the accumulator of lead, his case unloading …case, unload stream and deep unloading are to be...

Copyright with Dieter Werner and www.elweb.info

The accumulator of lead,his case unloading technology andLoading machines to the optimum store

In the magazine Garden roads I publish since long time regularly reports to the electrically pursuedgarden road for the transportation of human beings. With the person-carrying garden road and with theMini El stream-firm accumulators and good loading machines are required to the optimum single store.Moreover, is to many Mini El to drivers the accumulator of lead and his case, Unload technology a littleknown? This tipped the balance my report written for the garden-railway constructors also in theELWEB to the Mini El to drivers accessibly to make. The following report appears in the issues from2005/1 to 2005/4 at the GarBa publishing company.

I have not changed the report for the Mini El or other accumulator-pursued street vehicles; therefore,some passages can apply only for the electrically pursued garden road.

Dieter Werner, March, 2005

In elweb inserted March, 2005, Ralf Wagner

Copyright with Dieter Werner and www.elweb.info Page

In just

The accumulator of lead, his case Unload technology and loading machines to the optimum store part 1

The accumulator of leadMaintenance-free accumulatorsRecombination with the fleeceaccumulator of servicing pauper’saccumulatorFormat of a new accumulatorcapacityCyclesInternal resistanceCold test streamAccumulator careAcid state with the wet accumulatorIs the accumulator charged or unloaded? Cell end(short circuit in an accumulator cell)Acid density, acid volume weight (SVG) with the wet accumulatorTo sulphate animalsSelf-unloadingActive authorUnload before the storeUnloading final voltageAccumulator guardWinter company, spend the winterGassingDanger of explosionPrice achievement relationThe ideal accumulator for the electric garden roadThe accumulator of the futureThe accumulator is even a person

The loading technologyLoading identity lineParallel storeMain storeReloading or balance storepreservation storeBattery chargers with linearregulation secondarily clockedbattery chargers primarily clockedbattery chargers Remaining rippleReverse currentCharging currentQuick charging currentLoading end tensionPreservation case tensionPulsed preservation storetemperatureLoading cable

The accumulator of lead, his case Unload technology and loading machines to the optimum store

Loading machinesCTEKTM Loadingmachines loading machinesIVTWAECO loading machines

Concluding remarks

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The accumulator of lead, his case Unload technology and loadingmachines to the optimum store part 1

fromm Dieter Werner, Hörstel-Riesenbeck

In my reports all around the electrically pursued garden road I had introduced net parts to the store andbriefly had appealed to the loading. Because I received many inquiries to the different accumulatortypes, to the store, to unload and to optimum battery chargers, I take up the subject once again. Amongother things I introduce highly competitive loading machines for accumulators of lead, before, however,still explicatory details to the accumulator and to the case and Unload technology. The report is notalphabetical, but is divided as far as possible after areas.

It is to be understood for a layman certainly very hardly electric formulae and calculations. Therefore, Irenounce so far as possible this. If to the better understanding electric calculations are inevitable Idescribe the formulae with the calculation in detail. Besides, the following abbreviations come to the use.

Ampere, current, e.g.10 ASigns for the stream (A) in electric formulaeVolts, tension strength, e.g.12 VSigns for the tension (V) in electric formulae Opposition value, e.g.1,000 ohms =

1 KOhm = 1 kilo ohmMilliohm, opposition value in 1/1000 ohms, e.g.4 mOhm = 4 Milliohm = 4/1000 ohms =

0,004 ohmsSigns for the opposition in electric formulaeAmpere-hours, capacity of the accumulator, e.g.50, AhLittle one, e.g.<12 V, the tension is of small 12 VLittle one immediately, e.g.<= 12 V, the tension is smaller or immediately 12 V bigger,e.g. > 12 V, the tension there is greater 12 V

OWV of Uohm

mOhm

RAh,<<=>


Greater immediately, e.g.> = 12 V, the tension is bigger or immediately 12 V

The accumulator of lead

Accumulators of lead are made for the most different applications. There is the starter, the impulse, thesolar accumulator and the lighting accumulator to call only some. According to construction they differamong other things in the wet accumulator with liquid electrolyte, the gel and fleece accumulator withagreed electrolyte. Another difference is the record construction, here becomes among other thingsbetween the big surface record, the grid record, the armoured record and the spiral wound record oflead made a distinction. Thus the wet accumulator with grid records can deliver e.g. for a short time ahigher stream than the same accumulator with armoured records, because he is laid out for a longerunloading and, besides, a little bit fixed shake.

Every accumulator type has his special case and Unloading criteria, which must be absolutely kept. Thefleece accumulator stands a very high charging current; gel accumulators should be unloaded only to80%. Gel and fleece accumulators are extreme fixed shake, a wet accumulator no vibrations stand.However, all accumulators of lead have in common one, the nominal tension of 2 V cells. To receivehigher tensions, several cells are accommodated in a case and are connected electrically in seriesconnection. Thus has e.g.12 V of accumulator 6 cells 2 V, 18 cells = 3 accumulators are necessary for36 V of company 12 V.

> =


Maintenance- free accumulators

Gel and fleece accumulators are fixed shake and absolutely maintenance-free, they have overpressurevalves instead of the usual locking stopper. If it comes while overloading to the gas, the valves let downthe overpressure. Besides, a small quantity of humidity, which leads to the capacity loss or completefailure, also always escapes. To avoid the injurious gases with the store maintenance-free accumulatorsmay be never loaded about the loading end tension given by the manufacturer. The fleece accumulatorstands the highest case and Unload stream of all accumulators of lead. Maintenance-free wetaccumulators are used more and more often than starter accumulator; also they have no accessiblelocking stopper, but often a small window in one the loading state can recognize. Attention: somemanufacturers forbid the „“ loading standing on the head with the fleece accumulator. A wet accumulatormust stand always vertical.

Recombination with the fleece accumulatorFleece accumulators hold the electrolyte in the fleece stored. Because the fleeces are very thin, theycan take up only little electrolyte. If it comes with the store to the light gas, the gas cannot escapebecause the locking stopper the function of an overpressure valve has. The gases become recombine,that is the fleeces take up the humidity again. Attention: Never overload a fleece accumulator, thebesides originating high gas pressure opens the overpressure valves. The gas and with it also humidityescape and the accumulator dries up. This is also valid for the shrill accumulator.

Accumulator poor in servicing

He is shown with pleasure in the prospectuses as virtually maintenance-free. However, it is quite anormal wet accumulator with liquid electrolyte, as a rule a starter accumulator. With this accumulatordistilled water has to go of course with the water loss is refilled.

Format of a new accumulatorAll the same around which accumulator type it concerns, a new accumulator should be spared at leastduring the first 5 loading cycles, so that he is able to do himself to formatted ones. Therefore, of extremecase, Unload stream and deep unloading are to be avoided. If the accumulator is also not demanded toomuch in the later application by overloading to strong unloaded and deep-unloaded, he owes it with along life span.

Capacity

The capacity of the accumulator is given in ampere-hours or, Ah. This is measured the energy theaccumulator charged 100% during hours under observance of the criteria agreed by the manufacturer,like Unload stream, Unloading final voltage and surroundings temperature, delivers. According toaccumulator type the Unloading criteria are different. With the capacity information the manufacturersmostly go out from a temperature of 25°C. At low surroundings temperature the capacity of theaccumulator decreases. This affects especially strongly at temperatures under 0°C. In-15°C theaccumulator has only a capacity of approx. 65%.

Attention: Becoming the accumulator always up to from the manufacturer given Max Unloading finalvoltage unload, then he also loses to capacity and with it to cycles. Some manufacturers give thenormal unloading with approx. 70% and the reserve unloading with approx. 30%. If one unloads theaccumulator only to 70% (11.30 V with the wet accumulator and 11.8 V with the shrill accumulator), onereaches only from the manufacturers given cycles. To raise the number of the cycles in the prospectusesand to improve in appearance, unfortunately, one hides this. Other details see "Unloading final voltage".

Back to the capacity and the surroundings temperature of 25°C.


Solar accumulatorWith the solar accumulator the nominal capacity is fixed for a 100-hour unloading. He can deliver during100 hours 1/1 00 his nominal capacities as an Unload stream. With 60, Ah, solar accumulator is of theunloading stream 60, Ah: 100 hours = 0.6 A.

Starter accumulatorWith the starter accumulator the nominal capacity is fixed for a 10-hour unloading. He can deliver during10 hours 1/10 his nominal capacities as an Unload stream. With 60, Ah, starter accumulator is of theUnload stream 60, Ah: 10 hours = 6 A.

Impulse accumulatorWith the impulse accumulator the nominal capacity is fixed for a 5-hour unloading. He can deliver during5 hours 1/5 his nominal capacities as an Unload stream. With 60, Ah, impulse accumulator is of theUnload stream 60, Ah: 5 hours = 12 A.

Fleece accumulatorWith the fleece accumulator the nominal capacity is often fixed for a 3-hour unloading. He can deliverduring 3 hours 1/3 his nominal capacities as an Unload stream. With 60, Ah, fleece accumulator is of theUnload stream 60, Ah: 3 hours = 20 A.

From the examples can be seen that for the garden road the solar accumulator is not useful and thefleece accumulator delivers the highest Unload stream. Attention: with high-current unloading thecapacity of every accumulator decreases exceedingly strongly. As an example a high-current-firm fleeceaccumulator whose capacity is laid out for a 20-hour Unloading time. With 10-hour unloading he hasapprox. 95%, with 5-hour unloading approx. 85%, with 3-hour unloading approx. 70%, with 1-hourunloading approx. 60% and with 1/2-hour unloading only approx. 50% of his capacity.

For a capacity comparison I take from 2 fleece accumulators of the same manufacturer, 40, Ah, and120, Ah, accumulator and unload both with 20 A. For 40, Ah, accumulator is of the Unload stream of 20A real high-current unloading; therefore, he can deliver with 25°C 20 A up to the achievement of theunloading final voltage only ½ hours. Against it accumulator loads of the Unload stream of 20 A 120, Ah,only a little. He lets himself more than 5 hours with 20 A unloads. The capacity relation between bothaccumulators is 120, Ah, to 40, Ah, = 3:1. If we look now at the Unloading time. However, 5 hours ofunloading with 120, Ah, accumulator by ½ hours of unloading with 40, Ah, accumulator is 10:1. 120, Ah,accumulator is 10 times better in comparison to 40, Ah, accumulator while unloading with 20 A.

Tip: The higher the capacity of an accumulator is all the less loaded him of the Unload stream. If it theplace always admits an accumulator with Max possibly capacity to start. The accumulator is sparedwhile unloading and owes it with a long life span. This is also valid for 24 V instead of 12 V of company.If the impulse engine e.g. Max. 800 W takes up, then Max Unload stream is with 12 V of company 800W: 12 V = 66.7 A and with 24 V of company 800 W: 24 V = 33.3 A. The accumulator is loaded in 24 V ofcompany only with the half Unload stream. Then, moreover, the power supply lines can have asubstantially smaller cross section.

Unfortunately, the capacity of an accumulator with a tension-measuring instrument cannot beascertained. In addition one needs a special capacity measuring instrument, which misses the Unloadstream in connection with the Unloading time with the loaded accumulator and adds up to theachievement of the Unloading final voltage and registers.


Cycles

Accumulators have an approximate life span of 3-5 years, which they reach under optimum conditionswith the store and unloaded. The manufacturers brag not the life span, but the cycles. A cycle is theentire unloaded and store under observance of the manufacturer's data. A starter accumulator will reachabout 100 complete cycles. In the VEHICLE only fractions of the capacity are taken under normalconditions always and are reloaded immediately again. If one adds these minicycles, one becomes onapprox. 100 complete cycles and for a life span of 3 - 5 years come.

An impulse accumulator with liquid electrolyte will reach approx. 400 cycles and an impulse accumulatorwith agreed electrolyte (gel or fleece) approx. 700 cycles under optimum conditions. Now one couldthink that the impulse accumulator with agreed electrolyte with 700 cycles holds everlasting. With allaccumulators the ageing plays a very big role with the capacity dismantling. If the accumulator 3 - 5years has held with good care, he has done his obligation. There are of course also exceptions. I had anaccumulator still in the 10th year 75% of his nominal capacity had, however, knows also accumulatorsalready after 5 cycles a total loss had. The deeper an accumulator unloads, also by observance MaxUnloading final voltage given by the manufacturer, the more cycles he loses. E.G., a fleece accumulator,he makes with 100%th unloading approx. 200 cycles, with 50%th unloading approx. 400 cycles and with30%th unloading approx. 1000 cycles

Internal resistanceWith every accumulator the tension sinks while unloading. As strongly the tension sinks his internalresistance fixes. Therefore, it is to be known very importantly the internal resistance, because with himone can calculate the tension rubbish in the accumulator for every Unload stream. The lower the internalresistance is, the higher is Max Unload stream, and the accumulator is "hard". The other way round, thehigher the internal resistance is more tension drops in the accumulator while unloading, the accumulatoris "soft". The internal resistance can be determined only with the loaded accumulator and with a specialmeasuring instrument. The value of the internal resistance is given in ohm. If one knows the internalresistance, one can calculate the tension rubbish (V) in the accumulator for every Unload stream withthe formula U = to I * R. This means volt (U) = to ampere (I) * ohm (R), or tension = stream * opposition.

As an example to the calculation of the tension rubbish I take 40, Ah, and 120, Ah, from fleeceaccumulator of the same manufacturer. 40, Ah, accumulator has an internal resistance of 8 mOhm = 8Milliohm = 8/1,000 ohms = 0,008 ohms. If 40 unloads, Ah, accumulator with 20 A, his tension sinks by0,008 ohms * 20 A = 0.16 V. 120, Ah, accumulator has an internal resistance of 4 mOhm = 4 Milliohm =4/1,000 ohms = 0,004 ohms. If 120 unloads, Ah, accumulator with 20 A, his tension sinks by 0,004 ohms* 20 A = 0.08 V.

Attention: with series connection of several accumulators the internal resistance is to be multiplied by thenumber of the accumulators switched in row because the internal resistance is given always only for anaccumulator. If we remain with the example with 40, Ah, an accumulator. For 36 V of series connection 3pieces 12 V of accumulator are required. If 3 accumulators unload like in the above example with 20 A, atension drops about all 3 accumulators from 0,008 ohms * 20 A * 3 accumulators = 0.48 V. The tensionrubbish in the cable connections comes on top of that, therefore, always-big cross sections use.

Although the knowledge about the internal resistance and the tension rubbish computable with it in theaccumulator with unloading flow out passed away is very important, the accumulator manufacturers givehim only very seldom. Even with the explicit inquiry one often gets no obliging information. Presumablywithout reason, because with knowledge of the internal resistance and unloaded with a defined streamwith concurrent tension measurement to the accumulator Pole one cannot ascertain immediatelywhether the accumulator this holds what the manufacturer has assured.


Cold test streamThe cold test stream (A) is given with the wet starter accumulator. He is printed as a rule without otherexplanation than number with the ending A on the accumulator, e.g.210 A with 44, Ah, accumulator. Thisis the stream that unloads the loaded accumulator at an acid temperature from - 18°C after 180 secondsup to the cell tension of 1 V (6 V with 12 V of accumulator). Attention: some starter accumulators arecapacity-idle on small space "hochgezüchtet" and, therefore, have a lower cold test stream than otheraccumulators with the same capacity. Therefore, by the purchase of a starter accumulator absolutelypay attention to a high cold test stream.

Accumulator maintains

The accumulator Pole and connection clips are before oxidation with fat free of acid (e.g. To protectvaseline). With the wet accumulator check regularly the acid state and when required refill distilled water.All cells must have the same acid state. The wet accumulator absolutely protect against hard blows andstrong vibrations.

Acid state with the wet accumulatorA wet accumulator has a liquid electrolyte which is filled as a watered sulfuric acid before the company.A wet accumulator never buy him was already filled, because he can have been reloaded old andalready several times and have lost thereby to capacity. With the first fill in the acid amount must beabsolutely same in all cells. Differences in the acid amount lead to different capacities in the accumulatorcells. The acid states are to be checked regularly and to equalize with distilled or entionisiertem water.The acid states under or about the lines allow never coming. A new accumulator has almost no waterloss. Older capacity-weak accumulators can have a considerable water loss.

Is the accumulator charged or unloaded?

One can ascertain this easily in the rest state of the accumulator with a tension-measuring instrument.Charged 12 V of accumulator has a tension between 12.4 V to 13 V according to type. An unloadedaccumulator has 12 V. If quiescent 12 V of accumulator has a tension of less than 12 V then a cell ispresumably defective, or he became extremely deep unloaded. Both are equally deadly for theaccumulator. Tip: With a tension-measuring instrument one can never determine the capacity of anaccumulator; in addition one needs a special capacity measuring instrument.

Cell end (short circuit in an accumulator cell)

With the accumulator, particularly with the wet accumulator, can wash away by wrong store, wrongunloaded, also by vibrations, small particle of lead of the records of lead or break off. They lie down onthe case ground and form a marsh. If the marsh rises and reaches he the lower edge of the records oflead, it comes to the cell end. The cell is definitely defective and with it also the whole accumulator. Onecan check a cell end in the unloaded state with a tension-measuring instrument. If 12 V of accumulatorhas a tension less than 12 V then a cell is presumably defective, or the accumulator became extremelydeep unloaded. Both are equally deadly for the accumulator. Attention: Before an accumulator is loadedone had to do his tension measures. If one loads an accumulator with cell end, the intact cells willoverload so strongly that extreme danger of explosion exists.


Acid density, acid volume weight (SVG) with the wet accumulatorWith an acid siphon conclusions on his loading state and the equality of the cells can be derived with thewet accumulator. The acid siphons have as a rule a Skalierung with 0.01 kg / liters. With 20°C the SVGis 1.28 kg / liters and with the unloaded accumulator 1.1 kg / liters with the loaded accumulator. TheSVG decreases at higher temperature and at lower temperature to. Nothing states the fairs of the SVGabout the capacity of the accumulator; one can see only the loading state. One receives acid siphon invehicle-accessories trade. Attention: care with the contact with the acid siphon, the accumulator acid isvery corrosive.

Tip: The SVG must have in the charged accumulator cell on top, concentric and below the same value. Ifthe possibility passes the suction tube to introduce of the acid siphon deeply in the accumulator, thenone should measure the SVG on top, concentric and below. If there are here differences, then theaccumulator is to be loaded to the restacking of the acid with raised tension, during 2 hours with 2.45 Vcell (14.7 V with 12 V of accumulator). A stabilized reverse current-firm net part is suited for it. Attention:The locking stopper are to be solved, there is raised danger of explosion.

Tip: The SVG must be same with the charged accumulator in all cells. Max are + - 0.01 kg / litersallowed. If there are between the single cells bigger differences, the accumulator is presumablydefective. One can try to load him with a stabilized reverse current-firm net part with 2.3 V cell (13.8 Vwith 12 V of accumulator) during 24 hours to the balance of the cells, maybe this helps.

To sulphate animalsThe sulphate animals begin at the moment of the Entladens, also with the self-unloading of thequiescent accumulator. The records of lead have a rough surface and the lead sulphate can file itself tosmooth crystals on the records of lead. The accumulator thereby loses to capacity. Sprinkling the leadsulphate and restoring the rough surface is possible by an electronic active author him for theaccumulator in the interval for a short time with extremely high stream (100 A) unloads, by specific overvoltage with the store (light Gasing) and by initiating of air to the acid restacking. There is the latter onlyin the professional area with especially for it to developed accumulators.

Self-unloadingEvery accumulator discharges in the rest state, also without connected consumers. An accumulator withliquid electrolyte discharges relatively fast and an accumulator with agreed electrolyte rather slowly. Allthe same what the accumulator manufacturers give as a time for reloading, I charge the quiescentaccumulator at the latest after 8 weeks again. If in the quiescent accumulator a consumer is connected,how e.g. Accumulator guard or active author, then he is to be reloaded according to the currentconsumption more often. The self-unloading can be avoided with durable preservation store. Attention:Also quiescent accumulators grow old.

The following tensions give to her wound fleece accumulators (REDTOPTM = fleece-starter accumulatorand YELLOWTOPTM = fleece-impulse accumulator) to the loading state the fa OPTIMA ® BATTERIES:

Load in % Accumulatortype

REDTOPTM

Volts

Accumulatortype

YELLOWTOPTM

Volts0 11.20 11.2710 11.40 11.4820 11.60 11.6830 11.79 11.8940 11.97 12.0850 12.14 12.2860 12.29 12.4670 12.44 12.6580 12.58 12.8390 12.71 13.01

100 12.83 13.18


Attention: The values cannot be transferred to other accumulator types, how e.g. on a wet accumulator.

Active authorThe active author has to go, or better is able which raise life span of the accumulator. He can prevent theSulfatfierung and with it to the capacity loss. There is him as a chemical and electronic active author.With the chemical active author I had gained bad experience, against it with self-built electronic activeauthors very good ones. From the electronic active author there are in trade three different versions.

1. The active author only from a certain tension (in the VEHICLE with the driving, or with the store) isactive. I hold him for a little suitable because the sulphate animals with the store do not separate whileunloading takes place.

2. The active author in the interval a hochkapazitiven electrolytic capacitor on over voltage charges andreturns the energy to the accumulator, he is spread a little. The disadvantage is, an Elko have a temporalUnloading course. Thereby he cannot deliver his whole energy within microseconds.

3. The active author him the accumulator in the interval with very high stream (100 A) for approx. 100microseconds unloads, is i.e. the best electronic active author. Never trust to the prospectus data frome.g. of a life span lengthening around the 5-fold. If the electronic active author is connected immediatelyby the first introduction in the accumulator, he can be helpful. However, he has to go always in theaccumulator-connected remains. Active authors deliver among other things the fa CONRAD, Hirschauand ELV, Blank. Tip: By the purchase pay attention to low average stream admission, she should be ofsmall 10 mA.

Unload before the storeThe accumulator may be never unloaded before the store. This is a whole cycle again which leads to theageing. Immediately, also after the slightest partial-unloaded, the accumulator has to go again ischarged. Never use a partial-unloaded accumulator without loading by the next application, also not ifone means the accumulator is still practically full. The accumulator thereby loses to capacity.

Unloading final voltageWhile falling short the Unloading final voltage the accumulator becomes deep unloaded. Even with onlybrief deep unloading the accumulator loses definitely to capacity, if the worst comes to the worst, he isdefective immediately. Max Unloading final voltage is as a rule with the wet accumulator 1.75 V cell (10.5V with 12 V of accumulator). However, for safety reasons the wet accumulator should be never unloadedless than 1.87 V cell (11.2 V with 12 V of accumulator). Between 11.2 V and 10.5 V only few secondsoften lie according to height of the Unload streams. Attention: gel and fleece accumulators may beunloaded only to max. 80% of her capacity. Some manufacturers give for the shrill accumulator 1.9 V cell(11.4 V with 12 V of accumulator) as Max Unloading final voltage. With extreme high-current unloadingevery accumulator can be unloaded according to some manufacturers even deeper. I urgently adviseagainst it. The accumulator thereby loses to capacity or he is even damaged.

In the following the manufacturer's data to the Unloading course of his impulse accumulators divide intoWet and gel.


Unloading area unloading Impulse accumulator Impulse accumulator Cycles with the shrillNormally 0% 12.63 V (2.10 V) 12.80 V (2.13 V)Normally 20% 12.36 V (2.06 V) 12.60 V (2.10 V)Normally 40% 12.10 V (2.02 V) 12.40 V (2.07 V)Normally 60% 11.83 V (1.97 V) 12.20 V (2.03 V)Normally 80% 11.56 V (1.93 V) 12.00 V (2.00 V)Normally 100% 11.30 V (1.88 V) 11.80 V (1.97 V) 500-700Reserve -20% 11.03 V (1.84 V) 11.60 V (1.93 V)Reserve -40% 10.77 V (1.97 V) 11.40 V (1.90 V)

Max unloading stop 10.50 V (1.75 V) 11.20 V (1.87 V)

Unfortunately, the manufacturer provides no information to the cycles to be expected for all Unloadingarea. However, it is certain, the deeper the accumulator unloads up to the Unloading final voltage, themore cycles he loses. Thus another manufacturer calls approx. 200 cycles, with 50%th unloadingapprox. 400 cycles and with 30%th unloading approx. 1000 cycles e.g. for his fleece accumulators withunloading up to the Unloading final voltage. Tip: Absolutely connect an accumulator guard in theaccumulator, with the achievement of the Unloading final voltage are alarms.

Accumulator guardThe accumulator guard is a small electronic device, with the achievement of the Unloading final voltageare alarms and with it about capacity-damaging deep unloading warns. The loud alarm savescontinuous observing of a tension-measuring instrument. The Release volt is to be adapted to therespective accumulator type. Over the „thick thumb pinpointed“ the lowest Release volt is 1.75 V cell(10.5 V with 12 V of accumulator) and with the gel and fleece accumulator 1.85 V cell (11.1 V with 12 Vof accumulator) with the wet accumulator. To spare the accumulator and for the rise of the accessiblecycles the alarm should be released quite substantially earlier. With the wet accumulator with 1.87 V cell(11.2 V with 12 V of accumulator) and with the gel and fleece accumulator with 1.9 V cell (11.4 V with 12V of accumulator). With the alarm all consumers are to be separated immediately from the accumulator.At the row company, e.g. 24 V and 36 V, every accumulator should have own accumulator guard, sothat the weakest accumulator releases the alarm and becomes recognizable. The closed-circuit currentadmission should be <10 mA (0.01 A), with it the accumulator guard can remain more than 25, Ah,permanently connected with accumulators. The accumulator guard must be connected directly to theaccumulator Pole, but tension losses of cables and protections lead to the untimely alarm.

Accumulator guards deliver among other things the fa CONRAD, 92240 Hirschau, Tel. 0180-5312111(www.conrad.de) and ELV, 26787 Blank, Tel. 0491-600888, (www.elv.de). By the purchase absolutelypay attention to the fact that the accumulator guard are alarms, because lighting up a warning lamp willeasily overlook. Some accumulator guards interrupt the stream between accumulator and consumer witha relay. These devices are not suitable because of the high engine stream with the garden road, butapplicable if the relay instead of switching off the stream supply, an alarm giver (electronic Beeper)switches on. Beeper is also available with CONRAD and ELV. Attention: with the alarm put immediatelythe driving company and quite slowly to the siding go.

Winter company, spend the winter

The nominal capacity of the accumulator is fixed as a rule at the surroundings temperature of 25 ° C. Atlow temperatures the capacity decreases. This affects especially strongly at temperatures under 0°C.In -15°C the accumulator has only a capacity of approx. 65%. If the accumulator is fixed for a 20-hourunloading and he will unload in -15°C in one hour, then he has only an Entnehmbahre capacity ofapprox. 30%, as the high Unload stream makes him weak.

Tip: If the accumulator is also used in winter, one can apply for the capacity rise an easy trick. Under theaccumulator a heating foil is laid and connected in the accumulator. In spite of the energy the heating foilfrom the accumulator infers, the warmed up accumulator has substantially more capacity than in the coldstate. Of course the heating achievement of the foil must be adapted, but the accumulator case melts, orthe accumulator does not become warm enough.

http://www.conrad.de

http://www.elv.de


Accumulators must be stored loaded in a chill and dry space. The accumulator should be charged all 8weeks, this decreases the sulphate animals. A loading machine with the IUoU or identity line IUoUp isalso suited for the spend the winter; he has a lowered or pulsed preservation case tension. With the wetaccumulator check regularly the acid state. Attention: unloaded accumulators can freeze attemperatures under 0 ° C. If an icebound accumulator is loaded, he can explode.

Gassing

The Gassing point is the moment with the store from a certain tension for decomposition the acid in thecomponents hydrogen and oxygen comes. The electrolyte starts to pearl and generates the dangerousdetonating gas. The Gassing point is directed after the mixing proportion of the sulfuric acid filled by theintroduction and after the cell temperature. At low temperatures a higher tension is necessary to theGassing than at high temperatures. Therefore, the accumulators must be loaded according tosurroundings temperature with different loading end tensions. See "temperature". As a rule theaccumulator manufacturers give the loading end tension with 25°C. The battery charger manufacturerCTEKTM gives the Gassing point inclusively with 14.4 V without considering the surroundingstemperature. With such information one should be very careful and question better the accumulatormanufacturer. Low gases help in the wet accumulator to the restacking of the acid and avoid with it thecapacity-diminishing sulphate animals. Strong gases with banked loading end tension led beside theconsiderable emission of the explosive hydrogen and oxygen to the water loss and to the untimelycapacity loss. Attention: gel and fleece accumulators stand only low gases. Therefore, they need abattery charger to the demands corresponds.

Danger of explosion

Accumulators may be loaded only in a well-ventilated space. Accumulators can explode with wrongtreatment. Therefore, never cause a short circuit. The compulsive ventilations in the accumulator neverclose. Never charge the accumulator with a higher charging current or higher loading end tension thanfrom the manufacturer is given. Never load an accumulator with cell end. If a tension has of unloaded 12V of accumulator less than 12 V, he presumably has a cell end or he became deep unloaded. Both areequally deadly for the accumulator. Never load an unloaded icebound accumulator. With amaintenance-free or close accumulator never open the locking stopper. Accumulators develop with thestore by decomposition the water in his components hydrogen and oxygen the dangerous detonatinggas. A small spark is sufficient and the accumulator ex plodded. Therefore, with the store and unloadedabsolutely provide for good ventilation. Fires and sparking are absolutely to be avoided. For safetyreasons with the wet accumulator unscrew the locking stopper with the store something.

Attention: easy battery chargers exist only of the transformer and the rectifier, they lack any regulation.They charge to 12 V of accumulator up to more than 18 V. In the accumulator it hisses and bubbles thenimmensely. Gel or fleece accumulators they are loaded so are defective immediately. At all works onsuch a loaded accumulator, like clamping the battery charger, Attach of the consumers, etc., the highestdanger of explosion exists.

The accumulator as a rule first in the switched off battery charger attach and then only the batterycharger switch on. In the loading switch off only the battery charger and then clamp only theaccumulator. Falschpolungen are absolutely to be avoided. Ask your battery charger manufacturer forright in and Abklemm order for his battery charger.

Attention: in the speed regulator, converter DC/DC and other electronic devices High capacitiveelectrolytic capacitors are often inserted to the Siebung. If becomes such a device in the accumulatorangeklemmt, it broadcasts immensely because the Elkos without tension at the moment of the Attach ashort circuit cause to them are charged. Before the plus management in the accumulator angeklemmtbecomes, all consumers about a main switch must be absolutely switched off.

Tip: Also switched off loading machines have High capacitive electrolytic capacitors at the exit. With it bythe connection no sparks originate the deficit connection is to be produced first.


Then an opposition is held first in the positive pole of the accumulator and then in the positive pole of thedevice, the condensers are slowly charged. After approx. 3 seconds the connection is to be producedand to remove afterwards only the opposition. If the device the accumulator can use strongly loaded onebetter one NTC opposition. If about the NTC a stream he flows warmed up to himself and his oppositiondecreases. The ohm value of the opposition depends on the tension, the capacity of the Elkos and thestream the device from the accumulator infers. Example: For 12 V of loading machine with 2 pieces1000 whew Elkos in the exit and a reverse current of 10 mA one can use instead of the opposition 24 Vof miniature electric light bulb with 40 mA, e.g. No. CONRAD 727199-55. While putting on in the positivepole of the accumulator and the plus management of the loading machine the lamp briefly lights up. Ifshe from goes the Elkos are charged and the plus management of the loading machine is connected ason top described with the positive pole of the accumulator. Though an electric light bulb has the functionof a PTC resistance if it becomes hot her opposition decreases, however, this plays to this case no role.

An example to the interpretation of the opposition if the consumers cannot be switched off and are highcapacity: In my 36 V of electric vehicle the speed plate and the converter DC/DC cannot be switched off.The speed plate and the converter DC/DC have a closed-circuit current of 0.17 A. The Elkos of bothdevices have a whole capacity of 10,000 whew. If the plus management in the accumulator isconnected, it broadcasts so immensely that the massive accumulator pool burns. With 30 ohmsopposition NTC I have solved the problem. After 2 seconds of bridging structure with the opposition NTCI am able to do the plus management of the vehicle safely in the accumulator attach.

Price achievement relation

The wet starter accumulator is an inexpensive accumulator. He is not cycle-firm, high current firm a little,is dependent on situation, not fixed shake and evaporated water must be refilled.

A wet starter accumulator "poor in servicing" has the same signs.

The maintenance-free wet starter accumulator is a little more expensive, however, has the same signsup to the water fill-up.

The wet impulse accumulator is more expensive, cycle-firmly causes (approx. 400 cycles), causes high-current-firmly, dependent on situation, fixed shake, evaporated water must not be refilled.

The gel-impulse accumulator is even more expensive, cycle-firm (approx. 700 cycles), high-current-firmly causes, dependent on situation, fixed shake and maintenance-free.

The fleece-impulse accumulator is the most expensive accumulator. He is cycle-firm (approx. 700cycles), extremely high current firmly with the store and unloaded, dependent on situation, fixed shakeand maintenance-free. There is him with level and spiral wound records of lead. Attention: somemanufacturers forbid with the fleece accumulator on the standing on the head store.

The ideal accumulator for the electric garden roadA Wet gel and fleece-impulse accumulator is considerably more expensive than a starter accumulator,so I advise with the electrically pursued garden road for cost reasons for the starter accumulator. Thestarter accumulator should not be used with high engine stream, regular driving and if vibrations in theaccumulator cannot be removed. Also the wet impulse accumulator stands no vibrations. Who would notlike to get into contact with the corrosive acid and wants to refill no water that should decide on the gel orfleece accumulator. With a choice of gel or fleece accumulator I advise, in any case, the fleeceaccumulator. Never use a solar accumulator, all the same which type, because him has his capacity onlywith 100-hour unloading.

With wet DETA DRIVE-MOBILE ® 75, Ah, and 80 Ah impulse accumulators I have gained very badexperience with high-current unloading. Although DETA on inquiry confirmed an available capacity of 47,Ah, or 52 for the one-hour unloaded, Ah, 9 accumulators within very short time had serious capacityloss up to the complete failure. I had the same problem with 3 SUNSHINES DRYFIT ® GF12 / 70 V ofaccumulator this may not happen with impulse accumulators, because they should be laid out especiallyfor a high unload stream and the cycle company.


Tip: As under the headword "Capacity" described one should consider raising the company tension offrom 12 V to 24 V. With it both accumulators will unload only with the half Unload stream and the powersupply lines can have a smaller cross section. If it the place admits, one should use an accumulator withhighest possible capacity.

The accumulator of the futureIf the NiCad accumulator (nickel cadmium) loses his approx. 10 fold price compared with the wetaccumulator, it would be an ideal high-current-firm energy memory. If not, he is used furthermore only inpublic vehicles and test vehicles. A vehicle manufacturer inserts NiMH Accu (Nickel/Metall/Hydrid) in his

hybrid passenger car. The accumulators provide for an electric bridging structure distance of approx.4 (four!) kilometer and are loaded with every braking by the changeover of the electric motor as agenerator. The guaranteed life span is 3 years. Maybe the accumulator of the future if the reach biggerbecomes?

To increase the Unload stream with the accumulator of lead, the high-current-firm fleece accumulatorwas developed. In every accumulator cell the grid records are rolled up spiral with very thin separatefrom glass fleece. To 12 V of accumulator one recognizes from the outside by 6 round "pots" on top acommon lid has. The fleece accumulator is also made with level records of lead, and then he looks like anormal shrill accumulator. These accumulators mostly have no round Pole, but screw connects for theconnecting leads. Some manufacturers recommend with the fleece accumulator for the tension orcapacity rise the unlimited series connection and parallel connection.

Should an absolutely new accumulator type on the market not come in future, I give to the fleeceaccumulator good chances. In the vehicle industry one considers the tension of from 12 V to 36 V / 48 Vto begin. The advantages are obvious. The cables could be considerably thinner and the accumulatorbecome smaller. For it the fleece accumulator is optimally suitable, particularly as with a massproduction his price might clearly fall. The fleece accumulator is already known for many years at themarket, but only a little. He has considerable advantages compared with other accumulators. Thus winsover e.g. the fa OPTIMA ® to her wound fleece accumulators:

Product signClosed systemUnder higher pressure wound cells steadypressure about the whole flat grids frompure leadNo free electrolyteLow internal resistance by more surfaceSpiralCell ® technology

AdvantageAbsolutely maintenance-freeFixed shakeigkeitCycle firmnessGood shelf life, high corrosion resistance no acidescape, situation independenceQuicker load, higher achievementBetter permanence at extreme temperatures

Manufacturer and distribution companies for 12 V of fleece accumulator:

OPTIMA ®, fleece accumulators with compress cells, distribution by VARTA, 30419 Hannover, Tel.0511-95702, fax 0511-9751680, www.optima.com and www.varta.com, 12 V of fleece accumulator of41, Ah, to 75, Ah, with 20-hour unloading. No capacity information with shorter Unloading time.

TRAC ® BLOC, fleece accumulators with level cells, distribution by HOPPECKE, 59929 Brilon, Tel.02963-61551, fax 02963-61481, www.hoppecke.com, 12 V of fleece accumulator of 48, Ah, to 100, Ah,with 5-hour unloading.

EFFEKTA ®, fleece accumulators with level cells, distribution among other things by SWT, 48282Emsdetten, Tel. 02572-958534, fax 959359, email [email protected]. In the distribution program 30fleece accumulators of 4.25 are, Ah, to 204, Ah, with 5-hour unloading. After my knowledge SWT hasthe most extensive program of delivery for fleece accumulators. Moreover, the internal resistances aregiven to all accumulators.

GNB ®, CHAMPION ®, fleece accumulators with level cells, distribution by EXIDE, 63654 Büdingen, Tel.06042-810, www.exide.com, 12 V of fleece accumulator with 80, Ah, and 95, Ah, with 6-hour unloading.

To me German manufacturer is known none for fleece accumulators. Up to few USA products withcompress cells there come most fleece accumulators with level cells from the Far East.

http://www.optima.com

http://www.varta.com

http://www.hoppecke.com

mailto:[email protected]

http://www.exide.com


The accumulator is even a personIn any case, he has much human in himself. From his birth (Acid-fill in) he lives and ages. How long helives depends on his healthy food (optimum loading) and not to heavy work (unloaded). As a baby (newaccumulator) should treat one him at least up to the 5th year (5th loading cycle) very carefully (soulfulloading and unloaded), so that he gets used to the life (is formatted) and later can become strong (highcapacity has). If the accumulator is hungry (unload), then he is weak and cannot work. If he gets badfood (wrong loading) then he can bring no achievement. If he has overeat (florid), then he is afraid thathe bursts (danger of explosion by strong gases). If he eats a lot (to strong loading) then he sweats(water loss). If he is thirsty (water loss) then he lacks energy (capacity). If he becomes older he hasbigger thirst (higher water loss). If he has drunk too much (then too high acid state) vomits he (corrosiveacid resigns to the stopper). Long rests are off sick him (Sulfatierung). Not enough food (unterstore)makes him weak. If he is hungry (unload) and it is cold, then he freezes. In this state he stands no food(loading), he has to go only again becomes warm. If he is (loaded) full and it is cold in, then he freezesand he can work only a little (the capacity decreases), he lacks warming clothing (heating foil). If he getslong time no food (loading), he dies when he his energy stocks has used (self unloading). With heavywork (extremely high unload stream) he becomes quickly tired (the capacity strongly decreases). If it ishot he has only little appetite (the loading end tension is to be lowered). If it were cold, he would wantrather strong food (the loading end tension is to be raised). If he is full (charged) then he becomes tiredand sleeps. The fact that the loaded accumulator "sleeps" really one notice with the first currentconsumption of the loaded accumulator, the tension strongly breaks. Only after a short time theaccumulator wakes up and can bring his full achievement. Then the tension rises again. If his fingers(connection Pole) are not against effects of the weather protected (greased) then they become scabby(corrosion). He is able of team only (series connection of several accumulators) if all the othercolleagues are equally highly competitive (the same capacity have). Even the best sportsman(accumulator) cannot unload daily up to the fatigue (up to the Unloading final voltage) train, and then hediminishes fast (cycle loss). A heart pacemaker (electronic active author) can be helpful for the lifelengthening. With wrong treatment (Load, unloaded) he will fall hard ill (capacity loss to completefailure). Moreover, he is very resentful. He does not forget a capacity loss his life long any more and hewill never again give the missing capacity. With well-balanced food (optimum loading) and regularhealthy sport (no forcible unloading) he will live very long (many cycles make).

If is not human!? However, one should not exaggerate it and try to persuade the accumulator still well,this brings of course nothing. But properly should load and unload one him already, so that he reachespossibly many cycles. In the 2nd part it is about the loading technology and in the 3rd part I introducehighly competitive e loading machines to the optimum store.

fromm Dieter Werner, Hörstel-Riesenbeck


The loading technology

All following information refers to the loading of accumulators of lead. Other accumulator types like NiCd(nickel / cadmium), NiFe (Nods / iron), NiMH (Nickel/Metal/Hydrit), alkaline RAM cells, etc., needcompletely different loading technologies.

Recently I read an interesting report to the do-it-yourself construction of a battery charger for impulseaccumulators. Of the „Low-Cost Low-Tech of loader“ is for 36 V - 48 V of accumulator lay out and has toa charging current of max. 60 A. The manufacture is quite easy, one procures a cheap sweattransformer for him in the property market and inserts a rectifier, and the battery charger is ready. With itinside too hotly does not become one can insert one more fan. Otto Normal loader would neverpresumably connect his accumulators to the battery charger; he leaves this rather to the freaks what of itunderstands. This is a good thing too, then he would not pay attention like hell, then he would alreadyhave shot with the first store his accumulators. Otto Normal loader has substantially more trust in hisindustrially made battery charger from the vehicle accessories, because there technology is in it,moreover, it was sold quite 1000-fold. If he had unscrewed sometimes the lid in his battery charger, hewould have been astonished certainly. His battery charger also contains nothing else than thetransformer and the rectifier. Of the „Low-Cost Low-Tech of loader“ still has a big advantage. With thehand wheel in the sweat transformer the stream lets itself in the certain area changes. However, thisshould be, nevertheless, no request on the copy.

The loading with a customary battery charger only from transformer and rectifier exists is not capacity-receiving. The loading end tension can rise up to 18 V. If the accumulator is clamped with the store notearly, he is damaged. A gel or fleece accumulator would be already defective with the 1st store. A goodbattery charger, only surely a loading machine needs many electronic components for the regulation,which affect of course the purchase price.

Loading identity lineShe describes the loading kind of the battery charger. To the store of accumulators of leadsemiautomatic battery chargers with the identity line IU and loading machines with the IUoU or theidentity line IUoUp are suitable. There is one more whole series of other identity lines, how e.g. IUIa,Wa, WoWa, WUIa, WUoU, etc. The explanation of all identity lines would sprinkle the frame. Therefore, Idescribe only the identity line IU to the main loading and reloading for semiautomatic battery chargers,as well as the IUoU and identity lines IUoUp for loading machines.

I identity linesHere gives no tension limitation. Easy loading machines for Ni-Cad accumulators have I identity lines.Not at all to the store of accumulators of lead suitable.

AND identity lineHere gives no stream limitation. Stabilized festival tension mains appliances without stream regulationhas the U identity line. Not to the store of accumulators of lead suitable.

IU Identity lineAs a semiautomatic battery charger well for accumulators of lead suitable. Main store with steady stream(I) on approx. 80%, then Reload with steady tension (U) on 100%, but no automatic changeover on thelower preservation case tension. Therefore, the accumulator must be clamped by hand if the chargingcurrent is only from 1/50 to 1/100 of the accumulator nominal capacity. A stream measuring instrument,or at least a controlling lamp it indicates the loading end, is absolutely necessary with this loading kind.

IUoU Identity lineA real loading machine. Main store with steady stream (I) on approx. 80%, then Reload with steadytension (Uo) on 100%, at the loading end automatic change-over on the lower preservation casetension (U). The accumulator can remain connected for long time. Gel and fleece accumulators’ may beloaded only with this identity line.


IUoUp Identity lineA real loading machine. Main store with steady stream (I) on approx. 80%, then Reload with steadytension (Uo) on 100%, at the loading end automatic change-over on the pulsed preservation load (Up).The accumulator can remain connected for long time and becomes held on 95% - 100%. Partial also forgel and fleece accumulators admitted.

Row storeAlso standard store. Never accumulators with different capacities in row of store. Also 12 V ofaccumulator is loaded in row, because he has 6 cells them with each other are connected. Partly bymanufacturing tolerance, different acid amounts in the cells by the introduction and by wrong store canseem with the row store differences between the cells. This leads to different capacities. With 36 V ofcompany these are already 18 cells which can have later different capacities. Therefore, I recommendthe single store with 12 V switched in row of accumulator with 12 V in each case of battery charger. It isimportant with the single store that all battery chargers on the same loading end tension, the samepreservation case tension and the same charging current are calibrated, but the loading leads tounequal accumulators again. Attention: With the single store of accumulators switched in row the batterychargers must be suitable absolutely in addition, but there are dangerous short circuits. Therefore, oneshould allow confirming the single store with series connection absolutely from the battery chargermanufacturer. Some manufacturers permit the unlimited row company with the fleece accumulator .

Parallel storeIf accumulators should be loaded in parallel, an Schottky diode is to be inserted for every accumulatorin the plus inlet to the accumulator. Thereby there is no dangerous sparking with the Attach of theaccumulators with different tensions and all accumulators are immediately charged to 100%. Thecharging current may be laid out only after the capacity of an accumulator, but becomes the moreunloaded accumulator quick loading. Therefore, the loading lasts very long and is not quite agreeable forthe preservation of the capacity. Therefore, I recommend the single store to 12 V of accumulator with 12V in each case of battery charger. Some manufacturers permit the unlimited parallel company with thefleece accumulator.

Main store

With battery chargers with the IU, IUoU, or identity line IUoUp this is the time span in that theaccumulator with steady stream (I) on approx. 80% is charged. The main store begins at the moment ofthe Attach and ends with the achievement of the loading end tension (U), this is the crossing forreloading.

Reloading or balance store

Reloading provides for the fact that all cells on the same tension are brought and are restacked with thewet accumulator the acid. This decreases the sulphate animals of the records of lead. Therefore, to thebetter acid restacking the loading end tension is higher put with some loading machines. With wetaccumulators in the professional application air is blown in to the acid restacking, the acid becomesverwirbelt. The acid weight (SVG) must be absolutely same at the lowest and uppermost place in theaccumulator cell, but there are on continuing basis capacity losses. Gel and fleece accumulators stand -no strong Gassing while reloading.

Reloading begins at the moment if the accumulator with the main store with steady stream (I) the loadingend tension (U) has reached. Then the accumulator is charged to approx. 80%. From now theaccumulator is loaded only with steady tension (U) and the accumulator certainly even his chargingcurrent. The more he is charged with the steady tension, the more his charging current decreases. If thecharging current is only from 1/50 to 1/1 00 his nominal capacities, the accumulator is charged to 95% to100%. Now with battery chargers or net parts with the identity line IU the accumulator must be separatedby hand from the battery charger, but he will overload. Easy loading machines limit reloading time wise,better loading machines finish reloading if the charging current has so strongly decreased that hereaches the minimum value and then switch over to the preservation store.


Preservation storeAs already the name says, the accumulator charged to 100% on the level is held with the preservationstore. With loading machines with the IUoU or identity line IUoUp the accumulator for long time in thebattery charger can remain connected. The preservation case tension is lower than the loading endtension. After flow of the identity line IU and decrease of the charging current on from 1/50 to 1/1 00 ofthe nominal capacity the accumulator is charged to 100%. Should the accumulator remain with batterychargers or net parts with the identity line IU to the preservation store in the battery charger, the loadingend tension is absolutely by hand on the low preservation case tension of 2.25 V cell (13.5 V with 12 Vof accumulator) herunterzuregeln. If this is not possible, the accumulator is to be clamped.

With loading machines with the identity line IUoU the tension is automatically lowered on the lower -preservation case tension. With the loading machine with the identity line IUoUp the accumulatorbecomes pulsed cyclically with the tension rubbish, e.g. with 13 V with full charging current up to theachievement of the loading end tension. The preservation store is also used for spend the winter.Attention: Absolutely with the accumulator manufacturer the durable or pulsed preservation store askswhether he for his accumulator admits. An example: The wet impulse accumulators of Bosch and DETAEXIDE are absolutely same with all capacities of the dimensions. Presumably they come frommanufacturing. Bosch recommends to charge the accumulator and then to let rest. Against it DETAEXIDE gives the preservation store with 2.25 V cell (13.5 V with 12 V of accumulator). Because thesulphate animals also take place with the quiescent accumulator by the self-unloading, I hold thepreservation store for the better way.

Tip: With my many tests with the most different accumulator types I ascertained the followingphenomenon: If the accumulator with the identity line IU on 100% is charged and the loading machineswitches over to the preservation store, then the accumulator from the moment over a period of approx.10 hours has his highest capacity and is very "hard". After 10 hours of preservation store decreases fromthe available capacity again and the accumulator becomes "soft". One notices this, however, only withextremely high current consumption and with a capacity-measuring instrument. Now, however, oneshould think in no case that the preservation case tension is too low. If one puts them more than 13.8 V,the accumulator is damaged.

Battery chargers with linear regulationAre very big and very difficult and generate a very high loss achievement which is led away as a warmthover big chill bodies. They have an extremely small Remaining ripple of approx. 2 mV (0,002V). If theyhave the IU or even better the IUoU or identity line IUoUp then these battery chargers are suitable verywell. However, they are because of her weight, the size and the high loss achievement only a little in usean application.

Secondarily clocked battery chargers

Are big and difficult. However, they generate substantially less loss achievement than linear-regulatedbattery chargers. They are applicable if they the IU or even better the IUoU or loading identity line IUoUphave. Absolutely pay attention to low Remaining ripple.

Primarily clocked battery chargersIs extremely small, light and have the slightest loss achievement of all battery chargers. The efficiencyis> 85%. If they the IU or even better the IUoU or identity line IUoUp have they are optimally suitablethan battery charger. Absolutely pay attention to low Remaining ripple.

Remaining rippleThe portion of the overlaid alternating voltage of the charging current, also drunkenness tension orBrumm voltage called. A pure direct current has no Remaining ripple. Easy battery chargers often havequite a considerable Remaining ripple, which warms up the accumulator with the store, in addition. Alsoclocked battery chargers can have a high Remaining ripple. Linear-regulated battery chargers have avery low Remaining ripple of approx. 2 mV (0,002 V). The lower the Remaining ripple it is with the store,the better it is for the accumulator. A high Remaining ripple can damage possibly in the accumulatorconnected electronic consumers.


Reverse currentWith the switched off battery charger and connected accumulator the control electronics is supplied withsome battery chargers by the accumulator. This is the reverse current. It should not be 10 mA (0.01 A)>if the accumulator is connected permanently in the battery charger. This is the case if e.g. in theoperating carriage the battery charger is firmly inserted. With this mode of operation absolutely ask thebattery charger manufacturer whether his battery charger is reverse current-firm.

From the preceding listing is to be seen that a primärclocke loading machine with the IUoU or identityline IUoUp, extremely small Remaining ripple and low reverse current is optimally suitable to the store ofaccumulators of lead. Now, however, still the values are to be followed by the charging current (I), theloading end tension (U), the preservation case tension (oU) or the pulse preservation (oUp). If theaccumulators are loaded in the undeveloped outskirt area, the regulation dependent on temperature ofthe loading end tension with a temperature sensor fastened to the accumulator still comes.

Charging currentAs a rule the accumulator should be loaded with a charging current of 1/10 his nominal capacities,e.g. 60, Ah, accumulator with 6 A.

Quick charging currentSome accumulator manufacturers permit the quick store with raised charging current. Thus gives e.g.DETA EXIDE Max quick loading stream for his wet DRIVE-MOBILE ® impulse accumulator with 2/5 ofthe nominal capacity in (24 A with 60, Ah, accumulator). With the fleece accumulator a raised chargingcurrent is even important, some manufacturers give him with 30 A 100, Ah (18 A with 60, Ah,accumulator). Every accumulator type does not stand the high charging current; he can be damagedwith the store and thereby loses to capacity. Therefore, with all later examples to the quick store I go outfrom the gentle quick charging current of 1/5 of the nominal capacity (12 A with 60, Ah, accumulator,duplication of the normal charging current). Attention: The quick store must be expressly permitted bythe accumulator manufacturer. With loading machines with agreed post loading time from e.g.1 hour, theaccumulator is charged with the quick store not on 100%, unless he remains with the preservation storefor long time in the battery charger. Then, however, from the quick store any more the speech cannotbe.

Loading end tensionIf the loading end tension of an accumulator is not known, it should not be higher than 2.3 V cell (13.8 Vwith 12 V of accumulator). With it one is on the sure side. Even if the accumulator is not optimallyloaded, he is damaged in no case by overloading. The loading end tension lies according to accumulatortype between 2.3 V and 2.48 V cell (13.8 V - 14.9 V with 12 V of accumulator). A florid destroys definitelythe accumulator capacity. Attention: according to surroundings temperature the accumulator gassing isable with loading end tensions more than 2.3 V cell (13.8 V with 12 V of accumulator), it can stamp outacid and there is danger of explosion by the development of detonating gas. The loading end tension isvery dependent on temperature, see "temperature". The accumulator may be loaded with the loadingend tension only for a limited period. Loading machines have the automatic changeover on the lowerpreservation case tension.

Preservation case tensionThe accumulator loaded with the identity line IU is held with the preservation store on the same level.The preservation case tension is as a rule 2.25 V cell (13.5 V with 12 V of accumulator). With thistension the accumulator can remain a long time in the battery charger connected.


Pulsed preservation store

Also cyclic preservation store. After flow of the identity line IU the loading is automatically interrupted. Ifthe accumulator tension drops under a certain value, e.g.12.7 V, then is loaded and with theachievement the loading end tension the loading is interrupted again. With the pulse preservation storethe load sways between 95% and 100%. The accumulator can remain connected for long time in thebattery charger.

Temperature

The surroundings temperature is a criterion not to be underestimated with the store. Many accumulatorswere already damaged by nonobservance of the surroundings temperature. At low temperatures theaccumulator should be loaded with higher and at high temperatures with lower loading end tension.High-quality battery chargers have a temperature sensor in the accumulator, which adapts the loadingend tension automatically. As a rule the accumulator manufacturers give the loading end tension with25°C. Although the curve of the temperature compensation is not quite linear, one can begin for themanual adaptation 4 mV / ° C cell. I.e. in-10°C the loading end tension is to be raised with 12 V ofaccumulator to 0.84 V (4 mV * 6 cells * 35°C = 840 mV = 0.84 V). With 30°C the loading end tension isto be lowered with 12 V of accumulator about 0.12 V (4 mV * 6 cells * 5°C = 120 mV = 0.12 V).

If the accumulators are loaded only at the surroundings temperature agreed by the manufacturer, oneneeds himself about the temperature compensation do not worry.

Loading cableAttention is given as a rule a lot not enough to the loading cables. Besides, wrong-dimensioned loadingscables can lead with the store with the identity line IUoU/IUoUp to untimely finishing of the main store.With the main store with the high charging current a tension drops according to cross section of theloading cables always. The tension loss is the greater the more thinly and longer the loading cables are.It is extremely important that the loading end tension lies close not in the sockets of the loadingmachine, but to the accumulator Pole. Even low-tension rubbish in the loading cables leads to untimelyswitching of the main store for reloading, the accumulators are not loaded optimally. To the avoidance ofthe tension rubbish in the loading cables there are 3 possibilities.

1. The loading machine misses the loading end tension directly to the accumulator Pole. Besides, theloading cables to every accumulator pool must have the second parallel thin 2adrige management.About the management bigger in the cross section there flows the charging current and about thethinner management the tension is measured. Then the loading cables can have a very small crosssection and be long arbitrarily. Whether the loading machine has a tension feeler directly in theaccumulator pool, one recognizes by the second thin management in parallel with the loading cableruns. The fairs of the loading end tension directly to the accumulator Pole is optimum, it is applied,unfortunately, only very seldom.

2. The loading machine misses the accumulator tension with switched off charging current. The loadingmachine switches off in intervals for the fraction of one second the charging current and misses thetension in the accumulator pool. This measuring kind is not to be recognized by the loading cablesbecause there are no 2. Parallel cables. The fairs of the tension with switched off charging current areapplied only very seldom.

3. The loading machine has an internal compensation to the balance of the tension rubbish of theattached loading cable. Then the length of the loading cable may not be changed. If the loading cables -are a component of the loading machine, one should ask with the battery charger manufacturer whetherthe loading machine has a compensation for the tension rubbish in the loading cable. Tip: If the loadingmachine no compensation of the loading cables has I recommend point 4.

4. With loading machines with those the loading cables to the scope of supply do not belong, areabsolutely ex tremely short loading cables with big cross section and stable clamp tongs make. Thehigher the charging current is, the greater the cross section must be. The fa WAECO gives the followingcross sections for her loading machines: For 15 A charging current 6 mm ² - 10 mm ², for 25 A chargingcurrent 16 mm ² - 25 mm ² and for 45 A charging current 25 mm ² - 30 mm ².


Tip: In the case of doubt one should ask the manufacturer or importer of the loading machine whetherand how he compensates the tension rubbish in the loading cables and which lengths and crosssections he recommends. Never ask the manufacturer, importer or trader of an easy battery chargeronly from transformer and rectifier exists after the loading cables. With these battery chargers it isabsolutely all the same which cross section and which length the loading cables have, the accumulatorswill always overload when one does not clamp them on time from the battery charger.

In 3. And the last part I introduce highly competitive loading machines.


The accumulator of lead, his case Unload technology and loadingmachines to the optimum store

from Dieter Werner, Hörstel-Riesenbeck

Loading machines

Now after detailed treatise of the different accumulator types, the case and Unload technology Iintroduce some loading machines with the IUoU and identity line IUoUp which I have everybody up to adevice even in use application. To the loading machines used by me I indicate the advantages and weakspots. For one loading machine I even in use application does not have my notes and tips to theprospectus data of the manufacturer refer.

CTEKTM Loading machines

ManufacturerTypeDistribution

Accumulator typeaccumulator capacityMain voltageTension loading endtension post loadingtime preservation storereverse current chargingcurrent loading identityline regulationSurroundingstemperatureConstructionRemaining rippleStream failureProtective kindShort circuit partyVerpolungssicherdimensionsWeightLoading cablePrice

CTEKTM, SwedenMULTINATIONAL XS 3600Among other things ATU, auto parts Unger, in all bigger German townsrepresentWet, gel, MF and fleeceFrom 1.2, Ah - 120, Ah, remark in addition see below220 V - 240 VSwitch able, 14.4 V with 0.8A, 14.4 V with 3.6 A and 14.7 V with 3.6 A noinformation, see belowPulsed1.3 mA0.8 A / 3.6 A switch ableIUoUpElectronically, main voltage fluctuation are compensated- 20°C to + 50°C, the loading machine becomes warm, then theachievement decreasesPrimarily getaktetMax. 50 mVNo information presumably becomes kpl. Loading process then restartedIP 65, spritzwassergeschützt, for the use outside suitablyYesB 61 x H 38 x T 165 mm0.5 kgAre enclosedApprox. 70 EUR incl. VAT

CTEKTM calls his MULTINATIONAL XS 3600 the „ cleverness battery charger of the world“. However,the „ cleverness battery charger of the world“ lacks absolutely the temperature sensor the accumulatoraround in summer and winter always-optimum loading terms to have. The device can be moved from14.4 V to 14.7 V, but this is not sufficient for the temperature area of -10 ° C to + 30 ° C. CTEKTM giveseven a surroundings temperature of -20°C to + 50°C. However, this is supposed not the accumulatortemperature, but the temperature with the battery charger may be pursued. With the give en differencein temperature of 70 ° C would have to change the loading end tension instead of about 0.3 V about full2 V. The MULTINATIONAL XS 3600 has an internal temperature regulation. If the device becomeswarm, the achievement decreases. However, this is not a regulation of the loading end tension.

Carefully I would also be with the information „an accumulator capacity of 1.2, Ah, to 120, Ah,“.The charging current is switch able from 0.8 A on 3.6 A. 1.2, Ah, accumulator would become with thecharging current of 0.8 A at 90 minutes


charged, this goes too fast. Against it 120 would be charged, Ah, accumulator with the charging currentof 3.6 A only after 33 hours to 80%, this lasts too long. Therefore, the device is suitable with thecharging current of 0.8 A for accumulators of 4, Ah, to 8, Ah, and with the charging current of 3.6 A foraccumulators of 18, Ah, to 36, Ah. For the ascertained accumulator capacities I have attached for thequick store a charging current of 1/5 of the nominal capacity and for the main store 10 hours.

To the time span of the post store, or whether finishing the post store is dependent on stream, providesCTEKTM, unfortunately, no concrete information. One can see from small graphics that reloading lastsalmost so long as the main store. Therefore, one can probably go out from time-steered reloading.However, this is very disadvantageous if a partial-unloaded accumulator is loaded. He would remain toolong in the post-loading phase.

CTEKTM has under the name MULTINATIONAL XS 700 still 7 A loading machines in the program ofdelivery, it costs approx. 150 EUR incl. VAT to cover among other things with ATU, auto parts Unger,represented in all bigger German towns. I have bought no loading machine CETEKTM. The loadingmachine with 3.6 A was too weak to me and 7 A loading machine was too expensive. For the almostsame price there are better loading machines with double charging current, see „WAECO loadingmachines“.

IVT Loading machinesManufacturerTypeDistribution

Accumulator typeAccumulator capacityMains voltageTension loadingTension post loadingTime reverse currentBack streamChargingCurrent loading identity lineRegulationLoading announcementFanRemaining rippleConstructionStream failure

Surroundings temperatureProtective kindShort circuit partyVerpolungssicherDimensionsWeightLoading cablePrice

IVT, Hirschau3-steps automatic loader 4/8 AAmong other things CONRAD Hirschau, order No. 510428, ELV Blank,order No. 542-02Wet and gel, no information to the fleece accumulatorNo information, see below230 V14.7 V13.8 VFirmly 1 hourNo information, measured 2 mA4/8 A switch ableI UoU, with agreed one-hour reloadingElectronically, main voltage fluctuation are compensated 3-coloured LED,red = main store, yellow = Reload, green = preservation store.Integrated, the speed is depending on temperature and chargingcurrent no informationPrimarily getaktetNo information, therefore, checked. Afterwards with the main store theaccumulator is further loaded. While reloading and preservation store anda stream failure> 2 seconds one-hour reloading is restarted.Max. 50°COnly for dry dust free rooms suitable1 minute1 minuteB 110 x H 50 x T 150 mm1 kgAre enclosed59.95 EUR incl. VAT

Because I lacked inexpensive loading machines to the store of my many accumulators, I covered aboutthe fa ELV, Blank, 3 IVT "3 step automatic loader 4/8A". By the delivery the original-packed loadingmachines 4 fixing bolts were screwed in a device for the case upper top by sloping put screw in only ahalf and the screw heads were totally over wound. In the area of the fixing bolts Kratzspuren of theimproper removing of the screws were (presumably by engineers pliers caused). With the secondloading machine 4 fixing bolts were absent even completely. The case upper top can be simply taken.This was very dangerous


Because the loose case upper tops were not connected any more firmly with the protective earth of thelower case. Both loading machines were perfectly complaint back runners who were repaired improperly.They came from the 2002nd and 2003rd manufacturing, had another case upper top and from theoutside obviously other Bestückungen than 3. loading machines made in 2004 with which the caseupper top was fastened properly. With a well functioning final control such a thing may happen not at all.Because I the loading machines urgently required ones have refrained I from an exchange and havescrewed on the case upper tops.

The name 3 step automatic loader means the following: 1. If the accumulator is loaded with steadystream (I) up to the achievement of the loading end tension, reloading occurs 2. with steady loading endtension (Uo) for 1 hour, then it is automatically switched 3. to the lower preservation case tension (U).The accumulator can remain connected for long time in the loading machine. As a specific feature IVTmentions the raised loading end tension of 14.7 V. The controlled gases should avoid the education ofsulphate layers and extend the accumulator life. Attention: The device has no temperature sensor for thechange of the loading end tension.

Unfortunately, IVT provide no information the connectable accumulator capacities. The charging currentis switch able from 4 A on 8 A. With the quick store with Max loading stream of 1/5 of the accumulatorcapacity and the main case end with the normal store after 10 hours the device is suitable foraccumulators with the following capacities: With 4 A charging current for accumulators of 20, Ah, to 40,Ah, and with 8 A charging current for accumulators of 40, Ah, to 80, Ah. The IVT "3 step automaticloader 4/8A" is the cheapest one of the loading machines tested by me. Of course he has with thefavorable price also his disadvantages:

1. The loading machine is not suitable for all accumulator types. He has only the firm loading endtension of 14.7 V.2. Reloading is not finished if the charging current his minimum value achieved., reloading always lastsone hour.3. Agreed one-hour reloading is too short for many accumulator types.4. After every stream failure, also with the accumulator loaded on 100%, 1-hour reloading with 14.7 V isrestarted over and over again. This can overload the accumulator.5. The device has no temperature sensor for optimum loading in summer and winter with change theloading end and preservation case tension.

The tolerance of 3 loading machines was defensible with the loading end tension, the preservation casetension and with the charging current for the loading of an accumulator. However, to the single store ofaccumulators in series connection with 24 V / 36 V of company the loading machines must be calibratedsubstantially better to avoid imbalances between the accumulators. Suitable Trim Potts exist, but notare accessible from the outside.

IVT makes the "3 step automatic loader" also with lower charging currents. The fa CONRAD, Hirschaudelivers him with 0.5 A for 29.95 EUR and with 2.5 A for 44.95 EUR. With 3 A/6 A it is blank available for49.95 EUR among other things with CONRAD, Hirschau and ELV. All prices are incl. VAT attention: IVTalso makes loading machines under the name "Automatic-battery recharger unit of lead". This devicegroup loads cyclically. Up to the achievement of the loading end tension it is loaded, then the chargingcurrent is switched off and with the achievement of a lower switch on voltage (approx. 13 V) it is loadedagain. With the preservation store one can use this loading kind (identity line appendix Up), but not tothe main store. The loading on 100% lasts with these devices too long.

WAECO loading machines

WAECO Internationally, 48282 Emsdetten, Tel. 02572-8790 (www.waeco.de) makes highly competitiveloading machines under the label "mobitronic" as "an IUOU automatic loader". These are primärclocked-loading machines for 12 V or 24 V Wet gel and fleece accumulators, with a charging current of 15 A to45 A for 12 V of accumulator and 8 A to 25 A for 24 V of accumulator. Every device can lower thecharging current. According to implementation the possibility exists up to 3 accumulators in parallel withstore. All devices have a stable aluminum-profile case and an automatically switching on fan.

As accessories there is the remote control 900-RC for 19.90 EUR incl. VAT and what is especiallyimportant, the temperature sensor TF-500 for 18.90 EUR incl. VAT With in the accumulator right Tempe-

http://www.waeco.de


raturfühler the loading machine according to the surroundings temperature regulates the loading endtension scuffle or under it. The accumulators are loaded with it in summer and in winter always optimally.WAECO names on inquiry trader near the place of residence.

In the following the data available WAECO „mobitronic I UOU automatic loaders“:

Type 915-01 2TAConnectable accumulators OneLoadable accumulator Starter, Solar, lighting, impulse, Wet, gel, fleece.Tension area AGM, etcConstruction 207 - 253 V of AC / 50 - 60 hertzRegulation Primarily getaktetLoading identity line Electronically, main voltage fluctuation is compensatedMax loading stream IUoU, modifiesMax Accucapacity 15 A + - 0.5 A, or 7.5 A + - 0.5 A in the Sleep modeLoading end tensions 150 AhPreservation case tension Adjustable on 13.8 V, 14.4 V and 14.8 V + - 0.05 VChangeover of reloading 13.8 V + - 0.05 VTo the preservation store Dependent on charging current if the charging current reaches his

minimum value. In addition, the temporal limitation is switch able on whilereloading on 4 or 8 hours.

Sleep mode The charging current is halved and the fan is switched offLoading announcement 3-coloured LED, red = main store, yellow = Reload, green = preservationSingle store Yes, accumulators in series store connection with 24 V / 36 V of company

can be loaded individually. The connecting pipelines between theaccumulators do not need with the single store are separated.

Net part company Yes, consistently 13.8 V with max. 7.5 A or 15 AFan Integrated, switching on at inside temperature more than 60 ° COperating temperature 0°C - 50°CDimensions B 200 x H 60 x T 260 mmWeight 2.4 kgHigh-class signs Overlooked and short circuit protectionTest signs CE, safety standards authority, German Institute for Standardization ISO in

9001Option Remote control 900,- RC EUR of 19.90,

Temperature sensors TF-500 18.90 EURPrice 188.00 EUR incl. VAT

So that the listing next WAECO loading machines becomes clearer, I perform only the differences.

Type 908-024TAConnectable accumulators OneLoading end tensions 27.6 V, 28.8 V, 29.6 V + - 0.05Preservation case tension 27.6 V + - 0.05 VMax Accucapacity 100, AhMax Loading stream 8 A + - 0.3 ADimensions B 200 x H 60 x T 260 mmWeight 2.4 kgPrice 188.00 EUR incl. VAT

Type 915-012TBConnectable accumulators One, plus starter accumulatorLoading end tensions 13.8 V, 14.4 V, 14.8 V + - 0.05Preservation case tension 13.8 V + - 0.05 VMax Accucapacity 150, AhMax loading stream 15 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 200 x H 60 x T 260 mmWeight 2.4 kgPrice 198.00 EUR incl. VAT


Type 925-01 2TBConnectable accumulators TwoLoading end tensions 13.8 V, 14.4 V, 14.8 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 13.8 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 300, AhMax Loading stream 25 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 240 x H 80 x T 310 mmWeight 3.5 kgPrice 298 EUR incl. VAT

Type 91 5-024TBConnectable accumulators TwoLoading end tensions 27.6 V, 28.8 V, 29.6 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 27.6 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 200, AhMax Loading stream 15 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 200 x H 60 x T 260 mmWeight 2.4 kgPrice 285.00 EUR incl. VAT

Type 945-01 2TBConnectable accumulators TwoLoading end tensions 13.8 V, 14.4 V, 14.8 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 13.8 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 500, AhMax Loading stream 45 A + - 1 ADimensions B 230 x H 108 x T 325 mmWeight 4.2 kgPrice 558.00 EUR incl. VAT

Type 925-024TBConnectable accumulators TwoLoading end tensions 27.6 V, 28.8 V, 29.6 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 27.6 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 300, AhMax Loading stream 25 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 230 x H 108 x T 325 mmWeight 4.2 kgPrice 498.00 EUR incl. VAT

Type 925-01 2TCConnectable accumulators Two, plus starter accumulatorLoading end tensions 13.8 V, 14.4 V, 14.8 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 13.8 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 300, AhMax Loading stream 25 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 240 x H 80 x T 310 mmWeight 3.5 kgPrice 308.00 EUR incl. VAT

Type 91 5-024TCConnectable accumulators Two, plus starter accumulatorLoading end tensions 27.6 V, 28.8 V, 29.6 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 27.6 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 200, AhMax Loading stream 15 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 240 x H 80 x T 310 mmWeight 3.5 kgPrice 295.00 EUR incl. VAT


Type 945-01 2TCConnectable accumulators ThreeLoading end tensions 13.8 V, 14.4 V, 14.8 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 13.8 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 500, AhMax Loading stream 45 A + - 1 ADimensions B 230 x H 108 x T 325 mmWeight 4.2 kgPrice 578.00 EUR incl. VAT

Type 925-024TCConnectable accumulators ThreeLoading end tensions 27.6 V, 28.8 V, 29.6 V + - 0.05 VPreservation case tension 27.6 V + - 0.05 VMax Accu capacity 300, AhMax Loading stream 25 A + - 0.5 ADimensions B 230 x H 108 x T 325 mmWeight 4.2 kgPrice 518.00 EUR incl. VAT

Attention: with the loading machines to the concurrent store of several accumulators are laid out, thenegative poles of all accumulators are connected with each other. Therefore, they cannot be used witha series connection by 2 or 3 accumulators with 24/36 V of company to the single store. Should beloaded in row of switched accumulators individually, then is for every accumulator a loading machine,e.g. to use type 915-012TA with 7/15 A charging current and connection for 1 accumulator.

Unfortunately, make WAECO no information the minimum accumulator capacity. If one goes out with thequick store from a gentle charging current of 1/5 of the accumulator capacity, 15 A loading machine 915-01 2TA is suitable with switched on Sleep mode for accumulators from 35, Ah, and with switched offSleep mode for accumulators from 75, Ah. Accumulators to the quick store are suitable, can be loadedfrom 20, Ah.

The loading machines have counter for the following functions:1. The loading end tension of 13.8 V, e.g., for old starter accumulators.2. The loading end tension of 14.4 V e.g. for wet accumulators and shrill accumulators.3. The loading end tension of 14.8 V e.g. for fleece accumulators.4. The post loading time is regulated on 4 hours or 8 hours.5. The net part function, with it becomes from the loading machine a highly competitive net part.6. A socket for connecting of the temperature sensor (accessories) to the optimum store at alltemperatures.

No loading cables belong to the scope of supply of the loading machines. The following cross sectionsare recommended: For 45 A loading machines 25 mm ² - 30 mm ², for 25 A loading machines 16 mm ² -25 mm ², for 15 A loading machines 6 mm ² - 10 mm ² and for the additional connection of the starteraccumulator 1 mm ² - 2.5 mm ² . The loading machines are reverse current-firm, therefore, they canremain connected always in the accumulator, also in the switched off state and with the row store. Thereverse current is approx. 9 mA.

WAECO also makes a primärclocked semiautomatic battery charger with the identity line IU. To avoid aflorid, the accumulator in the loading has to go with this loading kind is clamped, but he will overload.

TypeInput tension area sourcetension charging current

Identity lineDimensionsWeightHigh-class signs

Mobitronic compact loader IU 8 A No. 808-012180 V - 250 V AC14.1 V DC8AIUB 120 x H 70 x T 200 mm0.9 kgVerpolungsschutz, Überlastschutz, short circuit protection,primärgetaktet


Test signs GS, CEPrice 79.00 EUR incl. VAT

WAECO also makes very inexpensive battery chargers with the Wa-identity line under the name "mobitronic Battery Charger" with a charging current of 6 - 20 A for 12 V of accumulator and 10 A for 24accumulators. The prize span lies between 30.00 EUR and 79.00 EUR incl. VAT attention: these batterychargers are comparable not at all with WAECO „mobitronic I UOU automatic loaders“.

I had before WAECO „mobitronic IUOU automatic loader“ 915-012-D for 12 V of accumulator with acharging current of 15 A and the temperature sensors T-500 in use application. The loading machineworked with the temperature sensor at different temperatures perfectly. The charging current, theloading end tension, reloading and the preservation store were optimum at all temperatures. Thisloading machine is a device outdated today. The comparable loading machine of the new generation is91 5-01 2TA with many advantages. He has among other things a modified identity line IUoU, thechangeovers the loading end tension for all accumulator types, the Sleep mode with the charging currentsinking and the temporal limitations while reloading. Because I needed highly competitive and universalloading machines, I decided for 3 WAECO 15 A „mobitronic IUOU Automatic loader 91 2TA 5-01“ of thenew generation with modified identity line IUoU and 3 temperature sensors TF-500.

.............................................................................................................................................................


Picture explanation

3 WAECO loading machines 915-012TA in order to save space about one another mount to the singlestore of 3 12 V switched in row of accumulator 120, Ah, in 36 V of company.....................................................................................................................................................................

The price of 180.00 EUR incl. VAT for the 915-012TA loading machine seems rather high at firs t, buthe is worthwhile with many advantages:

1. The loading machine lets itself on all accumulator types puts, like starter, Solar, impulse, lighting, Wet,gel, fleece, AGM, etc.

2. With 15 A loading machines can be loaded accumulators in the Sleep mode with capacities from 35,Ah, and in the normal mode from 75, Ah. Accumulators with those the quick store is admitted can bealready loaded from 20, Ah. Max loading Accucapacity is 150, Ah.

3. With the Sleep mode the charging current is halved and the fan is switched off. This is very pleasantif the accumulator is loaded at night in the living area.


4. The loading machine has an additional loading program for old starter accumulators.

5. The loading process is time wise optimized. The accumulator is loaded with the main store andreloading only as long as like it is necessary. This is important with the partial-unloaded accumulator.Loading machines with firm post loading time also need for a partial-unloaded accumulator always theequally long loading time and can overload the accumulator.

6. The automatic changeover of the main store for reloading occurs if the charging current so far hasdecreased that he reaches the minimum value. Accumulators to their consumer are connected or infirmaccumulators cannot reach the minimum value. So that these accumulators are not overloaded, one canlimit the post loading time to 4 or 8 hours. With it a florid is absolutely excluded.

7. After a stream failure every accumulator becomes in such a way loading more as if there had be enno stream failure. Loading machines with agreed post loading time without measurement of the chargingcurrent like e.g. of the IVT "3 step automatic loader 4/8A" restart after every stream failure, even with theloaded accumulator, time wise agreed reloading. Although the accumulator was already charged on100%, he is brought after every stream failure again strongly in the Gassing. This cannot happen with aWAECO loading machine.

8. The accumulator is loaded with the temperature sensor (accessories) at every temperature in summerand winter always optimally.

9. The loading machines are suitable for the single store of accumulators switched in row very well. Thecharging current, the loading end tension and the preservation case tension are calibrated extremelyclosely, with it differences are avoided between the accumulators switched in row.

10. The accumulator can remain connected arbitrarily long in the loading machine.

11. With a counter the loading machine lets itself to highly competitive 13.8 V of net part with 7.5 Aor 15 A switches over. With it one can test the engine of the garden road or use him for other streamcare with high achievement.


Concluding remarks

In the electrically pursued garden roads wet starter accumulators, wet impulse accumulators, gel-impulse accumulators and fleece-impulse accumulators are used predominantly. Now one should thinkthat all accumulator manufacturers give the same case and Unloading date for 4 accumulator types. No,every manufacturer has his own case and Unloading date for the same accumulator type.

In reality it is still much more complicated. To the optimum store of wet impulse accumulators themanufacturer called the suitable loading identity line and loading tensions to me before the purchase ofthe accumulators. The accumulators had no more capacity after few cycles and were complained by me.For the new accumulators the manufacturer called to me a 2nd loading identity line with other loadingtensions. But also the accumulators loaded with it held only few cycles. For the 3rd accumulatorsentence I should use another loading identity line again. Notabene, these were always accumulators ofthe same type and the manufacturer gave to me for it 3 absolutely different loading identity lines andloading tensions. I have a lot of battery chargers, however, did not have the loading exotics them theaccumulators with 3. given loading identity lines loads. Therefore, I asked the accumulator manufacturerfor surrender on loan of a battery charger that has the suitable loading identity line and loading tension.The manufacturer did not have the battery charger even. He can test his own accumulators not with theloading identity line suggested by him, this is unbelievable! The accumulator manufacturer is no „smallherbs“ separate a worldwide group of the accumulators of all kind produces. So I was founded a batterycharger this accumulators with 3. identity lines give en by the manufacturer could load. "Cooking"accumulators were the result. To put down this I should try a 4th loading identity line that I did not try out,however, of understandable manner any more. Under these circumstances I ask for understanding thatmy report can be only exemplary, differences to be followed with the store and unloaded indicates andwithout any guarantee is. If I have used information from data sheets they are to be checked forcorrectness.

Tip: Before an unknown loading machine is bought, one had to go from the accumulator manufacturergiven (right ones!!!) loading identity line and them (right ones!!!) loading tensions know and check theloading machine for his suitability. These are the following important points:

1. The loading identity line

2. The main charging current

3. The loading end tension

4. The preservation case tension

5. If the accumulator is loaded in the undeveloped outskirt area, the loading end dependent ontemperature and preservation case tension for temperatures between-15°C and +35°C.

6. With which charging current should be switched by reloading to the preservation store? Is the postloading time to be limited, in addition, time wise? How long is the time?Alternatively if the loading machine cannot measure the charging current while reloading to switch overautomatically to the preservation store: After which post-loading time should the loading machine beginthe preservation store?

7. Is the durable preservation store with lowered tension permitted?Alternatively: Are permitted the pulsed preservation store with the tension rubbish of the accumulator?Then the information of the switch on voltage with that the pulsed preservation store should begin.Alternatively: Are to be steered the pulsed preservation store time wise? Then the times for the turningon and switch offend of the preservation store.

8. The internal resistance of the accumulator. With it the tension rubbish lets itself in the accumulator forevery unloading stream calculates.

9. The capacity them the accumulator under driving condition with the engine stream from? A has.

10. The information of the Unloading final voltage, around the accumulator is not all-important bydeep unloading to damage.


11. Is the number of the loading cycles with unloading under driving condition with interesting also? A upto the Unloading final voltage from? Volts.

The points 8 - 11 do not interest the battery charger shop assistant of course. Unfortunately, there isoften not enough skilled consultation in trade by the purchase of a battery charger. Particularly when onegives the concrete loading data. Get in contact, therefore, better with the manufacturer or importer to

you recommended of battery charger. Present to him the loading data of the accumulator manufacturerand let confirm him the battery charger as for it suitably. It also goes differently. Ask from therecommended battery charger for the data and ask the accumulator manufacturer for his OK, or ask theaccumulator manufacturer for the optimum battery charger for his accumulators. Though this is the e-asiest way, but presumably also most expensive because the accumulator manufacturer certainly ahigh-quality battery charger for the professional industrial application will suggest. Or he knows nobattery charger that corresponds to his demands (see above).

Best everything asks in writing, this is an advantage in the guarantee case with the defectiveaccumulator always. I do not write this without reason. From June 2004 to September 2004 I hadcomplained 12 impulse accumulators because of capacity loss and untimely failure. If I could not haveproved that I had loaded the accumulators according to manufacturer's information and had unloaded,then now I would sit on a big and very highly paid heap of hazardous wastes. Now the unbelievable whatnever comes really may happen: The trader has not returned 6 from me because of capacity loss tocomplained accumulators to the manufacturer to the complaint, he has resold them immediately againas new flawless accumulators, the accumulator manufacturer insured of this me. Therefore, my tip: Arecarefully by the purchase of an accumulator. If use tracks, filled acid and other tips, how e.g. Braisedplaces to the accumulator Pole, by a used accumulator conclude, you should not buy the accumulator.


Supplement

At the moment I test anew-developed 12 V 120, Ah, fleece accumulators with high Unload stream. Theaccumulators have the same dimensions like the up to now made 100, Ah, accumulators. With the newtype the records of lead and fleeces were packed even closer to reach the high capacity on the samespace. The information in being to me the data sheet is amusing. In the following the most importantextracts:

For the test the new accumulators, which have been loaded 24 hours before with a tension of 14.5 V to14.9 V and a beginning charging current from less than 30, A are used.Temperature 25 +-5°CAir humidity 25 - 85% rel.Atmospheric pressure 86 - 106 kPaUnloading final voltage the Unloading final voltage of the accumulator may not fall short given of value.

Repeated deep unloading can lead to capacity loss.

The capacity data if the average from 2 - 3 measurements is in new accumulators.Capacity Unloading time Unload stream Unloading final voltage120 Ah 20 hr. 6 A 10.5 V110 Ah 10 hr. 11 A 10.5 V93 Ah 5 hr. 18.7 A 10.5 V71 Ah 1 hr. 71 A 10.2 V50 Ah 15 min. 200 A 9.6 V

4 mOhm = 0,004 ohms3 seconds with 450 A remain without effects.Loaded accumulator 160 hours with 3.6 A load, no running out, no explosion.

> = 95% if the loaded accumulator is loaded 96 hours with 1.2 A afterwards with0.6 A for 1 hour loaded, and the gas more than 1 hour will measure.

10 - 20 kPa opening, <= 2 kPa closing.Loaded accumulator with flame check, no explosion.Loaded accumulator in humid surroundings, no acid stamped out.> = 80%, with the loaded accumulator after 120-day storage and unloading with0.04 A.> = 250, according to. JISC 8702-1995,8/3/12The straight-standing accumulator becomes with amplitude of 4 mm and afrequency of 16.7 hertz for 60 minutes beaufschlagt; besides, he behavesmechanically and electrically normally.The straight-standing accumulator falls three times from 200-mm height on anat least 10 mm wooden record, besides, behaves mechanically and electricallynormally.The accumulator is to be charged on unloading immediately again. Store withsteady tension is recommended. Max start loading stream should not exceed 30A. The loading tension for the cycle company amounts to 14.4 V - 15 V and atthe Standby company 13.6 V - 13.8 V. If the accumulators in row

Unload stream Unloading final voltage<12 A 10.8 V12 A <60 A 10.5 V60 A <120 A 10.2 V> = 120 A 9.6 VTemperature Capacity40°C 102%25°C 100%0°C 85%15°C 65%Empty run tensionLoaded > = 13.02 V

Internal resistanceshigh-current unloadingoverloading

RecombinationwirkungsgradBoiler safety valvefunctional testAusblasschutzhumidity protectioncapacity preservation

Loading cyclesoscillation firmness

Push firmness

Loading instructions

or in parallel are switched, is to be respected to the right leading cross section.The accumulator may not be loaded „on the head standing“. The accumulatorneeds approx. 110% of the Unloading energy to the reloading.

Ladecharakteristik Steady tension 2.27 V - 2.3 V / cells (preservation store). Cycle tension 2.4 V -2.45 V / cells.

Temperaturecompensation with rising temperature is to be reduced the loading tension to prevent florid. At

sinking temperature the loading tension should be raised to prevent unterload.The recommended compensation factor amounts in the readiness-parallelcompany (preservation store) 3 mV / ° C cell (18 mV with 12 V of accumulator)and at the cyclic company 4 mV / ° C cell (24 mV with 12 V of accumulator).The reference temperature is 25°C.

Unloading instruction the accumulator may not unload is stored. The empty run tension during thestorage may not fall short of 12 V. Otherwise the full capacity and the life spancannot be reached. Maximum unloading-constant stream amounts to 1,000 A.For a higher Unload stream a technical consultation is to be caught up before.To avoid a deep unloading of the accumulator, the Unloading final voltageshould amount more than 9.6 V

Storage the storage of the accumulators should occur beyond the device and withoutconnection with the load or the battery charger. The storage should occur in adrily and chill space. Also during the storage the accumulators grow old. Storedaccumulators should get a preservation load in distances. We recommend:

Camp temperature Loading interval0°C to 20°C All 12 months21°C to 30 °C All 9 months31°C to 40 °C All 5 months41°C to 50° C All 2.5 months, only for a short time allowed

Stored accumulators discharge themselves. The capacity decreases without preservation load asfollows (with 20°C):

Storage time Rest capacityAfter 3 months 90%After 6 months 80%After 9 months 60%

I do not know the retail price yet, however, the accumulators should be offered relatively favorably.Below my first test results:

3 pieces of fleece accumulators BTL-120S, 12 V 120, Ah, / 20std (71, Ah, /1std) in 36 V of series connection. Very small dimensions L 330 x B 171 x H222 mm. Distribution by SWT, Emsdetten, other info Tel. 02572-958534.Single store with 3 pieces WAECO mobitronic IUOU automatic loader type915-012TA with 3 temperature sensors TF-500, charging current 15 A, loadingprogram opposed on fleece accumulator. Other info to the loading machinessees above under „WAECO loading machines“ or WAECO Tel. 02572-8790.Mini el Electric-mobile, construction year 1992, other info underwww.elweb.info , in the menu Projects under Dieter Werner.Alternately between 30 A and 130 A, Max output 4,700 VA = 4.7 kW.

Number of the loadingcycles duration of the

Testaccumulators

Loadingtechnology

Test vehicleUnloadstreamabbreviationsCycleTimeAh


unloading taken capacityAverage Unload stream

Cycle12345

Date9/27/20049/28/20049/29/200410/1/200410/4/2004

Time00:50:4101:41:1401:31:2401:16:2101:00:57

Ah, A43.20 51,164.58 38.362.46 41.052.77 41.541.14 40.5

A

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6 10/6/2004 01: 00:47 45.98 45.47 10/7/2004 00:58:32 46.59 47.88 10/8/2004 01:13:10 49.69 40.79 10/8/2004 01:00:48 38.01 37.5

10 10/10/2004 00:58:35 42.08 43.111 10/10/2004 01:01:21 52.80 51.612 10/13/2004 00:53:19 38.20 43.0

The preceding values are a choice of my whole test data. I made the cycles from 8 to 11 with the journeythere and return journey the evaporation in the 10/9/2004 to the hammer model and garden roadfriends. The distance Riesenbeck-Hamm-Riesenbeck is 170 kilometers, in addition I needed as a purerunning time 4:13:54, on an average 40.3 km/h. Pure theoretically I could have created with carefuldriving manner the way there and way back of 85 km without interstore. Because I had never unloadedthe accumulators up to the Unloading final voltage, I resolved to reload on the way briefly. The gasstation attendant did not want to think that I no petrol separate stream needed. Per loading I paid to him50 cents. This was still relatively expensive; the stream costs lie with the normal store with approx. 75cents per 100 km. I am inspired by the achievement of the accumulators. They are extremely highcurrent firm, the tension breaks even in the Unload stream of 130 A only slightly. Hopefully they remainstable also in the other test and are not so unsuitable as the wet DETA DRIVE-MOBILE ® or theSUNSHINE DRYFIT ® accumulators which never reached these values and were defective partiallyalready after 5 cycles. I finish the test probably in the beginning of 2005 around the accumulators alsowith cold to examine. Then I will measure with each of 3 accumulators individually the is capacity. If it thecapacity admits I go with Mini el in the 3/19/2005 without interstore to the smoking start to Hamm in theMaxi park. Who would like to know closer to the test, for the application of the fleece accumulators in theelectrically pursued garden road and other electric vehicles, can call me. Also I help in all other furtherinquiries with pleasure, Tel. 05454-99858.

All prices are non-binding recommended prices of the called companies incl. the VAT, state August2004. Should I have used company name or products with protected trademark and brand name like ®

or TM and have pointed not expressly to it, then it happened without any intention. All trademark are anunlimited property of her respective owners.

English Translation by Henk Struik www.struik-tvs.eu

http://www.struik-tvs.eu/

the accumulator of lead, his case unloading …case, unload stream and deep unloading are to be...

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