the 21 st century leadership challenge: leading second order change
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The 21 st Century Leadership Challenge: Leading Second Order Change. General Session. Implementation Dip. Organizational Team Personal. Leadership. Jump the Gap. Systems. Schools. Classrooms. People. ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE. CHANGE IS A PROCESS, NOT AN EVENT - PowerPoint PPT PresentationTRANSCRIPT
The 21st Century Leadership Challenge: Leading Second Order Change
General Session
Implementation DipOrganizationalTeamPersonal
Jump the Gap
Systems
Schools
Classrooms
Leadership
People
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT ORGANIZATIONAL CHANGE1. CHANGE IS A PROCESS, NOT AN EVENT2. ORGANIZATIONS CANNOT CHANGE
UNLESS PEOPLE CHANGE3. AT ANY GIVEN TIME MOST PEOPLE ARE
NOT USING ALL THE KNOWLEDGE THEY HAVE
4. SUCCESSFUL CHANGE REQUIRES STABILITY
5. WHERE THERE IS CHANGE, THERE WILL BE CONFLICT
THE IMPLEMENTATION DIP….
POSSIBILITY CURVE..
Fullan--1990
Organizational
Implementation Dip
Implementation DipTeam
Forming
Norming
Storming
Performing
Performing
Norming
Storming
Forming
Transforming
FutureDenial Commitment
Resistance
ExplorationProductivity
Implementation Dip Personal Transitions
Past
Freeze
Unfreeze Re-
Freeze
Transition State
change
change
change
change
change
Thoughts on Change
Change is MESSY!
Fullan: “The more accustomed one becomes to dealing with the unknown, the more one understands that creative breakthroughs are always preceded by periods of cloudy thinking, confusion, exploration, trial and stress; followed by periods of excitement and growing confidence as one pursues purposeful change, or copes with unwanted change.
THE GREATEST CHALLENGE OF CHANGE
Organizations rarely changeunless the people in the
organizations change. Thisincludes leaders as well as
employees. Most adults findit difficult to change.
Change means bumps in the Road
The culture of change.
Detailed Complexity - determining all thevariables in advance. (This is not reality)
Dynamic Complexity – unexpected, unplanned for situations that surface as you implement a change
effort. (This is reality)
JARED DIAMOND’S FOUR INVITATIONS TO DISASTER1. Failure to anticipate a problem
2. Failure to recognize a problem once it surfaces
3. Failure to try and solve a problem once it is recognized
4. Failure to solve a problem, despite trying to solve it
Jump the Gap
Leadership
JOHN KOTTER’S EIGHT STEPS TOTRANSFORMING YOUR ORGANIZATION
1. Establish a sense of urgency (setting direction)2. Form a powerful guiding coalition (setting direction)3. Create a vision (setting direction)4. Communicate the vision (setting direction)5. Empower others to act on the vision (developing
people)6. Plan for and create short-term wins (developing people)7. Consolidate improvements and produce still more
change (redesign organization)8. Institutionalize new approaches (redesign organization)
Understanding of ChangeCyclicalStructural
Structural ChangeSubsystem
Cultural
Transformational
There is a difference between cyclical and structural change.
Anything we’re trying to change away from
will keep coming back unless we replace it
with something new.
Types of Change
First and Second Order Change
A change is first-order when it is perceived as
A change is second-order when it is perceived as
An extension of the past A break with the past
Within existing paradigms Outside of existing paradigms
Consistent with prevailing values and norms
Conflicted with prevailing values and norms
Incremental Complex
Implemented with existing knowledge & skills
Requires new knowledge & skills to implement
Implemented by experts Implemented by stakeholders
First or Second Order Change?
It’s a matter of perspective!
First-Order Change?
1. Professional development to implement new editions of social studies textbooks
2. Reading The Five Dysfunctions of a Team and establishing norms for faculty meetings
3. Implementing a new dress code
4. Revamping the master schedule, moving from 7 periods per day to 6
5. Converting your school to International Baccalaureate (IB) status
Plan
Create Demand
Implement
Monitor and Evaluate1st Order
The Four Phases of Change
McREL
First Order Second OrderWhen stakeholders see the
change as:Consistent with existing
values and normsAdvantageous for
stakeholders
Readily implement-able with existing knowledge and resources
When stakeholders:
Are unclear about how it will make things better for them
Must master new knowledge, practices, or approaches to implement the change
Feel the change conflicts with prevailing personal values and organizational norms
First or Second Order Change?
It’s a matter of perspective!
Plan
Create Demand
Implement
Monitor and Evaluate 1st Order
The Four Phases of Change
McREL
Manage Personal Transitions
Second Order
Second Order
THE CHALLENGES INHERENT IN ANY CHANGE PROCESSCan you generate a sufficient sense of urgency to
overcome inertia?Can you achieve consensus among
stakeholders on the conditions that need to be changed?
Can you avoid harming those who benefitted from the status quo?
THE CHALLENGES INHERENT IN ANY CHANGE PROCESSCan people do as well with execution as they do
with planning?Can people maintain focus and momentum as the
year wears on?Can people avoid premature celebration and
disappointment over “implementation dips?”
Importance of paying Attention to People in the
Change Process
ASSUMPTIONS ABOUT THE TRANSITION PROCESS1. People have characteristic ways of ending
things and beginning things.2. Transitions are not the same as changes.
Changes are situational. Transitions are psychological.
3. A change without transition is likely to be unsuccessful.
4. We lack a vocabulary for talking about transitions.
BRIDGES, Managing Transitions (2003)
Plan
Create Demand
Implement
Monitor and Evaluate 1st Order
The Four Phases of Change
McREL
Manage Personal Transitions
Second Order
Second Order
Denial
FutureDenial Commitment
Resistance
Exploration
Productivity
Implementation DipTransitions
Past
STAGE 1: Transition: Ending /Denial
Letting go of the old ways and the old identity people had. People need help dealing with their losses.
STRATEGIES FOR Ending/Denial1. Be sure people understand the purpose and the
outcome being sought.2. Paint a picture of how the desired outcome will look
and feel.3. Lay out a step-by-step plan regarding how the new
outcome will be achieved.4. Give each person a part to play in the plan. People
need a tangible way to contribute.
STAGE 2 OF TRANSTION:Resistance
Going through an in-between time when the old is gone but the new isn’t fully operational. In this “resistance zone” psychological realignments are taking place.
Plan
Create Demand
Implement
Monitor and Evaluate 1st Order
The Four Phases of Change
McREL
Manage Personal Transitions
Second Order
Second Order
Denial
Resistance
2nd order changeIs a horse of a different color from a leadership
perspective. To successfully implement a second order change initiative, a school leader must ratchet up her/his idealism, energy, and enthusiasm.
Additionally, he must be willing to live through a period of frustration and even anger from some staff members. No doubt this takes a great personal toll on a school leader and might explain why many promising practices have not led to improved student achievement and ultimately have been abandoned.
Ron HeifitzMarzano, Waters, McNulty
Resistance Zone DANGERS
1. Anxiety rises and motivation falls. People feel disoriented. Energy is drained away from work into coping tactics.
2. Employee absenteeism increases.3. Old weaknesses in the organization reemerge and
old resentments surface anew.
Resistance Zone DANGERS (con’t)
4. People feel overloaded and priorities are confused. As uncertainty grows, confidence in the organization is lost.
5. Polarization occurs among employees. Some want to rush forward; others want to go back to the way things were.
6. The organization becomes vulnerable to outside criticism.
Resistance Zone Strategies
4. Listen and talk to the people, find out their feelings5. Don’t tell them what to feel6. Support their willingness to express their feelings7. Respond to concerns8. Reiterate vision and information for successful
transition
The art of progress is to preserve order amid changeand preserve change amid order.
~ Alfred North-Whitehead
7 Responsibilities Critical to Support Second-Order Change
1. Change Agent2. Flexibility3. Ideals & beliefs4. Intellectual stimulation5. Knowledge of Curriculum Instruction,
Assessment6. Monitor and evaluate7. Optimizer
Responsibility Definition Practice1. Change Agent Actively challenge
status quo•Challenges status quo•Comfortable leading change•Looks for new, better ways
2. Flexibility Adapts behavior; OK with dissent
•Comfortable making change•OK w/ diverse opinions
3. Ideals and Beliefs •Well-defined beliefs•Behavior models beliefs
4. Knowledge of CIA Content, instruction, and assessment
•Extensive knowledge•Provides guidance -teachers
5. Intellectual Stimulation
Discusses current theory, practice
•Keeps informed•Fosters discussions, etc.
6. Monitor and Evaluate
Impact and effective- ness of practice
•Continually monitors C-I-A•Impact of practice on achievement
7. Optimizer Inspires, leads new & challenging innovation
•Inspires; driving force•Positive attitude @ challenges
OptimizerInspires teachers and
staff to accomplish things that might seem beyond their grasp
Portrays a positive attitude about the ability of teachers and staff to accomplish substantial things
Is a driving force behind major initiatives
•Helps people find JOY in tackling the tough challenges
Ideals and BeliefsWhat Is Our Purpose?To improve the quality of
human life.
To create schools in which every child learns at high levels.
To secure America’s future—one student at a time!
What Do We Value?We put service to students
above all else.We take responsibility for
the success of all students.We care passionately about
our work with children.We build strong, positive
relationships with students, staff, parents, and community.
We model and promote civility and integrity.
Collective Efficacy: “We can make a difference.”Building a Purposeful Community
Collective Efficacy - The group members’ shared perception or belief that they can dramatically enhance the effectiveness of an organization. The collective efficacy of the teachers in a school is a better predictor of student success in schools than is the socioeconomic status of the students.
Goddard, Hoy, and Hoy, 2004
Definition: Purposeful Community “A purposeful community is one with the
collective efficacy and capability to develop and use assets to accomplish goals that matter to all community members through agreed-upon processes.”
Marzano, Waters, McNulty, 2005
Build a purposeful community Focus on the right things Assess and manage the magnitude of change
Focus Magnitude
Leadership
Leadership
LeadershipLead
ersh
ip
Focus Magnitude
Classroom ResearchSchool ResearchStudent Research
Create demand Implement change Manage transitions Monitor/Evaluate
Purposeful CommunityPu
rpos
eful
Com
mun
ityPurposeful C
omm
unity
Purposeful Community
Leadership
Leadership
LeadershipLead
ersh
ip
Why We Must Change: TheKnowledge-Implementation Gap
Society Changes Constantly & Education Needs to
Adapt
Expert Knowledge of Best Educational Practices
Our Knowledge of Best Educational
Practices
Our Implementation if We Maintain Knowledge of BEP
Our Implementation w/ Moderate Knowledge of BEP
Our Implementation with No New Knowledge No New Knowledge, Low Effort
Instructional Core
Content
Pedagogy
Engagement
Knowledge of Curriculum and Instruction
Quadrant C - Assimilation
Students extend and refine their acquired knowledge to be able to use that knowledge automatically and routinely to analyze and solve
problems and create solutions.
Quadrant D - Adaptation
Students have the competence to think in complex ways and to apply their knowledge and skills. Even when
confronted with perplexing unknowns, students are able to use extensive
knowledge and skill to create solutions and take action that further develops
their skills and knowledge.
Quadrant A - Acquisition
Students gather and store bits of knowledge and information. Students
are primarily expected to remember or understand this knowledge.
Quadrant B - Application
Students use acquired knowledge to solve problems, design solutions, and complete work. The highest level of application is to apply knowledge to
new and unpredictable situations
Monitoring and Evaluating
The Core
Intellectual StimulationRigorRigor of TaskRigor of Task predicts PerformanceAccountability is the rigor of the task
Change Agent ~Leadership is Difficult!“Perhaps the most revealing aspect of
analysis is that some responsibilities are negatively affected by second-order change:”
Culture (Strongest negative relationship with 2nd order change)
CommunicationOrderInput
True Leadership is Risky Business“When exercising
leadership, you risk getting marginalized, diverted, attacked, or seduced. Regardless of the form, however, the point is the same. When people resist adaptive work, their goal is to shut down those who exercise leadership in order to preserve what they have.”
Leithwood
Possible perceptions of principal leading 2nd order changeTeam spirit, cooperation, and common language
have deteriorated as a result of the innovation (Culture)
Communication has deteriorated as a result of the innovation (Communication)
Order and routine have deteriorated as a result of the innovation (Order)
The level of input from all members of the staff has deteriorated as a result of the innovation (Input)
Beginning to Trend Up
OrganizationTeamPeople
Plan
Create Demand
Implement
Monitor and Evaluate 1st Order
The Four Phases of Change
McREL
Manage Personal Transitions
Second Order
Second Order
Denial
ResistanceExploration
STAGE 3 OF TRANSITION:Exploration
This is when people develop the new identity, experience the new energy, and discover the new sense of purpose that make the change begin to work.
Exploration: Stage Three Transition
Lots of new ideas/energy Focus on priorities
Too much to do Set short term goals
Can’t focus Follow up on projects
Trying new approaches Develop people
Implementation Dip
DenialResistance
Exploration
Commitment
Plan
Create Demand
Implement
Monitor and Evaluate 1st Order
The Four Phases of Change
McREL
Manage Personal Transitions
Second Order
Second Order
Denial
ResistanceExploration
Commitment
STAGE 4 OF TRANSITION
NEW BEGINNING: Commitment
This is when people develop the new identity, experience the new energy, and discover the new sense of purpose that make the change begin to work.
Commitment:Stage 4 Transition
Team work is normRenewed energyClear FocusThey have a plan
Empower others
Create/support purposeful community
Set long term goalsMonitorFlexibleIntellectual
stimulationValidate/RewardLook ahead
Leadership—A Balancing Act
Adaptive work creates risk, conflict, and instability because addressing the issues underlying adaptive problems may involve upending deep and entrenched norms. Thus, leadership requires disturbing people—but at a rate they can absorb.
Heifitz
Fullan
Those individuals and organizations that are most effective do not experience fewer problems, less stressful situations, and greater fortune, they just deal with them differently.