U. S. DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR U. S. GEOLOGICAL SURVEY

THE 1992 BASIN & RANGE PROVINCE GPS SURVEY; 2. THE FIELD SURVEY

by

G. R. Foulger1

Open-file Report 94-286

This report is preliminary and has not been reviewed for conformity withU. S. Geological Survey standards or with the North American Stratigraphic Code.

Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes onlyand does not imply endorsement by the U. S. Government.

1 Menlo Park, CA 94025

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Project and Survey Goals ........................................................................ 1The network........................................................................................ 1Network measurement............................................................................ 1

Logistics................................................................................... 1Point selection, installation and point descriptions................................... 2

Measurement strategy....................................................................2Results.....................................................................................3

Data processing results ...........................................................................4Acknowledgments................................................................................^References.......................................................................................... 4Figure 1 Schematic idealization of the Basin & Range GPS network..................... 5Figure 2 Map showing the actual network installed and measured ........................ 6

Figure 3 Schematic diagram of the network, showing the point coding system ......... 7Figure 4 Schematic diagram showing the standard daily schedules....................... 8Figure 5 Schematic diagram showing the observation plan for the whole network...... 9

Figure 6 Typical data block recorded over a 24-hr period .................................. 12

Figure 7 Measurement plan and actual data archived........................................ 13Table 1 Individual schedules for installation and measurement of the network......... 16

Table 2 Trailer sites used in the 1992 survey................................................ 17Table3 Survey participants.................................................................... 18Table 4 Framework of survey schedule...................................................... 19

Table5 Daily point occupation schedules....................................................20

Table 6 Time .................................................................................... 21

Project and Survey Goals

The 1992 Basin & Range Province GPS survey was conducted as part of NASA's Dynamics of the Solid Earth (DOSE) program. The overall goal of the Basin & Range project is study of the

crustal deformation of that province. The 1992 survey was designed specifically to establish a network and measure a first epoch survey that spans the deforming zone. Remeasurement of this network in the future will enable:1. Determination of the rate of extension and shear and how they vary, across the entire Province

at about latitude 39°N,2. Determination of detailed movements in those zones that are deforming most rapidly.

The network

A network consisting of both pre-existing and new points was established, that spanned the Basin & Range Province from Lake Tahoe, CA in the west to the Wasatch Front, UT, in the east, i.e. at about latitude 39°N. The network was designed to consist of three east-west profiles, a northern, central and southern profile, which together comprise a chain of 7 quadrilaterals, each approximately 100 km square. A schematic idealization of the network is shown in Figure 1 and

the actual geometry achieved is shown in Figure 2.

The northern and southern profiles comprise 8 points each, at approximately 100 km spacings. Many of these are newly-installed points (Julian and Foulger, 1994). The central profile comprises 48 points and lies along Highway 50. Most of those points are pre-existing leveling

benchmarks and a few are new points. The points of this profile are spaced at approximately 15 km

intervals in the two westernmost and two easternmost quadrilaterals (Quads A, B, F and G, Figure 1), where the deformation rate is anticipated to be greatest, and at approximately 25 km spacings in the middle three quadrilaterals (Quads C, D and E).

The entire network contains 64 points, and a point coding scheme was devised that will enable a logical point coding scheme to be maintained if additional densiflcation points are added in the

future (Figure 3). The network was tied to point Quincy, 80 km from the northwesternmost point

of our profile (Figure 1). Quincy is a VLBI station where continuous GPS recording is conducted.

Network measurement

Logistics

Because of the scarcity of motel and restaurant services in the field area, and in order to

maintain close and centralized field headquarters, the survey was run from two trailers which

served as headquarters and for regrouping, data archiving, cooking and sleeping. The trailers were parked at trailer parks selected to be as close as possible to the centers of the Quads, and moved every two days, as the survey proceeded (Tables 1 and 2). The trailer headquarters were staffed by Jim Richardson (Table 3) who was in charge of data archiving and equipment maintenance, and a

person designated as cook and bottle-washer each day (rotated duty, Table 1).

Point selection, installation and point descriptions

Point reconnaissance was conducted simultaneously with the survey, by reconnaissance parties who worked in the network a few points ahead of the measurement parties. This proved to be a very successful strategy in this area, where most of the land is open access, many points were pre-existing and little permitting had to be done. The points were all flagged shortly before measurement and the descriptions were fresh, so the points were easily found by the receiver

parties.For each point, description materials were prepared, consisting of a map, a written description

and (for some points) photographs (Foulger and Julian, 1994). These were stored in separate envelopes for each point, at the trailers. The reconnaissance personnel filed the completed descriptions in advance of the measurements so the required material was always available to the receiver parties when needed. A copy was made of each description as a backup.

The new points installed consisted of headless, stainless steel rods with central dots in their

upper ends. They were cemented into bedrock flush with the surface. Some were marked by building caims over them.

Measurement strategy

The network was occupied during the three-week period 5th - 23rd October 1992 by a team of about 14 people (Tables 1 and 3) using up to 12 TurboRogue GPS receivers (10 used daily, and 2 spares). Selective Availability (SA) was on at the weekends (Fridays - Sundays 1800 hrs PDT, i.e. GMT weekends), and measurements were thus made on weekdays only. Pacific Daylight Time

was used throughout the survey (i.e. California local time at the time the survey started).

Fourteen days of measurements were made, and two days were spent measuring each Quad

(Figure 1, Table 4). Three points were common to adjacent Quads and those points were thus measured on four consecutive days each (Figure 1). The other points of the network were mostly

measured twice each, and a small number of the closely-spaced points at the ends of the network

were measured once each. This strategy of multiple occupancy enabled the true repeatability of

point measurements to be determined and the random errors in the final results to be reduced by a factor of approximately 1.6, by averaging.

Five mobile field parties of one or two people in each, deployed the receivers. Each party was equipped with two receivers and measured two points per day. In the cases of four of the parties, these were a point on the central profile (on Highway 50), an average of one hour's driving time from the trailer headquarters, and one "remote" point on either the northern or the southern profile, an average of one hour's driving time from Highway 50. An average of 50 mph driving on paved

road, and 30 mph for improved dirt roads was assumed. The usual daily procedure was to drive to

and install a receiver at the remote point, and then to return to occupy and guard the point on Highway 50. All the remote points were selected to be "secure", i.e. sufficiently hidden or inaccessible such that the equipment was safe from human interference and need not be guarded. It was assumed that all of the points along Highway 50 needed to be guarded at all times. The fifth (two-person) receiver party measured two points on Highway 50 each day.

Because the points of the northern and southern profiles were occupied for four days each, the surveying naturally fell into four-day cycles. The typical daily schedules are listed in Table 5 and shown schematically in Figure 4. The observation plan for the whole network is tabulated in Table

1 and shown schematically in Figure 5. Individual schedules were designed to minimize driving

times and to share out the difficult work e.g. the cooking.Long observation periods of 6 - 48 hours were achieved with this schedule, with the majority

of the remote points being occupied continuously for four days, which greatly reduced the criticality of correctly resolving the integer ambiguities at the data processing stage.

Four or more satellites were up for most of the day (Figure 6). A data collection rate of one measurement every 30 s was used, with a horizon mask of 0°. All antennas were aligned to True

North and tripod setup and receiver operation followed standard recommended practice (JPL,

personal communication, 1992). The receivers were powered by lead-acid batteries which were

recharged at the trailer headquarters by generators or 120 v electricity where available. Data from

the returning receivers were archived to a PC each evening. Data from the receivers at the remote points were archived less frequently, as those receivers recorded continuously in the field for periods of up to four days.

Results

The survey was exceptionally successful. No planned occupations were missed and no point

went unsurveyed. The plan shown in Table 5 held well for the most part, and little data were lost

as a result of late receiver set-ups. One receiver malfunctioned on one day resulting in the loss of one occupation of a planned two-occupation point (point a200). The plan was modified at the

weekends, which disrupted the four-day cycle (Table 1). Apart from this, the most notable deviation from the ideal plan was the lengthened drive times home for parties observing the westernmost points of a Quad on days when the trailers were moved to the next campground

further east.

The reconnaissance proceeded so well that those personnel were able to deploy the two spare

receivers on the last four observation days, and increase to two the occupancy of many of the planned one-occupation points in the easternmost two Quads (c.f. Figs. 1 and 2). Of 140 planned receiver sessions, 146 were thereby achieved. A small amount of data were lost in the archiving

process. The final data set available for processing is shown in Figure 7.

Data processing results

The data were processed using software based on the Bernese v. 3.2 GPS software. For the network as a whole, final point coordinate repeatabilities of about 0.24, 0.18 and 1.14 cm, and calculated accuracies (1-a scaled formal errors) of about 0.25, 0.21 and 2.25 cm were achieved in

the local north, east and up directions (Foulger, 1994b).

Acknowledgments

Jim Sutton was voted the most excellent cook for his seafood linguini in cream sauce with margaritas for which he was awarded a prize of a rusty frying-pan shot full of bullet holes that Bruce found at point C280. The project was funded by a NASA DOSE Grant. Karl Gross

reviewed and improved the manuscript.

References

Foulger, G.R., The 1992 Basin & Range Province GPS Survey: 3. Data Processing and Results,U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 94-287, 1994.

Julian, B.R. and G.R. Foulger, The 1992 Basin & Range Province GPS Survey: 1. PointDescriptions, U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report OF 94-285, 1994.

Gurtner, W. and G. Mader, "Receiver Independent Exchange Format Version 2", International

Coordination of Space Techniques for Geodesy and Geodynamics GPS Bulletin, IAG, Vol3, No 3, pp 1-8, Sept./Oct. 1990.

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DOSE Basin & Range GPS Survey, Oct. 1992.

campaign: nevada92 station 1: quin station 2:typ of observation: phase zero differencereference epoch : 1992-10- 6 15:30: 0.00 one character - 22.00 minutestotal number of observations: 15339

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DATA BLOCKS 295 . 294 , 295 , 296 , PROCESSED 2356

Figure 7 (continued)

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04

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A300

A2

30

A300

A2

70

B2

30

B2

50

B2

70

B2

50

C240

C2

80

C2

40

C2

80

0240

D260

0240

0260

F300

F230

F2

50

F270

F2

50

G250

G2

30

G250

G2

70

cam

p

A-A

A-A

A-A

A-B B-B

B-C

OC

OC

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E-E

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17

Table 2 Trailer sites used in the 1992 survey.

A Oct. 2 (Fri.) - Oct. 6 (Tue.)Washoe Lake State Park. Phone 702/687-4319$5.00/trailer/day. Disposal station. No hookups. Can charge batteries.4 miles N. of Carson City on US 395,2 miles E on Eastlake Blvd. (SR 428).Enter past fee booth (unstaffed). Right at stop sign. Continue past signs for campgroundloops A and B to equestrian area. Parking area near shelter. If ranger not about, pay viaenvelope system near entrance.

B Oct. 6 (Tue.) - Oct. 8 (Thur.)Lahontan State Recreation Area. Phone 702/867-3500Fee waived. Disposal station (probably closed). No hookups.18 miles W of Fallen (10 miles E of Silver Springs) on US 50. From US 50 turnoff(signposted), follow dirt road about 1 mile S to park entrance. Road becomes paved nearcrossing of Carson River. At fee station follow sign toward right to "River Camp".

C Oct. 8 (Thur.) - Oct. 12 (Mon.)Hickison Petraglyph Site (BLM).Free. No potable water (available at USFS in Austin).20 miles E of Austin on N side of US 50 (prominent sign).

D Oct. 12 (Mon.) - Oct. 14 (Wed.)KOA of Ely. Phone 702/289-3413About $25.00/trailer/day, $16.00/tent/day. Full hookups. Disposal station. Showers.Laundry.3 miles S of Ely on US 6,50 and 395.

E Oct. 14 (Wed.) - Oct. 18 (Sun.)Great Basin National Park. Phone 702/234-7331Free. Disposal station. No water. No electricity.Drive E on US 50 past Sacramento Pass. At tavern called "The Y", turn right toward Bakerand Great Basin NP (signposted). From Baker follow SR 488 toward the right (W) anduphill (signposted) about 5 miles to park and visitor center. "You can NOT get lost."

F Oct. 18 (Sun.) - Oct. 20 (Tue.)Oak Creek (USFS). Phone 801/743-5721$25.00/night (entire group). No hookups. No showers. Deer hunters. Water maybe.From church in Oak City, follow SR 145 (FR 40089 in National Forest) 4.5 miles SE tocampground.

G Oct. 20 (Tue.) - Oct. 23 (Fri.)Butch Cassidy Campground (private). Phone 801/529-7400$13.70/trailer/day. Disposal station. Coin laundry. Groceries. Heated pool.1 mile E of 1-70 (exit 54). 1100 State Street, Salina.

18

Table 3 Survey participants.

Name

Wayne ThatcherRoss SteinGillian FoulgerBruce JulianGrant MarshallKathleen HodgkinsonMichelle HoftonGary Hamilton/Kevin ClarkJim Sutton/Chuck StifflerSue LarsonBrian KilgoreSteve FisherJim Richardson

Garth Franklin

Primary Responsibility

point reconnaissance (3rd - 15th)field measurements (8th - 23rd)field measurementspoint rec./trailer logisticsfield measurementsfield measurementsfield measurementsfield measurementsfield measurementsvolunteer field assistant (6th - 10th)volunteer field assistant (19th - 23rd)technical assistance (3rd - 7th)data download/tech, assistanceremote receiver visitstechnical assistance (3rd - 5th)

Affiliation

uses usesUSGS/Univ. Durham, UK.USGSUSGSUniv. Durham, UK.Univ. Durham, UK.USGSUSGSUSGSUSGSJPL

JPL JPL

19

Table 4 Framework of survey schedule.

Date (October)

Fri. 2nd Drive to Camp A from Menlo Park.Sat 3rd 0900 Assembly of all survey personnel at Camp A. General briefing.

10.30 Reconnaissance parties leave. Others assemble equipment, train. Sun 4th Reconnaissance, training, organization. Mon 5th } measure Quad A, day 1 Tue 6th ) measure Quad A, day 2 Wed 7th ) measure Quad B, day 1 Thu 8th ) measure Quad B, day 2 Fri 9th ) measure Quad C, day 1

Sat 10th ) retrieve receivers still in the field, reformSun 11th ) SA on - no measurements

Mon 12th } measure Quad C, day 2Tue 13th } measure Quad D, day 1Wed 14th } measure Quad D, day 2Thu 15th } measure Quad E, day 1Fri 16th } measure Quad E, day 2

Sat 17th } retrieve receivers still in the field, reformSun 18th } SA on - no measurements

Mon 19th } measure Quad F, day 1Tue 20th } measure Quad F, day 2Wed 21st } measure Quad G, day 1 Thu 22nd j measure Quad G, day 2

Fri 23rd Pack instruments, leave.

20

Table 5 Daily point occupation schedules.

1 - Installation Da0700 - 0900 Drive to remote point0900 - 1000 Set up remote point.1000 - 1 100 Drive back to highway 50 point.1 100 - 1200 Set up highway 50 point.1200 - 1800 Guard highway 50 point.1 800 Take up highway 50 point1 800 - 1900 Drive back to trailers.

Day 2 - Non-service Day0700 - 0800 Drive to highway 50 point0800 - 0900 Set up highway 50 point.0900 - 1 800 Guaixl highway 50 point.1 800 Take up highway 50 point.1 800 - 1900 Drive back to trailers.Jim Richardson visited the remote point and reset the tripod if he arrived at 1000 or earlier.

Day 3 - Service Day0700 - 0900 Drive to remote site.0900 - 1000 Service remote site (check, change battery, reset tripod).1000 - 1 100 Drive back to highway 50 point.1 100 - 1200 Set up highway 50 point.1200 - 1800 Guard highway 50 point.1 800 Take up highway 50 point.1 800 - 1900 Drive back to trailers.

Day 4 - Takeup Day0700 - 0800 Drive to highway 50 point.0800- 0900 Set up highway 50 point.0900 - 1600 Guard highway 50 point.1600 - 1700 Drive to remote point1700 Take up remote point1700- 1900 Drive back to trailers.

Day 5 - Saturday Takeup Day 0800 - 1000 Drive to remote site. 1000 Take up remote site. 1000 - 1200 Drive back to trailers.

Day 0 - Highway 50 day (two members in receiver crew)0700 - 0900 Set off from trailers to two highway 50 points. Set them up.0900 - 1800 Guard both highway 50 points.1800 - 1900 Take down both points, return to trailers.

This plan assumed:1 . A 1 hr driving time from the trailer headquarters to the highway 50 point,2. A 1 hr driving time from the highway 50 point to the remote point,3 . 1 hr for each tripod and receiver setup.4. A 1 hr driving time from the highway 50 point back to the trailers in the evening.5 . A few minutes for tripod takedown,6. Short drive times for the party occupying the two highway 50 points.

21

Table 6 Time

Day Date DOY

Mon 5th 279Tue 6th 280Wed 7th 281Thur 8th 282Fri 9th 283Sat 10th 284Sun llth 285

Mon 12th 286Tue 13th 287Wed 14th 288Thu 15th 289Fri 16th 290Sat 17th 291Sun 18th 292

Mon 19th 293Tue 20th 294Wed 21st 295Thu 22nd 296Fri 23rd 297

Time offset Pacific Daylight Time from UHT = - 7 hours