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The 85 Texas Legislature in Review (85‐R & 85‐1)

September 6, 2017

September 2017 © Moak, Casey and Associates 1

Hurricane Harvey


Image from The New Yorker, America’s Future is Texas, Lawrence Wright, July 10 & 17, 2017


Texas: Outsized Growth & Politics

• Growing at a fast rate• Projected to double to 54.4 Million by 2050• Three Texas Cities – Houston, Dallas, & San Antonio – among the top ten largest U.S. cities

• Austin – the 11th largest• Leads the nation in Latino population growth


The 85th Texas Legislature


The Session That Was…

July 2017 © Moak, Casey and Associates 7

The Session That Was More Politics than Policy

• House membership dynamics were more intense than most sessions

• House vs. Senate • Governor Abbott mostly stayed out of the fray


Comments About the Special Session

• Unprecedented scope of action for special session set by the Governor

• Broadly inclusive of education items• Includes virtually all items in Patrick agenda not addressed by regular session

• Added in a few additional items


Education Policy Issues of Note

Issues What Passed

School Finance (HB 21 by Huberty) Basic Allotment Increase ASATR or Hardship Grant November Election Dates (TREs and Bonds)



Issues What Passed

A‐F Ratings (HB 22 by Huberty) Assessment Reduction (HB 515 by VanDeaver) IGCs (SB 463 by Seliger) Course Sequencing (SB 826 by Taylor) Special Education Monitoring (SB 160 by Rodriguez) High Quality Pre‐Kindergarten (SB 1 by Nelson) ?TRSCare Reform (HB 3976 by Ashby) TRS ActiveCare Reform (SB by 789 Huffman)

Current Political Environment

• After contentious debate, budget was passed– Reduced state share of public education funding (45%)

• Federal and state interest in vouchers– TEA RFO with “School Choice Calculator”

• Testing: More? Less? Or just different?• Prominent involvement of Commissioner of Education


Bills of Note The 85th Texas Legislature


Shortest Bill with (Perhaps) the Greatest Impact on Students

• SB 463 by Sen. Seliger– Extends IGCs for 2 more years (Sept. 2019)– Creates a path to graduation for students subject to earlier assessment programs

• Alternative assessments• Work, military or life experiences• Decisions are final and cannot be appealed

– Requires THECB to conduct follow‐up studies of IGC graduates


Best Testing Bill to Recognize Individual Differences

• HB 657 by Rep. Bernal– Parental notice by Sept. 1 of ARD options if student does not pass state assessment

– ARD meeting must be held before retesting a student in special education who fails STAAR

– ARD committee may promote a student if sufficient progress is made on goals in IEP

– District is not compelled to provide additional retest opportunities to a promoted student


Best Support System for Appropriate Assessment

• HB 1886 by Rep. Miller– Licensed dyslexia therapist at each ESC– Revisions to individual transition planning for students with disabilities (most in SY 18‐19)

– Dyslexia screening or testing mandatory at end of KG & 1st grade each year (SY 17‐18)

– TEA must post list of dyslexia‐related training opportunities to its web site each year

• At least one opportunity must be online


Most Helpful Solutions for FHSP

• SB 826 by Sen. Taylor– Gives students flexibility in high school English, Math course sequencing

• SB 671 by Sen. Campbell– Foreign language credit for successful completion of dual language immersion program in elementary school


In the Category of“Not Your Grandpa’s CTE” Bills

• SB 22 by Ch. Larry Taylor: P‐TECH – Starting in SY 2018‐19, repeals Subchapter T, Ch. 61 of the Education Code (Tech‐Prep programs) & discontinues $50 per student in FSP funding for tech prep participation

– Establishes Pathways in Technology Early College High (P‐TECH) schools


“Not Your Grandpa’s CTE” Bills More About SB 22 (P‐TECH) by Ch. Taylor

• No cost to participating students• Open‐enrollment schools that allow 9th‐12th grade students to take higher education courses as they complete high school

• Within 6 years of entry into 9th grade, students graduate with an Associates degree, a 2‐year postsecondary certificate or industry certificate, and/or having completed work‐based training


“Not Your Grandpa’s CTE” Bills More About SB 22 (P‐TECH) by Ch. Taylor

• Districts must enter into articulation agreements with IHEs & establish MOUs with industry or business partners

• Districts may obtain insurance coverage; immunity is extended to students

• Commissioner rules spell out procedures and criteria for obtaining P‐TECH designation & establish grant funds (if appropriated)

• P‐TECH students may not be counted as dropouts until the 6th year after entry into 9th grade

• FSP funding is proportional to time spent in high school courses


Additional Items in the Category of “Not Your Grandpa’s CTE” Bills

• HB 3593 by Rep. Bernal– Districts may offer a course for local credit in cybersecurity

– SBOE to approve courses in cybersecurity for graduation credit

• Five tech apps courses to be identified as a cybersecurity pathway within STEM endorsement

– Computer coding can substitute for up to 2 foreign language credits for graduation


“Not Your Grandpa’s CTE” BillsMore About HB 3593 by Rep Bernal

– Subsidy for certification exams to include certification exams in cybersecurity

– Districts entitled to use NIFA allotments to renovate existing facilities into dedicated cybersecurity computer laboratories

– Adds an accountability measure to current Domain IV: Percentage of students who successfully complete a practicum or internship that is approved by the SBOE


Bills Pertaining to Dual Credit

• HB 1638 by Rep. Guillen– State and local goals for dual credit programs

• HB 728 by Rep. Guerra – In participating sites, advanced computer science program credit can satisfy an advanced math or science credit in SY 2018‐19

• HB 2937 by Rep. Canales – THECB authorized to start medical dual credit pilot program


• SB 802 by Sen. Seliger– By Nov. 1, 2018, THECB prepares a report about best practices to ensure that courses transferred to an IHE, including dual credit courses, are accepted as credits towards a degree program at the IHE.

• SB 1091 by Sen. Seliger– limits [funded] dual credit courses to those in IHE’s core curriculum, CTE, a foreign language


More Bills Pertaining to Dual Credit

Selected Bills Related to Curriculum or Programs• SB 1318 by Sen. V. Taylor – Mathematics Innovation Zones– Innovative Math Instructional Programs & campus‐level designation if application is approved

– If available, grants during the biennium capped at $12.5 million

– Designated campus not subject to accountability interventions for first 2 years if program is in compliance and implemented with fidelity


Selected Bills Related to Curriculum or Programs

More About SB 1318 by Sen. V. Taylor

–District may use "pay for success program" (private financing under which payments are contingent on achievement of outcomes) to pay innovation zone costs

– Innovation zone campuses are not subject to state procurement requirements that would otherwise apply


Bills About Discipline

• HB 674 by Johnson & Garcia: Relating to the suspension of a student younger than third grade.

• SB 179 by Menendez: Relating to student harassment, bullying, cyberbullying, injury to or death of a minor. “David’s Law”


ACCOUNTABILITY & ASSESSMENT


Next Gen Recommendations Action

1. “Implement an individualized, integrated system of Texas designed state assessments using computerized‐adaptive testing and instruction aligned with the state’s curriculum framework.”

2. “Allow the commissioner of education to approve locally developed writing assessments.” 3. “Support the continued streamlining of the Texas Essential Knowledge and Skills (TEKS).” 4. “Limit state testing to the readiness standards.” 5. “Add college‐readiness assessments to the indicators of the state’s accountability system in Domain IV (Postsecondary Readiness) indicators and recommend appropriate available funding for a broader administration of college‐readiness tests.”

Texas Commission on Next Generation Assessments and Accountability – Aug. 31,

2016


Next Gen Recommendations Action

6. “Align the state accountability system with ESSA requirements.” 7. “Eliminate Domain IV from state accountability calculations for elementary schools.” 8. “Place greater emphasis on student growth in Domains I–III in the state accountability system.” 9. “Retain the individual graduation committee option for graduation as allowed under TEC, §28.0258.”

Texas Commission on Next Generation Assessments and Accountability – Aug. 31,

2016


BILLS ABOUT ASSESSMENT


Bills with Revisions to Testing Other Than STAAR

• SB 825 by Ch. Taylor– Districts may (no longer shall) administer “preliminary college preparation” tests to students in 8th and/or 10th grades at state cost

• SB 1843 by Sen. Campbell– Districts and charters must give 10th‐12th grade students an opportunity to take ASVAB and consult with a recruiter

– Certain exceptions provided… but you’ll be on list published on TEA’s web site


• SB 1005 by Sen. Campbell– Commissioner not required to maintain TAKS after Sept. 1, 2017

– Commissioner sets cut points on SAT, ACT, EOC or TSIA diagnostic tests

– Students subject to pre‐STAAR graduation exam requirements can retake TAKS or any of the above tests

– Districts determine which assessment(s) can qualify the students for HS diploma


More Bills with Revisions to Testing Other Than STAAR

SELECTED BILLS RELATED TO DATA, REPORTING OR NOTIFICATIONS


Gather Data? Wait… What?

• HB 2130 by Rep. Roberts: Impact of state testing on students in special education– Uses data from SYs 2015‐16 and 2017‐18– Addresses 10 specific research questions

• Q’s range from compliance with federal law to unintended educational or possible legal consequences of exemption

– Seeks recommendations on 6 topics• Topics range from testing accommodations to ways to boost promotion and graduation rates


Data Confidentiality

• HB 2087 by Rep. VanDeaver: – Protects identifiable information in any medium or format that is not publicly available

– Profiles cannot be built (unless for school purposes) or sold

– No targeted advertising based on data received as part of online services for school

– Assessment providers must obtain affirmative consent to sell or rent student data


Data Reporting

• SB 490 by Sen. Lucio: Districts and charters must report in PEIMS the number of full‐time equivalent counselors at each campus (other provisions apply to counselors)

• SB 1404 by Sen. Hughes: Districts and charters must report through PEIMS the types, and number of students in, expanded learning opportunities at each school


More Data Reporting • SB 2080 by Ch. Larry Taylor:

– Districts and charters must report in PEIMS the number of children w/ disabilities, residing in residential facilities, who receive district services and must be tracked in RFM

• SB 1152 by Sen. Menendez: – Excused absences to pursue enlistment if student is at least 17, uses no more than 4 days for this purpose, and district verifies the activity


Bills About Required Reports

• SB 1153 by Sen. Menendez:

– Parents’ right to information about interventions used with students

• SB 1873 by Sen. Hinojosa:– TEA is required to prepare and post report on PE classes, enrollment, teachers who are qualified, facilities & equipment, modifications for students with disabilities, and policy about punishment by withholding physical activity


And, About Notifications

• HB 3563 by Rep. Koop:

– Conforms language to ESSA about notice to parents if teacher isn’t certified for grade level and subject area assigned [rather than “HQ”]


AccountabilityHB 22 by Ch. Huberty

Popular Features:

• 3 domains• One‐year delay in assigning

A‐F ratings to campuses (not districts)

• Differentiates between “D” and “F”

• Concept of Local Accountability System

• Aligns PEG to current ratings

NOT‐SO‐popular features:

• Commissioner’s broad authority to implement Ch. 39

• Continued use of Overall Rating• Continued emphasis on STAAR

(lack of non‐test based indicators for ES and MS)

• Potential unintended consequences of Commissioner‐Approved, Local Accountability System



Source: Commissioner’s Update on A‐F Accountability Model; TASA Conference June 26, 2017

The New New System (Before the Old New System Took Effect)

HB 22: A‐F Overall and Domain RatingsStudent

Achievement• STAAR (two performance levels)

• STAAR Alt 2, satisfactory level

• 11 indicators for HS & ISDs

SchoolProgress

• Percent met standard for improvement

• Overall performance compared to “like” schools & ISDs

Closing the GapsDifferentials among groups:• Racial/ethnic• SES• Exited Sp Ed• Mobile v. continuously enrolled


{[BEST OF EITHER ACHIEVEMENT OR PROGRESS] AND CLOSING THE GAPS}

The New New System (Before the Old New System Took Effect)


Student Achievement

DomainIndicators

School Progress DomainIndicators

Closing the Gaps Domain(Analogous to System Safeguard

Report)

Overall RatingIndicator(s)

ES ORMS

Best of Achievement or ProgressSTAAR

30%70%80%20% 100%

STAAR STAAR STAAR

50%50%

State Budget

Hurricane Harvey

1. Disruption in services2. Property damage and reappraisals3. Relocation of students4. School facility issues5. State and federal response6. Supplemental funding


All Funds State Budget

September 2017 47© Moak, Casey and Associates

General Revenue State Budget


Hamstringing the Budget

• Reduction in Oil and Gas Transfer to Rainy Day Fund(2014): Highway Fund receives half of transfer, approximately (not a direct impact to GR): • $1 billion per year

• Franchise tax reduction (2016): • $1.25 billion per year

• Homestead exemption increase (2016): • $600 million per year

• Sales tax diversion to Highway Fund (2018): • Up to $2.5 billion per year


Balancing the Budget

• $1.8 billion delay in sales tax diversion to the Highway Fund (2019)

• $988 million from the Rainy Day Fund for one‐time use items, including e‐rate for schools

• $500 million from accelerated sales of unclaimed property

• $300 million transfer from PSF to ASF


School Districts Save State Budget…Again

• The largest method of finance was state savings due to local school district property value growth

• Local value growth saved the state: – $3.6 billion

• Recapture increased:– $1+ billion


Unused Revenue Streams

• The state could have found additional revenue streams for increasing appropriations:• $1.875 billion FSP Payment Delay• At least $700 million more in the delay of the sales tax transfer to Highway Fund

• Up to $3.9 billion more available in Rainy Day Fund

• $7.0 billion floor for biennium


September 2017 53

Rainy Day Fund

© Moak, Casey and Associates

Special Session Priorities

• State and local revenue growth• Inflation + population growth

• Property tax reform, similar to SB 2 by Bettencourt• Reduce local regulation

• Property ordinances and permits• Limits on local annexation• Limit patchwork of “texting while driving” ordinances

• State law would take precedent• Payroll deduction for union dues, similar to SB 13 by

Huffman• Limitations on taxpayer funded abortions• Women’s mortality commission


Education Items on the Call

• $1,000 teacher pay raise• “We don’t need to spend more, we need to spend smarter.”

• More flexibility to hire and fire teachers• Special education voucher program• School finance commission • Bathroom bill, at minimum for public schools


September 2017 56

Priorities RegularSession

Special Session

Balanced Budget (SB 1 by Nelson) *Property Tax Relief (SB 2 by Bettencourt)

Vouchers (SB 3 by Taylor) Sanctuary Cities (SB 4 by Perry) ‐Voter Protection (SB 5 by Huffman) Bathrooms (SB 6 by Kolkhorst)

Priority Legislation

*Added to HHSC shortfall


September 2017 57

PrioritiesRegularSession

Special Session

Abortion Legislation (SB 8 by Schwertner) Limitation of Growth in Appropriations (SB 9 by Hancock) CPS Reform (SB 11 by Schwertner) ‐Payroll Deductions (SB 13 by Huffman) Franchise Tax Reduction (SB 17 by Nelson) Tree Ordinances/Annexation ‐ Texting While Driving


New Money

• Increase to the Austin Yield • 2016‐17: $77.53• 2017‐18 School Year: $99.41 • 2018‐19 School Year: $106.28

• Additional cost of about $1.5 billion for the biennium• An average statewide increase for school districts of about

$117/WADA• Enrollment growth funding: $2.7 billion for the biennium


Additional Funding, Special Session

• $351 million appropriated to TEA from Health and Human Services Commission

• $212 million appropriated to TRS from Health and Human Services Commission

• Total amount of transfers is $563 million


FSP Budget Items of Interest

Item 2016‐17 Biennium 2018‐19 BienniumNIFA $47.5 m $47.5 m

Instructional Facilities Allotment (New Awards)

$55 m (FY 17) $0

Property Value Decline $0 $75.0 m


Hardship Grant

• Provides total of $100 million (2018); $50 million (2019)

• TEA calculates what district would have earned with ASATR in place vs. current law• Will use 2017 LPE district data, 2015‐16 expenditures, no settle‐up process or data changes

• Restrictions on awards include:• 120% of state average expenditures• 10% district cap compared to overall hardship grant• Applied to $1.00 tax rate• Value decline funding or hardship grant


Small School Adjustment

• Amends small district adjustment for districts with boundaries encompassing less than 300 square miles

• Beginning in FY19, an increase to the small district adjustment for these districts each year through fiscal year 2024 until the adjustment is equal to the level currently provided for small districts encompassing 300 or more square miles

• The adjustment's effect on charter school funding would be limited to the level provided in FY18


Charter School Facilities

• $60 million award to charter schools for facilities funding that have last overall accountability performance rating of at least acceptable for 2018‐19 school year

• Award is the lesser of $40 Yield X average state I&S tax rate or a rate that would result in a total amount to which charter schools are entitled for the current year equal to $60 million

• Amounts to about $245/ADA• 250,000 charter school ADA• 16 charter districts or 6,000 students on IR accountability

rating list


EDA Funding Increase• $60 million award to increase the $35 EDA Yield ($40/ADA

cap) for 2018‐19 school year• Based on MCA 2018‐19 school year data, the EDA yield will be

increased to an estimated $38.50/ADA• Only 360 school districts are estimated to receive EDA support

in 2018‐19‐‐the average overall increase in state funding compared to current law for these districts is approximately $38/ADA

• This funding increase does not impact those school districts receiving state support through the IFA program

• State share will continue to decline as local property values increase over time (savings to the state due to local value growth outpaces the new funding)


Dyslexia Grant Program

• Funding for current biennium limited to $20 million• Programs designed for students ages 3‐8• Not more than ten programs shall be approved• No program may receive more than $1 million for the 2018‐2019 biennium


Autism Grant Program

• State aid limited to $20 million for current biennium• School districts and charters may apply • Program designed for ages 3‐8• Program expires September 1, 2021


State Share of FSP Declining Still


Non‐FSP Items of Interest

District Program Grants2016‐17 Biennium

2018‐19 Biennium

Incentive Aid $3,000,000 $2,000,000

Literacy Achievement Academies $17,816,546 $9,000,000

Mathematics Achievement Academies $22,816,546 $9,000,000

Prekindergarten, Enhanced $30,000,000 $0

High‐Quality PK Grant $118,000,000 $0



District Program Grants 2016‐17 Biennium

2018‐19 Biennium

Reading‐to‐Learn (RTL) Academies $11,111,126 $5,500,000

School Improvement and Governance Support $3,500,000 $2,900,000

Student Success Initiative $31,700,000 $11,000,000

Texas Advanced Placement Initiative $16,300,000 $14,600,000

Texas Gateway $18,000,000 $15,000,000

Virtual School Network $8,000,000 $800,000



Grants to Educational Organizations 2016‐17 Biennium

2018‐19 Biennium

Adult Charter School $2,000,000 $2,000,000

Amachi $2,500,000 $1,300,000

Early Childhood School Readiness $7,000,000 $3,500,000

FitnessGram Program $2,000,000 $2,000,000

Teach for America $12,000,000 $11,000,000

Texas Academic Innovation and Mentoring (AIM) $4,500,000 $4,500,000

Administrative Support for Cybersecurity $0 $5,000,000



Pass Through Funding and Other 2016‐17 Biennium

2018‐19 Biennium

Regional Education Service Centers‐ Funding for Core Services $25,000,000 $23,750,000

Texas Juvenile Justice Department Education Program $7,916,688 $9,198,736

Windham School District $103,000,000 $104,365,440

Open Source Instructional Materials $10,000,000 $20,000,000


School Finance Commission

• 13 member school finance commission to develop and make recommendations for improvements to the current public school finance system or for new methods of financing public schools

• The Commission is to report by December 31, 2018 and will be assisted by the Commissioner and staff of TEA

• 4 members appointed by the Governor– Chairman of the commission– 1 current or retired classroom teacher – 1 business community member – 1 civic community member


Finance Commission, cont’d.

• 4 members appointed by the Lt. Governor – 3 senators and – 1 administrator or school board member

• 4 members appointed by the Speaker of the House– 3 house members and – 1 administrator or school board member;

• 1 member appointed by the Chair of the SBOE– One member of the State Board of Education



Previous Commissions and StudiesYear Study1984 Report of the Price Differential Index Advisory Committee to the Texas State Board of Education 1985 Report of the Texas Program Cost Differential Study and Recommendations of the Advisory Committee for

Accountable Costs to the State Board of Education

1986 Report of the Price Differential Index Advisory Committee to the State Board of Education1986 The 1985‐86 Accountable Costs Study and Recommendation of the Accountable Costs Advisory Committee

to the State Board of Education

1988 State Board of Education, 1987‐88 Accountable Costs Study 1988 State Board of Education, Revised Cost‐of‐Education Index1991 Legislative Education Board, Cost‐of‐Education Index, 1992‐93 Biennium1992 Legislative Education Board, et al., Public Education Special Cost Studies Staff Report1994 Legislative Budget Board, Foundation School Program Funding Elements, Report to the Foundation School

Fund Budget Committee

1997 Legislative Budget Board, Foundation School Program Funding Elements1998 State Board of Education, Revised Cost‐of‐Education Index1999 Legislative Budget Board, Foundation School Program Fiscal and Policy Studies2000 Dana Center, A Study of Uncontrollable Variations in the Costs of Texas Public Education2001 Legislative Budget Board, Foundation School Program Fiscal and Policy Studies2004 Joint Select Committee on Public School Finance2009 Legislative Budget Board, Foundation School Program Fiscal and Policy Studies 2009‐10 Joint Select Committee on Public School Finance Weights, Allotments, and Adjustments

*Does not include the regular interim charges, court case studies, and/or various organization and association studies issued

Traditional Public School Spending


Charter School Spending

September 2017 77

*Includes estimation of TRS on‐behalf payments not reported through PEIMS.


TRSCare Funding• The school district contribution for TRSCare increased from 0.55 to

0.75 percent – $133 million for the biennium – This is the maximum school district contribution allowed under statute

• The state will also increase its contribution from 1.0 to 1.25 percent: $162 million

• State GR increase: $167 million• These changes were contingent on the enactment of HB 3976 by

Ashby, which would enable increases to premiums and deductibles for retirees to occur

• HB 21 by Huberty from special session also added $212 million, which helped reduce deductibles by half and helped lower premiums


TRSCare, cont’d.

• The plan will go into effect January 2018. TRS will adopt final plan, but estimates include:• A $1,500 deductible for pre‐65 retiree individual coverage. • The deductible includes all medical and most prescription drug costs • Once the deductible is reached, the plan will cover 80 percent of

prescription drug costs • The plan has a $5,650 Maximum‐Out‐Of‐Pocket cost for individuals.

Once the MOOP is reached, all prescription drug costs will be covered

• These changes will help reduce the approximate $1.0 billion shortfall by $690+ million


NIFA Changes• HB 1081 by Arevelo: relating to the new instructional

facility allotment under the foundation school program• Increases the award amount for a district eligible for

NIFA from $250/ADA to $1,000/ADA • The $23.75 million per year appropriations level was

not increased • The $1,000 award will be prorated if in any year the

$23.75 million is exceeded• Redefines instructional facilities to include newly

constructed, repurposed, and leased facility operating for first time with a minimum lease of no less than 10 years


Value Decline Provision

• $50 million for 2018; $25 million for 2019• Provides some financial relief to districts that experience rapid declines (more than 4 percent) in local tax base that are beyond the control of the district

• TEA determining loss for 2016‐17 school year and said to provide funding during settle‐up


Proration of Value Decline

• Calculation of funds will most likely be based on I&S Comptroller values

• $50 million for 2018 will most likely not cover actual value decline loss

• Proration based on the same percentage adjustment to the total amount of state and local revenue so that the total amount of the adjustment to all districts and schools results in an amount equal to the total adjustment necessary


Pre‐Kindergarten Funding• The budget also restructured the approach to pre‐kindergarten funding

• High‐Quality Pre‐Kindergarten program will be funded from a portion of the approximate $1.58 billion in funding for pre‐kindergarten in the 2018‐19 biennium.

• The Commissioner shall ensure that school districts and charter schools receiving pre‐kindergarten funds will use not less than 15 percent, an estimated $236 million statewide, to implement prekindergarten consistent with the requirements of a High‐Quality Pre‐Kindergarten program


Rethinking Education Policy Priorities

1. Disconnect between local leaders and state leaders needs to be remedied

2. State savings from local school district value growth should no longer be savior of self‐inflicted state budget shortfalls

3. Omnibus school finance legislation is politically difficult, but smaller funding priorities may find support

4. Legislature continuing to restrict revenue options is major roadblock


Preparing for the Future

Curtis Culwell, Ed. D.Joe WisnoskiBob PopinskiChris GrammerDee CarneyTerry FaucheuxCatherine Knepp

Lynn M. Moak

Daniel T. CaseyPartners Kathy Mathias

Larry Groppel, Ed. D.Thomas V. Alvis, Ph. D.Alicia Thomas, Ph. D

Consultants

Susan MoakKari Ruehman

Administrative Staff

400 West 15th Street, Suite 1410, Austin, Texas 78701‐1648Ph. (512) 485‐7878 Fax (512) 485‐7888

www.moakcasey.com

86September 2017 © Moak, Casey and Associates

the 85 texas legislature in review - esc-20 · the 85 texas legislature in review ... comments...

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