Check for Understanding

Using the information from both your own reading and your group member’s information, construct a written snapshot of the 1950’s. How would you describe the 1950’s and what evidence supports your thoughts? Provide information from all aspects of society.

1-2 paragraphs

Topic sentence/claimEvidenceSummative sentence

Civil Rights MovementThe Rise of the

Decades in the Making

Fight for FreedomEnd slaveryCivil WarReconstruction13th, 14th, 15th VotingJim Crow SouthWWIGreat MigrationHarlem RenaissanceWWII Desegregation MOWM

“We Shall Overcome!”

Transformation in the 1940s

Black support of Truman in last run for presidency- Angry about the killing and harming of black WWII vets

Rise of the MOWM March 1941, Randolph proposed a new civil rights strategy: a massive march on Washington D. C.

Three demands: ○ The immediate end to segregation and discrimination in

federal government hiring. ○ An end to segregation of the armed forces. ○ Government support for an end to discrimination and

segregation in all American employment. IMAGE was EVERYTHING.

Road to Brown v Board of EducationSupreme Court Decision 1954

Howard University Law School - NAACP Charles Hamilton Houston, professor and civil rights leaderThurgood Marshall (future justice)Equalization Strategy

Ada Lois Sipuel

1949 - Oklahoma law schoolTop student, civil, law-abidingConditions of schoolingPurpose of NAACP and HoustonGrad schools, colleges, secondary...

Secondary and Primary Schools Southern states try to renovate black schools - survive test of SBE

5 cases to bundle together at Supreme Court: SC, Virginia, DC, Delaware, Kansas

Brown, father of two kids integrating schools in Topeka, Kansas

The Attorney General makes a statement: calls for end of separation

It looks bad on international scene - affecting our chance to make change around the world with communism.

Desegregation of Public Schools

Brown v Board of Education DecisionLandmark Case

Warren Opinion Unanimous

No state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws"

How this that an example?

Inherently unequal Separation of races is unconstitutional because of the 14th amendment and the equal protection clause

Brown v Board Reactions

Logic, blacks had to behave just right because the stakes were so high

White Citizens Councils (upper class, KKK funding, white nationalist)

Economic warfare, white citizens councils

Manifesto - massive resistance - Brown doesn’t carry weight

NAACP - Targeted - reveal membership list to stay in business - death warrant - Lost jobs, killed, discriminated

Emmett Till“So all the world could see what they did to my boy” - Mamie Till

14 years old

Chicago - visiting Mississippi 1955

Killed violently

Open casket funeral

Court day...

Little Rock Nine, 1957Selected to integrate a Little Rock high school: Central HS

Picked most visible high school in the state

9 selected by NAACP. Right families, academically elite

Gov called State National Guard to prevent segregation

Eisenhower 101st Airborne to assistStates rights vs Federal Rights. The states HAD to follow.

He didn’t necessarily agree

Troops go to the classroom door, but bathroom, cafeteria, and hallways without - Houses were bombed, shot at, lost jobs

- Do my best to stay alive until May 29th - end of school year

- Making sure children stay in school despite violence

Is that appropriate for 16 years to stay alive (NY resolution)?What are the adults asking the children to do for this movement?

Next Class:Montgomery Bus Boycotts

Greensboro Sit-ins

SCLC vs NAACP SNCC

Freedom Riders

Birmingham Letter

Ella Baker and Bayard Rustin

The rise of MLK

Kennedy election - Robert Kennedy

HW

Choose one photo from Time Magazine article that you feel as though truly encompasses the emotions and energy surrounding the Little Rock Nine desegregation. Explain why you picked that photograph and how it embodies the event in 1957 and the Civil Rights Movement in the 50’s.

http://tinyurl.com/nway4kf

Civil Rights MovementPart II

The Rise of the

Homework Assignment

Bayard Rustin

Bayard Rustin was an American leader in social movements for civil rights, socialism, nonviolence, and gay rights. He was born and raised in Pennsylvania, where his family was involved in civil rights work.

Drive resistorOpenly gay man - hampered by sexualityGreat organizing minds of freedom strugglesKing’s corner. Do this do that.

Ella Baker

Civil rights and human rights activist.

During Great Depression, she worked with unemployment councils.

In 1957, Baker moved to Atlanta to help organize Martin Luther King's new organization, the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC). She also ran a voter registration campaign called the Crusade for Citizenship.

Montgomery Bus BoycottWomen’s political council - frustrations over blacks being treated in buses and public buildings around town.

Tries to organized bus boycotts through times of crisis (giving up seat)

● MLK - was not there, not engaged with the early organization moments of bus boycott

● Role women always played in the movement

● Established black middle class done through women

● Network of organizers in place

Claudette Colvin and Rosa Parks ● Colvin arrested similar situation, child,

straight A’s, BUT pregnant and that went against○ Southern traditions, not a convincing case

● Parks - well-orchestrated bus situation○ Civil, well-maintained, law-abiding○ Trained at Civil Rights institute - Highlander

School in Tennessee○ Learning about nonviolence civil disobedience

- for the sake of the greater good○ Not radical, but trained and prepared○ Not the first woman to be arrested violating ○ Perfect image for the movement

Freedom Riders

On May 4, 1961, a group of 13 African-American and white civil rights activists launched the Freedom Rides, a series of bus trips through the American South to protest segregation in interstate bus terminals.

The Freedom Riders, who were recruited by the Congress of Racial Equality (CORE), a U.S. civil rights group, departed from Washington, D.C., and attempted to integrate facilities at bus terminals along the way into the Deep South. Along with bathrooms, cafes, etc.

In September 1961, the Interstate Commerce Commission issued regulations prohibiting segregation in bus and train stations nationwide.

Civil Rights MovementPart III

The Rise of the

"The events in Birmingham... have so increased the cries for equality that no city or state or legislative body can prudently choose to ignore them."

- JFK

Lesson Agenda

Did the nonviolent direct action, which King describes in his “Letter from a Birmingham Jail,” successfully transform Birmingham, Alabama from a segregated to a just society in 1963?

Birmingham CampaignsBull Connor - ReactionsLetter From Birmingham JailThe Birmingham RiotsMarch on Washington 1963“I Have a Dream” SpeechCongressional Action

Birmingham Campaigns 1963 Phase 1 TimelineApril 3 – ‘Birmingham Manifesto’ issued, containing demands for desegregation and threatening non-violent protest against the economy of the city.

April 10 – Small groups were marching in front of City Hall and picketing stores. Bull Connor reacted by arresting them all.

Fundraising now working effectively. As fast as protesters were locked up, organisers bailed them out.April 11 – MLK along with others were issued with a court order prohibiting them from leading or organising demonstrations.

With the protests not going well, and learning from Albany, court orders were ignored.

April 12 – MLK led a prayer march downtown, was arrested, and placed in solitary confinement.

April 20 – MLK leaves jail to the dismay of protest dying out with too many protestors in jail and not enough funds to bail them out.

Letter From Birmingham Jail

Read and analyze excerpt from MLK’s letter.

Answer the corresponding questions IN your notebook.

Be ready to discuss!

The SCLC planners proposed using high school students to protest. MLK agreed.

May 2-3 – Over 1000 young people marched to the city centre. 900 were arrested. Over 2500 turned up the next day led by adults and marched to the business district clutching ‘freedom’ signs.

Birmingham Campaigns 1963 Phase 2

May 2, 1963 Birmingham’s ‘Day of Shame’

Bull Connor ordered firemen to use high pressure hoses on protestors. This would send protestors (and remember mainly children) crashing to the ground and into buildings.Connor added to the chaos with police dogs snarling, lunging, and biting at protesters.

The next day millions read about or watched Birmingham’s ‘day of shame’.

President Kennedy said it made him ‘sick’

These tactics remained in place over the next week...

Reactions

White and coloured signs were removed, lunch counters desegregated, and whites started employing some blacks in previously ‘white only’ jobs. Libraries, municipal golf courses, public buildings, and schools were all eventually desegregated.

Birmingham segregationists responded to the agreement with a series of violent attacks. President Kennedy responded by ordering 3,000 federal troops into position near Birmingham and making preparations to federalize the Alabama National Guard.

June 11 – President Kennedy delivers the ‘Civil Rights Address’ on radio and television. In it he proposes a ‘civil rights bill’, which in 1964 will become legislation as the ‘Civil Rights Act’.

Crash Course https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S64zRnnn4Po