff tthhee wweesstt hhaallll ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa cceennttrraall bbuuiillddiinngg,, wwiitthh tthheemmaarrbbllee tteecchhnniicciiaannss rreessppoonnssiibbllee ffoorr tthhee iinntteerrvveennttiioonn.. PPhhoottoo TT.. TTaannoouullaass,, JJuunnee 22000088

TThhee rreessttoorreedd cceeiilliinngg ooff tthhee wweesstt hhaallll ooff tthhee cceennttrraall bbuuiillddiinngg ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa.. PPhhoottoo KK.. KKaarraannaassooss,, JJuullyy 22000088TThhee nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn,, iinn ccoouurrssee ooff rreessttoorraattiioonn,, ffrroomm tthhee NNWW.. PPhhoottoo AA.. KKaaffoouurroouu,, JJuunnee 22000088

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CCoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn aanndd RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss MMoonnuummeennttss:: IInntteerrvveennttiioonnss ppllaannnneedd ffoorr tthhee ppeerriioodd 22000099--22001133

The great restoration programme of theAcropolis, initiated by the Acropolis Restora-tion Service (YSMA) in 2000, with thescholarly supervision of the Committee forConservation of the Acropolis Monuments(ESMA), is expected to be completed in2008. The YSMA, a special Service of the Ministryof Culture created by Presidential Decree 97of 1999, undertook at that time, with fund-ing from the 3rd Community Framework, todevelop and carry out restoration interven-tions on the Acropolis monuments. Full usewas made by the YSMA both of the Com-

munity Funding and of the possibilities of-fered by its own establishment through Pres-idential Decree, to give the Acropolis worksan impressive development, the greatest sincethe foundation of the Greek State. This de-velopment was possible because of the multi-facetted scholarly knowledge and experiencethat had been gained by the ESMA duringprevious years in the course of the Acropolisworks. The methodology of preparing andperforming the works with systematic pre-liminary study, with an imterdisciplinary ap-

proach, including consultations with bothlocal and international specialists and thecontinuous development of contemporarytechnical knowledge, together with a highlyspecialised personnel, are all practices estab-lished by the ESMA and they assure the highquality of work characteristic of these inter-ventions. With the completion of the programmes in-augurated in 2000, a creative period in therestoration of the Acropolis will come to anend, while another will begin. Programmedfor the coming years are interventions, thebasic purpose of which is to continue the ar-

duous work, demanding from the scholarlypoint of view, necessary from the standpointof scholarship and technically complicated,of protecting, stabilising and conservingsome of the most important monuments ofthe ancient world, and arranging their dis-play. These are interventions that we believewill assure the continued existence of theAcropolis monuments, while contributing totheir comprehension and their impact on fu-ture generations ultimately as common prop-erty of World Cultural Heritage. The choice

of future programmes has been made on thebasis of priorities, determined mainly by thestructural problems of the monuments, inconnection with already existing studies forintervention, both approved and pending. Abasic criterion for determining future inter-ventions was the possibility of making use ofinfrastructure and actions that had been in-stalled and carried out in previous years withCommunity funding. Planned in this framework for the period2009-2013 are the following: 1. Extension of interventions in areas of themonuments restored by N. Balanos that show

structural problems and, with this, removalof the sculptural decoration that is still in situ,in order to preserve it from continuing dam-age. 2. Research on the present condition andstudies of both restored and undisturbedareas of the monuments with serious structur-al problems, in order to make their conditionclear and to enter them in future interventionprogrammes. 3. Studies and supplementary interventions,making it possible to restore areas of the mon-

as well as on the piers of the monument.Restoration of members of the columns hasalso been completed, and casts have beenmade of the figures of the original frieze forreplacing them on the monument in artificialstone. Likewise completed is the study by thearchitects Kostas Mamalougas and Demos-thenes Giraud for the arrangement and set-ting of the column capitals. Work on the tem-ple of Athena Nike continues under the di-rection of the civil engineer Dionysia Micha-lopoulou.

Carried out during this same period were also

the continuous works of ssuurrffaaccee ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonnon all the monuments, headed by the chemicalengineer Evi Papakonstantinou-Zioti, the iinn--vveennttoorryyiinngg ooff ssccaatttteerreedd aanncciieenntt mmeemmbbeerrss onthe Acropolis rock, under the direction, since2008, of Elizabet Sioumpara, the ddiiggiittiissaattiioonnaanndd ddiiggiittaall mmaannaaggeemmeenntt ooff ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn ofthe works of anastelosis and surface restora-tion of all the monuments by the Documenta-tion Office, headed by the archaeologist FaniMallouchou-Tufano, the ccoonndduuccttiinngg ooff tthheeeedduuccaattiioonnaall pprrooggrraammmmeess by the YSMA Of-fice of Education and Information, directedby the architect-archaeologist Cornelia Hatzi-

aslani, the pprroodduuccttiioonn ooff ccooppiieess in artificialstone of the architectural sculpture removedfrom the monuments, by the Cast Laboratory.EElleeccttrroo--mmeecchhaanniiccaall ssuuppppoorrtt ooff tthhee wwoorrkksscontinues to be headed by the mechanical andelectrical engineer Spyros Oikonomopoulos,and the Accounting and Secretarial Offices ofthe YSMA are headed by Panayiotis Kat-simichas and Hara Papanikolaou respectively.

The commencement during this past year ofsystematic attention to an additional monu-ment of the rock, the Acropolis CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll,is considered to be of special importance. In order to explore and document its state ofpreservation, a series of works were initiated(including: photogrammetric survey of theWall and of the Acropolis hill in elevationand in plan, a three-dimensional scan of theWall and hill, the development of Geograph-ical Information Systems and data base for theWall) that will form the basis for further re-search and studies. The civil engineer Dimitris Englezos is incharge of the work of restoration of the Acro-polis Circuit Wall. Responsible for archaeo-logical documentation of the work is the ar-chaeologist Dorina Moullou, for photogram-metric applications, the rural and surveyingengineer Dionysia Mavromati. Funding forthe above works is provided by the EuropeanOperational Programme, «Information Soci-ety»

MMaarriiaa IIooaannnniiddoouuCivil Engineer

Director of the YSMA

SSttrruuccttuurraall rreessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee ppiieerrss aanndd ccoolluummnnss ooff tthhee tteemmppllee ooff AAtthheennaa NNiikkee.. PPhhoottoo EE.. LLeemmbbiiddaakkii,, JJuunnee 22000088

TThhee tteemmppllee ooff AAtthheennaa NNiikkee,, iinn ccoouurrssee ooff rreessttoorraattiioonn,, ffrroomm tthhee EE.. PPhhoottoo EE.. LLeemmbbiiddaakkii,, JJuunnee 22000088

11.. RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaannddrroosseeiioonn,, 22.. SShheelltteerriinngg ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn nnoorrtthh ppoorrcchh,, 33.. FFiilllliinngg iinn ooff tthhee iinntteerriioorr ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn,, 44.. RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa nnoorrtthhllaatteerraall wwiinngg,, 55.. RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa ssoouutthh llaatteerraall wwiinngg,, 66.. PPaarrttiiaall aannaasstteelloossiiss ooff tthhee ssoouutthh wwaallll ooff tthhee wweesstt hhaallll ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa cceennttrraall bbuuiillddiinngg,, 77.. FFiinnaall ccuuttttiinnggooff tthhee ccoolluummnn fflluutteess iinn tthhee ffiilllliinnggss ooff nneeww mmaarrbbllee ooff tthhee rreessttoorreedd ccoolluummnnss ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ssiiddee,, 88.. AAnnaasstteelloossiiss ooff tthhee llaatteerraall wwaallllss ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn cceellllaa,, 99..RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee wweesstt wwaallll ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn cceellllaa,, 1100.. RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ffaaççaaddee,, 1111.. SSuurrffaaccee ccoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ffaaççaaddee,, 1122.. RRee--oorrggaa--nniizzaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wwoorrkk ssiittee,, 1133.. FFiinnaall ddiissppllaayy ooff tthhee ssuurrffaaccee ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss ppllaatteeaauu,, 1144.. CCoonnsseerrvvaattiioonn ooff ppoorrooss aarrcchhiitteeccttuurraall mmeemmbbeerrss,, 1155.. PPrreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff tthheeCCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss

uments, not only to increase their static effi-ciency but also to make them more easily un-derstood by the general public. In any case,the artistic values of the monuments must beevident and their architectural form andfunction must be comprehensible. 4. Problems of surface conservation of themonuments that arise during the course ofthe work must be confronted with systematicconservation and with the application of thelaser method for cleaning. 5. Documentation and protection of the ar-chitectural members scattered on the rock,while at the same time distinguishing and dis-playing the historical topography of theAcropolis. 6. Research on the static efficiency of theCircuit Wall and seismic behaviour of theAcropolis Rock by means of the latest con-temporary methods, and by interventions ofrescue character where necessary.

7. Programming of activities that will furtherthe promotion and display of the large-scalerestoration work being carried out on theAcropolis monuments. Analytically, the following is programmedfor each monument:

Restoration work on the EErreecchhtthheeiioonn by theESMA was completed in 1987. The follow-ing is planned for the coming years:1. Sheltering of the north porch: it is plannedto shelter the north porch in order to protectit from the corrosive effect of rain-water. Therelevant study, which calls for a light shelterof wood and titanium, has been carried outby the YSMA architect V. Manidaki and ithas been approved by the ESMA. 2. Filling in of the interior of the Erech-theion to the level of the floor of the christian

basilica in order to protect its vulnerable foun-dations. 3. Restoration of part of the Pandroseion:the study has been made by the architect V.Manidaki and it has been approved by theESMA.

In the PPaarrtthheennoonn, on completion of the inter-vention on the north side of the monument,the following is programmed: 1. Intervention on the west façade of the mon-ument: the state of preservation of this side ofthe monument, in both the restored parts andthe parts that have never been restored, is es-pecially critical. The general preliminarystudy of Korres and Bouras of 1983 includedreplacement of the rusted metal joining ele-ments in areas of the west façade that hadbeen restored in the past and interventions to

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reintegrate into this section fragments identi-fied as ancient. The recent study by theYSMA architects V. Eleutheriou and V.Manidaki, which has been approved by theESMA, calls for dismantling of the two pre-viously restored corners of the west façade,structural restoration of the members andtheir resetting on the monument, removal ofthe metopes from the two corners and theirreplacement with copies in cast artificialstone. Infrastructure for plotting the entabla-ture of the west façade comprised pho-togrammetric survey and the formation of anorthophotomosaic by the YSMA rural andsurveying engineer, D. Mavromati. This wascarried out in collaboration with the Direc-torate of Topography, Photogrammetry andLand Register of the Ministry of Culture.The study is to be submitted directly to theCentral Archaeological Council of the Min-istryof Culture (KAS) for approval. 2. Programmed for the restored northcolonnade is the final cutting of the columnflutes in the restored fillings of new marbleand the application of an artificial patina.3. Intervention on the west wall: the workcomprises chiefly the dismantling of the lintelof the west doorway, restored earlier usingreinforced concrete, the replacement of thiswith new marble and the partial dismantlingof the upper section of the west wall. Thestudy for this intervention, made by Profes-sor M. Korres, has been approved by theCentral Archaeological Council and the de-finitive study is being carried out by the ar-chitect L. Lambrinou. 4. Restoration of the side walls of the cella: atpresent, the relevant structural study is underway, and the Central Archeological Councilhas already approved a study for the restora-tion of the orthostates and the three directlyoverlying courses of the north wall. In order to perform the above interventions,the Potain crane installed at the north side ofthe Parthenon will have to be dismantled,moved and re-assembled at the west side on abase of reinforced concrete prepared before-hand.

In the PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa, when restoration of the ceil-ings of the central building of the monumenthas been completed, the following is pro-grammed: 1. Broad reconstruction of the wall blocks inthe superstructure of the south wall of the

west hall: the intervention includes restora-tion of the blocks in place and the identifiedblocks of the superstructure of the south wallof the central building of the Propylaia. Thestudy, carried out by the architect K. Karana-sos, has been approved by the ESMA andsubmitted for approval to the KAS. 2. Intervention in the north wing of the Pro-pylaia: the study by T. Tanoulas and M. Ioan-nidou has already been made, specifying the

following works: removal of the cement floorand its replacement with a metal flooring orconservation of the existing cement floor andfilling in of the basement space, dismantling-conservation of the uppermost level of Frank-ish mediaeval additions and first underlyingcourse. A crane will have to be installed with-in the north wing to perform the work. 3. Description, drawing, identification, mend-ing of members of the south wing: this in-

TThhee wweesstt ssiiddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn.. PPhhoottoo FF.. MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo,, FFeebbrruuaarryy 22000066

TThhee wweesstt wwaallll ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn ffrroomm tthhee eeaasstt.. VViissiibbllee iiss tthhee ccoonnccrreettee cceeiilliinngg ooff tthhee wweesstt ddoooorr ffrroomm tthhee BBaallaannoossiinntteerrvveennttiioonn.. PPhhoottoo SS.. MMaavvrroommmmaattiiss,, 11998866

TThhee nnoorrtthh ppoorrcchh ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn ffrroomm tthhee NNWW.. PPhhoottoo FF.. MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo,, JJuullyy 22000088

TThhee iinntteerriioorr ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn ffrroomm tthhee eeaasstt.. PPhhoottooEE.. PPeettrrooppoouulloouu,, NNoovveemmbbeerr 22000066

PPrrooppoossaall ffoorr tthhee rreessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee ssoouutthh cceellllaa wwaallll ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn.. PPhhoottooggrraapphhiicc rreeccoonnssttrruuccttiioonn bbyy CC.. PPaarraasscchhii aanndd SS.. MMaavvrroommmmaattiiss,, 22000022

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Acropolis Works to be distributed to visitorsto the Acropolis, a special volume on theAcropolis Works reporting recent researchwith scholarly and technical information. ñ Organisation of exhibitions in Greece andabroad. ñ The production of movies showing thecompleted interventions on the monumentsby means of conventional and three-dimen-sional drawings. ñ Creation of a cultural complex in a newbuilding where exhibitions, lectures and vari-ous other activities of cultural interest can beheld for the public. (A proposal to this effect

has been made to the Ministry of Culture).In addition, the same building could housethe valuable but perishable ESMA archive,which has a desperate storage problem. ñ Restoration of the ESMA-YSMA buildingat Polygnotou 10 street, which has seriousproblems – repair of the upstairs offices ofthe building.

The main characteristics of the work of theYSMA today, which have assured sucessfulexecution of the programmes of 2000-2008and in a sense insure successful accomplish-ment of the works proposed for the period2007-2013 are: ñ The securing of the greatest possible schol-

arly knowledge and experience in both pro-gramming and execution of the works,through collaboration of the specialist schol-ars of the ESMA with the specialised scholar-ly personnel of the works and the consistentand continuous connection of the works withongoing research.

ñ The creation, in the framwork of the works,of a staff that is highly specialised in the ob-jective of anastelosis of classical monumentsand the development of special skills andtechnical knowledge for accelerating comple-tion of the work.

ñ Successful and full use of Community Fund-ing, because of the advantageous and in-creased powers provided by the YSMA stat-ute. All the works described above are includedin the general proposal that has been submit-ted to the Ministry of Culture for discus-sion, together with their financial estimate,and the Government has undertaken to pro-vide funding for the Acropolis Works for thecoming period.

The general budget for the proposed workshas been estimated on the basis of the follow-ing presuppositions: ñ Continuation of the interventions on the

Acropolis at the same accelerated speed asduring recent years, without sacrificing anyof the internationally-recognised quality ob-tained to now.ñ Retention of the present conditions of theworks, that is, assurance of continued em-ployment of the staff, specialists in theanastelosis of ancient monuments, replace-ment of those who retire or leave, and thelegal regulation of additional qualifications ofthe personnel. ñ Assurance of regular funding of the workson a continuous basis. It is eminently clear that the entire program-

ming of the works still to be carried out onthe Acropolis is incorporated in the existingprocess of works executed by the Ministry ofCulture, with independent supervision, bythe specialised and experienced scholarly andtechnical staff of the YSMA, under the inter-disciplinary supervision of the ESMA. Thisis the only process permissible for interven-tions on monuments of universal importance,unique quality and especial sensitivity, as arethose of the Athenian Acropolis.

MMaarriiaa IIooaannnniiddoouu

cludes collecting identified ancient material,its documentation and the joining of frag-ments that belong together, for use in the fu-ture restoration of members to the monu-ment. Both study and joining are in processby personnel of the YSMA.

In the tteemmppllee ooff AAtthheennaaNNiikkee when its restorationhas been completed, theplan is to remove the work-site equipment now in place,to conserve in situ the oldslab of reinforced concretesouth and east of the templeand, on the basis of a specialstudy to be carried out, ex-amined and approved, towork on the problem ofrain-water that stagnates onthe Nike Pyrgos.

Programmed for the CCiirr--ccuuiitt WWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliissare documentation and sup-porting studies (geotechni-cal-geological study, labo-ratory research on the build-ing material of the Wall).The purpose of these stud-ies is to make a definitivestudy for intervention thatwill comprise geostatic mon-itoring of the Wall, studyof the filling material, thewaterproofing material andthe material of the final sur-facing, and study of thedrainage. Proposals will bemade for restoration of thePlanned in addition for theperiod 2007-2013, is theapplication of a pilot pro-gramme for resolving thestructural damage in the SEpart of the Wall. Stabilisa-tion of the SE corner of theWall will serve as a pilot programme for themain work to follow, i.e. the stabilisation ofthe entire monument. The defintive pro-gramme depends on the preserved state ofthe Wall, which will be evident on comple-tion of the monitoring, documentation andstudies now in progress. SSuurrffaaccee rreessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee mmoonnuummeennttss will

continue to be carried out on the areas of themonuments undergoing anastelosis and alsoon other areas, where structural interventionis not being carried out but where surfacedamage is evident and needs attention. In-cluded under this heading are architecturalmembers of the north side and both architec-

tural and sculptural members of the west sideof the Parthenon. Also planned is the system-atic cleaning of the surfaces of the monu-ments with the laser method. The crumblingof the poros foundations of the monuments isa problem that will have to be confronted inthe future.The PPrroojjeecctt ooff tthhee SSccaatttteerreedd MMeemmbbeerrss for

the period 2009-2013 comprises completionof the inventory, photographic and graphicdocumentation and classification of all theporos architectural stones, so that they can bestored and preserved in a closed area. It islikewise planned to record, classify and ar-range the two stone piles, totalling 3000 mem-

bers, that resulted fromclearing the foundations ofthe House of the Arrepho-roi.

Programmed in additionto the interventions on themonuments for the period2007-2013, are activitiesthat –as required by theprinciple of publication inArticle 16 of the Charter ofVenice– will contribute toadvancing and diffusingscholarly knowledge, pro-vide information for the in-ternational community ofscholars, and will publicizeand project the work beingcarried out on the Acropo-lis. The purpose is likewiseto familiarise the citizenswith subjects associatedwith the protection of cul-tural heritage.

Programmed in this frame-work are the following: ñ Organisation, in 2009, ofthe 6th International Meet-ing for the Restoration ofthe Acropolis Monuments,at which the competed in-terventions and the studiesfor future works will be pre-sented. Symposia and one-day conferences will like-wise be organised in Greeceand abroad for the scholar-ly and general public.

ñ Scholarly results of the completed worksand publication of relevant volumes: Erech-theion, opisthonaos and north side of the Par-thenon, Propylaia, temple of Athena Nike,the backfilling of the Arrephorion. ñ Series of publications for the general publicand the scholarly community: the YSMANewsletter, an informative booklet about the

GGeenneerraall vviieeww ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss ffrroomm tthhee NNWW.. VViissiibbllee iiss tthhee CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll,, ttoo bbee rreessttoorreedd iinn ffuuttuurree.. PPhhoottoo FF.. MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo,, MMaayy 22000088

TThhee pprrooggrraammmmeedd rreessttoorraattiioonn ooff ssoouutthh wwaallll ooff tthhee wweesstt hhaallll ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa cceennttrraall bbuuiillddiinngg.. SSttuuddyybbyy KK.. KKaarraannaassooss,, oorriiggiinnaall ddrraawwiinngg bbyy TT.. TTaannoouullaass

TThhee nnoorrtthh wwiinngg ooff tthhee PPrrooppyyllaaiiaa ffrroomm tthhee ssoouutthh.. PPhhoottoo FF.. MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo,, FFeebbrruuaarryy 22000077

1111

like the corresponding architectural membersof the central area, at the two angles all thecharacteristic architectural details of themembers can be discerned, such as the astra-gal crowning the top of the triglyphs andmetopes, the guttae on the mutules of thecornice blocks and in some cases the painteddecoration such as the maeanders at the baseof the cornice. Even so, it is the areas of thetwo corners that have the most acute struc-tural problems. Discernible are breaks in thearchitrave blocks, shifts and projections of ar-chitectural members, open joints and unfin-ished beddings.

As might be expected, of great importancefor evaluating the structural damage of thewest side is the condition of the architraveblocks and the columns beneath them. A typ-ical form of failure in the architrave blocks istheir breakage especially around the clampsand dowels. More serious problems are seenin the exterior blocks of the two corners,where there are breaks that run right throughthe block, the penetration being due to thearchitrave blocks of the long sides (exteriorblocks of the 1st, from north, and the 7th ar-chitrave blocks), which converge on thesepositions. After the earthquakes of 1981 and1999, a crack of 1 cm appeared in the exteri-or block of the south architrave, at the SWcorner. These breaks are consistent with thegeneral picture of deformation in the entirecolonnade, which indicates that the cornershave shifted outwards.

As for the columns, the problems lie mainlyin the notable lack of mass evident in a num-ber of column drums, and in cracks that pen-etrate the drums. The capitals have suffereddamage of various sorts from the overlyingblocks. Breaks in the mass of their especiallyfine marble, caused by the ancient dowels ofthe architrave blocks, are observable in all thecolumn capitals.

The addition of exterior iron joining ele-ments by Balanos, along the full length of theentablature and the pediment, have causedextensive cracking and breakage, as has beennoted frequently in the earlier interventionson the Acropolis monuments.

DDeeffoorrmmaattiioonnssSo that the proposals for the rescue interven-

tions needed would be coordinated with amore general review of the problems, it wasconsidered necessary to correlate the struc-tural damage, found chiefly in the sections re-stored by N. Balanos, with the general defor-mations shown by the monument in that par-ticular area.

As has been observed in earlier studies, thecourses of the entablature have suffered sig-nificant horizontal displacement in an east-west direction, with characteristic outwardshifting of the corners, forming a concavecurve in plan. This deformation has been ver-ified with new measurements made at thelevel of the architrave and the horizonal cor-nice blocks (a deflection in the nature of 7cm and 12 cm respectively) was measuredand it is analogous with the deformation ver-ified in the opisthonaos.

Horizontal shifting of the blocks in a north-south direction is shown by the opening ofthe thrust joints, evident for the most part inthe architrave and the cornice. The total shiftalong the length of the façade is calculated atsome 6 cm.

AAiimm ooff tthhee rreessttoorraattiioonn Repair of earlier damage, including damage

brought about as a result of the preceding in-tervention, is dictated in accordance with theestablshed methodology followed in theAcropolis works. Notes on the problems andgeneral proposals for confronting them hadbeen proposed as early as 1983 by ProfessorM. Korres.

The purpose is not to repair all the damage,since this would entail interventions on agrand scale, thus reducing the authenticity ofthe monument. The conception of the monu-ment as «ruins», moreover, has been acceptedas a value that is expressed in the principletendency to retain the present appearance ofthe monument. The goal is thus to preservethe building with the least possible interven-tion, such as restoration of broken membersand their joining elements, especially therestoration of the basic members of the loadsystem, the architrave and the column capi-tals. Likewise, the repairs should respond topathological developments expected in thefuture, rather than serving only a momentaryimage and structural strengthening.

TThhee aarreeaass ttoo bbee ddiissmmaannttlleedd iinn tthhee wweesstt ssiiddee Restoration of broken architectural membersis technically feasible with partial dismantlingof the blocks of the west side. The extent ofthe area to be dismantled, which should be assmall as possible, depends on many parame-ters, such as:

ñ the seriousness of the structural problems

ñ economy in the extent of blocks to be dis-mantled (since most of these areas have beenundisturbed since antiquity).

ñ the advantage to be gained in stability (im-provement of response to structural andstress loads) and in extending preservation ofthe monument into the future.

ñ time in which the work can be completedand the monument made accessible to thepublic.

Dismantling will be limited and will staywithin the boundaries of Balanos’ interven-tions for the restoration of the exterior plinthof the central architrave block and the tym-panon of the pediment. There is thereforeno problem about the extent of the area of

The west side of the Parthenon is indeed thebest preserved, in that it did not suffer the se-rious damage or collapse inflicted on theother sides of the monument. As a result, ithas not undergone restoration, with the ac-companying mis-settings of ancient architec-tural members evident, for example, in thenorth side. Yet, during the long history of thebuilding it suffered significant damage, suchas cracks in the marble and opening of jointswith measurable changes in the original

geometry of the monument. Restoration ofmarble fragments and their joining elementswas undertaken for the first time during sta-bilisation projects at the end of the 19th cen-tury.

TThhee BBaallaannooss iinntteerrvveennttiioonnss In the first period of anastelosis of the Par-thenon under the supervision of N. Balanos,interventions in the opisthonaos were fol-lowed by efforts to stabilize the west side.

The works, carried out from 1900 to 1902,included dismantling of blocks, limited fill-ings of new marble and many joins – strength-ened with iron joining elements (clamps anddowels). Dismantled also were the blocks atthe two corners of the pediment, the centralorthostate of the tympanon, the exteriorblock of the central part of the architrave andthe two metopes above this. Characteristic isthe way in which four fragmentary columncapitals were filled in with new marble. Thefillings were wedged into the ancient pieces,the broken surfaces of which were trimmedaccordingly. Balanos cannot, indeed, be calledfrugal in his use of new metal joining ele-ments. More than 100 exterior joining ele-ments have been counted, and it is certainthat more of these clamps and dowels wereplaced in surfaces, not now visible, of stonesthat were dismantled.

At the end of the decade of 1940, works ofstabilisation were carried out under the su-pervision of A. Orlandos. At that time frag-ments of the south central orthostate of thetympanon and the pedimental cornice of thesouth angle of the pediment were incorporat-ed in the monument. In 1977, the remainingpedimental sculptural group of Kekrops inthe north angle and of Kallirrhoe in the southwere replaced by copies.

SSttaattee ooff pprreesseerrvvaattiioonn –– ppaatthhoollooggyy In 2007, in the framework of general pro-gramming of the Parthenon interventions,examination of the state of preservation ofthe west side of the monument was begun. Inorder to approach the west side, yet avoid theunaesthetic use of scaffolding, it was decidedto rent a self-lifting platform, which was in-stalled in May, 2007. The superstructure ofthe west side held surprises in store, as inspec-tion revealed the degree to which the surfacesand most of the external metal joining ele-ments had suffered corrosion.

Examination of the entire entablature is im-pressive in showing a notable gradation in thepreservation of the ancient surfaces. In espe-cially bad condition are the surfaces of thecentral area, which appears to have sufferedmore during the ancient fire. The cutting offof projecting parts of the figures of themetopes is overwhelming and has caused ac-celeration in the erosion of the surfaces. Un-

RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee wweesstt ssiiddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn GGeenneerraall pprrooggrraammmmiinngg ooff tthhee wwoorrkk aanndd pprrooppoossaallss ffoorr iinntteerrvveennttiioonn

TThhee PPaarrtthheennoonn SSWW ccoorrnneerr sshhoowwiinngg ffrraaccttuurreess ooff tthhee aarrcchhiittrraavvee bblloocckkss aanndd ooppeenniinnggss iinn jjooiinnttss ooff tthhee eenndd ccoorrnniicceebblloocckkss.. SSttuuddyy--ddrraawwiinngg bbyy VV.. MMaanniiddaakkii,,22000088

TThhee ttyymmppaannoonn oorrtthhoossttaatteess ooff tthhee cceennttrraall aarreeaa ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ppeeddiimmeenntt sshhoowwiinngg bbrreeaakkss aatt tthhee jjooiinniinnggeelleemmeennttss,, aanncciieenntt aanndd rreecceenntt.. SSttuuddyy--rraawwiinngg bbyy VV.. EElleefftthheerriioouu,, 22000088

DDeevviiaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn NNWW ccoorrnneerr ttoowwaarrddss tthheewweesstt.. SSttuuddyy--ddrraawwiinngg bbyy VV.. EElleefftthheerriioouu,, VV.. MMaanniiddaa--kkii,, AA.. VVrroouuvvaa,,22000088

1133

most on the south side) are among the bestpreserved metopes of the entire Doric frieze.It should be noted that when the proposedwork is finished, the result will be that copies(at the corners) and authentic metopes will bebeside each other on the same façade.

AAddddiittiioonn ooff nneeww mmaarrbbllee ttoo tthhee wweesstt ppeeddiimmeenntt As in the past (Study by M. Korres in 1983),

it is considered worthwhile to restore thecentral orthostate of the south side to its orig-inal dimensions by filling in with new marblethe two identified fragments (the first frag-ment, which was set in place in the Orlandosanastelosis, and the second, which was identi-fied by M. Korres). Restoration of the 7thorthostate, the only one of the entire seriesthat is not preserved, will complete the inter-vention on the tympanon of the pediment.This will be done for both aesthetic andstructural reasons.

It is proposed to set two new raking corniceblocks on the north wing of the tympanonand two underlying blocks of the backingwall, which are necessary for their support.The raking cornices and all the orthostates ofthe tympanon were preserved in situ to theend of the 18th century and are illustrated indrawings of the period (for example, in Fau-vel;s watercolour of 1790). The addition ofthe above new members will greatly improve

the morphological continuity of the pedi-ment by restoring the characteristic ridge-lineof the monument.

It is proposed, in addition, to fill in thefrontal sections of the four broken horizontalcornice blocks, in order to improve the abili-ty of the entablature to protect itself fromrain. At present, because of these voids theunderlying construction is more exposed toerosion. The restoration of the continuity ofthe horizontal cornice, together with filling inof gaps and hollows here and there, allows

the rain to run off as it should and con-tributes to the protection of the underlyingmetopes.

TThhee ppoossiittiioonn ooff tthhee ccrraannee ffoorr tthhee iinntteerrvveenn--ttiioonn oonn tthhee wweesstt ssiiddeeExamining the ergonomics (in order to pro-vide the best possible service for all the worksbeing programmed for the west side), and tohave the least possible disturbance from theaesthetic standpoint, the installation of thePotain crane of the Parthenon work site atthe west side is planned. Its rails will be laidparallel to the west side, with a small exten-sion to the south, so that when it is in rest po-sition its boom can be folded parallel to thesouth side of the Parthenon. In this positionthe crane will be less annoying to visitors tothe Acropolis. Moreover, this arrangement ismore efficient ergonomically as well as pro-viding direct connection with the area of thework-site bridgecrane.

The Study for the proposed interventions onthe corners of the west side of the Parthenonhas been discussed in the ESMA and will besubmitted directly to the Central Archaeo-logical Council of the Ministry of Culturefor approval. With approval of the necessaryfunding, the work is expected to begin, whenthe restoration of the north colonnade iscompleted during the coming year.

VVaassssiilliikkii EElleefftthheerriioouu,, VVaassssoo MMaanniiddaakkii Architects

AAnnttiiggoonnee VVrroouuvvaaCivil Engineer

Parthenon West Side Restoration Programme

intervention. It is otherwise with the extentof the area of intervention on the two cor-ners, as here there is a theoretical questionconcerning the type and quality of restora-tion. Determining factors in the extent of thearea to be dismantled are the cracked andshifted architrave blocks of the two corners.

Considering together the advantages and thelimitations imposed by the building form of

the monument, the Study proposes that theentablature of the two corners, SW andNW, be dismantled down to and includingthe architrave blocks.

Any further dismantling of the entablature,of whatever sort, is ruled out. The structureof the building itself and the principle ofeconomy of intervention place limits on thedismantling of architectural members be-yond the point where there is no justifica-tion for any improvement to their structur-al condition. The pedimental orthostates

and the backing wall, all undisturbed intheir positions from antiquity, except forthe central orthostate, place a serious limiton any intervention in the central area and,in fact, orient us toward making repairs insitu.

TThhee ssuubb--pprrooggrraammmmeess ooff tthhee iinntteerrvveennttiioonnssIt is proposed to divide all the works into thefollowing 8 sub-programmes:

NW corner (1st), SW corner (2nd), centralarchitrave (3rd), central orthostates of the ty-panon (4th), backing wall of the typanon(5th), the columns (6th), replacement of ex-terior joining elements and mending of frag-ments in danger of breaking off (7th),crown-blocks and ceiling blocks of the westcolonnade (8th).

The programmes for work on the two cor-ners of the monument together with the re-plaement of the exterior joining elements areof immediate priority. The other five pro-

grammes are to be carried out in the succeed-ing phase, after analytical studies are made.

RReessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee ccoorrnneerrss ooff tthhee mmoonnuummeenntt The intervention includes all the architraveblocks of the corners together with theiroverlying members. The total number ofmembers to be dismantled from the NWcorner is 42, from the SW corner 37. Thisintervention has many advantages because,apart from the restoration of the broken ar-chitrave blocks, it allows other important im-provements to to be made to the structuralcondition of the corners, such as:

1. Resetting of the architrave blocks in theiroriginal position in relation to the adjoiningarchitrave blocks and considerable reductionof the marked deformation of the façade. It isfeasible to close the joints of the corners thathave opened and to correct by some 50% thehorizontal deformation of the entablature.

2. Improvement of the stabulity of the cornercolumns, since relieving them of their load al-lows them to be returned to their originalstate of eqilibrium, improving the resting sur-faces of the drums between each other.

3. Enabling a fragment of the NW cornercolumn capital to be correctly joined; its re-setting had been made difficult by the exist-ing change in the inclination of the corre-sponding column.

4. Improvement of the bedding of the archi-tave blocks and overlying members, thus de-creasing the opening of the horizontal joints,such as, for example, the opening betweenthe triglyphs and architrave blocks visible atpresent.

5. Replacement of the particularly damagingdowels of the architrave blocks that have pen-etrated the column capitals.

The dismantling proposed, moreover, per-mits the corner metopes of the monument tobe transported to the museum and replacedon the monument by casts, a choice in keep-ing with the principles followed for the sculp-tured architectural members in restoring theAcropolis monuments. The specific 6metopes (4 metopes from the west side, thewesternmost on the north and the western-

TThhee aarreeaass ooff tthhee pprrooggrraammmmeedd iinntteerrvveennttiioonn oonn tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee sshhoowwiinngg tthhee bblloocckkss ttoo bbee ddiissmmaannttlleedd..SSttuuddyy--ddrraawwiinngg VV.. EElleefftthheerriioouu,, VV.. MMaanniiddaakkii,, AA.. VVrroouuvvaa,, 22000088

RReessttoorraattiioonn pprrooppoossaall ffoorr tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee.. EElleeccttrroonniinngg eeddiittiinngg ooff aa SS.. MMaavvrroommmmaattiiss’’ pphhoottoo bbyy VV..MMaanniiddaakkii,, 22000088

IIlllluussttrraattiioonnss ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee bbyy WW.. GGeellll iinn 11880011 ((lleefftt)) aanndd SS.. FFaauuvveell iinn 11779900 ((rriigghhtt))

1155

cient monuments, characterised by abruptchanges in relief, are the modelling of surfacesthat are parallel to the direction of projectionand full control over streoscopic models fordetermining the areas that «should» be pro-jected.

To date, the following applications of themethod of orthophotography have been car-ried out for the geometric documentation ofthe Parthenon.

PPllaann vviieeww ooff tthhee wweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurreeooff tthhee nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn

This study included the production of theorthophotomosaic of the plan view of thewest section of the entablature of the northcolonnade of the Parthenon.

The photographs were taken from a distanceof 5m with an analogue camera of mediumformat (60mm x 45mm) with a 45mm wide-angle lens, by S. Yesaphidis and A. Santrou-zanos (Directorate of Topography, Photo-grammetry and Land Register of the Min-istry of Culture). A total of 20 images wereused with overlapping that surpassed 75%.

A total of 150 ground control points weremeasured by E. Portelanou, A Kambiyraki,P. Petropoulos and V. Kyriakopoulos (Direc-torate of Topography, Photogrammetry andLand Register of the Ministry of Culture)and the photo-triangulation of 20 images wasaccomplished with a Route Means Square(RMS) error of 3.5mm in the ground con-trol points. The scale of the final orthophoto-mosaic was 1:10.

EElleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree ooff tthhee nnoorrtthh ssiiddeeooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn

This study included making the orthophoto-mosaic of the elevation of the entablature ofthe north side of the Parthenon.

The photographs were taken from a distanceof 10 m with an analogue camera of mediumformat (60mm x 45mm) with a 45mm wide-angle lens by S. Yesaphidis and A. San-rouzanos (Directorate of Topography, Pho-togrammetry and Land Register of the Min-istry of Culture). Eight images with an over-lapping over 60% were used.

FFoooottpprriinnttss ooff tthhee iimmaaggeess ooff tthhee ppllaann ooff tthhee wweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee eennttaabbllaattuurree.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

The first step in restoring a monument is itsprecise geometric documentation. Photo-grammetry is the technology for obtainingreliable information about physical objectsand the environment, through a process ofrecording-measuring and interpreting photo-graphic images. It is one of the quickest topo-graphical methods of geometric documenta-tion, and it was in use very early for record-ing monuments, historical buildings and

complexes. Yet, while it achieves the prereq-uisite and particularly the unique precisiondesired for the entire subject, use of the finalphotogrammetric-topographical base was notalways «sufficient» for the ultimate customers(architects and archaeologists). This is primar-

ily because the topographer is as a rule notfully prepared for a specialised archaeologicaland architectural recording/drawing. The re-sult is that the final product appears to theeye of the specialist as «cold» and misunder-standings and ambiguities are often evidentin the rendering of forms and characteristicsof the subject.

In recent years the use of digital techniques inphotogrammetry has provided the possibilityof producing illustrative materials, orthopho-tomosaics and 3D models with texture,which form today the usual photogrammetrichand-outs.

The reason that orthophotomosaics consti-tute today the most widespread basis for ar-chitectural-archaeological recordings is fairlyclear: they combine geometric graphic accu-racy with the optical-quality information ofthe photograph. Thus, the final specialisedinterpretation and drawing of the particularcharacteristics of the subject is done by the ul-timate receiver, the architect and the archae-ologist. Indeed, the production of orthopho-tographs for purposes of archaeological doc-umentation, in addition to the large scale ofthe final product, presents significant featuresthat come primarily from the form and com-plexity of shape of the subject, its position(where it is, for example, difficulty of access)and, usually, from the extremely low budget-ting for studies of this sort.

All the above has led to the conception anduse of a versatile and simple means of taking

photographs (i.e. platforms), which must beof low cost, little weight, easy to transport,suitable for both vertical and horizontal imageacquisitions, and designed for both distanceand close-up photographic shots.

A solution to the problem of hoisting photo-graphic equipment, employed by the Direc-torate of Topography, Photogrammetry andLand Register of the Hellenic Ministry ofCulture, is a small meteorological balloon.

The use, however, of such an unstable plat-form, even though it is in communicationwith the computer, does not allow full con-trol over photographic shots, and results inan irregular geometry of the strips of theblocks of the images. The images, therefore,frequently come out in varying scales, withsignificant rotations and sometimes with acoverage different from that originally plan-ned. Moreover, a platform of this sort cannotbe used for heavy equipment, but only forlight, non metric, cameras of small or medi-um format. Precise modelling of the surfaceof the subject is likewise a determining factorboth for geometric precision and for the opti-cal quality of the final orthophotography.This modelling is done with the breaklinesand spot heights.

Inaccurate recording or topical mistakes inrecording the surface result both in geomet-ric errors and in deformations.

The most usual problems in the collection ofthe digital surface model of most of the an-

TThhee uussee ooff oorrtthhoopphhoottooggrraapphhyy iinn tthhee ggeeoommeettrriicc ddooccuummeennttaattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn

DDiiggiittaall ssuurrffaaccee mmooddeell:: ppaarrtt ooff tthhee ppllaann ooff tthhee wweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee eennttaabbllaattuurree.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

MMeetteeoorroollooggiiccaall bbaalllloooonn ffoorr lliiffttiinngg tthhee pphhoottooggrraamm--mmeettrriicc ccaammeerraa

OOrriiggiinnaall pphhoottooggrraapphhss ooff tthhee ppllaann ooff tthhee wweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee eennttaabbllaattuurree.. SS.. YYeessaaffiiddiiss --AA.. SSaannttrroouuzzaannooss,, 22000088OOrriiggiinnaall pphhoottooggrraapphhss ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee.. SS.. YYeessaaffiiddiiss--AA.. SSaannttrroouuzzaannooss,, 22000088

uments at large scale and the results of therecordings can be utilised in accordance withthe requirements of every researcher.

DDiioonnyyssiiaa MMaavvrroommaattiiRural and Surveying Engineer, NTUA

In charge of the Topographical and Pho-togrammetric Projects of the Acropolis

1177

A total of 130 ground control points weremeasured by E. Portelanou, K. Galazoulasand V. Kyriakopoulos (Directorate of Topo-graphy, Photogrammetry and Land Registerof the Ministry of Culture) and the photo-triangulation of the images was accomplishedwith a RMS error of 6mm in the groundcontrol points. The scale of the final or-thophotomosaic was 1:20.

EElleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree aanndd tthhee ppeeddii--mmeenntt ooff tthhee wweesstt ssiiddee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn

Included in this study was the production ofan orthophotomosaic of the elevation of theentablature and the pediment of the west sideof the Parthenon.

The photographs were taken from a distanceof 10m with an analogue camera of mediumformat (60mm x 45mm) with a 45mm wide-angle lens by S. Yesaphidis and A. Santrou-zanos (Directorate of Topography, Photogram-metry and Land Register of the Ministry of

Culture). A total of 23 images were used withoverlapping more than 75%.

A total of 184 ground control points weremeasured by E. Portelanou, A. Kambouraki,E. Tsakou, Ch. Vasilopoulou and V. Kyria-kopoulos (Directorate of Topography, Pho-togrammetry and Land Register of the Min-istry of Culture) and the photo-triangulationof 23 images was accomplished with a RMSerror of 5.5mm at the ground control points.

CCoonncclluussiioonnss

The successful combination of various con-temporary recording technologies, accom-plished in a short time without undue cost,produces the desired result that underlies theintervention studies.

Interdisciplinary collaboration is a prerequi-site, so that the final product is trustworthyfor all the researchers –of various specialties–who are involved with restoration of themonuments. Indeed, in every case the re-quirements of the ultimate recipients must beconsidered a priori.

Given these prerequisites, the use of newtechnology is suitable for recording the mon-

FFoooottpprriinnttss ooff tthhee iimmaaggeess ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

FFoooottpprriinnttss ooff tthhee iimmaaggeess ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree aanndd tthhee ppeeddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088 DDeettaaiill ooff tthhee oorrtthhoopphhoottoommoossaaiicc ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree aanndd tthhee ppeeddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

OOrriiggiinnaall pphhoottooggrraapphh ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree aanndd tthhee ppeeddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee.. SS.. YYeessaaffiiddiiss--AA.. SSaannttrroouuzzaannooss,, 22000088

TThhee wweesstteerrnnmmoosstt mmeettooppee ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ssiiddee.. DDeettaaiill ooff tthhee oorrtthhoopphhoottoommoossaaiicc ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthheewweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

1199

The purpose of inventorying the ScatteredMembers of the Acropolis has for the past 31years been to make use of and to display allthe remains, mainly architectural, from allhistorical periods of the Acropolis, that areno longer in their original position but lie asisolated blocks or fragments, separated fromtheir original context and mixed with othersas disiecta membra, all over the Acropolisrock.

Because of its great variety and diversity, thisnumerically vast amount of material candemonstrate in a unique way the history, themultiform building and, in a more generalway, the cultural activity on the Acropolisrock throughout the ages. To an extent it candemonstrate the same for the city of Athenstoo, since part of the material came not fromthe Acropolis but from the lower city itself,transported either as building material for theconstruction of mediaeval and Ottomanbuildings on the Rock, or when KyriakosPittakis, after 1833, in the first, rudimentaryArchaeological Service, arranged for theunidentified antiquities, plentiful in Athens,to be collected and brought up to the Rock,in order to save them from likely destructionor theft. From the members of the archaicbuildings of the Acropolis to the re-usedblocks in the mediaeval additions and alter-ations of the Propylaia and the characteristiccrowns of the grave stelai of the Ottomancemetery, originally on the Acropolis westslope, more than 2,400 years passed withouta break and the more than 20,000 scatteredmembers unwind in extraordinary fashionthe thread of history of this holy place and toan extent of the areas surrounding it.

The imperative need for documentation,arrangement and display of this material wasrecognised immediately with the establish-ment of the Committee for Conservation ofthe Acropolis Monuments (ESMA) in 1975.When the anastelosis works on the Acropolismonuments began, in 1977, the Committeelaunched systematic research and utilisationof the scattered material, forming a separategroup to work exclusively on this specificprogramme. From 2000 on, the Work onthe Scattered Members has been includedamong the programmes of the AcropolisRestoration Service (YSMA), being fundedby the 3rd Community Support Framework.

Work on the Scattered Members is carriedout by an architect or archaeologist at thehead of a small team of specialised techni-cians. From 1977 to 1994, the scholars re-sponsible for the work were, consecutively,the architects Tasos Tanoulas, DemosthenesGiraud and Theodore Tsitroulis, the archae-ologist Konstantinos Kissas and, from 2008,the undersigned.

The purpose of the work on the ScatteredArchitectural Members of the Acropolis isfirst of all to inventory and catalogue, to doc-

ument photographically and graphically, andto classify and arrange all the scattered mater-ial found at present on the Rock. The mater-ial comprises for the most part architecturalmembers, preserved complete or fragmentar-ily, but also all kinds of archaeological stoneremains, such as inscribed stones, fragmentsof sculpture or relief, dedicatory bases, mar-ble vases, little altars, tables of offering, perir-rhanteria, sarcophagi, etc.

A primary aim of the work on the ScatteredMembers is to identify and ascribe fragments

SSccaatttteerreedd mmeemmbbeerrss ooff aa ssttoonnee ppiillee pprreelliimmiinnaarriillyy ccllaassssiiffiieedd oonn wwooooddeenn ssttaannddss.. PPhhoottoo TThh.. KKaarraabbeellaass,, 11999977

SSttoonnee ppiillee ooff ssccaatttteerreedd mmeemmbbeerrss nnoorrtthh ooff tthhee OOlldd AAccrrooppoolliiss MMuusseeuumm pprriioorr ttoo tthheeiirr rreeccoorrddiinngg.. PPhhoottoo TT..TTaannoouullaass,, 11998800

IInnvveennttoorryyiinngg tthhee SSccaatttteerreedd MMeemmbbeerrss ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss

FFiinnaall oorrtthhoopphhoottoommoossaaiicc ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree aanndd tthhee ppeeddiimmeenntt ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

FFiinnaall oorrtthhoopphhoottoommoossaaiicc ooff tthhee eelleevvaattiioonn ooff tthhee wweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

FFiinnaall oorrtthhoopphhoottoommoossaaiicc ooff tthhee ppllaann ooff tthhee wweesstt ppaarrtt ooff tthhee eennttaabbllaattuurree ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn nnoorrtthh ccoolloonnnnaaddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088

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others the study of Konstantinos Kissas onthe archaic architecture of the Acropolis, thestudy of Byzantine members and sculpturesby Demosthenes Giraud and the study ofGothic poros architectural members from theFrankish mediaeval buildings on the Acropo-lis by Tasos Tanoulas.

As examples of joined sculptural pieces, wemay note the finding and joining of a frag-ment from the back of the horse of the Per-sian Rider (Acropolis Museum Inv. No. 606),thus restoring the length of the horse’s back,the joining, by Alexander Mantis, of a frag-ment from the Scattered Members with thelate archaic relief of the gigantomachy (Acrop.Mus. Inv. No. 120) showing the goddessAthena reaching out her hand to seize thegiant by his helmet, the joining of a fragmentto the relief-decorated base of the Pyrrhicdancers in the Acropolis Museum (Inv. No.1338) and the joining of many fragments todedicatory bases or to the dedications them-selves, thus making them comprehensible.

Included in the work of the Scattered Mem-bers of the Acropolis was also the inventoryand cataloguing of ancient stones from thebuildings of the Old National Printing Pressand the Arsakeion (first girls’ school inGreece). These stones had been built into thewalls of these buildings after 1835, whensome of the scattered members had been soldas building material and used for construct-ing public buildings, mainly in the lower cityof Athens. Found built into the walls of thePrinting Press as re-used building materialwere 128 fragments, which were removedand brought to the Acropolis where theywere recorded. The importance of this oper-ation is evident in the attribution of 27 ofthese pieces to the Parthenon. In the Ar-sakeion, where removal of plaster from theexterior walls exposed the extensive use of an-cient material from the Acropolis monu-ments, 482 blocks were photographed toscale, after visible surfaces and their perimet-rical joints were carefully cleaned.

It is expected that the inventory, cataloguingand arrangement of the most importantporos architectural members on the Acropo-lis rock will be finished by the end of 2008.This material, comprising over 1000 frag-ments of architectural members, comes, for

the most part, from the archaic buildings ofthe Acropolis. Part of the material, indeedthe best preserved, is exhibited in the Acrop-olis Museum; this includes the pedimentalsculpture of the archaic buildings. Other

pieces are kept in the museum storerooms. These poros pieces, together with those stillremaining on the rock, offer incontestableevidence of the intensive building activity ofarchaic times in the most important sacredplace of Athens. Such remains of lost build-

ings, even the foundations of which did notsurvive the complete reorganisation of theAcropolis Rock in classical years (with thesingle exception of the foundations of the«Archaios Neos» of Athena) are sufficient,with their four pedimental groups, to placethe archaic Athenian Acropolis among theforemost of the archaic sanctuaries of Greece. After the first publication of this material, in-deed exemplary for its time, by TheodorWiegand with the collaboration of WilhelmDörpfeld in 1904, the poros material, col-lected into piles chiefly south and west of theAcropolis Museum, was never perused sys-tematically, but disturbed only on occasion.The present programme of the ScatteredMembers is intended to catalogue fully, doc-ument photographically and graphically, clas-sify and arrange all those stones. The fragilityof the material of the poros architecturalmembers makes it urgent indeed to completethe work and to arrange them ultimately in acovered space.

When the programme for the ScatteredPoros Architectural Members has been com-pleted, it is planned to inventory, catalogue,classify and arrange two large stone pilesmade up of some 3000 members, which werefound in the excavation carried out duringthe backfilling of the foundations of theHouse of the Arrephoroi. The excavation,conducted in 2006 by the Acropolis Ephor-ate, in which the staff of the Scattered Mem-bers participated, brought to light, amongother things, new fragments of the Parthenonfrieze.

EElliissaavveett SSiioouummppaarraa Archaeologist, Ph.D.

IIn charge of the Programme

of Inventorying the Scattered Members of the Acropolis

PPhhoottooggrraapphhiicc rreeccoorrdd ooff aa ssccaatttteerreedd mmeemmbbeerr:: rroommaannccrroowwnn bblloocckk wwiitthh LLeessbbiiaann aanndd IIoonniicc mmoouullddiinnggss ((IInnvv..NNoo 11006677)).. PPhhoottoo DD.. GGiirraauudd,, 11998800

PPhhoottooggrraapphhiicc rreeccoorrdd ooff aa ssccaatttteerreedd mmeemmbbeerr::ffrraaggmmeenntt ooff tthhee ccrroowwnn ooff aa ssmmaallll aallttaarr ((IInnvv.. NNoo99660000)).. PPhhoottoo TThh.. KKaarraammbbeellaass,, 11999977

of architectural members to monuments ofthe Acropolis and its environs, and to con-nect them, by mending them with knownmembers of the various monuments, so thatthis material can be utilised in the anastelosisbeing carried out on and around the SacredRock. The same principle holds also for theother categories of ancient works of art, suchas the attribution of fragments to sculpturethat is already known. The final goal of thework is to arrange the scattered members,and to make use of them in the display of thearchaeological site of theAcropolis.

Scientific research andpublication of the mate-rial or part of it is by de-finition an inseparableobligation in the workon the Scattered Mem-bers. The amount of ma-terial is, indubitably, vastand systematic study andcomparison of the scat-tered members probablywill make it necessary toremove them from theRock; much of it is in-deed not connected withthe classical phase shownin the archaeological siteof the Acropolis today.Their removal will sure-ly contribute to the bet-ter display of the monu-ments and to the finalarrangement of the ar-chaeological site on completion of the worksof anastelosis.

The method employed in research on thescattered material is briefly the following: col-lection of the material or dismantling thestone piles, transportation of the fragments towooden stands and preliminary classification,numbering, description, photographic andgraphic documentation of the worked frag-ments. Members without specific form arecollected in separate stone piles.

Attribution, in close collaboration with theengineers responsible for the worksites of themonuments, and handing over of the archi-tectural members to the anastelosis works.

After being inventoried, the fragments ofsculpture, of inscriptions, of numerous cho-sen architectural members and all the archaicmarble architectural members are handedover to the 1st Ephorate of Prehistoric andClassical Antiquities, where possibilities ofjoining them with already known and/orpublished works are explored. Followingthis, the members are grouped and relocatedin stone piles according to type (for example,Doric, Ionic, Corinthian column capitals, col-umn bases, perirrhanteria, sarcophagi, etc).

The remaining members are collected innewly formed stone piles. Finally, the inven-tory notebooks, photographic and graphicrecords are given to the YSMA Documenta-tion Office, where the conventional archiveentries are completed. The conventionalarchive of the Scattered Members is nowbeing digitised in the framework of the digi-tal management of the documentation of theYSMA interventions by the DocumentationOffice.

Completed from 1977 to date are the inven-torying, description, photographic and, forselected members, graphic documentation ofover 20,000 worked pieces, preserved asfragments, and complete members, which

had lain scattered around the monuments ofthe Acropolis in 25 large stone piles createdalready by the end of the 19th century, at var-ious places on the Rock. More than 10,000amorphous pieces have likewise been record-ed and separated from the rest of the materi-al. The arduous task of recognising and attribut-ing the scattered stones to known monu-ments and works of art, in short «identifying»all those stones, takes an endless amount oftime in trial attempts at filling in many «puz-

zle-mosaics» in connec-tion with the already ex-isting knowledge of themonuments and works.All together these effortsare rewarded not only bythe number and varietyof the joins but chiefly bythe increase in knowl-edge about the monu-ments and the works ofart through these newidentifications and joins. Indicative of the identifi-cations and attributionsof some of the ScatteredMembers to architectur-al monuments, we maynote, to date, the attribu-tion of over 700 stonepieces to the Parthenon,265 to the Propylaia,106 to the Erechtheion,91 to the Pre-Parthenon,30 to the temple knownas the «Hekatompedon»,

500 to the «Archaios Neos», 64 to the Stoaof Eumenes, 7 to the stoas of the Asklepieionand 3 to the Odeion of Herodes Atticus. Agreat number of these have been joined alongbreaks and they fill in architectural membersthat have been used in the anastelosis of theabove monuments. We may note also thatnew fragments have been joined to uniquebases of archaic acroteria preserved on theAcropolis as well as to the corner sima blockwith the ram’s head from the Archaios Neosof Athena.

The scholarly research conducted in theframework of the programme of the scat-tered architectural members of the Acropolis,beginning with the earliest, includes among

TTrraannssppoorrttiinngg aa ssccaatttteerreedd IIoonniicc ccaappiittaall oonn tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss.. PPhhoottoo TThh.. KKaarraabbeellaass,, 11999977

GGrraapphhiicc aanndd pphhoottooggrraapphhiicc rreeccoorrddiinngg ooff aa hhaallff--ffiinniisshheedd ddrruumm ffrroomm tthhee PPrree--PPaarrtthheennoonn ((IInnvv.. NNoo334422)) aanndd ooff aa ffrraaggmmeenntt ooff aa tthhrroonnee ((IInnvv.. NNoo 333366)).. TT..TTaannoouullaass,, 11997788

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Englezos, respectively), was to documentand to backfill the foundations of the monu-ment for protective reasons, and to reducethrust on the north Wall. The work has beenfinished and the effectiveness of the interven-tion is being monitored systematically bymeans of sensors.

2. Creation of a unified system of coordi-nates for the Acropolis hill and monumentsand its entry into the National CoordinateSystem (supervision: D. Mavromati - D. Mou-llou). The work is being carried out by anoutside collaborator and will be completed in2008.

3. Study for photogrammetric recording ofthe Wall and Acropolis hill in elevation andplan (supervision: D. Mavromati - D. Moul-lou). The purpose of the study, which hasbeen entrusted to an outside collaborator, isto produce true orthophotomosaics as phototexture background, at scales of 1:50 for theelevations of the Wall, 1:25 for areas of theWall that are of particular archaeological in-terest and 1:100 for the plan view of the hill.These orthophotomosaics will be used incompiling the documentation and consolida-tion studies of the Wall. The study will becompleted in 2008.

4. Three-dimensional (3D) scanning of theWall and hill (supervision: D. Mavromati -D. Moullou). The purpose of the work,being performed by an outside collaborator,is to create a 3D model of the Wall andAcropolis hill, to be used as a basis for furtherstudies. The work will be finished in 2008.

5. Development of Geographical Informa-tion Systems (G.I.S.) and data base for theWall (supervision: D. Mavromati - D. Moul-lou). The purpose of the work is to enter allexisting information about the Wall into adata base and to make thematic maps fortheir fuller use. The logistics are expected tobe ready in 2008. There will be, no doubt,continuous updating of information for thedata base during the course of the works onthe monumment.

6. Clearing and weeding of the rocky slopesof the Acropolis hill and the Circuit Wall, byan outside collaborator (Dec. 2007-Jan.2008, supervision: D. Englezos). The pur-

pose was to protect the Wall and the rockyslopes from the destructive action of plantroots and to reveal possible unstable areas ofthe Wall that had been hidden by plants.Such systematic clearing is scheduled on a pe-

riodic basis until the damaging plant systemhas been obliterated.

7. Structural restoration, in collaborationwith an outside collaborator (supervision ofthe work: D. Englezos), of a number of stoneblocks from the crest of the south Wall in thearea of the temple of Athena Nike, that hadlost their cohesion because of washing anddissolution of their binding mortar. The in-tervention, which included the removal ofunstable stone blocks, the cleaning of theirjoints, their resetting and stabilising with ce-

ment mortar and titanium bars (10mm), isconsidered to have been successful.

8. Measurements at geodetic points on theWall, using highly accurate topographical in-struments. The purpose of the measurementsis to monitor movements in characteristicareas of the south and east Wall. The settingof the points was done by the YSMA, andmonitoring is being carried out by an outsidecollaborator (supervision: V. Manidaki) usinga total station of 0,5 sec. speed.

9. Setting of optical fibers sensors. The pur-pose of the work is to determine the strainsand displacements of the Wall with high ac-curacy. In this way areas that may have adense concentration of displacements can belocated, so as to determine where the inter-ventions should be made and to acquire im-

portant information about the type of me-chanical loading. The installation of the sen-sors was carried out by an outside collabora-tor under the suervision of the Service (D.Englezos). The sensors (of displacement andtemperature) were placed in suitable arrayson the south, east and north Wall.

10. An accelerograph was installed at the topof the Acropolis hill by the Geodynamics In-stitute of the National Observatory of Athens(supervision of the work: D. Englezos). A net-work of accelerographs is at present being in-

CChhaarraacctteerriissttiicc eerroossiioonn iinn ppaarrtt ooff tthhee ssoouutthh CCiirrccuuiittWWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss.. PPhhoottoo DD.. EEnngglleezzooss,, 22000088

The Acropolis Circuit Wall is the only mon-ument on the Acropolis that that has not yetbeen studied sufficiently. Over the past 25years, problems of deformation and severeweathering of the surface have been notedmany times at various areas. Yet, systematicobservation and monitoring of its structuralefficiency has begun only relatively recently,in 2006. This is understandable given thedraining of personnel and the YSMA fundsby the anastelosis work on the other monu-ments because of their urgent need of restora-tion. Another reason lies in the special diffi-culties presented by intervention on a monu-ment the size and extent of the Circuit Wall,as well as the difficulties of access in order todocument and study it.

TThhee ssttaattee ooff pprreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff tthhee WWaallll ttooddaayyThe appearence of the monument today is

due to the effect of time, to human interven-tion, to the physico-chemical environmentand to permanent or transient loading of themonument in the course of its life. As a resultof the above factors, the monument shows inplaces a series of typical problems of a struc-tural nature, which compose its «pathology».

Generally speaking, the structural problemscan be divided into two basic categories: a)those of a geometrical nature, which are con-nected with change in the form of the struc-ture, without failure of the structural mem-bers, such as displacement, inclinations relat-

ing to the vertical axis, barelling, etc and b)those of a mechanical nature, connected withstrains and failures of the structural memberswithout change to the form, such as cracks,breaks, detachments of stones, weathering,etc. The above structural problems have createdareas of weakness locally, and, to begin with,they raise concern as to the capability of thestructure to respond satisfactorily to in-creased transient loading (such as hydrostaticpressures from heavy rainfall, earthquake,etc.). The basic conclusion is that an overall and ra-tional plan of action is needed so as to under-take extensive intervention for preserving themonument.

EEaarrlliieerr ssttuuddiieess aanndd wwoorrkkss ((11997755--22000066))A rational plan for overall intervention for

protection of the monument clearly mustutilise the scientific information gained in theframework of earlier work. In fact, from1975 to 2005, a number of works and stud-ies were carried out that directly or indirectlymay prove to be of use in forming proposalsfor interventions on the monument. It isworth noting that these studies and workswere not necessarily drawn up with protec-tion of the Wall as criterion; they thus refer tothe Acropolis monuments in general or theyare partial. They are the following:

1. The «Geological-Geotechnical study of

the Athenian Acropolis» was carried out in1976 by the Institute for Geological and Me-tallurgical Research (IGME). The studyneeds to be brought up to date with recentinformation – at least for areas where stabi-lization of the Wall is needed, but also for theunderlying foundation of bedrock.

2. Studies and works of stabilization of vari-ous areas of the rocky slopes, carried out bythe Committee for Conservation of the Acro-polis Monuments from 1976 to 1993 underthe supervision of the civil engineer D. Mo-nokrousos. It should be noted that there areunstable areas that have not been studied andsupplementary studies are therefore neededto monitor and stabilise them.

3. Photogrammetric recording of the southWall at a scale of 1:50 (2002-2004) by an out-side collaborator under the supervision of theYSMA (supervision of V. Manidaki). A rec-tified photomosaic was made with the planarrectification method.

4. A Geophysical Study for determining sec-tions of the Wall (2005-2006) by an outsidecollaborator (Aristotle University of Thessa-lonike – Technological and Research Foun-dation of Crete) under the supervision of theYSMA (V. Manidaki). Surface investigationof underground layers was carried out usingthe method of vertical and horizontal tomog-raphy.

5. Crack gauges (2004) were set by theYSMA itself (supervision of V. Manidaki).The purpose of the monitoring was to bridgeand measure the behaviour of the existingcracks. A total of 18 crack gauges were setand 12 series of measurements were madeusing the suspended working platform or bymeans of photography by a special team ofclimbers.

6. Setting of an INVAR extensionmeter(2005) by the YSMA (supervision: V. Mani-daki). The purpose is to monitor chanceshifting in the middle of the south Wall.

CCuurrrreenntt ssttuuddiieess aanndd wwoorrkkss ((22000066--22000088))1. Study and work on backfilling the Arrhep-horion (2006, supervision: D. Englezos).The purpose of the relevant studies, architec-tural and geotechnical (by: V. Manidaki, D.

PPrreesseerrvvaattiioonn ooff tthhee CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss:: ppaasstt aanndd ffuuttuurree

EElleevvaattiioonn ooff ppaarrtt ooff tthhee nnoorrtthh CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll wwiitthh vviissiibbllee ssiiggnnss ooff ddaammaaggee.. PPhhoottoo DD.. EEnngglleezzooss,, 22000077 DDeevviiaattiioonn ffrroomm tthhee vveerrttiiccaall aaxxiiss iinn ppaarrtt ooff tthhee nnoorrtthh CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss.. PPhhoottoo DD.. EEnngglleezzooss,, 22000088

The consolidation studies include analyses ofthe current state of preservation to determinethe existing safety factor from load acting onthe monument either permanently or sporad-ically; the choice of suitable methods andcomputational tools for analysis and compar-ison with the results of the monitoring for ra-tional calibration of the calculation parame-ters and of the nature of the mechanical load-ing. This is followed by the studies for con-solidating the areas that need it, and for thetime schedule required.

3.Interventions. They are basically the perfor-mance of the consolidation studies. The fileof the work includes the relevant studies, de-scription of the technical standards, the con-tract requirements (in cases where the work is

given to outside collaborators), the technicalmeans and personnel required, the precisebudget for the work, the time schedule, thesystematic documentation of the works, theirquality control, instrumental monitoring dur-ing the execution of the work, the finalrecord and the instructions for conservationof the works accomplished.

4. Monitoring. The instrumental monitoringof crucial parameters of interest to engineersoffers important information at every stage of

the preservation work on the monument(documentation, studies, interventions). In brief, we may note that from the stand-point of an engineer the crucial points tomonitor are the shifts, the deformations, the

rotations, the stresses and the temperature.Monitoring insures first of all the timely di-agnosis of possible disturbing phenomena re-lated to the stability of the monument andtherefore suggests a correct intervention.Moreover, the interrelation of informationfrom the monitoring process with the infor-mation from the computational tools and thevarious analyses yields a scholarly correct sim-ulation of the problem, so that the best mea-sures from the standpoint of security and costcan be undertaken. With the completion of

the interventions, the monument must bemonitored on a continuous basis, in order toverify their efficiency.

5. Conservation. This includes interventionson a small scale on structural elements of theWall during the course of structural restora-tion and after this work is finished, as part ofa general programme of systematic conserva-tion.

Execution of the above described studies andworks must be escalated in sections, becauseof the extent of the monument to be restored.In any case, for the full implementation of allthe activity planned the time needed will beat least ten years, assuming the continuousand unobstructed funding of the work.

DDiimmiittrriiooss NN.. EEnngglleezzoossCivil Engineer Ph.D., NTUA

DDoorriinnaa MMoouulllloouuArchaeologist

Programme for the Preservation of the Circuit Wall of the Acropolis

2255

stalled in the backfill, at other points on thesurface where limestone emerges, on the schistbedrock and at suitable locations in theParthenon. The purpose of developing thisnetwork is to record seismic events and the re-sponse of the hill and the monuments on it.The seismic motion of the rock during theearthquake of Andravida (8/6/2008, 15:25ã)has already been recorded, with the greatestacceleration at 6 mg. It is worth noting thatthis is the first recording of a seismic event onthe Sacred Rock.

PPrrooggrraammmmiinngg ooff ffuuttuurree iinntteerrvveennttiioonnssIn the framework of a critical review of thestudies and works that have been carried outto date, their partial character and lack of aoverall conception for organising the restora-tion and protection of the monument mustbe noted, – without in any way overlookingthe contribution made by each separate pro-ject in the acquisition of information. Itshould be noted that the Acropolis CircuitWall, because of the great number of factorsinvolved in an overall approach and analysis

(such as the size of the Wall, the difficulty ofaccess for direct observation, the variety in itsbuilding techniques and materials, the diver-sity of geological and geotechnical conditionsthat have affected it, etc.), from the standpointof confrontation, presents a complex techni-cal and scholarly problem. There is urgentneed, therefore, for an overall plan of man-agement of the Wall, on the basis of interdis-ciplinary collaboration, so that the requiredactions will be rationally performed. In par-ticular, while the work is basically in the do-main of the civil engineer, it must be sup-ported systematically in every circumstanceby various fields of knowledge (for example:Archaeology, Architecture, Technical Geol-ogy, Topography, Seismology, Mechanics,Conservation) in the framework of a broadinterdisciplinary collaboration. The studies and the works that come fromthe cooperative efforts of the above specialistsshould proceed in the following stages:

1. Archaeological documentation and de-scription of the monument, particularly thoseparts that are hidden by artificial backfill, forthe discovery of which excavation is needed.The excavations should be combined withother works, such as a) geometric documen-tation using both modern and traditionalmethods of recording so that the drawingsrequired for supporting studies and consoli-dation studies can be produced to scale, b)site investigation of prevailing geotechnicalconditions, c) suitable instrumental monitor-ing, d) application of temporary or perma-nent measures of consolidation, e) conserva-tion. The above should be carried out on thebasis of a plan that is applicable to each areato be examined.

2. Studies: the studies for restoration of themonument comprise both supporting andconsolidation studies. The supporting studiesinclude successively: up-dating the existinggeological study of the hill in the areas ofprogrammed intervention, the systematic ge-otechnical evaluation of the conditions in thearea of the work, research on the natural andmechanical features of the building materialof the structure with suitable in situ and labo-ratory testing, study of the drainage of thesurface of the hill, study for instrumentalmonitoring of the monument and the evalua-tion of data from the proper sensor systems.

PPllaacceemmeenntt ooff ooppttiiccaall sseennssoorrss iinn aann aarreeaa ooff tthhee iinnnneerr ffaaccee ooff tthhee nnoorrtthh CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll sshhoowwiinngg ccoonnssiiddeerraabblleeddeeffoorrmmaattiioonn.. PPhhoottoo DD.. EEnngglleezzooss,, 22000088

SSttrruuccttuurraall rreessttoorraattiioonn ooff aa ssmmaallll ppaarrtt ooff tthhee ssoouutthh CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll.. PPhhoottoo DD.. EEnngglleezzooss,, 22000088

WWeeeeddiinngg oonn tthhee nnoorrtthh ssllooppee ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss.. PPhhoottoo ooff 22000088

PPooiinntt cclloouudd ffrroomm llaasseerr ssccaannnniinngg ooff aann aarreeaa ooff tthhee nnoorrtthh CCiirrccuuiitt WWaallll ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss.. PPhhoottoo ooff 22000088

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seum in Berlin, in the framework of eventsheld to present the New Acropolis Museum,organised in collaboration with the Founda-tion for Hellenic Culture. The exhibition last-ed to the end of May and will be shown alsoin other cities of German speaking Europe.

A series of events related to the AcropolisRestoration were held by the YSMA also inBeijing, as part of the Olympic year of Greecein China. On the 8th of May 2008, the well-known phototgraphic exhibition of theAcropolis Restoration Works was inaugurat-ed at the Greek House in Beijing enrichedwith two additional units, one an introduc-tion to the history, the diachronical eventsand earlier restorations of the monuments onthe Rock, and another unit on the subject ofthe Parthenon Frieze. The exhibition contin-ued until the end of June. During this time,visitors had the opportunity to see the filmsproduced by YSMA, «The Works on theAthenian Acropolis: the People and the Mon-uments», «Conservation and Cleaning of theParthenon West Frieze» (both directed by S.Mavrommatis), «The Erechtheion and Time»(directed by A. Drakopoulou), «The SacredRock» (directed by ª. Parachi), «The Sav-ing of the Acropolis» (directed by K. Vret-takos), «Parthenon: the Restoration of theEast Side » (directed by D. Vernikos), whichwere shown continuously. The designing ofthe exhibition was by Pavlos Psaltis and Pla-ton Konstantopoulos, and the accompanyingcatalogue (in English and in Chinese) was byMaria Ioannidou and Dorina Moullou. Likewise on the 8th and 9th of May, a schol-arly Two-day Conference on the AthenianAcropolis and the Forbidden City Restora-tion Projects was held by the YSMA in col-laboration with Tsinghua University. TheConference was held in the Palace Museumof the Forbidden City and at Tsinghua Uni-versity. Chinese specialists presented theworks of conservation and restoration beingcarried out in the Forbidden City. For theGreek side, the Acropolis Works were pre-sented by Maria Ioannidou ( The Acropolisrestoration project), Fani Mallouchou-Tu-fano (Principles of the Acropolis restorationproject), Nikos Toganidis (Parthenon re-storation project), Tasos Tanoulas (Propylaiarestoration project), Dionysia Michalopou-lou (The Athena Nike restoration project),Evi Papakonstantinou-Zioti (Acropolis Mon-

uments: surface conservation and research),Dimitris Englezos - Dorina Moullou (Acro-polis Circuit Wall: documentation and re-search), Yiannis Alexopoulos (Documenta-tion data base of the Acropolis restorationproject), Spyros Oikonomopoulos (Engi-neering technology of the Acropolis restora-tion project), Cornelia Hatziaslani (Acropo-lis restoration and education). The Confer-ence, which was attended with great interest

by a large audience, mainly students, endedwith a general discussion in which, MariaIoannidou, Tasos Tanoulas and Evi Papakon-stantinou-Zioti took part for the Greek con-tingent. Publication of the Proceedings ofthe Conference is planned.

TThhee SSyymmppoossiiuumm ooff tthhee CCIIPPAA aanndd tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss The YSMA was well represented in the 21st

TThhee pphhoottooggrraapphhiicc eexxhhiibbiittiioonn ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn wwoorrkkss iinn tthhee NNiicchhoollssoonn MMuusseeuumm iinn SSiiddnneeyy.. OOccttoobbeerr--DDeecceemmbbeerr,, 22000077

EEdduuccaattiioonnaall aaccttiivviittiieess In 2007, the YSMA Department of Educa-tion and Information carried out an educa-tional programme at the Centre for Acropo-lis Studies on the theme «Let’s Go to theAcropolis», for 1810 pupils from 60 schools. For yet another year, collaboration with theGreek Parliament continued, with 400 pupilsfrom outlying Gymnasia in the Dodekanesemaking a visit to the Acropolis. To all the

gymnasia that participated in the programmeof the Parliament, a file was presented con-taining educational material for their library.On the occasion of inaugurating the groundfloor of the New Acropolis Museum, educa-tional programmes were held on the Acropo-lis Sanctuary, the ancient temples, theParthenon frieze and the Gods of Mt. Olym-pos. Two hundred fifty pupils from PrimarySchools and Gymnasia attended. In addition, it is estimated that 13,139 pupilsfrom 242 schools worked with the Depart-ment’s Museum Kits during 2007. Museumkits went out on loan directly from theDepartment and were used by 9945 pupils in160 schools in Attica, Phokis, Trikala, Tri-poli, Chalkis, Volos, Messene, Serres, Kosand Pyrgos. Another 3194 pupils from 82schools borrowed and used the museum kitsfrom institutions, mainly in the provinces,

with which the Department has collaboratedsystematically during recent years (Ephoratesof Antiquities, Museums with Educationalprogrammes, Schools participating in theprogramme of School Books, where there arecopies of the museum kits). Also during this past year, 400 museum kitswere distributed on the subject of the«Twelve Gods of Mt. Olympos» (this is themost recent museum kit, brought out in 2007

and funded by the «Stavros Niarchos» Foun-dation) to institutions in Greece (329 muse-um kits), in America and in many countriesof Europe (71 museum kits). Seminars were held in 2007 by the Head ofthe Department and the staff, Cornelia Ha-tziaslani, architect-archaeologist and EireneKaïmara and Asemina Leonti, archaeologists.These were attended by 830 educators andpupils. In November 2007, they participatedin a One-day Conference for educators ofthe University of Thessaly on the theme of«Educational Material for Museums: De-signing, Use, Utilisation».

EEvveennttss aabbrrooaadd rreellaatteedd ttoo tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss WWoorrkkss During the past year the Acropolis restora-tion works were presented in various coun-tries abroad, beginning with Australia, where,in October 2007, the YSMA organsed eventson the subject of the Acropolis in collabrationwith the Organisation for the Constructionof the New Acropolis Museum (OANMA)and the Departments of Modern GreekStudies and Architecture of the University ofSydney; participating also was the Associa-tion of Hellenism Overseas of Australia andthe Far East. The events included the presencein the Nicholson Museum at Sydney, untilDecember 2007, of a photographic exhibi-tion of the Acropolis Restoration Works andthe New Museum. It included also lecturesabout the Acropolis Works on the 24th ofOctober at the University of Sydney, by theYSMA director, Maria Ioannidou, and byNikos Toganidis, the architect in charge ofthe Parthenon restoration. A public discus-sion was held on the 28th of October, enti-tled «Who Owns the Cultural Heritage?»with the subject of management and the re-tention of monuments of cultural heritage intheir own land. The national holiday of the28th of October, celebrated with special bril-liance by the Greeks Overseas, was dedicated,as «Family Day», to informing families andschool children about the Acropolis and ingeneral about the importance of museumsand the management of cultural heritage.

On March 13th, 2008, the Minister of Cul-ture, Mr. Michalis Liapis, opened the photo-graphic exhibition of the Acropolis Restora-tion Works by the YSMA photographerSokrates Mavrommatis, at the Pergamon Mu-

NNeewwss ffrroomm tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss

EEdduuccaattiivvee pprrooggrraammmmee oonn tthhee ssccuullppttuurraall aarrcchhiitteeccttuurraall ddeeccoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn.. NNeeww AAccrrooppoolliiss MMuusseeuumm,, FFeebbrruuaarryy 22000088

LLeeccttuurree oonn tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn iinn tthhee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff SSiiddnneeyy oonn OOccttoobbeerr 2244,, 22000077

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At an One-day Conference held in Novem-ber 2007 at the Archaeological Museum ofThessalonike, the YSMA conservators Anas-tasia Panou and Yasemi Frantzi presented, re-spectively, the cleaning of the Parthenonwest frieze and the surface conservation of theAcropolis monuments.At a Symposium at the National TechnicalUniversity of Athens in December 2007, theHead of the YSMA Conservation Depart-mernt, Evi Papakonstantinou-Zioti, spoke

about Theodore Skoulikidis and his contri-bution to the conservation of the Acropolismonuments.

AAwwaarrddss In the framework of festivities celebratingthe 170 years of the National Technical Uni-versity of Athens and the 90 years of theSchool of Chemical Engineering, on Tues-day May 20, 2008, the Chemical EngineerEvi Papakonstantinou-Zioti, Head of the

YSMA Department of Surface Conservationof the Monuments, was awarded an Ho-nourary Diploma by the Dean of the Nation-al Technical University Professor K. Mout-zouris, on the proposal of the School. Thiswas followed by an address given by the re-cipient of the award entitled «Surface conser-vation of the Acropolis monumens: researchand intervention».

In this same framework, the «Theodore Sk-oulikidis» Hall was inaugurated at the Schoolof Chemical Engineering on May 19, 2007, asa dedication to the memory of the foundingmember of the ESMA and brilliant teacherof the Technical University.

On May 26, 2007, the distinguished marbletechnician, Nikos Skaris, foreman marbletechnician of the Erechtheion restorationwork (1979-1987), was honoured by thePresident of the Hellenic Republic, KarolosPapoulias, with the Gold Cross of the Orderof the Phoinix.

FFaannii MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo Archaeologist, Ph.D.

Head of the YSMA Documentation Office

International Symposium of the InternationalCommittee for Architectural Photogramme-try (CIPA), held 1-7 October 2007 at theZappeion in Athens, on the theme of «An-tiCIPAting the Future of the Cultural Past».Professor Manolis Korres, member of theESMA, spoke in the opening session on the-subject of «Historical monuments: researchand preservation». An entire session was de-voted to the Acropolis works, with talks byM. Ioannidou on «Principles and methodol-

ogy of intervention for structural restorationof the Acropolis monuments», Nikos To-ganidis and Tasos Tanoulas on the «Parthe-non restoration project» and «The Restora-tion of the superstructure of the Propylaiacentral building», respectively, Evi Papakon-stantinou-Zioti on «The surface conservationproject of the Acropolis monuments: studiesand interventions» In sessions on correspond-ing topics, Dorina Moullou and DionysiaMavromati spoke on «Topographical and

photogrammetrical survey of the AthenianAcropolis» and Fani Mallouchou-Tufano andYiannis Alexopoulos gave talks on the «Digi-tal management of the documentation of theAcropolisrestoration».Among the accompanying posters of theSymposium, those about the Acropolis ana-stelosis were of particular interest (in fact,Pavlos Psaltis set up a small exhibition in theZappeion). The orthophotograph of the en-tablature of the west end of the north colon-nade of the Parthenon by the rural and sur-veying engineer, Dionysia Mavromati, wasindeed impressive.

The same exhibition was presented at theNew Acropolis Museum on the occasion ofthe International Congress for the «Return ofCultural Properties to the Countries of theirOrigin», organized by the Hellenic Ministryof Culture and the Unesco, in March 17th-18th.

LLeeccttuurreess As in previous years, last year too the acade-mic staff of the YSMA gave lectures and re-ports in Greece and abroad on general orspecific topics about the Acropolis Restora-tion Works.Fani Mallouchou-Tufano gave a lectureabout the anastelosis of the Acropolis in June2007 at the Architectural School of the RomeUniversity III.

MM.. IIooaannnniiddoouu gguuiiddiinngg tthhee PPrreessiiddeenntt ooff tthhee HHeelllleenniicc RReeppuubblliicc KK.. PPaappoouulliiaass aanndd tthhee MMiinniisstteerr ooff CCuullttuurree MM.. LLiiaappiissiinn tthhee eexxhhiibbiittiioonn oonn tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn iinn tthhee NNeeww AAccrrooppoolliiss MMuusseeuumm,, MMaarrcchh 1177tthh,, 22000088

PPhhoottooggrraapphhiicc ppoosstteerrss oonn tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn wwoorrkkss iinn ZZaappppeeiioonn dduurriinngg tthhee CCIIPPAA IInntteerrnnaattiioonnaall MMeeeettiinngg..AAtthheennss,, OOccttoobbeerr,, 11sstt--77tthh,, 22000077

SScchhoollaarrllyy MMeeeettiinngg oonn tthhee rreessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss aanndd ooff tthhee FFoorrbbiiddddeenn CCiittyy iinn tthhee UUnniivveerrssiittyy ooff TTssiinngghhuuaa..BBeeiijjiinngg,, MMaayy 88tthh--99tthh,, 22000088

PPhhoottooggrraapphhiicc eexxhhiibbiittiioonn ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn wwoorrkkss iinn tthhee HHeelllleenniicc HHoouussee iinn BBeeiijjiinngg.. MMaayy--JJuunnee 22000088

PPoosstteerr ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn eexxhhiibbiittiioonn iinnBBeeiijjiinngg.. DDeessiiggnn:: PP.. PPssaallttiiss,, PPll.. KKoonnssttaannttooppoouullooss

PPoosstteerr ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliiss rreessttoorraattiioonn eexxhhiibbiittiioonn iinnBBeeiijjiinngg.. DDeessiiggnn:: PP.. PPssaallttiiss,, PPll.. KKoonnssttaannttooppoouullooss

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11.. NNiikkooss aanndd MMaarrkkooss SSkkaarriiss wwiitthh GGiioorrggooss SSiinnaanniiss((ffrroomm rriigghhtt)) iinn 11997799,, ffiilllliinngg tthhee oorrtthhoossttaatteess ooff tthheeppooddiiuumm ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn ssoouutthh ppoorrcchh wwiitthh nneewwmmaarrbbllee

22.. NNiikkooss SSkkaarriiss iinn 11998822,, dduurriinngg tthhee rreessttoorraattiioonn oofftthhee ppaarrtt ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn nnoorrtthh wwaallll aabboovvee tthheennoorrtthh eennttrraannccee

33.. MMaarrkkiinngg aann aarrcchhiittrraavvee ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn ssoouutthhppoorrcchh ffoorr iinnsseerrttiinngg ttiittaanniiuumm rrooddss ffoorr tthhee ssttrruuccttuurraallrreessttoorraattiioonn ooff tthhee bblloocckk,, iinn 11997799

44.. NNiikkooss SSkkaarriiss aanndd SStteelliiooss KKaaffoouurrooss iinn 11998822,, ffiilllliinnggaann oorrtthhoossttaattee bblloocckk ooff tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn ssoouutthh wwaallllwwiitthh nneeww mmaarrbbllee

55.. CCaarrvviinngg tthhee mmoouullddiinngg ooff tthhee nneeww mmaarrbbllee ffiilllliinnggss oofftthhee ccrroowwnn ooff tthhee ppooddiiuumm iinn tthhee EErreecchhtthheeiioonn ssoouutthhppoorrcchh,, iinn 11998800

On May 26, 2008 at the Presidential Resi-dence the President of the Hellenic Republic,Karolos Papoulias, decorated the Acropolismarble technician, Nikolaos Skaris, son ofEvangelos Skaris, with the Gold Cross of theOrder of the Phoinix. Nikolaos Skaris washead of the team of marble technicians of theErechtheion restoration (1979-1987).

As written by the architect incharge of the restoration ofthe Erechtheion, Alekos Pa-panikolaou, in the partly fin-ished text he left on the sub-ject of the work, the marbletechnicians were the stylo-bates of the work, since itwas through their devotionto the work and their pro-fessional skill that the entireenterprise was successfullycompleted. The span of theirages covered three genera-tions. The first generationincluded technicians withproven experience in thelarge anastelosis programmescarried out in Greece in thedecades 1950-1970. Theyare distinguished for theirprofessional application, forthe careful and thoughtfulway in which they carriedout the work and for theirethos. It is to this generationthat Nikos Skaris, distingui-shed in his work, belongs.

Alekos continues: Nikos Ska-ris was the foreman of thecrew of the Erechtheion re-storation work and he wasthe teacher of us all. He ischaracterised by his high eth-ical standards, his kindnessand civility, his humility andby his unique professionalqualifications, equal to thoseof the ancient technicians.Nikos Skaris was born in 1923 at Pyrgos inTenos. At the age of ten he began to be in-structed and to work in the art of marble-cutting, first in the marble work-shop ofDionysios Pissas, then with his uncle, themarble-cutter Tzortzis Skaris. Later he joined

the marble work-shops of the brothers Mar-avelia and the brothers Skaris (that marbleworkshop was the great school of all the mar-ble technicians of the Archaeological Ser-vice), and after that he worked alone, in hisown marble work-shop. His works are manyand they encompass ancient, Byzantine andmore recent monuments (marble decorationsand church iconastases, such as that at Ayios

Dioysios in Zakynthos, the monastery ofHosios Meletios, the church of the SoterLykodemos, the church of Ayios Demetriosof Thessalonike, the church of Ayios An-dreas in Patras) and also the creation of col-umns, antae and wall capitals for modern

buildings (such as that of the Chamber ofCommerce in Piraeus or the ArchaeologicalSociety in Athens) He has vast experience inworking on ancient monuments, for he hastaken part in nearly all the most importantpost-war anastelosis interventions: restoringthe marble cavea of the Odeion of HerodesAtticus, restoration of the SW wing of thePropylaia, restoration of the temple of Apha-

ia, restoration of the Epidau-ros theatre, restoration of thetemple of Poseidon at Sou-nion, restoration of the Par-thenon in the middle 1950’s.He returned to the Acropolisin 1979, where he worked ashead of the restoration workof the Erechtheion until hisretirement in 1987.

After his retirement, in 1989,Nikos Skaris worked withProfessor Charalambos Bou-ras, President of the ESMA,on creating a little Sculp-ture Museum in the restoredrefectory of the monastery ofHosios Loukas. The workcalled for the joining, fillingand restoring of a small num-ber of middle Byzantine scul-ptures, all of which was car-ried out by Nikos Skaris withthe quality of work and rapid-ity for which he is known.

The honour given to NikosSkaris by the President of theHellenic Republic reflects onall the marble technicians ofthe restoration works of theAcropolis monuments. Theyare continuing his work withmastery and ethos.

FFaannii MMaalllloouucchhoouu--TTuuffaannoo

HHoonnoouurriinngg tthhee mmaarrbbllee tteecchhnniicciiaannss ooff tthhee AAccrrooppoolliissTThhee GGoolldd CCrroossss ooff tthhee OOrrddeerr ooff tthhee PPhhooiinniixx ttoo NNiikkooss SSkkaarriiss

TThhee PPrreessiiddeenntt ooff tthhee HHeelllleenniicc RReeppuubblliicc,, KK.. PPaappoouulliiaass,, aawwaarrddiinngg NN.. SSkkaarriiss.. AAtthheennss,, MMaayy 2266,, 22000088

NNiikkooss SSkkaarriiss aanndd hhiiss wwiiffee MMaarriikkaa iinn tthhee PPrreessiiddeennttiiaall RReessiiddeennccee.. AAtthheennss,, MMaayy 2266,, 22000088

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News Letter of The Acropolis Restora-tion Service of the Hellenic Ministry ofCulture

Editor:Professor Emeritus Ch. Bouras

Editing and Production:.F. Mallouchou-Tufano, Ph.D.

Layout:O. Simeoforidou

Photographic Supervision:S. Mavrommatis

English Translation:M. Caskey, Ph.D.

The restoration and conservation worksof the Acropolis Monuments as well asthe present issue are jointly financed bythe European Union.

Community Support Framework2000-2006Operational Programme “CULTURE”Community Contribution: 75%National Contribution: 25%

Managing Authority for OperationalProgramme “CULTURE”

The Acropolis Restoration Service10, Polygnotou StreetGR-10 555 AthensTel/Fax: (30) 210-32-43-427/ 32-51-620e-mail: protocol@ysma.culture.gr

©YSMA, 2008

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OOrrtthhoopphhoottoommoossaaiicc ooff tthhee nnoorrtthheeaasstt ccoorrnneerr ooff tthhee PPaarrtthheennoonn wweesstt ssiiddee.. DD.. MMaavvrroommaattii,, 22000088