the 20 defense discourse in balinese sustainable...
TRANSCRIPT
DEFENSE DISCOURSE IN BALINESE
PURA ARCHITECTURE
Salmon Priaji Martana 1 1 Universitas Komputer Indonesia
Urban Retrofitting: Building, Cities and Communities
in The Disruptive Era
The 20th
International Conference on
Sustainable
Environment
& Architecture
Supported By: Organized By: Presenter Affiliation:
INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW
Defense discourse in Balinese Pura Architecture
In the year 1478 Majapahit is fallen. Javanese converted to adopt Islamic culture, except
for the small group of 2,000 noble, artists, architects lead by the priest Danghyang
Nirartha. They fled to nearby Bali to build a new Majapahit.
The group was then received by the King of Bali, Waturenggong and later on they were
agreed to shoulder to shoulder building Bali as the Neo Majapahit.
Having known that the influence of outside culture always comes from nearby the coast,
endangered the Majapahit legacy, Nirartha build a new style of worship complex- a
temple later known as PURA- in Bali’s main coastal area. He was also builds several
similar pura in the southern part of Bali.
Scholars believe that Nirartha was not only build a temple. Instead, he was building a
FORTRESS. A visual fortress to guard the Hindu-Majapahit culture and beliefs, to save it
from outside infiltration. The Design patern of Nirartha’s then becomes typical, know
famous as “The Gianyar Style.” 2
Supported By: Organized By:
INTRODUCTION & LITERATURE REVIEW
1.1. Fortress in Nusantara
3
Supported By: Organized By:
1.2. Fortress in general
Characteristics Section
Rectangular to octagonal
buildings.
Plan
More than 5,000 m2 area .
More than 10 m high walls,
with over 1 m of thickness.
Walls
Two storeys with various
function according to the
height.
Observation tower in the
corner.
Tower
One gate, in and out. Gate
Narrow access. Access
Balinese Pura
Fortress of Majapahit era
METHODS Place Your
Affiliation
Logo Here
4
Supported By: Organized By:
Architectural survey was conducted on pura building and environment. 3 was selected to
represent the features regarding the existence of Balinese temples. It is then compared with
fortress characteristics in literatures.
Pura Uluwatu for the original
pura built by Nirartha in coastal
of southern Bali
Pura Jagatnata in Denpasar
to represent urban pura, the
city’s largest one.
Pura Desa Peliatan at Ubud to
represent the character of village
kahyangan tiga pura
General Characteristic
Plan; Form Area
Tower Gate
Walls Access
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
5
Supported By: Organized By:
PL
AN
A perfect rectangular plan, 2,000 m
2 of area.
WA
LL
High and thick Brick wall. Height of over 2 m.
TO
WE
R
A bale kulkul on the north and south corner of the pura.
GA
TE
Wide gate on the candi bentar, suficient for 3 or 4 people. Narrow gate on Kori Agung, also
additional aling-aling wall behind the gate.
AC
CE
SS
Narrow access next to the lane beside the city square.
PL
AN
A perfect rectangular plan, 2,000 m
2 of area.
WA
LL
High and thick Brick wall.
TO
WE
R
A bale kulkul on the east corner of the pura. Also a tower-like meru in the innercourt and one
additional tower for device storage. G
AT
E
Narrow gate and and additional aling-aling wall behind the gate.
AC
CE
SS
Narrow access next to the village path.
PL
AN
A rectangular based plan, with additive and subtractive parts adjusted to the contoured
elongated land on the cliff. 1,000 m2 of area.
WA
LL
High and thick stone wall of over 1,7 m and 0,7 m.
TO
WE
R
A bale kulkul on the northeast corner of the pura higher ground. Also a tower-like meru in
the innercourt,
GA
TE
One main gate to enter the site.
AC
CE
SS
Narrow and slopy access.
Table 1. The Temple Pura Uluwatu Table 2. The Temple Pura Desa Peliatan Table 2. The Temple Pura Jagatnata
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
6
Supported By: Organized By:
Fortress
General Characteristic
Pura Luhur Uluwatu Pura Desa Peliatan
Ubud
Pura Jagatnata Denpasar Pl
an
5,000 m
2 of area 1,000 m
2 of area 2,000 m
2 of area 3,500 m
2 of area
Wal
ls
High and thick wall
High wall
High wall
High wall
Tow
ers
Observation tower Tower of Meru and Bale
Kulkul
Tower of Meru, Bale
Kulkul and storage.
Tower of Meru and Bale
Kulkul
Gat
e
One gate with gate
keepers Kori Gate with gate keeper
statues Candi bentar Gate with
gate keeper statues
Candi bentar Gate with
gate keeper statues
Acc
ess
Narrow and directing
access
Narrow and directing
access
Narrow and directing
access
Narrow and directing
access
Table 5. Characteristic comparison of Puras and fortress in general
CONCLUSIONS
7
Supported By: Organized By:
Most all the characteristics of the fortress environment are fulfilled in
the Balinese temple of pura, which were built after the Nirartha era. 500
years after the era of Danghyang Nirartha, pura is getting closer to the
fortress characteristics with high walls -twice the height of a man- and
the addition of towers.
Closer to the urban environment, the fortress character is more
pronounced. It appears that Nirartha and the Majapahits have
successfuly survived the shift of power influence on the land of Java.
This understanding has survived to this day. Temples built outside the
island of Bali are always said to be “fortress of faith” protecting the
Hindus from the infiltration of other beliefs.
REFERENCES
8
Supported By: Organized By:
[1] Martana, S.P; The impact of tourism on Ubud painting art, ASEAN Journal on Hospitality and Tourism; 2002; 1(2), 117-132.
[2] Maharlika, F; Tinjauan bangunan pura di Indonesia, Wasa Cipta Ruang; II(2).
[3] Martana, S.P, “Pola Inkulturasi Gereja-Gereja Katolik dan Protestan di Bali dan Jawa Tengah,” Ph.D. dissertation, ITB, Bandung, 2010.
[4] Suhardana, K.M. Menelusuri Kawasan Suci Hindu berdasarkan kitab suci Weda, Panakom; 2006; Denpasar.
[5] Titib, I.M. Teologi dan simbol-simbol dalam Agama Hindu, STAH Negeri Denpasar; 2000; Denpasar.
[6] Putri, R. H, ‘Benteng Pertahanan Zaman Kerajaan’, 2019. [Online]. Available: https://historia.id/kuno/articles/benteng-pertahanan-zaman-kerajaan-voo5N.
[Accessed: 15-Oct-2020].
[7] Setiawan, P, ‘Kuta dulu dikenal dengan nama "Benteng", tempat mendarat Pasukan Majapahit (1)’, 2020. [Online]. Available:
https://www.aboutbali.beritabali.com/read/2020/01/12/202001120006/kuta-dulu-dikenal-dengan-nama-benteng-tempat-mendarat-pasukan-majapahit-1.
[Accessed: 15-Oct-2020].
[8] Prawira, I. B. A, ‘Dualisme pura dalam pariwisata budaya Bali’, 2020. [Online]. Available: https://balitribune.co.id/content/dualisme-pura-dalam-pariwisata-
budaya-bali. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2020].
[9] Suyatra, I. P, ‘Pura Dalem Pengalasan; Sebagai Benteng Pertahanan Serangan Musuh’, 2019. [Online]. Available:
https://baliexpress.jawapos.com/read/2019/01/03/111497/pura-dalem-pengalasan-sebagai-benteng-pertahanan-serangan-musuh. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2020].
[10] Kepala Dinas Sosial Kabupaten Buleleng, ‘Ringkasan Perang Jagaraga Tahun 1848-1849’, 2016 [Online]. Available:
https://www.bulelengkab.go.id/detail/artikel/ringkasan-perang-jagaraga-tahun-1848-1849-56. [Accessed: 15-Oct-2020].
[11] Kasdar. (2018) : Arsitektur Benteng dan Rumah Adat di Sulawesi. Jakarta: Badan Pengembangan dan Pembinaan Bahasa.
[12] Wyley, S.F. and Lowe. S, ‘A Dictionary of Military Architecture
Fortification and Fieldworks from the Iron Age to the Eighteenth Century’, 1990. [Online] Available: http://www.angelfire.com/wy/svenskildbiter/madict.html.
[Accessed: 7-Mar-2019].
[13] Crystal, E, ‘Fortresses and Defense Walss’, 2019. [Online]. Available: http://www.crystalinks.com/Fortress.html. [Accessed: 7-Mar-2019]. [14] Sari, M. D. A, “Persepsi guru sejarah tentang keberadaan situs benteng Portugis dalam pembelajaran sejarah di SMA Negeri 1 Donorojo Tahun pelajaran
2014/2015,” Bachelor thesis, Unnes, Semarang, 2011.
[15] Pemerintah Kabupaten Teluk Bintuni, ‘Bupati Berharap Pura Bhuana Shanthi Dijadikan Sebagai Benteng Moral dan Kekuatan Pada Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa’,
2019. [Online]. Available
Thank You
The 20th International Conference on
Sustainable Environment & Architecture
Supported By: Organized By: Presenter Affiliation: