Th mark tin of tropical wood in South America

The marketing of tropical wood in South America

by

T.Erfurth and H. Rusche

FAO Forestry Department

FAO FORESTRY

PAPER

5

FOOD AND

AGRICUL 11JRE . ORGANIZATION

OF THE UNITED NATIONS

Rome, 1978

First printing 1978 Second printing 1984

Th~ d~SlynaTlons employt'd and !he prpsenta!lon u f mdT~rtdl In This puhl,cat,on do no! Imply !hp l'X~HeSSlon of any opinion wha!sof'ver on the Pdr! of t:". ~ oou anU Agrrculture Orgdnllatlon of The Unl!pr! Nations concernlflY !he legal stdtlJS of any counTry !prrr!ory, city or drPd ur (If It\ du!horttll'S or concerning th!' delimitaTion uf 'TS frOnT,,'r\ or I)OlH)ddrt~S

M-37

ISBN 92-5-100215-0

All ',ghts reserved No Pdrt of ttm publication may be reproduced,

STorpd In a reTrreval sysTem, or transmitted In any form or by dny means,

electronic. mpchdnlcal, photOCOPYing or otherWise, without The prror

permisSion of The copyrryht ownel ApplicaTions for such permiSSion,

with a STatemenT of the purposp and eXTent of the reproduction, should

be dddressed TO the D"ector, PublicaTIons D,v,s,on, Food and Ayrrculture

Organization of The United Nations, Via delle Terme dl Caracalla, 00100 Rome, ITaly

© FAO 1878

- III -

T!BLE OF CONTENTS

Introductor,y Remarks

1. South American tropical forest products in ~orld production and trade

2.

3.

4.

5.

6.

Occurrence and provenance of wood species

The performance cf wood species in production and trade

Evaluation of use properties and commercial acceptance

The problem of lesser-used wood species

Possibllities for expanding the marketable wood base

APPENDICES

I.

II.

III.

IV.

V.

VI.

VII.

VIII.

OCCURRENCE AND DENOMINATION, BY COU~~HIES OFI A. COMl~RCIAL SPECIES B. LESSER-USED SPECIES

USE PROPERTIES OF: A. COM1ffiRCIAL SPECIES E. LESSER-USED SPECIES

SAW- AND VENEER LOG PRODUCTION BY COU1~RIES AND SPECIES 1971/73 (INCLUDING WOOD VALUES FOR PRINCIPAL USES)

SAW- AND VENEER LOO EXPORTS, BY COUNTRIES AND SPECIES 1972/73

SAWNWOOD EXPORTS, BY COUNTRIES AND SPECIES 1972/73

EXPLANATIONS OF SYMBOLS, ABBREVIATIONS AND MrI'HODS USED

CHECKLIST ON PROPERTIES AND CHARACTERISTICS FOR EVALUATION OF LESSER-USED WOOD SPECIES

SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY

IV

1

3

7

9

16

23

1.1 1.5

11.1 II. 5

lII.l

IV.l

V.l

VI. 1

VII. 1

VIII. 1

- iv -

INTRODUCTuHY HL:..All.KS

The preS€I:t study "The N.arketing of Tropical Wood: Wood Species from South Anlerir:!:!.n Tropical J:01St F'Qrests" is the second special ,£t'AU study in the field of trop­ical Llr:,bt.' marj<eting. The first study dealing wi tll wood species from African moist forects was issued and reprinted hice in 1973, and appeared in an expa.1ded and up­dated version early in lj76.

In tt.e senes 01 publications on "The Ularketirlg of Tropical Wood" 8. variety of sub~ects will be covered which are related to FAO's development work in this field. A third paper is at present under preparetion, dealing with Southeast ASlan wood spec16s. SincE' tbe san.t; appruach methodology and reference year have been, and are being llSt:!d throughout tLese st.udies, it will he possible to arrive in due course at an inteneglonal compr.ri£on and evaluation of all data, particularly of those presented in the Appendices.

The pl'irr,ary pUl'post: of the present study is to provide information to all those concerned Wl th plarlnlflg a.nd carrying out forest surveys and inventories; industrial feaslbili t.y l'l.I:d market studies; tropical t.imber testing, research, development and pro­motion 'l/ork on tl:e natlonal and regional lFJvel. It also provides basic information for practlcal narketinf, trade development &ld market promotion work. Useful information might alAo be e}:t.racted from H.e study by forest Dlanagement experts and silvicultur­ists who are concern~d Wl th illMting, and forest regeneration work in general.

';'he ArPen(:lcfl~~ of thlB study were preoented in the form of a background document to the 1''N~'~fth SesS10r. (,;' tile Latin American 1<'orestr,y Commission, held in Havana, Cuba 2-7 rebrua.ry l~(16. ~'rL!rr, its report, page 4, para. 28 we quote: "There was commenda­tion for tLe effort~ rnalje by the Forestry Department of ~'AO to study the problems and potent1al or fore(.t species that had not yet gained the desired acceptance on markets, lind 1 twas recomr.lended that efforts in this direction be intensified in the second s t al!e 0 l' the stu G.y • It

Statlsticel d~ta for production and trade for the basic reference year 1973 were incomplete aud in several case~ 1971 or 197 2 data had to be used instead in order to show the distributlon of wood species. In a few cases where gaps in regular country statlstics occurred, ave.i1ahle unpubllshed materlal was used. For veneer and plywood, data by wood epecles ~r~ not availatle. Both products are fully considered in Chap­ters 1 and 6, hut hecause of l~ck of data are excluded from the detailed considerations 1n Ch~pterB 2 t.o 5. In Vlew of th~ above remarks the respective data should only be considered at:; provisional to be illiproved and expanded in due course.

I t would have been most desll'able to include local marketing aspects in this study, but data are either not availahle, or are insufficient to support similarly detailed consldere.tioIlf'l. ,'/nt;nf:Jver possible 8lId appropriate, aspects related to domestic mar­kets have beeu 1ncluded.

The special stud.y has been prepared by T. Erfurth, }'orest Products Marketing Offic er, r'ores t ry Departmen t of FAO, and H. Rusche, f'orestry Officer recrui ted by FAO under tha ASSociate .t:xpert Scheme of the l"ederal Republic of Germany, who also travel­led in the area under consideration for the collection of information.

The authors, on behalf of ~'AO, express their gratitude to government forest ser­vices, forest products research institutes, tropical forest products industries and trade fams and associations which have contributed to the study through information and advice.

- 1 -

SUu.MA.HY

1973 was selected as the basic reference year for this study since at that time the impact of the recession on wood supply and marketing patterns had not yet been felt. During this year log production in South American tropical forests reached 10.8 million m3 which were harvested allllost entirely in the moist tropical forests of Bolivia, Peru, Colombia, Venezuela, Guyana, Surinam, French Guiana and in the Brazilian Amazon area.

Forest products exports from these eight countries at tained in 1973 a total value of USU93 million 8lld remained substantially below the level of other tropical wood e~porting regions. Sawnwood, with 862 000 III 3 , was the largest single item, followed by loge - 461 000 m3, veneer 73 000 m3 and plywood 58 000 1113. Only 4 per cent of the total saw- and veneer log supplies were exported, and lIIore than 10 million m3 were converted locally into wood products, most of whioh were absorbed by domestic markets.

The stud3 analyses production and trade of the above nine countrles by species. All wood specios produced in quantities above 1 000 m3 per year are arbitrarily de­fined as commerCial, all other species as "lesser-used" provided that they are produc­ed in quantities below 1 000 m3 or, if not used commercially, have been identified - through an evaluation system specifically designed for this purpose - as having potential for use in the form of sawnwood, veneer and plywood.

The varying heterogenei ty of species composi tior. in these forests entails unfavour­able diversifications in wood properties. So far about 210 different wood species are cODlIliercialized under 125 trade names, and another 263 wood speoies are more or less known to the trade. While ma.n,y commerCial wood species are reported to be found widely distributed over the area, none of the 210 commercial species is produced in all nine countries. In fact, most of the wood speoies are commercialized only in one or two countries, and are either not or only little used in the other countries. Prefer­ences for wood species m~ var,y considerably from countr,y to country, and often frolll mill to mill.

Medl UIIl densi ty timbers Ille.d.e up for 65 per cent of the total saw- and veneer log production. Vl~OLA alone accounted for 24 per cent, followed by CAOBA-Mahogany, one of the finest veneer and joiner,y timbers which only reached 6 per cent, followed by CEDRU - 3.8 per cent - and ANDIRUEA 3.2 per cent. Low &ld medium density timbers to­gether add up to 79 per cent and consequently the upper and high density specles only account for 21 per cent of the total log production. This pattern of utilization is adverse to the actual wood density distribution in the forests, where the average den­eity specific weight lies substantially higher.

An analya1s of the market acceptance of commercial timbers based on property groups and value classes reveals that qualities and related va.lues are not differenti­ated in the same measure as, for instance, in the case of African tropical woods. In view of this it is assumed that the potential of the forests in the wider Amazon basin has still to be fully appraised, not only from the quantitative, but also from the quali tati ve point of view. Efforts aiDled at expanding the marketable wood base com­prlse the possibilities of (i) optimiZing wood values, (ii) grouping of wood speCies, and (iii) the promotion of mixed s~ecies for integrated industrial usa, whioh implies that combined aotion with (1) and tU) is possible and often necessary.

Y~owledge of the properties, uses anc marketing of wood species is an essential basis for the various planning and management activities related to investments in the tropical forestry and forest industries sBctor. Details need to be defined for each particular area selected for development, since local resource and market conditions as well as possibilities for export trade may var,y considerably. For the support of this work, the present study provides guidanoe and pertinent information. It i8 res­trioted to mechanical wood products.

- 2 -

The following points are singled out for special considerationa

(i) in resource and preinvestment surveys attention should be given to oommercial and lesser-used species alike, and to problems related to provenanoe, market acceptance and promotion, wood values and uae classification - with the overall objeotive of improving forest utilization;

(ii) the evaluation of use properties (Chapters 4 and 5) point at the need to support fUrther researoh and data oollection activities aimed at claritying the use potential of lesser-used wood species as a basio requirement for the promotion of individual or groups of wood speoies and their products, and to establishing oommon oriteria for grouping to be based on internationally oomparable standards for the use properties of lesser-used speoiesl

(iii) grading rules play a oentral role 1n product and market development. Average density of wood in tropioal forests is substantially higher th$n in temperate forests. Therefore increased efforts ahould be made to develop new or adopt existing teohn1ques allowing in parti­oular the use of tropioal hardwoods in housing and construction, in order to direotly improve domestic aooio-economic conditions. Orading rules and standards might mOre usefully be developed in olo~e relation with other regional and international initiatives with a view to harmonizing efforts;

(iv) wood p~eservation whenever appropriate should be part of the overall oonoept for industr,y and marketing planning in tropical forest oountries, and reoeive suitable teohnical support by timber research and develop­ment inst1tutionsl also,

(v) wood seasoning is an efficient tool for marketing development particularly of processed sawnwood and in this context it is suggested to use a system approaoh in individual oase studies demonstrating how to optimize the teohno-eoonomic complexl

contraot stipulations - wood produot standards - dimensional aoouracy and tolerances - moisture content ~ impermeable and invulnerable packaging - possible shipping in containers -constant quality - direot and immediate application by consumer.

- 3 -

1. South Amerioan tropioal forest produots in world production and trade

World trade of forest produots slightly more than doubled between the years 1961 to 1970. It expanded remarkably quickly between the years 1970 to 1973, when an in­ore .. e of 78 per cent was registered. Over these thirteen years the relative growth of torest produote exports from developing countries was notably above the world average, althoUBh the bulk of this growth must be attributed to unprooessed wood in the form of logs. Between 1973 and 1974, i.e. at tbe beginning of the recent world­wide reoe.lion, total world trade of forest produots continued to rise from US'22 360 million to US, 29 078 million, or by 30 per oent in one Bingle year. Taking into aooount tbe inflationary impact and the rather aocentuated increales of torest pro­ducts price. during tbis period, the rise in total export value m~ appear les8 speo­tacular than it iB. However, the negative tact remains that the value of forest pro­ducts exports trom developing oountries virtually stagnated, implying that trade volumes - for whioh data were not available at the time of writing thia paper - bad already declined during 1974 because of the recession which started to make itselt fel t strongly during the aecond half of 1974. This consideration served as a basis in selecting 1973 in the present etudy as a reference year, rather than the following years 1974 or 1975. It oan be assumed that the depresaed market conditions during the latter two years would not reflect a "close to average" marketing and utilization pattern of tro~ical woode.

In the global picture of world trade the position of forest products exports from all developing countries emerges, generally speaking, rather favourably. In 1973, their forest products exports amounted to a total value of US, 3 598, or 16 per cent of the world total, and thus are lix per cent bigher than exports from the centrally planned economies, which amounted to usa 2 237 million. Forest products exports from developing countries appear to be rather modest with regard to exports from the de­veloped market eoono~ oountries, which accounted during the same year for 74 per cent of the total world exports of torest produots, a large portion of which oonsists of pulp and paper.

Table 1. VALUE OF FOREST PRODUCTS EXPORTS IN WORLD TRlDE (In million US dollars)

Increase in per cent 1961 1970 1973 1974 1961-1970 1970-197 3 -

World 6 042 12 549 22 360 29 078 108 78

Developed Market Economies-Ec.Cl.I 4929 9 743 16 525 22 541 98 70 Developing Market Eoonomies-Eo.Cl.lI 526 1 468 3 598 3 678 179 145 Centrally Planned Economiee-Eo.Cl.III 587 1 338 2 237 2 859 128 67

Ealt Aaia developing 230 895 2420 2 340 289 170 Afrioa developing 188 336 748 747 79 123 Latin America 100 218 390 524 118 79

Tropical South America y 25 103 193 .. 312 87

];./ Brazilian-Amacon, Bolivia, Peru, Eouador, Colombia, Vene.uela, Guyana, Surinam, Frenoh Ouiana

Tbe growtb of forelt produots trade - acoording to Table 1 - baa been faatest in tbe developing oountrie.. Between 1961, 1970 and 1973 exports rose from US, 526 million to usa 1 468 million and USI3 598 million, or bJ 179 and 145 per oent respeot-1ve17. Within the three major tropioal timber exporting regions the first posit1on -both in growth and .ize - 11 taken by last Asian developing countries with exports of 0512 420 million in 1973, whioh made up for two-thirds of the total tropioal log and wood produots export ••

- 4 -

The forest products exports of the nine South American countries under review in thj s 8 tudv ~oun ted in 1,73 to US319.3 milli on and thus accounted for 49 per cent of the total for~gt products exports from Latin America. Although the tropical moist forests of South A.7<erica represent an area of almost 7 million square kilometers, or about 25 per cent of the total forest cover of the world. its contribution to world trade in 1973 r6111ainerl bttlow 1 per cent. It appears that South American tropical moist forests are less well-endowed with resources of commercial woodS, and oonditione compare less favourably with those of Southeast Asia and tropical Africa. Another reason for the little importance South American tropical woods have on world markets is the relatively high local consumption, BS is evident from Table 3.

The spectacular growth of forest products exports from developing countries has to be attributed in the first place to log exports whioh in 1973 accounted for 61 per cent of the world total &s shown in Table 2. In this context it must be noted that the logs and sawnwood produced in, and subsequently exported from, tropical countries are almost exclUSively broadleaved species. Exports of broadleaved log. and sawnwood during the same year accounted for 93 and 57 per cent respeotively. It is also inter­esting to note that developing countries'exporte of veneer and plywood had reached 50 per cent and 43 per cent of the respective world total in 1973. The share of the moist tropical South American region in the world total of the respective exports W&S very low indeed' 1 per cent for broadleaved log., 6 per cent for broadleav.d sawnwood, 6 per cent for veneer, and 1 per cent for plywood

Table 2. THE SHARE OF DEVELOPING COUNTRIES' EXPORTS IN WORLD TRADE OF FOREST PRODUCTS IN 1973, BY MAJOR PRODUCTS

All

1000 m3 or ID. t.

Logs 49 480 Sawn"ood 8 ll9 Veneer 616 Plywood. 2 806 Particle board 128 Fibreboard 128 Pulpwood and chips 1 054 Pulp 508 Paper and paper board 450

1/ Percentages for broadleaved logs only ]V Percentages for broadleaved sawnwood. onlY

developing countries

Percentage in world trade

61 (93~¥ 11 ( 57 50 43

3 4 4 3 2

Tropical South !meriea

Peroentage 1000 m3 in world or m. t. trade

461 862 73 58 10

0.6 1.2 6.0 1.0 0.2

33 0.1

(1.0)1/ (6.0):;'

Developing countries' exports of board products, pulp and paper, i.e. all pro­duots whiCh are based on wood in ita diSintegrated torm as chip. and tibres, are ineig­nifioant at pre.ent. Exports in these oategories from tropical South !merioan co~­tries so far are either non-existent or negligible.

The contribution of the above moist tropioal South American region to world trade of forest produots varies considerablY from country to co~tr,y as doel the share ot exports in domestic produotion. Generally speaking, saw- and veneer log exports from tropioal South !merida has not been and i. not expeoted to become important. In 1973, aocording to Table 3, onlY 4 per cent ot ita production was exported in log form.

- 5 -

Table 3. PRODUCTION AND EXPORTS OF SAW- AND VENEER LOOS FROM J4AJOR TROPICAL TIMBER PRODUCING REGIONS, IN 1973, BY 1000 .3

Log pro-.Hegion or country duetion

East Asia developing 76 744 Tropical Africa 17 951 Tropical Latin America 19 099

Tropical South Amerioa 1/ 10 774 Brazilian Amazon (in-197 2) 3 300 Bolivia 216 Peru 629 Ecuador 1 BOo Colombie. 39BO Venezuela 470 Guyana 212 Surinam 140 French Guiana tT

Apparen t local industrial use of logs

29 928 9 541

17 538

10 316 2 924

2l~ 629

1 800 3 943

470 181 133

20

Log exports

46 816 8 410 1 561

458 376

37

31 7 7

Share of log exports in production

" 61 47

8

4 11

1

15 5

26

21 Figures originate from the 1973 FAO Forestry Yearbook, they may differ from those mentioned later as different .ource had ~o be used for species breakdown

Exports of logs from Bolivia, Ecuador, Peru and Venezuela are either very small or non-existent. Log exports from Colombia accounted for 1 per cent and those of Surinam for 5 per cent of the log production. Only from the Brazilian Amazon, O~ana and French GUiana log exports exceeded 10 per cent of log production and amounted to 11, 15 and 26 per cent respectively. The bulk of tropical timber ie produced in and exported from Eaet Asian developing countries which make up for 67 per cent of the log produotion and 82 per cent of the log exports of the three regions "'hereae the share of moist tropical South America in log production and log exports accounted for 9 and 1 per cent respectively.

Before going into the detailed analysis of tropical South American wood species it seems appropriate to examine more closely the main features of log production be­tween tropical South America and the two other principal tropical forest areas South­east Aeia and tropical Africa. Ten of the most important commercial wooda were select­ed and are presented in Table 4 to illustrate the relianoe of log produotion of the three regions on only a r~latively few species. Furthermore, it is interesting to note - and reference is made to this grouping of species in the following chapters - that the ten Southeast Asian commercial woods mentioned in Table 4 comprise more than 150 individual wood species belonging to 11 different genera. On the other band, the 10 most important South American tropical timbers are made up of 18 wood species which are related to 9 genera. It is Dot the intention of this study to analyse Table 4, as this oan only be done after the studies of all three regions have been finished. But those who are interested in the present study on moist tropical South American wooda will find it useful at this et~e to obtain this brief information for comparative purposes.

Tab

le 4

. 8.

11'

AND

?EN

EER

LOG

PRO

DU

CTIO

N

OF P

RIN

CIP

AL

CmIiL

l:.:R

CIAL

Yl

OODS

-10

00 l

li3 -

BY l

iAJO

R

REG

ICN

S AN

D PR

OD

UCI

NG

CO

UN

1'RIE

S II

I OR

AB

OUT

1973

N

o.

of

2/

po

ssib

le

Log

p

ro-

Pil

ot

nam

e S

cie

nti

fio

nam

e sp

ecie

s d

uct

ion

BR

A BO

L PE

R EC

U CO

L VE

N (A

maz

on)

-TR

OPI

CAL

SOUT

H AN

.ERI

C.1

1972

19

73

1973

19

73

1971

19

72

1.

VIR

OLA

V

iro1

a sp

p.

7 16

6 2(

24

1/ ID

) ~ IJ.8

--,

)"I'

O

2.

C.10

B1

Sw

iete

nia

mac

ropb

y11a

1

411

16 -

204

150

34

23

3.

CEDR

O C

edre

1a e

pp.

2 26

5 4

107

0.7

130

13

12

4.

BALS

A.

Och

rom

a 1a

gopu

s 1

246

3 24

6 5

. A

ND

IRO

B.1

Car

apa

epp.

2

219 r

151

13

34

6.

S.1J

O

Cam

pnos

perm

a pa

nam

ensi

s 1

182

3 18

2 7

. LO

URO

IIH

AllU

T O

cote

a cy

mba

rUD

I 1

149

2 14

9 8

. S.1QUI-S.1~UI

Bom

baco

peis

qui

natu

m

1 12

5 2

1 12

4 9

. G

BEEl

lBE.

1RT

Oco

tea

rod

iae1

1

117

~2

10

. II

lJ.1

0 .i

naca

rdiu

m e

xce1

sUD

I 1

106

1 6

8 92

WES

T .ur

n CE

NTRA

L .1

FB.IC

.1

3/

LIB

IV

C

GHA

taG

CA

M

Gll

1

. O

HiC

HI

Tr~plochiton

ec1e

roxy

1on

1 19

60(1

6 1

/ 2

I 11

09

520

229

T9

2.

O

ICO

UU

.1

ucou

mea

k1

ain

ean

a 1

1782

(15

--

1571

3

. SI

PO

Ent

andr

ophr

agm

a u

tile

1

661

5 49

43

0 10

7 2

26

9 4

. .1

CJ.J

OU

-JW

IOO

. IC

hqa

epp.

3

586

5 3

195

161

136

18

19

5.

S.1P

ELLI

E

ntan

drop

hrag

ma

cyc1

ind

ri-

1 55

2 4

7 17

2 19

0 7

84

6.

LIll

BJ.

T

erm

inal

ia s

up

erb

a (c

um

1 46

2 4

51

1 26

5 16

39

7

. IR

OICO

C

h1or

opho

ra e

xce

1sa

1

349

3 9

184

95

17

18

8. T

un

Entandrophr~

ang

ole

nse

1

308

3 2

179

83

6 4

5 9

• .!Z

OB

I L

op

hir

a ala

ta

1 28

4 2

16

5 1

1 26

1 10

. lI

.UO

RE

-DO

UU

T

iegh

eme1

ia s

pp.

2 27

4 2

20

166

56

2 15

SOU

THEA

ST .

!su

3/

TH

AI

MAL

S

AR

SA

E ID

Q

PHIL

17

688~

27

1/ ---

--

1.

mD

Tt(

un

sp7

) S

ho

rea

92

, P

aras

ho

rea

3 95

33

12

455

-13

901

2.

PHIL

.IlA

HO

GA

llY

Sh

ore

a 5

, P

aras

ho

rea

1,

7 70

84 1

1 -

--

7084

3.

RE

D SE

RJ.T

.1

Sh

ore

a sp

p.

(Pen

tacm

e 1

32

5934

(9

-

5934

4.

X

ERU

IBG

D

ipte

roca

rpu

s sp

p.

52

4749

(7

-

2042

85

12

05

1417

5.

KA

PUR

D

r,yo

ba1a

nops

sp

p.

9 35

16

(5

-13

13

85

1867

25

1 6

. W

HIT

E SE

RJ.Y

J. P

aras

ho

rea

spp.

5

3091

(5

-

3091

1.

RJ.J

lIB

Oo

ny

stl'

lus

spp.

8

27 4

8 (4

64

0 1

2107

8.

.!P

ITO

NO

D

ipte

roca

rpu

e ep

p.

10

1597

~ 2

-

1597

9.

.lU

ll

Sh

ore

a alb

ida

1 13

99

2 -

1399

10

. YE

LLOW

SER

.1Y.1

Sh

ore

a ap

p.

10

949

(1

949

1/ P

erce

nta

ges

in

bra

cket

s If.

Sp

ecie

s g

rou

pin

g i

n S

ou

thea

st .

1sia

may

in

vo

lve

doub

le

emp1

a"m

ent

of

ind

ivid

ual

woo

d sp

ecie

s ~I .

111

pro

du

ctio

n d

ata

refe

r to

yea

r 19

73 e

xce

pt

for

TrO

liC

al

Sou

th A

mer

ica

~I

For

ex

pla

nat

ion

s o

f B

Jmbo

ls

and

abb

reT

iati

on

s se

e pp

endi

x V

I.

GUY

SUR

GUF

--

-19

7 3

1973

197

1 ~~T.4

0.3

2

5 16

0

.4

117

CGO

Zll

-5

-=

; 21

1 7 31

28

26

61

31

65

24

6

20

3 26

15

0\

- 7 -

2. Ooourrenoe and proTenanoe of wood Bpecies

The moat signifioant feature of the tropical moist forest is the heterogeneity of its botanical composition. This is particularly valid ~r the South American tropical moiet foreets aB the multiplicity of species is extremely accentuated.

Variations of the tropical moiBt forest type are tbe riparian and swamp forest near tbe main river. and the sea ooast especially Buitable for water logging. Tbe .emi-deoiduous tor •• tB occurring in areas with a pronounoed dry period during the year should also be mentioned. Th8se latter forest types show a less lUXuriant vege­tation oover. However, restricted ecological conditions show the adaptation of speci­tic tree species resulting in a more gregarious growth and con.equently higher volumes per specie. per ha whioh often made tbem more interesting trom an economic point ot view. In several cowltrieB in the region these swamp and riparian forests are even more important than the rain forost proper.

Detailed info~ation on its composition and utilization are not yet available for many parts of the South American tropical forests. However, the following general conclueions m~ be drawn from experience and the data so far obtained.

11)

v)

the number of tree species growing on a given forest area is bigh, but a major portion, two-thirds or more, of the standing volume is formed by 30 to 50 species only, out of which few species may be considered as dominantl

there are considerable variations from place to place in the botanical oomposi tion of the rain forest. These local variations entail diversi­ficationB in wood properties which have a particularly unfavourable impact on util1~ationl

the growing stock m~ vary between 100-270 m3/ha;

uncontrolled activities have often ohanged natural vegetation patterne. ~ conSiderable portion yet to be defined of the original forest cover has been degraded through shifting cultivation and other uncontrolled activities;

the volume of commercial wood removed from natural forests m~ in a few cases exceed 40 m3/ha, but ranges normally between 5 and 20 m3/ba;

there are about 470 wood 8peoies whioh are more or lees known to the tradel of which about 210 are regularl¥ used in appreciable quantities, and about 260 species which are less used.

It is tbe last point (vi) whioh is the core of consideration in thiB 8tUdy. This po1nt i8 turther 8ubstantiated in Appendix I whioh shows - under ~ - the name8 and occurrenoe ot 210 wood speciee &8 extracted trom the 1971/73 produotion statist­ic. of Brazil (1mazon), Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador, Colombia, Venezuela, G~ana, Surinam, and French Guiana, which are largely representative of the tropical rain toresta in South imeriea. ~ turther 263 epeoies were added - under B - after detailed 8creening ot 8pecialized literature. The technioal and Qommeroial aspecta related to thi8 grouping are di80ussed in the following chapter8.

For each ot the 473 species enumerated in ~ppend1x I the occurrence in a parti­cular country is indicated by what appeared to be the m08t familiar of the vernacular name. u.ed in -the oountr,r. Broader indications in the literature on the ocourrence ot 1ndividual speoies reterring to ranges and regions etc., .ere neglected. While this i. a sate approach to avoid the introduotion ot unde.irable general1&ation8, the resulting ind1oations m~ be somewhat inoomplete. Addit10ns regarding the occurrenoe ot ind1vidual species will be made as and when detailed information become. avail­able. Kxaot boundaries determing the oocurrenoe of individual specie. in the wider

- 8 -

Amazone Region are generally not known. However, 80me countries have made investiga­tions for a few commeroial timbers such as VlBOL! (192-198), C!OBA (175), CEDRO (48-49~ BALSA (122) and GREENHEART (131). This means that in casee where resource surveys are carr1e~ r ~ in hitherto untouohed areas, species m~ oocur which originally had not been expected in the area (.ee above points (i) and (ii)). Therefore, the inventory specialist may find it appropriate to study the botanical and other pertinent oharac­teristics of oommercial speoies before starting specitic surveys.

No attempt is made in this study to relate countr,y data on torest production with those on ocourrenoe. Tbe resulting information would have been ot some use but not tully conclusive because ot the laCK of quantitative resource data. However, compari­.ons of OCcurrenoe and trade are pOSSible, based on data contained in Appendices I, III IV and V. Comparisons could disclose discrepancies showing for instance the occurr­ence of a speoifio speoies in a particular countr,y where there is no indioation of produotion or trade. One reaBon for negleoting suoh speoies may be quality problems related to provenanoe. Other reasons cculd be insufficient supplies or under-utiliza­tion of resource. in a given area.

Provenance is indeed for several apecie. a signifioant factor for oommeroial acceptance, but specific information or knowledge qy speoies and oountries is acaroe. Some information indioates that for low and mediwm density wood species which occur in the "terra :firm. foreats" as well as in the "ve.r~.a torests" along the rivers of the wider Amazon region species of the "varzea toresta" show slightly inferior qual1 ty and lower density than those of the "terra tirme torests". However this phenomenon haa not been confirmed a5 yet and further specifio investigation. are needed. Problema arise no~ally only in relation to the decorative value of the veneer surtace and are generally less accentuated with regard to .awnwood. However, in the context of this .tudy, it is necessary to draw attention to the existence of possible quality ditter­encea in wood species from various provenance.. This aspect sbould not be neglected in torest surveys and preinvestment studies.

It is only natural that oommeroial wood species are better known than tho.e .pe­cies which as yet have only been partly or not at all introduced into trade. This fact is olearly demonstrated in Appendix I through a oomparison of part A with part B. The variou. oolumns in part A reveal a more compact pe.ttern than the distribution in part B where empty spaces oCour between the vernacular names. In several oases indi­vidual wood species under B m~ in fact occur less frequently than under A, but the prevailing "empty space" pattern under B suggests that knowledge on oocurrence of speoies i8 generally muoh smaller.

Knowledge is also restricted with regard to properties, characteristics and other technioal information, which is dealt with in Chapter. 4 and 5 in more detail. How­ever, in order to get an impression of the .peeies mix and the requirements tor log conversion into lawnwood and veneer, the tollowing results of • survey made by Hallewa. et al in 1966 in the mature fore.t ot Caxuana (!mazon) might be taken as an example, but not applied in general.

Total volume per hal in m3 or per cent trees above 25 cm BHD 1I 219 100 trees above 45 om BRD 155 71

(1) 0r-0i .. whiob can be .... ~. without hardmetal .awteeth 45 21 b with hardmetal .awteeth 135 62

(2) speoie. whioh can be peeled and sliced 28 13

- 9 -

3. The performanoe of wood species in production and trade

In this study considerations of the commercial performance of wood species are baaed on statistical information obtained from nine South American countries in the Ambzon forest area. TheBe countries are Brazil, Bolivia, Peru, Ecuador Colombia Venezuela, OyYana, Surinam and Frenoh Guiana. Their production and exp~rt statistics for the period between 1971 and 1973 reveal the names of 125 commercial timberl but rather incomplete indications of the quantities exported. The ten most import~t tim­bert of each country are lummarized in Table 5, and further specified in !ppendioes I to V. The item "unspecified" IWllDlarize8 wood species whioh are only produoed in vel'1 emall quantitiee.

For the purpose of this study the term "commercial" ie used for timbers with pro­duction or exports exoeeding 1000 m3/year. The term "leuer-used" is applied to all thos. species which are either not used at all, or only in quantities up to 1000 mJ annually, or exported. Chapter 5 deale specifically with lesser-used speciet.

One wood speoies - VIROL! (192-198) - accounted for 24 per cent of the aggregate eaw- and veneer log production and 37 per cent of the total exports in the period from 1971 to 1973. The first ten commercial woods includin~ VIROL! (192-198), C!OB! (175), CEDRO (48 49), i!LS! (122), !NDIROB! (36,37), S!JO (35), LOURO INHAMUY (125), S!QUI­S!QUI (24~, EUCALIPTO (88), and GREENHE!RT (131), accounted for 50 per cent of the saw­and veneer log production, and 68 per cent of the exports.

The above term Itco~ercial" - particularly when applied to speoies produced in quantities above 10 000 mJ/year - is by no meane an indication of the potential for in­dividual speCies, but an indication of their present and past position on the market. However, it leeme reasonable to assume that a particular wood speciss which haa been exported in quantities above 1000 m3, or even 10 000 m3 per year as lawn and/or round­wood, Mhculd be suffioiently well known to both industr,y and trade to exclude doubts as to itl future suitability - at least for the purposes it hal been used for so far. Moreover, it should be possible - provided the parties conoerned agree to collaborate -to derive luffioient experienoe from the use of quantities above 1000 m3 per year and to indioate more clearly what the prospects for an individual species on a given market might be. Suob inveltigations might, however, become somewhat oomplex and diffioult if the exports of the speoies concern~d are soattered over several receiving oountries and various end-users.

Tbe grouping of "coIllllleroial" speoies into quanti ties (a) above 10 000 m3/year, and (b) from 1000 to 10 000 m3/year - useful &8 it m~ be for the purpose cf this Itudy -throws up a further consideration related to the "market oeiling" of individual Ipecisa. !lthough realizing the hypothetical nature of market ceilingo, which cannot be .. sessed in quantitative terms, it is useful to refer to it in thil ocntext in order to illust­rate the Ilight reservation with regard to the above grouping. For utility timbere the market oeiling on a given market is much higher than for decorative veneer qualities. For example, the market oeiling for SUCUPIR! (72,73) - a reasonably well-known medium value and decorative wood Ipecies - il probably muoh lower than for PElIEMONO (12-14) whioh i8 a relatively little known utility type wood speoies. Both were produoed in 1971-73 in similar quantities.

The exohange cf information il of great importance for promoting the market aooeptance of South American tropioal woods. Many wood lpeoies oocur in all nine ooun­tries, but most Ipeoiel are produoed and made use of only in a few. Most of the tim­bers - 83 per oent - are produoed in commercial quantities in only One or two oountries and are liller-used wood Ipeeiea, or non-exiltent, in the remaining oountries. lot one single speciel is produoed in all nine countries. !nother interesting alpeot il that mOlt of the oountriel involved in thil study have different preferences for oommeroial timbers, and that the ten most important timbers in eaoh oountr,y acoount for 73 to 97 per oent of the total law- and veneer log production as shown in Table 5.

lfab

1e 5

• aD

-jD

, ... L

OO P

llODOC~IOI I

I PI

B C

DI'

01'

!O

f.AL

LOC.

AL PllODOCTI~OJ' 'J

IB '

I'D

lIa

sT D

IPO

ll!.o

T

IfD

Ws

]Jf

Co

on

'aD

S

Per

oeD

tage

:a

et.l

o.

of

tota

l jo

oaa

ula

te4

P

ilo

t Il

..

.lE

ielU

lu I

19

72

1973

19

73

1973

19

71

1972

19

73

1973

19

71

prod

.uoU

OD

P

erce

nta

ge

TiN

1a

192-

198

34

2 .. !

! !¥

41

+

1 .

'29

1 24

.0

24.0

C

...

175

6 68

5

+

4 +

6

.0

30.0

eeb

o

48,4

9 ,

3 20

2

1 +

8

3.8

3

3.8

..

••

••

Ial.

a

122

+

+

+

« +

+

+

+

3

.5

37

.3

a41

:ro

'ba

)6,3

7 5

+

2 3

+

2 13

1

3.2

4

0.5

S

a,jo

35

+

+

15

2

.6

43

.1

wvo

iDh

-lV

12

5 5

2.2

4

5.3

B

aq

ai-... a1

24

+

+

••

22

1

.8

47

.1

• lI

Oal

1pto

88

1

8

••

1.7

4

8.8

G

:reu

llea

ri

131

+

+

+

50

+

1.7

5

0.5

JI

i,j ..

8 +

+

1

1 17

+

1

.5

52

.0

ati

rob

a ,

j&:re

aa

9 3

+

1.5

5

3.5

Jl

aira

t1D

c&

134

3 1

.4

54

.9

h._

a

98

1 1

1

••

+

4 +

••

+

1

.3

56

.2

CU

Ilp

:N

66-6

8 +

16

+

+

1

.2

51

.4

eaU

'Yo

161

+

7 +

1

.2

58

.6

Laa

n1

59

+

+

+

10

+

4

+

1.1

59

.1

ee1

_

51

1 +

+

+

3

+

+

+

+

1.0

60

.1

I-'

0 a

u..

14

7 +

13

1

.0

61.7

C

ap1.

ba

92

1 +

+

+

11

13

11

1

.0

62.7

I

Lou

ro

123

2 ••

+

+

+

+

+

+

1

.0

63.7

:a

ob1e

ooJ

'1'iu

.te

123

••

10

+

+

+

+

+

+

0.9

6

4.6

1f

0mi1

1 0

50

.. 9

+

0.9

6

5.5

"p

aral

l,ja

ba

111,

112

2 +

+

0

.9

66

.4

.lp

uate

17

8 +

2

6 0

.9

67

.3

J_&

:rea

ba

31-3

4 1

.. 2

1 1

+

+

+

+

0.8

6

8.1

S

llO

ap1r

a _

ta

26

2 0

.7

68

.8

.lba

roo

38

+

4 +

0

.7

69

.5

Lap

.. a

54

+

+

7 0

.7

70

.2

Saa

4e

30

+

4 2

+

0.7

7

0.9

.o

re1

11

0 80

+

7

0.6

7

1.5

C

RD

O

63,1

62

.. 13

+

+

1

0.5

7

2.0

Q1

I&Z1

Iba

200,

208

1 +

+

+

+

+

+

+

43

0

.5

72

.5

Wal

1aba

76

-79

+

+

9 1

2

+

0.5

7

3.0

O

aqab

o

181,

182,

184

+

2 1

1 +

+

0

.5

73

.5

CR

;reU

O

17-2

0 +

+

2

+

+

+

+

0.4

7

3.9

Jl

arap

a 17

2 1

+

.. +

+

+

2

1 1

0.4

7

4.3

C

hRO

~ ,

28

+

+

+

1

3 0

.4

74

.7

Cop

a1ba

55

-58

.. 2

+

+

0.4

7

5.1

fab

le 5

' oo

ntd.

Ref

. 1'0

. P

ilo

t n .

..

App

endi

x I

1972

19

73

197

3 19

7 3

1971

19

12

1913

19

73

1971

Pu

rple

hea

rt

140-

145

+

+

+

+

5 +

+

A

aapu

20

9 1

+

+

5 +

S

ucu

pir

a 7

2,7

3

1 +

+

2

1 +

P

eill

e.O

Do

12-1

4 +

+

+

2

+

+

+

Pel'l

laD

San

che.

18

8 +

4

JIo

eu

12

4,12

8-13

0 +

4

+

+

+

Cha

Dul

97

4

+

Ced

ro r

ojo

47

4

WaD

a 13

2 +

+

4

22

.ora

11

5 +

6

+

+

Bu

ralo

ku

a 69

+

10

1

Duk

ali

1)6

.. 4

+

Jig

ua

120,

121

+

+

2 +

re

reU

12

7 ,1

30

+

+

4 +

+

Ju

i ..

64,6

5,16

3 1

IlaD

dioq

ueir

a 16

4-17

0 ..

+

+

2 1

JIor

adi 1

1 0

109

+

2 +

+

+

P

hi

126-

130

,133

+

+

+

3

+

lIaD

bark

lak

83-8

7 ..

+

+

+

3 +

ll

.. nd

rill

0 18

0 +

1

+

Su

b-t

ota

l in

per

cen

t 7

3

97

79

93

84

96

96

89

1/

Por

pro

du

oti

on

fig

ure

. b.

r q

uan

tit7

aee

App

endi

x II

I lZ

••

Loc

al p

rod

uct

ion

1 ••

a th

an 1

per

cen

t ]V

+

O

ccur

reno

e o

f w

ood

ep

eci.

e,

bu

t no

in

dic

atio

n o

f actu

al

pro

du

ctio

n a

Tai

lab

le

Perc

en

tqe

of

tota

l A

ccU

liul

ated

p

rod

uct

ion

p

erc

en

tqe

0.4

7

5.5

0

.4

75

.9

0.3

7

6.2

0

.3

76

.5

0.3

7

6.8

0

.3

77 .1

0

.3

77

.4

0.2

7

7.6

0

.2

77 .8

0

.2

78

.0

0.2

7

8.2

0

.2

78

.4

0.1

7

8.5

0

.1

78

.6

0.1

78

.7

0.1

7

8.8

0

.1

78

.9

.....

.....

78

.9

- 12 -

Tb •• e timbers and their local produotion indioated in p.rc.ntage, are a. followBI

Brazilian Amazone, 19721 VIROLA (192, 197,198) - 34~, Mogno (CAOR! 175) - 6~ ANDIROR! (36) - 5~, LOORO INHAMUY (125) - 5~, CEDRO (48) - 3~, ANDIROBA JABBUA (9) - 3~, llUIR.J.TINOA (134) - 3~, LOURO (123) - ~, IW'.A.RANJU!! (111,112) - ~, SUCUPI1iA MATA (26) - 2:1'.

BOliVia, 19731 Mara (CAO!! 175) - 6~, Laurel (CARANO 162) - 1~, Cohoo (ASSACU 98) - ilJ, ORIDiLLO (109) - ~, Sangre de toro (VlROLJ. 192) - zt,., AL¥ENDIULLO (lao) - 1~.

Peru 19731 CEDRO (48) - ~, EUCALIPTO (88) - 1~, ROBLE CORRIENTE (123) - 1~, ~LLO (50) - ~, LUPUNA (54) - 7~, CAOBA (175) - 5~, MOENA (124,128-130) - 4~, COPliBJ. (56-58) - ~, .llfaro (JAC.A.REU.BA 32) - ~, Roble amarillo (GUJ.Y.ABO 181,184) _~.

Ecuador, 19731 BALSA (122) - 44~, CUANOARE (66-68) - 16~, LAUREL (59) - 1~, FERNAB SINeW (188) - 4~, SANDE (30) - 4", CIWroL (97) - 4%, CEDRO (48) - ~, Tangere (.ANDIRO!! 36) - zt,., nGUA (120,121) - ~, !NDlE (64,65,16) - 1".

Colombia, 19711 VIROL! (192) - 41~, BAJO (35) - 15~, CATIVO (161) - 7~, .ABARCO (38) - 4~, Quino T~8re (.lNDIROB! 36) - ~, CErU (51) - ~, Roble (AP.Al4A.TE 178) - zt,., CABRE'l'1'O (17-20) - "', SANDE (30) - ~, PEINDONO (12-14) - ~.

Venezuela, 19721 SA~UI-SA~UI (24) - 2~, MIJAO (8) - 17~, SAMAR (147) - 1~, MOiEILLO (80) - 1', APAMATE (178) - ~, CAO!! (175) - 4", Jabi110 (ASSACU 98) - 4~, CEDRO ROJO (47) - 4", Pardi110 (LAUREL 59) - 4", CHARO (27,28) - 3".

Guyana, 19731 GREENHEART (131) - 5~, Kabulcall1 (CUPIUB! 92) - ll~~ IU,UB. (76-79) - 9J, MOll (115) - 6", PURPLEHEART (140-145) - 5", ICERETI (127 ,130) - 4", DUULI (136) - 4", Crabwood (ANDIRO:BA 36,37) - ~, Simarupa (IURUPA 172) - ~, Tatabu (SUCUPIll73) - zt,..

Surinam, 19721 Baboen (VIROL! 195-197) - ~, xrapa (ANDIROBA 36) - 13~, Kopi (CUPIUBA 92) - l~f IALLABJ. (76-79) - 1~, BASlW.OICtTS (69) - 1~, Bruinheart (ACAPU 209) - 5~, WAll! (132) - 4", PISI (130) - ~, IWfBARlCLAK (83-8'r) - JI., Gronfo10 (JUBDIOQUlIU 164-170) - ~.

French Guiana, 19711 Koua1i (QUABUB! 200-208) - 43~, Grignon franc (WANA 132) - 2~, Ooup1 (COPlO!! 92) - 11", C.drat (CIDRO 48) - ~, Yl1amadou (VIROLA 192-198) - 1~, Carapa (ABDIROBA 36,37) - 1~, Sim&rouba (IWiUPA 172) - 1~, A.ngel1que (USRALOXUS 69) - 1", Grignon feu (MANDIOQUElHA 165-170) - 1~, Mani1 (ANAN! 176) - 1".

Of the various speoies mentioned above, the first three to five timber. in .ach oountry are low or medium densit7 wooda whioh represent more than tit~ p.r oent ot the total eaw and veneer log produotion in the rea,eotive oountriee. However, in Guyana the tirst five timbere, notab~ GREENHEART l131), are high density wood. repre.enting 81 per oent of the aaw- and veneer log produotion ot G~ana. Thi •• xoep­tiona1 utilization ot high density timbers in the Guyana market throw •• ome light on the oomp1exity of market aoceptanoe at wood apeoie., and on how reaouroe. oo.po.ition and the resulting aupply .ituation intluenoe. end u.e patterna.

Grouping of wood speoi.s by timbers at the same tamily and/or genua ie ooca.ion­ally praotioed in South Amerioan tr~e. The most important example at grouping practi­oe •• eem. to be within the ~ri.tioaceae genera Dialyantbera, Ir/anthera, Osteoph10.m and Viro1a. Among a great number ot ditt.rent trade- and vernacular names the mo.t appropriate name u.ed in tbe oountr,y ia indioated b.1ow. Tbe reterenoe numbers in bracket. refer to Appendix I. In Brazil, the .bon .... nti'on.d ICYrlltioaoeae are ,rou­,ed under the name. VliOLA (192,197,198) aDd Ooudbarana (135,1120,1157), in Peru under . Cumala (1~2,197,1120). In Iouadar CUA5G!RI (66-68) aDd ChalTiande (135,193,196,197, 1120,1157) are applied. In Colombia Cuangare (68,1121) i. oommon, together with Sangre

- 13 -

de toro l196,1157) which is also used in Bolivia for Virola sp. (192). In OU¥ana, Surin&m and Frenoh Guiana only speoies of Virola spp. are grouped together under the trade names Dalli (195-197), Baboen (195-197) and Yayamadou (192,196,197) respectively.

Tha compilations of Table 6 show that ~ri8tioaceae timbers do not always have the same use propertieB, and the existing gaps indicate that in eOIDe cases use proper­ties still need to be determined. Similar inoonsistencies and information gaps seem to exist also in other grouping practices, i.e. Sapoteceae under ABIURANA (114,157-160) in Brazil, Burseraoeae under ANlME (64,65,163) in Eouador and Lauraceae in nearly all oountries concerned. These groups therefore appear to be more the result of local s~las pract~ce8 than of the application of sound technical criteria based on s~milari­ty of use properties. Another point which has also caused some uncertainty in both domestic ~ld export markets is the selling of lesser-used wood speoies under the name of a similar commercial timber, instead of promoting these lesser-used speoies with a view to establishing their own market on the merits of their cwn properties.

However, as long as no more detailed and comprehensive information on the use propsrties by wood species i8 available, grouping practioes are likely to be based more on general appearanoe and market oustoms than on well-definsd criteria which must still be established. In this context it is emphasized that detailed studies should be carried out to olarifY the market potential of species or groups of species. Such de­tailed information would be needed to support speoific preinveatment studies, but in order to be meaningful, market studies must be oomplemented ~ appropriate resourse data.

Table 6. USE PROPEBTIES~/ OF MYRISTICACEiE OF TROPICAL SOUTH !MERICA

Ref. No. Scientific Name Appendix I DENS WORK SHEI FINI STRE Dt.JIU.

Dialianthera gordoniaefolia 66 L A A C C " grac111pes 67 L C C

" otoba 68 L A C

" parvifol1a 1075 M A B A Iryanthera spp. 1120

" jurueusie 1121 L A B A B C Osteophloem platispermum 135 L B C

" Bp. lIS7 M

Virola ap. 192 " dixonl1 193 " kuohakana 194 L B

" melinonii 195 14 A B A B C

" sebifera 196 M A B A B C

" B urin&.lllensis 197 M A C A B C

" venosa 198 U A A

Y For explanations of symbols and abbreviations see Appendix VI

Table 7 .howe the po.ition of the 125 commercial timbers and the degree ot tne1r actual acceptance 1n export markets wh1ch 1. marked Q7 •• when exported quanti tie. ex­ceedod 10 000 m3 per year, or * when 8~porte re~ained below 10 000 m3 per year (aee Appendices III, IV and V for further details).

Table 7. PERFORMANCE OF WOOD SPECIES IN TRADE

A. Co_roi&l. Urabere - production above 10 000 m3 per yoars

•• CEDRO 48,49 ** VlROLA 192-198

•• BALSA 122 ** CAOBA 175 .* AliDliOBA 36,37 • S.A.lin 30

SAJO 35 * PAU AMARil,O 89

Tabl. 71 oontd.

LOURO IlI1UllUY SJ.QUI-SJ.QUI lroCALIPl'O

•• OREENDJ.RT IIIJJ.O

•• J.NDIROBJ. JJ.BEU£ • MUlRATIlfOJ. • .A.SSJ.CU • CUj,NO.lRE

C£TIVO • LAUREL • CEIB£

SAlWl • CUPIUBJ. • LOURO • ROBLE CORRIENTE

TORNILLO •• )UP ll.AN JUl'£

J.PAMA'1'E JJ.CA.REtmJ. SUCUPIIU JUTA UARCO LUPUlI£

• CBRAJ'XllU. lI'£TO

•• WJ.lI£

• MOU

125 24 88 131 8 9 134 98 66-68 161 59 51 147 92 123 123 50 111,112 178 31-34 26 38 54 7,110 116,117 132 115

- 14 -

lIOREILLO C~O

• ~UllUB.A. •• W'I.T·ABA

• OOJ.YABO •• C OURB.&RIL

CJ.RU:TTO • .uOELIM • KA.RUPA • PIQUIA

CRARO • COP.&.I B.A. • PURPLKHEART • J'Ill:IJO VEBKEI.l1O • J.CJ.PU • SUCUPIU

PEINDOlfO • PAU D'J.IlCO

FEUJ.B S.&,NCQZ KOENJ. ClUliUL CKDRO ROJO

• lU.CACJ.UU •• USlULOICUS

• D~I V J.B..J. PIBDU

80 63,162 200-208 76-79 181,182,184 99 17-20 101-10.3 172 41 'ZT ,28 55-58 140-145 60 209 72,73 12-14 177 188 124,128-1.30 97 47 150-15.3 69 1.36 42-44

B. COIImaroial. timbara - produotion betwaan 1000 and 10 000 1113 per 7aarl

JIOUJ. KEU'l'I ULCmuBO ENCUILLO PARI CJ.lWiA < L> PDILLO BLANCO C,A)(ORUCO

• SXRIBOA .umm SANORE DB GALLINA SDO

• JUBDIOQUBIU • ARARACAlfOA

MORCJl'CJl'O .AMAltILLO CBAQUIIlO ClUOUACA

• DUX lIOUDILLO HIGUDOllJ COHOOllA SAJO <lI> DIABLO lI'UD'l'B MOllJDZY

* PAU )UUDI • LOURO .AJlA.Rm,O • KUIUCA'1'IAIU. * '1'A'1'~

120,121 1'ZT ,130 156 210 148 94 173 93 64,65,163 199 135 164-170 15,16 70 119 155 191 176 109 90,91 29 52 154 82 1 10 21 22

• AlfOELDI PEDU Cmu.a.U SUCUPIU 'YUKI., CATAt1BA. UKIB.I

• JU'l'J.I CABOBJ. ITAUU ANOELIlI UJ.ADO

• .A.BIUB.J.BA ITAUlWl.&.lfA

* TACBI PRETO T J.l'fIBOUCA FAVEIU

• T£OROBIRO • PISI • ~ICL.A.K COP.AL

ISHPIBOO *500.&.1. * Al.DlfDRILLO * B.&.B.OJULLI

PDILLO mB.O • JUJIlfIBALLI

DUJaJlUA

• HC'Bt.JtiLLI • P J.BCOUliI • SALI

71 74 75 81 96 100 104 113 146 114,157-160 174 179 18.3 137-139,190 95 126-130,1.33 8.3-87 167 6,7 105,106 180 45,46 61 118 171 108 149 185,186

Table 71 oontd.

C.A..ST 4lfH.l P AU PWC!JW.l (8) PIQUI.li.lN.l !MOlli!

23 25 39,40 53

- 15 -

* lUI.lRI DR.lOO

* SILVlRB.lLLl !NOlLl" .ilUROOSO

3-5 62 11,107 189

- 16 -

4. Evaluation of u.e properties and oommeroial aooeptanoe

The description of properties in the speoialized literature is sometimes incom­plete and ~ata are often incomparable. Under these circumstances it i. rather diffi­oult to conduct a detailed analysis of wood properties, which i8 aimed at comparabili­ty. However, a certain degree of comparability oan be achieved by e8tablishing groups of properties and by using a si~ple olaesification system. This approach still im­plies that the specialized literature needs to be reviewed and scrutinized oarefully, only the results are presented in a summar,y fashion. Appendix II summarizes use pro­perties for 210 commercial and 263 lesser-used speoies for which a simple use clas8i­fication into A - good, B - medium, and C - bad i8 used. The 210 commeroial wood species as is apparent from Appendix III, are partly grouped, and result in l251~ommer­cial timber8".

The following appraisal of commercial acceptance of these commercial timbers em­ploys data extraoted from Appendice8 II to VI on use properties, wood values, and indioations on production and trade. The appraisal i8 based on density grouping because of the general significance of density for the U8es of wood. However, there are a few problems I the two genera (6~Croton epp. - DRAGO - and (88) Euoalyptus 8pp. - EUCALIPTO - could not be grouped within this pattern due to the great density varia­tion among the various speoies of the respective genus. Another problem arises when classifying use properties beoause of the oonsiderably high number of commercial species for Which no, or ver,y little basic technioal information is available. More­over there are 18 timbers whicb are not yet botanically speCified. Accordingly only 89 commercial wood species - les8 tban one-half - have complete records on all U8e properties and only these species could be fully evaluated.

Tbe analysis of the 125 commerCial timbers revealed tbat tbe following gaps exi8t for the respective use propertiesl •

Density for 2 commercial timbers Workability for 19

,. "

Shrinkage for 36 ,.

" FiniBhing for 25

,. "

Strength for 43 " " Durabili ty for 22 "

,. Logform for 15 " "

From this ennumera~ion it is ~pparent that the greateat gap in information oco~ra for strengtb and shrinkage proper~ies, with 35 per oent and 29 per cent resfectively, followed b,y finishing (20 per cent), durability (18 per cent), workability l15 per oent) and log form (12 per cen~). The information on den8ity i. fairly complete. Of cour.e, for Bo~e of the more frequently occurring wood speoiea, in partioular, it seema advisable to atudy density in relation to provenanoe., and possibly to sites. In some oa.e8 it might be neces8ar,y to 8iudy variations of density wiihin individual trees for determining the technical suitability of difficult apecies.

The low denaity wood apeoies acoounted in 1911/13 for 14 per oent of the total 8aw- and veneer log produotion and 4 per oent of log exports, inoluding the roundwood equivalent of sawn.ood exports. The speoie8 generally ahow good workability and finiabing properties, good to medium log form and ahrinkage propertie., medium to low strength properties and low durability. However, it should be noted that the dura­bility of moet of the low density timbers oan e .. ily be improved through pre8ervation with the exception of CEDRO ROJO (41) whioh oould not be treated ~ means ot the diffu8ion prooe.s and with creosote, acoording to test reaults 80 tar available.

Most light apecies are utility wood8 for peeled and oooasionally slioed veneer produotion and fetob low to medium pricee. Desrade 10gB are sawn and only obtain low prioes. BALSA (122) whioh acoounts for 3.5 per oent of 1911/13 produotion and exports i8 the lighteat coameroial timber and is tradiilonal~ used tor in8ulation, pattern. and iqra. It beoame popular during ihe first World War, aDd large quantitiea haTe been

- 17 -

Table 8. LOW DENSITY W00D SPECIES (up to 0.5 g/cm3)

Wood Ref. Value

Pilot name No. WORK SURI FINI STRE DURA LOOF S P V

BA.LSA 122 B B B C C A 222 SAJO 35 A A A C C B 11-MIJAO 8 A A A C B A 11-AS5.iCU 98 A A A B B A 112 CU.ANOARE 66-68 A c C A 23-CEIBJ. 51 A B A C C A 11-LUPUNA 54 A A C A 11-M.UiUPA 172 A II A II C A 11-FREIJO VERl4ELBO 60 A A A II A 233 PEINEMONO 12-14 A C B 1 CEDRO ROJO 47 B B B B 22-H.ltI C.l.UNA 148 A A C B 1 2 -C.UlURUCO 173 1 SERINOA 93 A A C A 11-SEBO 135 II C A 1 HI OUER ON 90,91 A A C A 1 CAROBA 104 A II A C C A 11-CuPAL 187 A 1 HAIARI 305 A B A B B B 11-

Evaluation of properties for above wood speoiesl Oood Medium Bad A B C

Workability -n- I --Sbrinkage 7 7 1 Finishing 11 1 Strength 4 6 Durablli ty 5 11 Log form 12 5

1/ Below 0.1 per oent or exact figure. not available ]1 For details Bee Appendix III

No indications

5 4 7 9 3 2

2/ Percentage in 1971/7")

Export. Production Logs and

Loge Sawnwood

3.5 3.5 2.6 1.5 1.3 0.1 1.2 0.3 1.0 0.1 0.7 0.4 0.1 0.4 0.1 0.3 0.3 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1 0.1

~/ .. ..

consumed since then in the tn811uI'acture of lifebuoys and rafts. S1.J0(35) and 1.SSACU( 98) to some ext~nt resemble tbe two most important tropical timbers of Africa, Okoume and Obeohe r~8peotively, and have been used for box board and plywood manufaoture, furni­ture, moulding and oarpentr,y. MlJAO (8), is suitable for veneer, inexpensive furni­ture, general oarpentry and light oonstruotions, but tbe most important produot of th1. species i8 the Cashew nut and therefore it is proteoted from exploitation in Grazil. CUANGARE (66-68) and FaEIJO VERMELMO (60) furni.h the more valuable veneerS of the low denSity wood speoies and furthermore are utilized local~ to a limited extent for boxes and interior oonstruction. CEIBA (51) and ¥!BUP1. (172) although fairly well known tropioal timber. for core veneer, boxes and otber low grade uses, were exported only in small quantities. The remaining timbers LUPUNA (54), CEDRO ROJO (47), PARICARANA (148), SERINOA (93), C.1ROBA (104), and HAIARI (3-5) have been used almost exolu.ively looally for low cost veneer and plywood manufactUre and togetber with PEINlWONO 912-14), CAKORUCO (173), SE~O (135), HIGUERON (90,91) and COPAL (187) a8 low coat Bawnwood for general utility purposes.

It sbould be noted that tor CAKORUCO and COP.AL very little, if any, information i8 available witb regard to u •• properties.

- 18 -

Table 9. MEDIUM DENSITY WOOD SPECIES (0.5 to 0.65 slom3) 1/ Peroent!!. in 1211/7 r-

Wood hports Ret. Value Produotion Logs and

Pilot name No. WORK SHBl FINI STRE DURA LOOF S P V Log. Sawnwood

VIROLA 192-198 A B A B C A 1 2 - 24.0 37.0 CAOU 17, A A A B B A 1/2 2 3 6.0 18.0 CEDRO 48,49 A A A B B A 2 2 3 3.8 2.2 .lNDIROBA 36,37 A 11 A A 11 A 11- 3.2 6.4 LOURO INH.UWY 125 A A A 1 - - 2.2 SAQUI-SAQUI 24 A 11 A 11 11 A 11- 1.8 CATIVO 161 A C A 11 C A 112 1.2 LAUREL 59 A B A B A A 222 1.1 •• S&lWi 147 A A A A A 11- 1.0 LOUR 0 123 A B A 11 B A 1 - - 1.0 0.1 ROBLE CORRIE!lTE 123 A B A 11 11 A 1 - - 0.9 J..PAlUTi 178 A B A 11 11 B 1/2 - 2 0.9 JACllEUBA 31-34 A B A B B A 112 0.8 SANDI 30 A B A C C 11 11- 0.7 •• )(OBJ:ILLO 80 A C B B A 11- 0.6 c.uJ.lo 63~162 A 11 A A C A 1 1 - 0.5 QUAllUU 200-20 A C A 11 11 A 11- 0.5 0.1 'AU DIAllCO 177 1 - - 0.3 0.1 FU.lllS.uCHlZ 188 A A A C 11 1 - - 0.3 )(011 A 124,128-130 A 11 A C 11 A 1 - - 0.3 CDIJBIBJ. 7,110 11- 0.2 0.1 WAIA 132 A 11 A 11 A A 1 - - 0.2 0.6 DUULI 136 A A C A 1 - - 0.2 0.4 JIGUA 120,121 1 - - 0.1 ULCIDWiO 156 11- 0.1 DCENlLLO 210 A A B 11 1 - - 0.1 PBBILI,O BL.l.NCO 94 A C A 11 C A 1 - - 0.1 J..IIKI 64,65,163 A 11 .A. B C A 11- 0.1 11011 CYr 0'1'0 70 A 11 A C C A III 0.1 .AJWlILLO 119 A 11 .A. !I B 13 1 - - 0.1 CHAQUIBO 155 A 11 A A C 11 1 - - 0.1 SAJO 52 A 11 A 11 A 11 1 - - 0.1 DUlILO FUIRTI 154 11- · . 1l0lDKT 82 A A B 11 1 - - · . PAVlIU 137-139.l90 A 11 A 11 C A 1 - - • • PISI 126-130,133 A 11 A C 11 A 1 - - · . . . I SBP I1G 0 6,7 A B A 11 B 11- · . ROOAL 105,106 A B A B A A 1 2 2 · . . . BARUM..lLLI 45,46 A C A B C A 11- • • PERILLO DORO 61 A B A A ·C A 1 - - • •

Evaluation ot properti.s for above wood speoies. Good l14ed1u.m Bad Bo

A 11 C indioations

Workability 35 5 Shrinkage 4 22 5 9 Finhhing 34 6 Strength 4 20 4 12 Durability 5 16 13 6 Log t01'll 26 9 5

Y For details .8. Appendix III

- 19 -

The medium density wood species as shown in Table 9 accounted in 1971/73 for 53 per cent and 65 per cent of the total Baw- and veneer log produotion and exports res­pectively; they show particularly good workability and finiahing properties and gener­ally have a good log torm and mediUilihrinkage, strength and durability properties. This group comprises the most important oommercial timbers of the region.

VIROLA (192-198) - a traditional commercial timber - accounted for 24 per cent of the total production and 31 per cent of the exports. It is very sui table for veneer and plywood manufacture and is generally used for theee purposes, but alao for cases, cheap furniture, matches, etc. CAOB! (115) and CEDhO (48,49) are the classic timbers of Latin America and could be used wherever attraotive wld dimensionall~ stable wood is required. The more important applications for CAOBA are for house and office furniture, archi tectural woodwork and panelling, cabine ts, models Wid foundry patterns, boats and ships, aoulpture, turning, carvillg and decoratlve veneers whereas CEDRO is recommended for cabinets, patterns, musical instruments, boats, decorative veneer and millwork. ANDIROBA (36,31) or Crabwood, is in demand for general construction and carpentry, housebullding, panelling, flooring, furniture and cabinet making.

These four timbers - VIROLA, CAOBA, CEDRO, ANDIROBA - cover 99 per cent of the exports of the medium density timbers or 64 per cent of the total exports. The remain­ing 36 medium density timbers have so far only been accepted by the local markets. LOURO (123) QUARUBA{200-208), PAU D'ARCO (111), CEREJEIRA (1,110), WANA (132), and DUKALI (136~ were exported in small quantities. These general utility timbers are used ae sswnwood for interior construction and general 1I.8lluftt.cturing, ~UARUBA and CEREJElRA. have already been peeled B!I.tisfactorily.

Of the local tiDlbers, without any reported exports, the following species, CATIVO (161), LAUREL (59), JACAREUBA (31-34), ~ld NOGAL (105,106) are Buitable for decorative veneer produotion, S!QU1-SA~U1 (24), S~ (141), SANDE (30), MOREILLO (80), cARAno (63,162), ULCUMANO (156), ANlWE (64,65,163), ~OROTOTO (10), DIABLO FUERTE (154), ISHPINGO (6,7), BAROMALLI (45,46), are used for veneer Dlanufacture, but also as sawn­wood together with LOURO INHAMUY ~125), ROBLE CORRIENTE (123), A..PAMATE (118), FERNAN­SANCHEZ (188), KOENA (124,128-130), JIGUA (120~121), ENCENILLO (210), PERILLO BLANCO (94), AMARILLO (119), CHA~U1RO (155), SAJO (52), MUNDEY (82), FAVEIRA (131-139,190), PISI (126-130,133), and PEHILLU NEGRO (61) known as medi~h6avy utility timbers. With regard to use properties, no or only slight information is available for PAU D'ARCO (117), JIGUA (120,121), ULCUMANO (156), DIABLO FUERTE (154), and CEREJEIRA (1,110).

The medium denaity wood speCies, as well as the low density species, are the pre­ferred timbers for veneer and p~ood manufacture and fetch low to medium prices. The value of saw- or peeler quality species mentioned in this group does not exceed class 2-medium. This is also valid for the sliced veneer category where only CAOBA (115) and CEDRO (48,49) fetch class 3-intermediate price levels (Appendix VI).

The upper density wood speoies &s shown in Table 10 accounted for 1 per oent of the 1911/13 total .aw- and veneer log production and thus only one-eighth of the quanti­ty of the medium density apecie8. Their average properties aeem to be superior to tho.e o! the medium density group, as wood species with good to medium properties prevail. Workability ia 80m.what below average, but most species show good finishing and atrength properties, good log form, good to medium durability and medium shrinkage properties.

ANDliOBi. JAREUA (9), ABARCO (38), COPAIBA (55-58), and BASliALOKUS (69), are SI.11t­

able for a varie~ of purp08ea which either capitalize on the woods' attractive appear­anoe whioh lead them to decorative slioed veneer production, or on their strength and durability whioh .uit them for heavy, marine and bridge construction, hou8e-framin, and exterior aiding, tl.1r.Diture and oabinet work, parquet flooring etc. CASTANBA PARA \23) allO turni.he. both good joiner,y timber and decorative sliced veneer and i8 known a. one of the large.t tree. of northern South America. It is of prime importance economio­ally in the Amazon region, though ita main value i8 not in its timber, but in its aeeda, the Brazil nuta. MUliATINQA (134) i8 exoll.18ively used for plywood manu!acture. PAU AMAPEI,O (89), a veroy attraotive timber, i8 used tor decorative work, generally as .awn-

- 20 -

iaD.I.~ J.U. Ul'l'L.n .I.IU'< 0;)4 ~ 1 nVV.l.l 0;)1'".1:1"' • .1:10;) \\.1.0) 109 V.gv g/cW~J

'71(3 Percent~e in Wood Pro- Export.

Ref. Value duction Logs and hlot nama No. WORK SHRl FINI STIlE DURJ. LOGF S P V Log. Sawnwood

ANDIBObA JAREUA 9 B A .l B 1 - 2 1.5 2.4 LlUIRATINGA 1.34 B A - 1 - 1.4 · . TURNILl,O 50 A A B A 1 - - 0.9 ABjJlCO 38 A B A A .l A 1 - 2 0.7 PAU AMARELO 89 E A B A 2 - - 0.6 0.1 CHAR 0 Z7 ,28 A B A A C A 11- 0.4 COPAIBA 55-58 B B A B A A 1 - 2 0.4 · . BASRALOKUS 69 A B .A II A A 1 - 2 0.2 0.6 KERETI 127 ,130 .A II A II B .l 1 0.1 SANGRE DE GALLINA 199 11- 0.1 llANDIOQUEIRA 164-170 B B A B B A 11- 0.1 0.1 AN.lNI 176 A II A A II .l 11- 0.1 • • CONGON! 29 1 0.1 LOURO AJ4ARELO 10 1 - - • • 0.1 TATAJUBA 22 A A A A A A 11- · . CASTANHA PARA 23 A B A II .l 2 - 3 • • .AJ40EIRA 53 B A A A A A 1 • • lTAUBA 113 A B A A A 11- • • TACHI PRETO 179 A 11- · . HUBUBA.LLI 108 B II A II A 1 - -ANGELIM .AJUB.GOSO 189 1 - - · .

Evaluation of properti.. for above wood specie.1 Good Medium Bad No

A B C indioations

Workabili ty 10 7 4 Shrinkage 2 10 9 Fin18hing 14 7 Strength 7 4 10 Durabil i ty 7 7 1 6 Log form 15 1 5

wood. Of the remaining wood species CH.ARO (27,28), SANGRE DE QALLIHA (199), MANDIO­QUEIRA (164-170), !NANI (176), TATAJUBA (22), ITAUBA (113), and T.ACBl PRETO (179) are suitable and occasionally used for peeled veneer and p~ood manufacture, together with TORNILLO (50), KERETI (1;!l,130), CONGOR.l (29), LOURO AMARELO (10), .AKOEIR.l (53), HUBUBALLI (108), and ANGELIW .AMAROOSO (189) u8ed as general-purp08e timbers.

With regard to the use ~ropert1e8 of KUlRATINGA (134), SABQRE DE G.ALLIH.l (199), CONGORA (29), LOURO AWARELO ~10), TACHI PRETO (179), and .lBQELIM AKABQOSO (189), no or only ligtle information i. available.

The value of the upper denaity wood .peoie. on the average is the aame of the previous categories. However, it should be noted that beoause of their greater weight, transport coste also increase. Rising tran8port oost. become an inorea8ing17 impor­tant economic oriteria for market acceptance, partioular~ for utility qualities.

Such disadvantages might be partially ofrset ~ exporting heav.1 timber8 in the form of aawnwood, and thi8 is what aotually happen. in ,eneral with the heavier timber8 Moreover, heavy timbers uBed for 8peoific purpo.e8 such as QRIENHi!RT (131) are often cut into pre-ordered dimension8 which allowl the timber to be more direot17 and immediately applied by the consUlller.

Transport costs are les8 critical for high value woeds. Here effortl are more

- 21 -

~oncerned with maintaining the optimum value of wood until it can be utilized to it-best advantage. This is common ~raotlce for many high quality woods - tropioal and temperate - suob as Blaok Walnut from the USA, and Sen from Japan. But in the tropi-cal timber trade of South America there has so far been very little demand for the higher valued wooda. More recently, exports of Letterwood (1037) from G~ana, have been reported.

Table 11. HIGH DENSITY WOOD SPECIES (0.8 g/cm3 and up) Percentage in '71/3

Wood Pro- Exports Bef. Value duotion Logs and

Pilot na.me No. WORK SImI FIN! STRE DURA LOOF S P V Logs Sawnwood

OREENHEART 131 B B A A A A 1 - 2 1.7 1.5 CUPIUBJ. 92 A B A- A A A 1 - 2 1.0 0.4 .MAP ARAN JU B.l 111,112 A C A A A 2 - - 0.9 0.9 SUCUPIRA lU.TA 26 C B B A A A 2 - 3 0.7 WALLABA 76-79 B B B A A A 1 - - 0.5 0.7 QUAYilO 181,182,184 B C A A A A 1 - 3 0.5 • • COURBARIL 99 B B A A A A 1 - 2 0.4 1.1 CARRETTO 17-20 B B A A B B 1 - - 0.4 A.NGELIli 101-103 C A A 2 - - 0.4 • • PIQUlA 41 A A ... 1 - - 0.4 0.1 PURPLEHEART 140-145 B B A A A ... 2 - 3 0.4 0.1 ACAPU 209 B B A A A A 2 - - 0.4 • • SUCUPIRJ. 72,73 B B A A A B 2 - 3 0.3 C.l CIUNUL 97 B B A A A A 1 - - 0.3 MACACAUU 150-153 l! l! A A A l! 3 - 3 0.3 0.1 NATO 116,117 A- A A 1 - 2 0.2 WRA 115 B B A A A A 1 - 2 0.2 0.1 VAlU PIEDB..4. 42,44 B B A A B B 1 - - 0.2 lJUlUC,UGA 15,16 B B A A A A 1 - - 0.1 0.1 CHJ.OUACA 191 A A A B 1 - - 0.1 .MOR!DILLO 109 A A A B 1 - - 0.1 PiU MARFI14 1 B A A B B 1 - 2 • • • • MUlR..lCATIABA 21 A B A A A A 2/3 - 3 • • Pill CARJ.NA 25 C B A A A 2 - 3 • • PI~U1ARANA 39,40 B C A A A A 1 - - · . ANGELI., PEDRA 11 C A A A 2 - - • • 0.1 CUlWiU 74 C B A A A A 1 - - • • SUCUPIRA AJ4AREU 75 B c A A A A 2 - 3 • • CATAUBA 81 C l! 1 - - • • unRI 96 1 - - • • JUTAl 100 2 - 2 • • • • ANOELIK lU.JADO 146 C B A B A A 2 - - • • ABIUBJ.NA 114,157 -160 B B A A B A 1 - - • • 0.1 ITAUll.ARA.NA 174 B A A B 1 - - • • TANIEOUCA 183 1 - - • • TAURONIHO 95 B B A A A A 1 - - · . · . !WmARKLAX 83-87 C B B A A B 1 - - · . · . A1J4ENDRILLO 180 C A A A B 1 - - • • • • bU.NNl B!LLI 118 B A A 1 - - • • DUlCURIA 171 A C A A A B 1 - - • • PARCOURI 149 A c A A A A 2 - - • • • • SALI 185,186 A B A A A B 1 - - • • • • SILVEBBALLI 11 ,107 C B A A A B 1 - - • • 0.1

- 22 -

Table 11. contd.

Evaluation of properties for above wood speoiesl Good Medium Bad No

A B C indications

Workability 9 20 9 5 Shrink8&e 22 7 14 Finiehing 34 4 5 Strength 30 1 12 Durability 32 4 7 Log form 26 14 3

The high densi~ wood species aooounted for 10 per cent in the aggregate produc­tion of sa~- and veneer loge in 1971/73 and 5 per cent of tae total exports. These timbers are generally used for special purposes and/or heavy conetruotion.

OREENHEABT (131) from OU¥ana - in competition with BASRALOKUS (69) from Surinam and AZOBE froID Vleet and Central Afrioa - due to its resistance to Teredo and marine borera and good strengtb properties, haa a oontinuous market in marine construotion, and beoause of its tire resistanoe i, the building timber preferred locally for fram­ing, cladding and flooring. CUPIUB! (92) is an exoellent all-round purpose timber for general and heavy construotion, framing members, furniture, panelling etc. Freshly out, it bas a foetid odour which disappears on drying. Many of the high densit,y timbers such aa GREENHEART (131), CUPIUBA (92), SUCUPIRA MAT! (26), GUAYABO (181,182, 184), COURBARIL (99), PURPLE HEART (140-145), SUCUPlRA (72,73), MACACAUBA (150-153), RATO (116,117), MORA (115), PAU MARFIM (1), KUlRACATIARA (21), P!RICARANA (25), SUCUPIRA AYARELA (75), and JUTAl (100) are suitable for decorative veneer manufacture and fetoh medium to intermediate prices. MAPARANJUB4 (111,112), ANOELIM (101,103), ACAPU (209), !NOELI)4 PEDlU. (71), ANGELHl RAJ !DO (146), and PARCOURI (149) are aui t­able for internal and external joiner,y being highly resistant and of medium cost. One of the remaining hig. density timbera whioh retch a rather low price i. WAL1AB& (76-79) which haa excellent propertiee for transmission polea, flagstaffs etc., and i, particularly used for these purpoaes. All these timbers, with the exoeption of CARRETTO (17-20), VAR4 PIEDIU. (42,44), PAU MARFIM (1), and ABIUUNA (114,157-160), are suitable for railw~ aleepera because of tneir good durability and strength properties.

With regard to the use properties of C~TAUBA (81), UKIRI (96), JUT!I (100), aDd TANIBOUCA (183) no, or only slight information is available.

A oQmpariaon between the property evaluation table, of light to high den.ity wood species reveala a oompletely adverse pioture with regard to workability and ahrinkage properties OD the one hand, and strength and durability properties on the other. Some a.peots of thia property ".wi tch" beheen light and heavy woods are bued on lo1enU­fically establiahed property-density correlations. Strength properties in partioular are often olosely related to density. The key role which density or speoifio weight plil' in market acoeptanoe i8 emphaaized Qy the fact that out of a total number of 210 oommeroial wood speciea the 102 low and medium density wood apeoies aooounted for 67 per oent of the total saw- and veneer log production, and for 69 per oent of total exports, whereat the 108 upper and high density wood .peoies onlY aooounted for 17 and 8 per oent of saw- and veneer log produotion and exports respeotively. In thi. con­text it 8hould be noted that a considerable portion of the reported export' of South Amerioan tropical woods haa not been ,peoified by wood speoie" i.e. 92 per oent of the law- and veneer log exporte, and 23 per oent of sawnwood export" were unspeoi­fied.

- 23 -

5. The problem of lesser-used wood species

There is hardly any subject related to troplcal forestry which has found such wide spread interest in recent years as lesser-used wood species. Yet very little informa­tion clarifying the magnitude of the problem bas become available. Tbe man~ement of heterogeneous tropical rain forests involves intricate and complex iosues many of wbich are related to marketing. The presence of' ma.n.y wood species with different and widely varying properties and characteristics poses stubborn problems impeding the full utilization .. nd better mallaGt!r.I~nt of these forests.

In tbe course of time various terms have been employed to characterize insuffic­iently used wood species such as secondary species, lesser-known wood species, weed species, little-used species, etc. None of these terms is associated with an exact description of the circumstances which make a particular species lesser-known, little used or secondary. There are several reasons which make it difficult to arrive at plausible and generally valid definitions, for instance, it may happen that a particu­lar species is little used in one country and fully cOlllDlercialized in another. Also, in some countries statistics on wood species are insufficiently covered, mainly because of insufflcient attention given to collecting production trade and consumption data.

The conoequence of applYlng the term "leS.:l6r-Used" or "lesser-known" is the impli­cation to make species better known to the forester, the manufacturer and the user. This in,plies that basiC knowledg~ must be available to support action which is taken to promote better knowledge, with the ultimate aim to obtain better market acceptance. An essential prerel/.ulSl te f(lr proa:.otional action is the provision of basic knowle~e on the qual1 tative as well 8S tilt; quanti tati VEl or supply aspects of individual and! or groups or species. On the other hand, basic knowledge on wood species should be suffi­Ciently comprehensive to allow concluGions as to whether promotional action is worth­while.

In Chapter 3 it was suggested to apply the term "lesser-ulled" wood species in all cases where 1 og production has been below 1000 It) per annun.. Furthermore, all those species were ea.rmarked as "lesser-used" species - at least preliminarily - whioh have been identified as having commercial potential.

The second part of Appendix II, enti tled "Use Propertie s of South American Tropi­cal Wood Species - B. Lesser-used Species" presents the results of detailed investiga­tions aimed at narrowing down the problem and specifically at assessing the number of species in the "lesser-used" category, Le., to identify those species which are either used in small quantities or not at all, but which - at least preliminarily -qualifY for use in the form of sawnwood, veneer and plywood. The total number so far identified in Appendix II.B amounts to 26~. F~T their selection the following criteria were applied elther individually or in oombinationl

a) wood species which are repcrted to be produced in quantities below 1000 m) during the year of reference;

b) wood species which are botanioally related to already commercialized wood species;

0) wood species with log form and diameter (LOGF) not below medium (b);

d) average of all use properties not below medium (B).

Selection ~f lesser-used speoies i8 based on 30 publications as mentioned 1n the bibliography Appendix VIII. From the relatively ample literature available it is as.umed that'the number of really unknown wood species whiqh wculd qual1t,y for inclu­sion in the "lesBer-used" category must be relatively small. It can be seen from Appendix II, that indications on use properties are not alw~8 available in sufficient detail to allow olassifioation into either A, B or C corresponding to the three classes

- 24 -

of average use properties as explained in Appendix VII Explanation of Symbols, Abbrevi­ations and Methods Used.

The classification into A, B and C is an e •• ential basis for the comparison of use properties between the various categories of wood referred to in thi •• tudy. It alBo allows - with the reservations made in Chapter 4 - for the comparison of use properties between lesser-used and commercial species, as shown in Table 12.

It is very interesting to see from Table 12 that there are only a few substantial differences in use properties between commercial and lesser-used species. There is first the increase of C in the DURAbility category of Section I which indicate. that 72 per cent of the lesser-used species are of low durability, against 45 per cent in the commercial species category. Since percentages are high in both relative and abso­lute ter~e, the need for intro~ucing and maintaining the application of suitable wood preservation methods must again be ewphasized, particularly for low and medium density species. Secondly, shrinkage properties are somewhat better for commercial species. In the upper and high density species category problems of durability are less acoentu­ated, but those of shrinkage and form stability are moving into the foreground indica­ting the need to p~ attention to proper seasoning. Surprisingly, workability and finishing properties of leeser-used species prove to be almost equal, or sometimes even better, than those of the commercial species.

~ ~ Table 12. CO~ARISON OF USE-PROPERTI~S BET~EEN 2l1~SSER-USED AND l7Z-

COL~CIAL SOUTH AV~ICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES

I. Low and medium denSity species

W~K

SrlRI nn STRE DURA LOGF

II. Upper and high denSity speoies

~ORK

SHRI BINI STRE DUR! LOGB

81 ~ommercial Species ABC •• in per cent-••

92 19 98

8 10 72

8 59

2 63 45 28

22

29 45

91 Commercial SpeCies ABC •• in per oent-••

35 4

92 91 76 67

47 78

8 9

22 33

18 18

2

81 Lesler-used Speoies ! B C 7.in per-oent

90 4

97 9 7

49

10 78

3 69 21 51

18

22 72

130 Lesser-used Species ABC ~.in per-cent ••

53 3

100 88 54 50

37 61

12 38 50

10 36

8

1/ The figures do not add up with the total number of s~cies contained in Appendix II - a8 tho Be species with information gaps on properties had to be omitted. ~I For explanations of symbols and abbreviations please see Appendix VI.

For all species in the lesser-used speoies category one faotor appears to be of particular significanoe, namely the characteristics summarized under LOOF - log form and size. As mentioned before, all speoies with LOOF - grade C have been eliminated from the aotive list of lesser-used specie. oontained in Appendix II.B, and oon.e­quently only those speoies with A - good and B - medium log form are inoluded in the list. Table 12 reveals that the peroentages of good log form (A) ohange draatical1Y in the low and medium density oategor,y from 72 per cent to 49 per oent, and in the upper and ~igh density from 67 per oent to 50 per oent. It is thus obvious :hat LOOF'

- 25 -

- characteristios pl&l a deoisive role at present in the market acceptance of tropical woods. This fact is probably related to the higher requirements of the export trade, as for domestic industrial use and prooessing log form and size requirements are gen­erally less stringent.

Another inter~sting feature emerges from Table 12 in that the total number of speCies contained in the upper and high density group with 91 and 130 species is c:on­siderably larger than the speoies in the low and medil~ density group which are norm­ally finding better market acceptance (see Chapter 4). The above 211 lesser-used species fall under the following density groupsi

L - 33 M - 48 u - 49 H - 81

It follows that any promotional effort in favour of lesser-used species must aim at overcoming the technical problems which are related to using heavier woods.

In this context, and in addition to what has been mentioned above on the prepara­tion and conduct of promotional efforts it is emphasized &gain that use properties of the respective species need to be studied in depth before starting action. It is not the purpose of this study to provide detailed guidelines for the promotion of lesser­used species. However, it is obvious that the study itself provides a useful basis for planning action in ttis field Which would suit individual condition~.

The data on use properties of lesser-used species as can be seen from Appendix II, pages 5 to 9, are not always complete. In many cases information even of a purely empirical nature is not available, and quite often property tests have not been carried out. On the other hand, generally speaking, ample results from research and testing work h~ve been widely published in mar~ languages, not only for commercial woods but also for many lesser-used species. One of the purposes of the present study is to provide, through Appendix II, indications on which species requiro further investi~a­tiona and which gaps need to be filled. An analysis of the 263 lesser-used wood Bpecies revealed the lack of use property information, as followsl

Density 52 wood speoies Workability 98 " " Shrinkage l~ " Finishing 141 " Strength 136 " Durability 93 •• Log form 76 "

Finishing - 54 per oent, strength - 52 per cent, and shrinkage - 46 per oent, show the greatest lack of information followed by workability (37 per cant), durability (35 per cent), log form (23 per cent) and density (20 per cent). In this context it should also be noted that 41 leeser-used wood 8peoies, or 16 per cent, bave not ~et been botanioally specified. (See Appendix I, e.g. Ref.Nos. 6,27,3l,b2,123 etc.)

Earlier in this ohapter reference was made to the fact that it m~ happen tbat a particular speoies is little used in one country and fully commercialized in another. in this respect Appendioes I to V allow an exact definition and it is suggested that in Tropical South American countries, those concerned with using or promoting the use of wood speoies, find out first in wbich otber countries the wood speoies occur (Appendix I), and then look up the production and trade tables of Appendices III, IV, and V in order to find out in whicb order of magnitude the species is produoed and marketed in other countries. Appendix II on wood properties, together with Appendix VIII On Bibliography, allow them to obtain a pioture of the properties and uses of the .pecies conoerned whioh could be further amplified by obtaining supplementary informa-

- 26 -

tion from countries whlre the Ipeeies i8 producld and us.d in commeroial quantities.

The FAO Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics, at its Third Se8sion, agreed that the experienoe gained in establishing or improving olassifioation by wood properties and in marketing systems could be expected to complement each other and be used in the development of a market strategy for the promotion of lesser-used species. Two major complementar,y lines of aotion emerge. One oentres on establisbing common uses for utility timbers witb similar properties, the other on optimizing tbe value. of wood species with assumed higher ~uality potential. In order to support action at the national and international level the Committee recommended that "FAO, in conjunc­tion with IUFBO, and in collaboration with other specialized institutions Ihould eltablish internationally comparable standards for the use properties of lesser-used species".

The first step in this direction has already been made and oonsiste of the estab­liehment of active liets on use properties of A. Commercial, and B. Lesser-used speo­ies, as contained in Appendix II. Tbe A-B-C olalsification Iystem used therein rep­resents a f1rlt approach to the problem of establishing oomparability between the various items. It fulfills this purpose within the framework and objectives of the present stu~. Further stepi in pursuing the above recommendation are based on the "Checklist on Properties and Charaoteri.tics for tbe Evaluation of Lesser-used Wood Speoies", contained in Appendix VII of the present study.

- 27 -

6. Possibilities for expanding the marketable wood base

The present study has so far been eesentlally geared towards analysing and evalu­ating use property characteristics and market acceptance of commercial and lesser-used wood species. The results allow us to draw conclusions and to bring into foous possi­bilities for the expanded marketing and use of South American tropical wood and wood products.

Before doing so it 88ems appropnate to review briefly the main features of re­source potential and market prospects including actual trends in industry and trade development &S they are generally known or anticipated:

(a) medium and long-term deuland for tropic!!.l forest products is expected to expand further, both overseas and locally; rising domestic requirements and local processing will improve the diversiflcation of products and widen the soope of wood utlli~ation;

(b) resources of commercial woods are dwindling and lncreasing efforts are needed to introduce lesser-used wood species, and to intensify regenera­tionl

(c) wood supply requirements for individual mills tend to lnCreaSej this trend i& supported by the orlentati~n towards horizontal and/or vertlcal integration in wood processing;

(d) more uniform qualities and better quality control are required, particu­larly for serial and mass-manufacture of consumer goods such as furniture, prefab windows, wall panels; increased trade in processed products implies the harmonization of respective grading rules and standards;

(e) improved transport economics call for larger ships and more mechanized handling, which in tUrn influence sizes of loads and parcels, and the kind and type of packaging, but also facilitates shipping of processed products.

The above points suggest that changes in industr,y and market requirements have a partioularly vigorous impact on the supply pattern of tropical woods. Of course, this applies to all - not only tropical - wood supplies since requlrements for quantity and quality have been changing and are also expected to change in future. But there is also the fact that forests are a renewable resource and changes in wood requirements are increaSingly recognized as being a prinCipal parameter for decision-making in tropioal torest management.

The following two tables, 13 and 14, throw into relief recent utilization patterns for South American tropical wood. Table 13 assesses the quantities and percentages of wood processed locally and overseas into sawnwood, veneer and plywood as followsl

Table 13. PROCESSING OF SAW- AlIT> VENEER LUGS REMOVED FROM SOUTH AMERICAN TROPICAL FORESTS (estimate based on 1971/73 production data, roundwood equivalents)

Sawnwood Veneer Plywood Total 1000 -mj" TOOO-DijJ 1000- mJ J 1OO-o~

Domestio processing_ 6 65 Local consumption 4 050 59 4 .. 400 4 454

Exports 1 704 25 92 1 132 2 1 928 28 Prooessed in importing countries 191 3 54 1 222 3 467 7

Total 5 945 B7 150 2 754 II 6 849 100

- 28 -

Table 13 indlcates that most of the saw- and veneer log prod~ction ie processed into sawnwood (87 per cent), followed by plywood (11 per cent) and veneer (2 per cent). Due to the structure and state of the forest produqts industries 1n Tropical South America Ii substar:tial portion of sawnwood was processed in rather small sawmills -de,ily productlon helow 50 m3 - and consumed locallY. Only relatively rew milIa in the countries of origin are fairly large,i.e. with a daily production above 100 m3. These larger mill s cover almost all of the exports of processed products.

A I'elatlvely hrge portion of the 1971/73 saw- and veneer 10i production was pro­cess&d locally - 93 per cent,and only 7 per cent, or one-fifth of the total exports in rowldwood e1uivalents was processed in importing countries.

Table 14. l.lAJOR USES (;}' SAW- AND VENEER LOGS REA:OvtD FRO~ SOUTH AllERICAN TROPICAL FORESTS (estimate based on 1971/73 production data -Appendix III)

Products

Sawnwoodl

Veneerl

Plywood,

Wood value classification

Usel _a_v_e_r_a.g~e ______ _

General construotion inoluding windows eto. 1/2 Fine jOiner,y,inoluding mouldings eto. 1/2 SpecifiC utility internal/external 1

Utility 1/2 Decorative 2/3 Internal 1/2 External 1/2

11 Production below 1 per cent

Roundwood eQ.ui valenta in per cent

51 21 15 (87)

.. 1/ 2-

11 .. 11 100

Table 14 sbows tbat tbe bulk of the produotion (51 per cent) i& used for general and building construction purposes, and 21 per cent in joinery, furniture etc. Utility and decorative veneer production il at rather low levels, and plywood is so far almost exclusively produoed in internal grades.

Recent investigations in the Amazone basin revealed that the averace number of wood species processed in sawmills is surprisingly low. Some sa~lls have speoial­ized in one speCies, and the number of sawmills which u.e up to 25 .pecie •. 1' small. About 75 per cent of th~ sawmills reported that they are still sawing the same speoie. as three years ago, 12 per cent are uling more lpeoies, and the re.t reported ohange. in the species mix. Species selection i8 general~ ba.ed on three criteria, i.e. thOle speoies whioh (a) are conlidered easy to eell, (b) are reQ.uested ~ o~.tomers, and (c) are readily available. On the other hand it should be noted that the speoie. oom­position DI8,Y change from mill to mill, with the result that the total number of speoi.s used in the wider Amazone basin has reached at leaat 210 wood speoies as counted in Appendices I and II.

Industrial investors in the wider Amazone basin - in vie. of the foregoing - are faced with a widely varying pattern of mixed epeoie. distribution, whioh may ohange 1n eacb individual locality. On the other hand, with regard to use properties of the.e speoies, tbere is - generally speaking - a high degree of flexib1lit1 in the use of most wood speoies, and liats indioat1ng poasible us.s for individual wood speoies oould be endlessly repetitive, partioularly for those with good average propertiel.

If a wood specie. is marketed at elevated or premium prioes it 1s normally b.oaus. of good average properties and at least one additional outstanding feature, often re­lated to the decorative aspects. Allo other oharaoterietios suoh as a oombination of

- 29 -

good strength and durability propertie., e.g. greenheart, find their appreciation on the market. There are of oourse many examplee for the exoellent performance of indiYi­dual tropical wood speoiee in specit1r: end-usee, which cannot be met by oonifers and hardwoods from the temperate ~one beoause there are no species with equivalent proper­ties. Un the other hand, examples have been reporhd where wood values becaullle of ig­norance or negligenoe did not materialize, e.g. the use of fine joinery timbers for railway sleepere, but also cases ar~ known where quality and wood value differences are much narrower, as for instance when peeler loge were used ae construction timber.

Every reason and world-wide experience speak for continuing with marketing practi­cee which optimize wood values. On the other hand, the rising demand for utility timbere, not only in domestio but aleo increasingly on Oyeraeas m&rkets, requires a different approach in promoting tropical timbera, &81

- it i8 unthinkable for technical and economic reasons that a larg~ number of wood species could be handled individually in the various stages of carvelllting, prooessing and tradel

- major uses for utility timbers and their technical reqUirements can be identi­fied and speoified relatively easily.

It follows - and this wae emphasized b,y the Committee on Forest Development in the Tropics - that more attention must be given to the grouping of wood specie. and to the eetabliehment of common u.e-property oriented criteria for grouping. The success or failure of grouping wood species for promotional purposes largely depends on the deg­ree of similarity in use properties. If properties are identical, different species could be marketed together, perhaps even for highly sophistioated uses. However, a few deviations from average properties for example in colour or surface finishing, may cause severe disturbances in the chain linking producers, traders and users. Larger differenoes seriously and adversely affeot prices and often result in breaking up the grouping, with the oonsequence that those epeoies with deviating or varying properties have to be singled out. To some extent utility grades and similar assortments might tolerate deviations from a given average quality, but at the expense of price. There is no doubt that grouping of wood speoie. has been oommercially very successful -although thi8 success has so far been restrioted to only one of the major producing regions of tropical wood, namely Southeast Asia. In this region the bulk of the comm­eroial timbers is traded in a rew major groups, the most important of which belong to the Dipterocarp family.

Efforts aimed at expanding the market~ble wood base, in addition to the above two possibilities of (i) optimizing values of individual speoies, and (ii) grouping of wood speoies, need to take into aocount (IIi) the promotion of mixed trorical hardwoods for Integrated industrial use, whioh implies that combined action with I) and ({I) Is posslble and often neoessary. The need for promoting integrated industrial usage is related to the faot that certain tropioal wood species will also in future not, or only insufficiently, be used in their solid for~, i.e. for sawnwood, veneer and/or plywood. However, prospeota are becoming increasingly favourable for using such species in the1r disintegrated form as chips and fibres and 1t must be expected that in future board and/ or pulp factories will compete in individual localities with sawmills, veneer and p~­wood mills for utility and low-grade wood materials. In oertain areas 1n Southeast Asia developments are very close to such a situation already.

Knowledge of the use and marketing of wood speciss ie an essential basis for the various planning and management act1v1tie8 in the tropical forestry and forest indus­tries sector. In this respeot investment IIItudi.s usually centre their interest on the following points.

(a) For resource surveys and induetrial identification and pre-feasibility studies In specifio tropical forest areas the need arises to proviae a use property screening pattern for the evaluation of unknown or inoompletely known wood

- 30 -

ap.oil.. At thi •• t.,. ba.io r.quir.meat. are tbat tb. t •• ting patt.rn .hould b. r.lati •• l1 .impl. and th. nuab.r of t.at. 'hould b. r.duced to a few •••• n­tial on.,. Alr.ady known r •• ult. of t •• t. and r •• earoh on individual .peoie. ' prop.rtil. nled to b. a.ai1aol. at thi •• tage only in a lummar,y talbion for th. a ....... nt of the oo~.roial pot.ntial of the r.aourc., and to det1ne the kind and d'pth of turth'r t.ohnioal inve.tigation ••

For indu.trial t.a.ibility .tudi., and the .ubl.quent indu.trial .anage •• nt t¥aj' .p.olilc technioll a, w.l1 a. resource and market information 1 ••••• n-

a tor d.oiding on the produot .i~ to be manufactured and marketed. Ezp.r­i.no. with and dooum.ntation on thl prop.rti., of alr.ad1 commlroializ.d 'p.oi •• i. normally pl.ntiful and .ffort. need to o.ntr. on th. l •••• r-u •• d .peoi... On the other hand .v.n m&Qy of tb. oomm.roial 'paci" are trequ.ntlJ not, or only in,uttioiently, known in neighbouring oountrie., and th.re i. n •• d for .%ohanaing .xp.ri.no. and knowl.dge b.tween for.atera, re •• aroher. and indu.tri •• and mark.tins 'p.oiali.t ••

Tb. abo •• conaid.ration' on toreat indultrie. development in tbe tropiCB r.v.al tb. oompl.%ity of th •• ariou. illue, involved. Ven.er, plywood ahd eawmilll whioh would .%clu.iv'17 produc. for ,xport will fac. the rath.r rigid framework of 'p.cie. and qualitie, whioh i' a~p1ain8d in Chapt.r 4. A. in the importing oountriee, alao .ill. to be •• tabli.hed in tropioal oountries will have to find - within the raw mat­erial r •• ouro.e available - an eoonomically viable and technioally appropriate propor­tion of variou. wood .~cie8 and qualities a8 a baais for seleoting the product mi~ to b. manufactured. Sinoe tropioal wood reSOurces are var,ying greatly in their oompo­sition (Chapt.r 2) it i. unlikely that e%perienoe gained, ,., in Europe, witb regard to mod.rn, int.grat.d milla, oan be easily and readily transflrred to tropioal coun­tri... The v.r.y fact that tb.e. mill. are looated in a different environment implie. many difterenoe. with r.sard to their planning and management. Indeed thare i. no unique formula whioh oan be applied and all factore underlying the planning and fueure managemlnt of an indu.trial projeot n.ed to b. etudied in aach particular oaee.

Tbe ohoice of the produot mi~ - in addition to the above resource related oonsi­derationl - i. al.o the r.,ult of market Itudi •• on both looal and axport markete. In view of the faot tbat wood produotion in the oountriea of the wider Amazone baei. oompared with oth.r major tropioal torest region, is amall and mainly r.li.e on domea­tio outl.t., th. promotion of wood produota e~port. deservea partioular attant1on. Th.re il al.o the faot that dome.tio marketl BO far ab.orb mainly uti11ty grade lawnwood wbiob ,usseata that 'peoial efforte nead to be mad. t~ diver,ify. Otb.rwi •• 1ndu.trial d ••• lopmenta, part1cularly tho •• baaed on mixed tropical bardwood. oannot r.ap the advantage. of different and possibly integrated industrial op.ration. through whiob it would be po.aibl. to u •• a Wid.r range of wood sp.oie., and al.o to use wood, inoludin, re.idue., more .tfioiently.

Wood pre,.rvat10n i. an .xo.llent ~&n. to wid.n tbe range of utility timber. to bl u •• d in buildin, and oon.truotion, not to ap.ak of the many apeoialty u.e. suoh .. t.noing, pol •• , po.t, and rai1w~ .leep.r,. Even tbe oommeroial timbers of the low d.nsity oat.gor" (Tabl. 8) .how a v.r,y high peroentage of non-durable .p.oi •• , and the low.r qualit1 •• , otten con.id.r.d of little value, might well be u8.d after tr.atm.nt for a vari.ty ot purpose. in tb. oon8truotion field. In tbe initial .tag •• th. amount ot teohnioal knowledge and .~p.ri.no. r.quired to .atabl1.h tbe neo •• ,ar,y routine in tr.atins and mark.t1ns treat.d timb'r .hould not b. und.r-.,t1mated. Wood pres.rvatlon .hould b. part of tb. o..rall oonoept tor fore.t indu.tr,y planning in tropioal tor •• t oountri •• and reo.iv. appropriate t.ohnioal ,upport qy timb.r r.a.aroh and d.v.lop •• nt In.U tution ••

Similar .upport i. al.o r.quir.d tor wood •• aaoning whioh haa •• v.ral rath.r .ig­nitloant implioa~ioA' on tiaber mark.ting. Fir.tly, the r.duotion of aoi.tur. oont.nt brine' about a oon.ld.rabl. r.duotion in w.iCht - aft.oting tr.i.ht oo.t. ta.ourabl1. S.ooDd.q, mohture COGtiAtl below tbe fibr. laturation pOint. or aore .p.oitioall1 b.low 20 p.r o.nt, act .. a prot.otion again.t attaok by funli. Tbird13, dr,p.1nl .awn-

- 31 -

wood to the moisture oontent require=ents of the consumer - and maintaining it during transport - Btabili&es dimen.ions, avoids possible degrade and thus in particular facilitates shipment of prooe.sed produot ••

All the above advantages are already taken into aocount in plywood marketing .ino. vene.r drying haa b.oom. an .ssential part of the produotion prooess. Some of the utility veneer peeling mills eatablished in the ~iddle of tropical fore.t resources do not us. dr"ing faoilities. At this stage it is difficult to fore.ee whether the export of "green" veneer w111 remain a.cceptable, both technically and eoonomically, to produo­.r. and consumers of veneers. Ev~n tod~ the marketing of green veneer is not common17 practised, partioularly as far as decorative veneera are oonoerned.

,11 though the bulk of tbe world 'a sawnwood trade is .Ull marketed "ehlpping-dr,," which impli.s air-seaeoning before shipment, there is a clear trend towards kiln drying. Except for the typical utility ~ld common construotion timber., this trend is exp.ct.d to dev.lop furth.r, beoaus. of the obvious advantagee enumerated above. South ~erioa'a tropical .awnwood .xport. con.i.t mainly of wood .peciea and qualities .uit­able for furniture making, window manufaoturs and other .peoific use., which r'quire low wood moi.turs content.. Con.idering the.e end-use requirem.nt. in oonneotion with the .eoond and third points above hints at po.sibilitie. for expanding process.d wood produots trade.

However, changing from On. produot to marketing another more prooe.aed one, in­evitably implies different marketing practioe. and often other marketing channel •• The problem really is how the .emi-prooe.sed product can be more readily integrated into the respeotive atages of the oustomer's production linea, or the finished one into final application. Since tropical forest produot. nor=ally have to be transport.d over long di.tances specifio problems arise because several months of transport between produoer and oonsumer are involved. The timing of delivery needs speoial attention but generally problem. prevail whioh are related to produot speoification and .tandardiza­tion, dimen.ional aocuraoy, toleranoes and quality oontrol and to the type and quality of paokaging. While in the field of common aawnwood trade, the matter of grading and speoifioation ha •• 0 far been taken oare of by a few more or lea •• imilar grading rule., international rules and praotioes for sawnwood produot. are virtually not e.tabli.hed. Experienoe obtained from the still rather limited international trade suggest. that practice. would have to be muob more exaoting, particularl1 as far a. international rule. or .tandard. are oonoerned. As & first step it appear. appropriate to .Itabli.h a li.t of produots whioh would be .uitable for international standardization a. oppos.d to thoae produot. whioh also in future would have to be individually .peoified at the time of ordering beoause of frequently ohanging dimen.ional and/or quality rtquirement., and perhaps beoau.e quan~ities are too .mall. Any furtber oonsideration of this matter needs to be made within the framework of individual market .tudies, w~th the objective of providing the parties involved with information on the feasibility of expanding trade in prooessed products.

As to shipping prooessed products air-tight wrapping of kiln-dried ticber i. es.eu­tial and should be practioed wbenever po.aiblo. Transport in oontainer. offers addition­al advantage.. Apart from the viewpoint of eoonomio handling, it provide. invulnerable packaging, proteotion against .ea water and rain, and thi. h.lp. maintaining the pre­determined moi.ture oont.nt and dimen.ional atability whioh are an •••• ntial part of oontraoted produot quality and a pr.oondition for rea~ employment of produot. by oon­sumer.. While thes. teohnioal advantage. need to be k,pt in mind for po.sible applioa­tion, the laok of 1nfraetruoture and of o~her faotor •• upporting the u •• of oontainer., often preolude. th.ir immediate introduotion in many developing oountr1e.. In .aob oa.e partioular inve.tiga~ion8 are need.d on bow to optimize ~h. teohno-eoonomio complex involved. Fin&l~, more experi.noe i. ne.ded on how to avoid the oold wall phenom.non whioh ooour. in individual oontainer. during transport and .torage und.r tropioal sun.

A signifioant oono1u.ion m~ be drawn from Table. 8,9, 13 and 14 above. Low and medium d.n.itT speoie. =ake up for 67 per c.nt of the total .aw- and veneer log pro-

- 32 -

duction in South America, and the majori~ of ~he.e timbers are u.ed ... awnwood tor building and structural purposes. On the other hand, from the anal7.i. ot wood .peoie. made in ohapter 4 and from inventory work '0 tar carried out it m~ be a •• umed that the average d_1sity of wood speoies in South Amerioan tropioal moi.t tore.t. i. subetan­tially higher than in temperate fore.ts, where oonifer. are prevall1n.. It 1e obvioue that the tropical forests lack the content of lower den.ity .peoie. which would be needed to supplement the demand for utility and peeling timber.. Therefore attention should be given to speoies within this range of density in planning the regeneration of forest resOuroes and when evaluating the use potential of lesser-used wood speoie ••

Grading rules pl~ a oentral role in produot and market development. The taot that the average density of wood in tropioal tore.ts il .ubstantially hi,her than in temperate foreets, implie. that inoreaeed efforts should be made to develop new or to adapt existing techniques allowing for the use of higher den.ity broadleaved timbers in applioations which have so far been traditionally met by ooniferous timbers. The Committee on Forest Development in the Tropios at its 4th Se.sion emphasized that in­oreasing attention be given to struotural uses for tropioal timber, particularly in view of the direct impact thie could have on improving sooio-economio oondition. in the developing oountries. Efforts need to be inoreased to introduce grading rules and standards whioh can meet satisfactorily domestic needs. They should be developed in olose relation with other initiatives on a regional and international level, with the objective of harmonizing efforts as muoh as possible. In this oontext it wa. suggested that the A~l&¥aian Grading Rules might be used as an example. Particular attention should be paid to the training of graders and to the sstabli.hment of grading control systems.

In conolusion, there are many distinct possibilities for expanding the marketable wood base in South American tropioal moist forests. They need to be defined for eaoh particular forest area selected for development, since local resouroe conditions and domestic market requirementti as well &8 possibilitie. for export trade m~ vary oon­siderably. Each caee needs to be studied in the light of rather complex implicatione aimed at clarifYing the feasibility of developing industries in the light of the resouroes on which they will be baaed. The effortl directed towards •• tablishing local prooessing industries need to be supplemented by market and product promotion efforts. There is an inoreasing awareness for this need. Five Latin American oountrie., Vene­zuela, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru and Bolivia as members of the Andean Pact Commission are combining in a Dlajor effort to make more effective use in the local construotion induatry of the vast resources of the tropical rain foreets in the Andes region. The ooo~erative research inoludes investigating the technical properties of about 100 wood species. This effort is part of a regional strategy for the building up of a .cienoe and teohnology programme that would stimulate economio and 80cial development.

IV

.lo

. S

CII

r.U

'lC

lU

I:

1 2 3 4 5 6 1 8 9 10

11

12

13

14

15

16

11

Ie

19

20

21

22

23

24

2'

j 26

t1

2B

29

30

)1

J2

H

34

35

}6

)1

)e

\1

40

41

4

2

4l

44

4

<

46

4' .e

49

'JlC

)1

52

53

54

55

56

01

5E

59

bO

i«O

I'IIa

Ddr

a b

ra.H

tan

lta

&.l

ua p

en

d.l

t'lo

ra

&.l

UI

lap

era

trle

l1

liu

. l.

lop

eta

la

.&.l

UI

...-

ao

heo

bal.

i1

ub

ul'W

t& '1

'. _bu

_. Cla

rl.,

eta

b

ulU

"'d

l\a

D

Oll a

u.

~dlr. "tg

••

"'1

b.

"I'.

"'1

bo

..

. alH

ol1

&

"p

olb

o

op

p.

'pO

lbo

u

pO

re

.&.p

el b

e

U b

ou

rbo

u

up

ldO

Olp

o",

alb

_

"'p

ld. •

• ,e

:raa

d. .. ..

,.1

.h ..

,"p

Ho

op

o ... 4

_d

l\

'.p1d.o.pe~

81

:01

1 ••

....

plc

lo.p

era

a

n.l

t Id

.WI

....

'ld.o.pe~

PO

lTn

lufC

WI

....

treat .

. 1

eo0

11

1t.

l a

.c-.

. 1rU

, ...

ftlt

a

Bert

bo

lleU

.1 u

cel ••

B".

bacO

'plt

a

q,u

ln.a

' ..

Ba

.d.t

cb

ta I

ll'.

B

Oif

t.lc

b.l

. n

l U

cla

B

rae1

..... ,.

'B

roat.

.-ali

c •• tr

".

Bro

.t ..

.. u

.l • .

a ..

. B

roel.

\a u

ttl.

C

alo

p!l

71

1_

01

'. C

alc

rbrl

lua b

r ..

. U1

.n ••

Calo

p!l

7U

u.

1<>

I1«1

101I

la

Calo

pb

$ll

u.

lQcld

.u.

C"1

LII

fIM

I0II

""'.

~&n-..n..1.

Cara

p.

«u

t .. ,u

nsle

C

Ulp

a p

roe.r

a

Carl

nte

na J)

.1rl

forw

l1

CaQ

ocar

aal«

daU

rar .

.

Cary

oear

«ia

bru

. C

ary

ocar

..,1

11

0'"

C

Ula

ria

Ip

. -:

... U

ll o

blo

n ... ~l1oH .•

C

ae •• ria

p

r .. ao

l:

Catc

at.

--.

CO

IWW

le

S.toat.~

fr&

«&

o1

C~ r

eI_

au

.«u

e U

fel1

a

':.~:r.la

od

o'f

'ata

C~r.la

roa •• l

C~r.11.1lsl.

eata

n ..

. fcT

.l.

C.t

b ..

j.. •

•• \&

nd

r ..

,= •• .,~ •• i.

ap

atb

u1

.:.'

ta

Cb

1o

ro'P

bo

r. tl

neto

rl ..

C

berl

et .

. tn

tesrt fo

ll.

Co

p.i

rerl

. aarU

t C

op

al f.r

a .u

l U

ju.@

'a

CO

'J)&

t r.r

. of

fic1

1:1

.. 1

1 ..

CO

p.l

rere

re

t le

ula

'.

Co

rdl.

all

1o

do

ra

CoI

"l11

a "o

.ldl&

.1:1

oa

,-·1

..:: .

..

hO

glla

. F.

L..~.F.

l..~.P.

LO

glla

P

. h

Og

lla. F

. h

_.P

.

&n

a.o

a.

heg

....

P.

L.a

ura

. L

.au

ra..

T

ilt •

. T

ill •.

T

tl1

a.

Ipo

c.1

. .lF

OC

.1.

11'0

0.1_

J.

pOC

.1_

Apo

c.1.

A~oe.1

l.."

'I&

e ..

.

IIcr

-a.c

L

.c.1

t.

S~l:>a...

h_

.F

.

Lo~.P,

Mo

r..:

. M

ora

c.

llli

or.

c.

lIf.

ora.

c.

G·.

JtU

. 3

'Ut\

i.

':iu

ttt.

';

'.1

\ \1

-

.lrIa

.cI!L

. "e

: la.

lIIe

ll.

L.c

.1t

~.qc

-': ..

ryc

:: ..

qo

. F

laco

';

"1ac

o.

Pla

co

. S

o.b

a

B~ba.

M.l

18

. 11

1.1

i •.

lI.l

la.

:".@

.\W

.W.

Eo

.b ••

c.c

lua

. lI

ora

e.

Beeb

a.

L~lJII.C ..

:...~.C.

:..~.C.

:"ag

u..-

.C.

Bo

ra«

• B

ora

g.

fl';

lU

llF

lII"

M

.lan

c1

.nra

ub

ur."

.. '1

.1

&o

'bl.

'\

4:

CEP.E":~I"i··

So

rio

cc

~'J"

..

.. u

(5)

A.JTIB~!"

.. l.l..

R •••

;"'O

Ui:C

l.

M.l

RllC

-C

ote

t

3:

PO

t'

ISil

Pli

Gu

\,\

~:

IlD'

I10(

)O

(z)

C .. b.

u

Mo

.na

pl.I.oblrl{'5JJ~a

a&

n«

ul'

..

Mo

eaa

pu

oh

t rl

Ca~.a.r.ct::'lc

'Paco

t. (5

) ll

a.Q

.ul.

apa

(2/'

'a

c.c

b.c

up

11

21

P

IIJ"

J.ar

u.C

. .. ·

\ ~

1

Pa.c

ot.

.IJ!,l.uc~,

&lU

J!A

CU

o,o

l ~ 1

':

ara

"&I'

lau

ba(

S)

C u

alp

. P

IP-r

ob.

(6.1

Kaq

,ula

ap

. t

2)

reln

. d •• oao~

2)

~IBi.CiT1Ul·

1..1

f11e

r1rc

-.

cl.':

.,,)

B

ol&

Q.Y

lrO

t2

t 0"

.&1'

,,",

,0

Tn

.uu

u"\

)'

'l..S

"rdB

...&

. p.

l.lt

J..

1..

1.a

.n4

ro

,2,

C •• t.n

..

SU

8au

.aa

Bu

l.b

. P

lIlI

C.I

J!,l

JU(B

)"

S1J

CU

Pli

J.

1Il.l

T''' •

•

Cau

cb

o·

( ..

} M

u.r

l.T

' P

alo

a~

.... a

T ..

Un

«.

(2\

'tl1

0

;iC

lIi.

.I:U

S,,

··

c,ra

.1

1.J

[!R

(;!i

··'

41

.L"D

Ii. u

BJ.

':

~:p.

lltl

".a

fI",

,_'J

UA

.. .. .l

·: ')

F

I .... !

~ A

··

\ ~

, ~·~c",ub.

\ 3

)

:.1

.Tar.

" ..

·(" ,

:..

L&

&ua

a··

tla1

.r ..

\.

La

«l.

J't

O

0 .. p

i J.lruo·\J~

I.l

la br~a.

llD

lBO

U

.ll •

• n

dro

}2

( .I

1.e

nd

ro

,2/

I.I

la "ria-

a.j

o

'an.

«.T

ft· ..

·· 2~

lIara

JU

1.

') I

1"'P

esto

a •

• p.a

te-

"!',

l1.1lL.L""'·~

2)

CK

tRI)

4I-

l-;,

C

IDR

P

Bu

l.b

..

CII

Bi.

5~('O

17

'

~~~~:~~~1

Palo

&lD1Il.!"~110\l'TtI.1ra

C ..

. pl~j) .GT.~

f1.n

J ,c

:

To

bo

rat"

be

....

l'P

U."

'··

:JU

IBJ.

':_

'P.l

.IH

J.··

1.15

-+ }

,,(,

'AIB

J.

LO

'Jro

... ril

lo

A]o

&

";:0

f1'I

:ll:

C

VU

tJU..L

..P.L

. .. •

:;0

,"1

8..

&··

C

D1

'.l1

B.I

··

::C

.PA

...lB

,,··

.IjO

&

Jo (~I

l'a.

blo

ll"'

P.

Cop

&..c

bt

(2)

C.t

Dr.

"rq

~,

CU

U"T

C(

l;

c.lJ

!lir

.'"

i))

::U

R:r

'T'.

··

~

OU

.Ar.!

"O

.:.

"'1

IDpn

dro

C.t

ba

\oIu

.-1

')

JIJ

IIlJ

".,f

tTO

.\

(' 1

Mar

_ .-

SU

jX··

j 2

' ..

.. r1

0·t

t,'

....

rio

·: t.

I

....

rlo

· b

do

­S

.l:r

"·

:::;

'u\n

o "'a

n,e

r'

iBL

;"C

(".\

1 •

::&

jI:U

l

':: &

fj{':J

1

' ..

1

'i.l..

.,J.

P: E

):"J

.

3.

no

~ ..

..,.

.co

"J.n

J.

P;

:.o:.:

·ftJ

.··

':JF

"l

EJ.

(

~

, an

ale

tlll

.....:::!

J. ~

fI

,-.:..;:~: .

. n c

;, • .l

:.u,

:·

d.l

lUi:

· !!

J.11

..S

: •

III:

~'J.

C""

Can

e. it

o ne~t'o

L ...

.. re

i o

apu

cl".

lnc

SI"

,Ji:

R8

ll&

..I·

D

url

l

::a

l::e

1&

d

e

_o

no

!J

It.l

!. .

.. :

~.,ro

S:t

.lha

.1a.

n Shl~~"',"]·

C&

l1,)

11

lon

n

.gT

o f~.!l~

.oo

c,"

2

Pad

dle

w

oo

c, i

'

';",8

L".r

e'

'r'.

lrt ..

ry

TI

.. ... ~.

SJ.

... _

I S

.1.l

J1"1

8'

ilccrro

q':

JI

Ilac

h.

':rlU'~'

:HJJ

i .... ,.·

: 21

S&...

"'DE

{-r,'

Pa~ c

K

Art

a

l!.c

u

I 2

\

':u

rua

:E.!.

.t1

t' ....

I ...

:::"

:IH

~"

"o

ral

J.~.! ...

..

.. ~

! d

.. ta

t""'b

r'..

lra.

haT

& ,

rab

.c(

1·\

i

'.: r

.. t-

wo

od

!:IJ.i

I "I

t":'

:'J·

~ E

'VL

U _

_ :·

_~

), u

aa

lr a

S'_

'F:N

U

l::::e~ ..

ta

J.:-

04

Ilta

ta

Lro

-..

ta

ZoOT

:: l~'

i'arel~oL-t .I

t

rar.

lho

ut

,14

; F

.r ..

.. h

ou

t '.

Id I

~.., .. "f'

l

Er&

z1

.no

ct

\"-'

,a

.rllll

l ~

~c.rl!L.~'

)

): ...

. ~ •••

, f:

trap

..

,L";

r

3c!e

?&

«a!.

b

o!.

pa

,ga

ie

leu

p

&I"

ale

:

2

Satl

r.e

rub

&ll

. ha

.@"l

!Il!I

e '

.:!

E-d

atla

....

i

_ ..

,ra

pa

!

:a..

ra;"

a

:.d

rat·

ur.

lo.

SC

lIr.

"IrI

C ....

61

62

6)

6,

65

66

67

68

69

'To

11

72

n 1

4

75

76

71

78

19

eo

81

82

83

84

~

86

· ~

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

'11

98

99

100

10

) 1

02

)0

) 1

04

10~

106

101

10

8

109

11

0

III

11

2

113

11

4

11~

11

6

111

11

8

11

9

120

C~ -.

cl'o

oa

rpa

C

roto

n

.PII

. D

.c1

'7ad

•• o

ola

.blm

. Dooa~od.. ou~u ..

.. l ar

\0

D.o

1'7

od

••

oce

lden

tal1

e

D1

&l,

J&Il

th.r

. ro

Mc.l

l •• ro

ll.

»to

.l7

U1

tbo

u «

"" III

pea

»

taq

... t

...

...

oto

ba

Dio

orJ

'lll

. p

luen

.la

»t~ _

_ ... t

ot"

"l

DI1

111&

&I.

no

el •

•

!)Ip

lotr

op

l •

.art1

... 1

1 D

1..

1o

\'r'

op

la

pu

rpu

r ..

DI~t •

.,.,

. o

do

... b

.'

ero

lob

l_ a

eb

a.b

urk

l1

I,-n

il.

tala

. t.

1..

...-

IJ"a

Dd

trlo

ra

lpa ..

. & J-"

I.-

ru

. eeb

_b

llq

k ta

na

Irl _

_ cln

.t.-

~tuGZ71_ .p

. le

oall

_la

.,.

•• _

11

....

-.-

a ..

....

. 1.1

.n o

orf"

\.\C

"&t.

.. eb

.n ..

.. )-'~ ••

-.

ch

_ll

e ..

. o

do

r.

"o

hell

ara

aub

clU

lid

ulo

ea

....

aq~tuo .~p.

1o

a:7

10

"'0

", .

....

....

1.

Pta

...

iD.I

,I'a

P

loa .

... t

-.

Do

apla

C1a

ll ..

. ..... I

'iIl

_ •• la

1

1_

tutb

U8

art

lcu

latu

. 1

_lr

la lid

_fe

r.

1.lrl. f

lorl_

da

1 .. 11

'1.

,rO

G.r

. IQ

N.

a ..

. pl '

aaa

1Ir

-...

.o

url

lar 1

1 1

Ir-.

.. ,

....

,Uo

ll.

lIr-o

)o

lIl_

.p.

lIr-.l

oll

l_ 0

00

1._

II'-

ao

lob

l_ ,

.tl'

.au

. Ja

ol&

l"U

1l.

ao

.. l.

" .. 1 ..... ~.

JII

II._

•• o

tra,t

e.

Ll •

• rla

caaell

. L

ca:o

pto

l7c\ ... co

\"

"''''rl_

.,.

.. lp

l"l&

_

leU

-o

lla

_Ilk

aft _

_ lo

a

... l1

k ..

...

" .. '>

or I

... 1

1_

"

... b

a lI

1.r

op

lao

ll.

w1

1l1

.. l1

li

on

no

el •

•

....

. ..

,..t

o.p

o _

_

....

.. .

....-1

.

• 0

....

. ob

H a

oo

ola

aa

.... -.... ~.

__

'-d

...

ac ..

Uro

ll.

'roc,

. !u

itlo

• B

ur.

a.

Bo

n ••

B

un

a.

~rl •

• Ib

'rla

. Ib

'rle

. L

_«

-.la

.P.

1.r

.11

. L ..... M

. L

.,..'!

•• P

. L

_.P

.

L_

.P

.

Lo"

...

M.

~-.P.

Lo~.f.

~.~.P.

L_

.P

.

'oc~.

IIY

th.

"ca~.

Lee

1t

•

Lee

,.-'

. L

eC'T

t.

l..c

yt.

L

eey

t.

~r'"

luta

e.

aora

.c.

Mo

rac.

C

.l ..

..

lup

bo

. &

pooy

. B

u.1

r.

Iw.l

r.

B_

ir.

1""'0

. l.&

r«1a

I.=

. L

_.C

. L

ei_

·f.

~.P.

~.P.

111«

"0.

JlO

Ifl •

• Jl

OIf

lo.

L.u

ra.

AII

Ka

. L

ei-

.P.

Mo

lpl.

S

ap

ot.

S

ap

ot •

L

oul'&

. 1

Io,0

t.

L_

.C.

Loc

-.C

. l.

op

I.C

. D

atU

• L

au

n.

Lau

n.

3C"!"

"T&

,.-r

uu!e

', ~)

S

&I\

8'M

4

e

dl'A

«o

~110.

\21

aO

l:OT

OT

'C·: ~

Gl.l

l 'err

era

A

lGIL

1.

PE

DL

6-\

3)

SII

CU

PIU

.'\ (I

SU

CU

PIB

'''\ \

1

CU

IWIl

Je

(15

su

e L

.,I U

&

JU.I

I.i:U

0

'po

'p

o (2l

J.

~. (2

Mulro,I~U)

Qu

&ru

bu

...

C&

UIl

Il1

' (1

4)

Co

o.

oo

qll

11

1a

Cu

\lld

lo

d..

p

l\o

(2)

....

t.

_t.

Mat.

_t,

(15

0 )

P'I

I &

JWiI

LO

"( J

)

C.1

lS lD

«U

M\

12

) C

UP

IIJI

I1··

( 2)

S

I»[I

O'o

( .)

3

Irl .

...

(2)

C ..

... I

o.

(~1

Lec

be

lect.

. '!"

ur .. lr

o(

2)

IlII

lU·

(9)

CJ5

.lC

UIII

• O

cla

oo

"( J

) J.t

ob

a"(I

50

) !l

rar1

. J1

II'l

i·

(3)

aD.l

LlJ

IOo

AII

O.l

LI"

·l4

! ao

a-I.·

,

CU

Oll

1o

(U

loo

AL

" ..

.. 1

. (1

50

) M~ILLOO\5)

CaJJII

aJ.-

-U

P .L

UllJU

IA··

Il

UA

llA

II.I

IIII

1"(

3)

IT.U

II1

· IU

UII

.l

lIII

UU

1J.

·(lO

)

P.r

aeu

l.lb

a ..

....

.. 1

.raT

O (

2) L&

.I.lI

'el

( 1)

la

.eb

a

talD

.

¥DU

... .cb

. c •• 'P

i ~.)

PE

fIL

':"C

rm~~

lura

c:-

.lp

....

.. ll~.., ..

.. 4

0

4"1

10

D

U.G

OO

(./

CIJ

lAJO

O

All II

I A

ll I I

II

CU

AJC

un

·o(

21

C1I

UG

.IJl .. o

( 2

_ ••

\21

C

Ud

GU

"·(

2\

CU

AJG

.ur;

c J)

Su

eu

""&

( .)

!an

..ro

\ 2)

Cb

_1

.aq

l.&

lero

C" .

... '

11

1.

\ 2

) C

... rd

~ ;1

. "p

ID

. C

ar1.

to

Ca' ...

.. 1

9)

Co

oa

19

) C

bo

oll

ac_

uJ

C~&ob-.coea

.OW

DIT

O\

J)

ko

lll_

"

Mo

ob

l_o

"""1

-",

,tau

.l.

IUC

J.l.

IrrO

" IU

CU

IrrO

O

OJ.

n

GllB

Itc.

HI C

UII

I 01 ° (

12\

z..u

Clb

....

caap

i II

Cll

lEv

l 91

CIl

mC

llo 1

12

. C

..,r

la.N

l.

S.l

no

(J

) S

1rl

ap

S

lrll

1jf

a &

ell-

.eo

caap

i P

IIII

LL

U

BLA

JCO

O

Qu

1n

1l1

. 0

]01

"'0

.0

....

1D

lll.

C

IAIU

l·-

Cb"'~

Cata

bu

. ()

CelM

_

rU

l.

CO

OH

.UU

()

) C

op

ol

J.lc

arr

ob

O\2

)

'->

b1

~"

'II"

(J

) .l

reb

l.eo

{ 3

) C

bln

pl.

lO

IlJ.

l.·

lOO

J.l.

'OO

ll

_OO

&L

CU

ob

. (2

) .... 1

(14

) C

era

lo

(-;~,

....

la1

H.

.... ra

nd

ub

. IT

'UII

.l

_.,0

'."0

0· U

TO

..

TOO °

M_

. (1

) U

UIL

LO

O(

2)

CL

.,.l

o lJ

) _d.~1V

(2)

no

vJ.·

(2

) JI

GU

J. (5

)

Ju

.l ..

.. !'c

-.. eb

o

I"u

kab

all

t ~

S~

d..

(!

ra«

0

Vto

ba

(~l

Su

n

Ru

n

" ...

j

I.&

rol:

l:o

:-0

· t 3

) tu

r.n

. I.

3 'I

CG

r..r

! ('

"et.

at>

u·

: ... r6

I~'

'OI'

lIk--

.be

ul

'} I

Cure.rtn.~

l, I

J!lr~

l.IJ'a

U

ap.

tab

aeo

W

I.U

.. UU

.··' 4

\ U

apa

t.b.co~ 2

1 •

a.L.

U.B

.t. •• (

4 "

~.pa t.b.eo~ 2

_&

.I..l..

U&'" I

.)

Uap

. t.

baco

.A

.U..

U.&

.--l

2'

IIII

II[u

,o-'

Jaril

la

lor..

,

IJ'P

IIID

U

1. F

aj!.

2.

Sl>"1!

1 !If

.LM

__

__

_

~_:;

_a__

__'I

.__.

C_'.

:'c-

.:al

l1

\'"

501;

0 _

1_

1 T

i.',

-,

8&Sb

.Al.

uk1!

S-.~

.. l

l&n

«.l

lqu

. ~

b l

.uiC

'T\.

ofC

-d))

S

aln

t J.

er.

\

1:

z..

rt..

,.

abb

•• -

Co

eur

d.::

l~T.

T

on

•• ('

\ ~.Ioo

(e)

.lcae1

. tr&nc\~)

1.&

;.L

J..S

.&.-

·l2'

.. p

o 1

21

_

!l.l

.£II

,o'l

8 )

-.p

. l b

~ • .

l.UA

II'-

·~ 8

1 'o

F.

(b,

1A

l.L

.jJU

··\ l~.

t le

pa ~1)

ItA

JB1!

IIL

U °

li&

bo

t TCI~.

Ou

.eh

.raco

ro

ft.

'uarall

t .i

n •. IUJfB&B~·

Mab

ot ro~.

k.U

-.r.

11

1 tn

. II

AIB

.lII

kl.

ll-

Coo

o d

a

-.on

0\ '

) ~ .

. kar.

1 a

I:'

) M

U'&

.ltt

l.U

.l-\

15-

+ }

lIab

ct

bO

lr

"~1"ulll0

I&,u

rell

i el

k..

tu

. "!.

lJIU

4I"

JI1~arot.

H[G

_D

lll.

)

k\8&.b.b.lll~ 2

I D

o.k

Cl.

llal

. ~!

rl~'.I1er

@'["

&Ad

b

Ole

C

OIl

«T

l0

bl&

bCO

I&

ltu

kal

lS •

• l~ I

L

op

1··

C

ou

pl-

S.r

1n

«u

.1 T

. S

.r1 1

l1'u

.elr

a lia

R 0

I 0

BeJ

. ata

b

l an

c '1n

. r A

11!i

OIl

Ml!

"\ J

! 8

a.ar

. b

cll

etr

u

Bo

l.

ro,,

«.

(e)

1Our

1 (6

) T

au

ron

lro

~'1}

UII

UI

(15

0)

J.b

Ulo

•• 1

)1

San

dboJ

. Po

•• e

ntr

1e

~ 2)

S

ab

ller

JJp

rro

bo

-t 2

) L

OC

:UB

t-l7

:

Ho

d.

Lo

cu

ell

:)

CCl:

'''&

.8.A

B.li

..~

10}

SI_

rub

a( ~)

P

u\u

11

4i

Go

ebaJ

al 1

'))

Ccp

ala

\4

}

ICX

;&L

SIl

.YIo

JIB

.ll.i.

I ~r. ·1

.aD

.. lb

art

B

ol.

C

aD

ell

. P

lcatc

.l

II\I

IIU

Bll

LI "

5}

&n«

enlb

.ou

t IC

Cl.

l p

l.1

11

C

Uli

or I~'

l.

) C

.r ••• ()

ler.

an

bo

a.

P_

to

MO

IU"\

2)

Mau

(5

) M

OIl'

MO

U

Mo

r.b

llk

•• (

2)

Mo

rob

oo

k •• ( 5

) U

DIU

LL

I·(

2)

t..u

.r.l

IIP

.'o

. se

U:I

I'rI

rJ ~

lUI

PU

IIL

Y

121

'M'_

r. ,l

ei

Lao

ra.

122

Och

.ra.

a ll

«o

pu

e

_be.

1

2J

00

0'_

"V

P.

Lau

ra.

12

. C

lrco

t. o

oetu

Jat.

L

aura

. I~

Oo

o\e

e ~ ..

....

L

aura

. 12

6 0

00

' .. I

Ilo

blt

....

L

aW'a

. I:

l/

Oeo

t .. «

l ... ra

ta

La.

ura

. 1

28

O

oot •

• «

1I1 .... t.

L

au

ra.

129

Oo

ot •

• p

et.

luth

er.

tau

ra.

nO

Oeo

t .. P

UN

I'U

}_

ta

ura

. 1)

1 O

oo

t •• ro

di .

. ,

tau

ra.

1)2

O

eot •

•

rub

...

tau

A.

III

Oco

t ... ac

b.a

nb

ala1

.l

Lau

ra.

1).

O

lMd

lop

bu

na .p

p.

""ra

e.

I)~

o.'

aO

ttb

lon

p

latl

ap

arw

Ul:

~rl •

. 13

6 P

ara

IJan

co

mta

"-p

oI.

Ip

oc3

".

117

Park

'.

8'i

«&

J'lt

oca

rpa

L~fI

f""·

·'

1 )8

P

.rtt

a a

ul

ttJu

r-a

L.~.".

1]9

P

ark

'e

pan

du

la

ta«

u..

M.

UO

P

altO

flD

'na

eat1

n«

••• ar.

,la\'

lrll

L.~.C.

IU

Pelt

OQ

llo

le

co

inta

l L

"IIU

OI.C

. 14

2 P

oU

OQ

llO

p

orp

l\7

rocl!

l.f"

(! 1

1l

L_

.::

U)

Palt

o«

:rn

e

pu

b •• ean

. L

.g ..

.. :

. I •

• 1

'.1

tOfP

Jne

pU

Tp

'Ure

a

Le

flfU

2·

':: U~

Pal

tOfP

Jna

....

"0 ••

•• r.

den

·:;,

-L.«"~.:.

U6

P

ltb

.aco

loM

u.

rac •• oa

Uill

'I

f1

ora

L

o«"'

l.W

. U

7

PI

tbeco

lob

1u

a

aaaA

l"l

L.«,

....

..

u8

P

t',r

ocarp

a

pte

roela

th,

"'e«u

m.1

t U

9

PI.

toal.

tn

Btt

nlB

';

lJtt

l

I~O

Pla

t,.-

.ll1

clu

a .

liP

. L

e«

UII

I. P

. 15

1 P

lat7

_h

ciu

m ~i"n.tua

:",¥~.P

152

Pla

t7al.

cll

.dt

trtn

lt.t

ta

",a

T.

~·fl

fu".

P.

151

Pla

t7_

iao

lu.

ula

l T

d

.JT

WI

Leg

lJ...

E.F

'. n

. P

od

oo

arp

ua

ap

. P

od

oc •

1~5

Po

do

carp

u&

eo

rlaceu

a

ftX

:)oC

•

156

Po

do

earp

ua

lJt1

11

0r

Po

do

c.

157

Po

ute

ria .p

. S

IIP

:lt.

15

8 P

OV

;tar

ta eat.

' to

S

ap

ot.

15

9 P

ou

terl

a a

n«

larl

S

.'P

ot

. I(

,()

Po

ute

rta ~lU'l.n.ll1

Sep

ol.

16

1 P

r1o

rt.

co

pa' r

.ra

Laf

t'..I

I.C

16

2 P

roU

UII

.'P

. B

urs

e.

16

) P

roU

ua

11:1

&'IT

I_

Bu

rl!l

llt.

16

_ cu

el •

• ao

u.l

nata

V

och

.y

165

Ioiu

alea

alb

lflo

ra

Vo

ch,y

. 16

6 '-

iual

•• c~rul •

•

Yo

ch.y

•

161

~Gal •

• d

lnts

it

Oo

oll

l·

16

e ~Q&1 •• b

a.o

l!lip

eh

a

VO

Ch,

Jr.

169

"Qal •

•

'Par•

en•

1•

ioct.

,y.

11

0

'Cu

al ••

ro •••

V

ocl

".,y

.

111

SacD

«lo

ttu

g

ula

nan

a1

lt

bu

alT

172

SlM

.ru

ba ... ra

51 •• r.

173

Ste

rcu

lia ~.t.l.

Sta

rc.

1H

"

•• tl.

h

i ta

n_

t..."

u •. P

. 17~

Sw

l.te

nia

•• c

rop

bJ"

lla

II.~

~ a

. ;7

6

S7

.pb

on

ta

gIo

'!:l

I"ll

ifar

a ';

t...

tt!

•

177

'ab

eb

u 1&

ap

p.

!H@

Tlc

. 11

8 T

.ba

bu

,& ro

. ••

81~c-.

11<;

T

acb

l,aH

a p

Ule

"l.

'.

L"II

_.:

. 11

10

rara

lee

op

oett

lto

l1a

Le

SU

&o

F'.

BU

IlL

BA

LSA

\

3'

LOU

RO

" (1

2)

LOU

ItO

I'IW

IUT

"

Lo

uro

b

ran

co

Itau

.k:s

L

ou

ro

... era

elb

.o·

.'JI

IUrZ

HC

'·-(

2:'

Utu

db

ara

na

(1

) A

.a p

. ..

a.r

8'0

e o

· "1

v[I

Hl

Fln

IRl"

F

1U

IU

HO

llT

H

!Ill

SA

\

2)

Peu

ro

s-o

··

.cr&

do

F

eu

rOJ:

o··

( 21

PIl

U

rO

Io

··\

2)

Pel

l rO

Io··

(6 \

Peu

rO

lo··

l2~

Ali

0 U

II ill:

li>

O",

"

P~IO.IIL""( 2

1 S

acu

rl-a

cu

(6

) U

:;'C

I'..

r9'·

· U

::.l

C'L

B'·

· U

C.l

C,u

a,·

· U

C'I

':"'

TJB

,· ..

P.u

~.

CO

I-T

.

PlR

D

J IO

U'-

To

p.

{2

}

1.A

LS.

l ••

iOB

LI

CO

U:D

FT

.. Ou~.r1I'o~ 2

'1

1110

"'-·

.CE

M ..

••

1II0!:

.'·· 11

0111

11··

IIp

in8

0 .o

.D.

reb

p1

ng

o

caar

aoo

C

an

elo

Cae.

paah

.::.

'al.

o .l

oleta

\ ~'

.llg

llT

rob

o

Mat.

zan

. C

, ...

....

. b.

Mao

Lh

ub

. ne~ra

Cu

..ell

te

r:l1

h ... .

.! F"J~K·

LU

:..!

1U...

II'"

lIIIe~.t..~.

liIo

rl.f

lTll

.o

! 11

"11"

l

'PIL

,F-'

JU·:

l~

I fL

icim

a ca

ap

J

D'

Coio:r.~C'

.8Jl'

PU

"·\

~i

lIIa

.:are

.I

IT'!

. C'l~-:.t~llc

; .l.

.B1

U!U

JI.l·

"Hl''''.t....~'·

U1

f!J:

"""

e.IH

,-1U

Yr::

~UEI

IlJ.

·\ 1

2)

IUII

DIa

.,,'

JE1

U·

IIl.I

J'"JI

'J..(

U[1

It'

· IlU

JiD

I J"

"UE

IU-\

1 2,

1 L

.11f

:n:',

lJ!:

'18J

.··

) '2

IUM

::'Z

: ':"

'UE

ll" ,

.

Paru

rul.

l ~

1

IO.B

L'P

'··'

R'

I,!"

,oJB

.tlU

.. JiI'· 4

.o~O •• I,

)1

llIU

I-P

I:.!

t

',LA

:,,..

:::u ...

. rur

lUl .

.

UE

'LP

&

~._EJ.··'\

21

&I.

u'-

.

" -

I..

iU'"

••

CO

LO

IUIl

l

Bll

Sl

14

',

J1,t

rua

~ 2

\

5[2

'"

12

1

:'1

!l:I

r.:l

A ~

_ /

...

-

~'-~.4....';

• ,

•

,~.' P

i 1I

I.::

:hl.

Til

P.~ (

'0

tie

TK

RlU

I.U

"1

r _

.. 4

Tt.

"~1T II

I ~

C

• a

pA

tf""~

.,~-

.. ~o

.. &

I.a

..r"

'''0

.... ,'r

.. C

c

• 1

~ :-

fI C

1 •

• c

.~

-,,.

,-­J

er"

,,-

GU

lL"

k.r

e1

1-

y. ~fA.~'~""··

F

"1:;

"': .. ';

Uri-

··

PL

? ....

~ "'t

•. J1-

·· P

~F_~..r.l..A.r~··

T ..

";,

f _

: r=J..:'~ •

•

':'r

'."l

t'w

:OO

.JlI

I ...-

,ire ~"

IIll

l

~ C

T,

.... "

('

rL,\

-'

A·

~

":;1

:rt"

'T

;-", ....

• a

.:rl

lor&

""!1

':.":

.11

1,I

&!:

l.o

tla

r,-,

It.a.

. '·

1"

.:

S:';

BU

UM

.

PIS

J P

IS]

B.e

t.ro

e

II,u

.,·

,(.

Pi.

)I

UP

DD

U

; •• ~.

~UJAlil

F.

"L

..\ tI

er

' :

: C~r.

':-.

o:!;

r~

:.cre

a-,

8I"

t"

0rl

l"'l

C'r

; !"

r ....

.. c·

.... e~r"

~t" 4~

lea::

. II.

!;

oIl

A

f'~T~flT"art

c u

ltra

!" t

il

; .... :-~flrt &

r ~

F ..

Jrp~

rt.e

.r':

. .t

...z.

:ra

r te

zlle

':.a

1t.

.t"l

... d

. =,

(.l~

B

err."

lt

f "'

.. D

e.

1

~o.re.t.rle

, :;

@,I

"ete

;,l

.oe.,

.· .. e;:

:~ .

.:.

"le

iSl!

10

L.-

. t:

lac,.

~'\

.. ~'. ,:f

I,. ~

J&

u."

le ~ '('OeJ~

::;r

19

.,o

n ~c_

lIr1

pn

on

~'J'.J

:;'T::-I"~'2~:J-

'J.r

·(I"

I:l1

" fi

.Ji.

..

Bo!

'c C'..1~ ..

. !.

oeco

ar.

let-

.·

lJ

St.

&ro

ub

a

-",,

:'"1

:.t

!S:

4

....

ral.

........

SC

IDT

!nC

I.u

o

18

1

TeT

81

Dal

1a

.... O

ftt.

18

2 '.

rw.l

aali

a o

bit'l

lll'&

18

) 'h

rw.l

aall

a

'&D

.lb

ou

oa

184

'.N

tnelt

a t

ar_

po

'an

.i.

185

T.t

r .... trl.

b

08

ta.a

nl1

18

6 'f

.'r-

saatr

ll ,.

,...

.n.l

. 18

7 T

rat'

latc

kla

la

are

neal

188

7'r

lpla

rla l

'I.,

aq

ul1

an

.1.

I&.!

'.ta

irea a

p.

190

'.'.

1 re

op

ela

.p

ee to

ea

191

Yl b

lD'1

U •• ,.

191

'i ro

le .p

. 19

1 V

iro

l. d

l .. o

nU

19

4 'I

ro

b lt

uc:h

u."

. 19

5 V

iro

le

_l1

nO

l11

1

19

' T

iro

l_ •• b

t rara

19

1 T

iro

la a

ura

... nat.

19

8 'i

ro

l ...

. eno

e.a

199

Tl •

• 1a b

acclr

ar&

20

0 'o

e..

,..I

•• p

p.

201

To

o""

81

a d

an

aJf

lora

20

2 'o

c!q

'ala

t&

"UI'

I ...

. 20

1 'o

c""8

1a

,-u

taaan

al.

2

0',

fo

o"".l

a .

u.l

_

205'

Y

oc-

.,-.

t. a

uri

n ... na

l&

206'

fo

e..

,..I

. 'o

'rap

!\J'

11

. 20

1 fo

o",

,81

&

tClll

left

tae

&

208

Yo

cb

,rala

...

1 •• 1

_1

01

1a

209

Yo

uK

epeu

. _

_ rl

can

a

210

•• l~l •• p

.

!'&

.IIH

T

Co

.br.

C

.. b

r.

C .. br.

C

a.b

r.

Bu

n ••

B

u"a.

Bu

re ••

re

In'.

L

_.P

. L

oS

-. P

. C

ap

ri.

~rl •

• It

)orl

a.

~r!o.

If1 f

la.

My

rla

• ~rl •

• lJ

'rla

. G

uth

. V

oe..

,..

'001

>.1.

V

oel

ly.

Vo

el>

,r.

'oe~.

vo

cll

y.

ioell

y,

l'o

ell

y.

1o

cll

y.

i..., .....

C.

:W'l

on.

,BU

lL

B8

LI'

1l

'aw

au

leto

t>

ran

cb

o

rUIB

oU

CA

'( ~)

.tJIG

E.L1

M U

IJIG

uSO

O

HV

!JU

"

VIR

OL

... ··

" J

'

:-:'

:Ju

t:.

t}1

Ii

!l-

-.. .

&-.

\ 9

l:rR

OL

.&··

( 9

'

,rA

lll:

BA

""\

15

+)

"U.lR

lJI!I

.&··

",U

1RlJ

J ...

••

,UU

lB.&

··

.u A

llU

U"\

15

+)

~r.l

.RUB

'··

",U

.l3U

B.&

-·

;oI:

AII

l'1!'"

~t

;.lB

UB"'

··

A"

.&Pl

'••

(2)

PII

IL

.-u~

Ro

hla

.-..rl11~ lo

hl.

-S

acb

. eb

.. l .

.

(Z •• b

l."

ioU

e aaarlll_

CO

.Loo

.I&

CU

'Ul!

C"'

"1 ~)

Cu

aeb

araD

o(

c)

GU

aa

BO

I

b)

ilrl

cb

o

r uka

:1 ~

I J

~CP.

tl."

I)

rJIiJIUSllC~

,.aJU

Su

clI

KZ

··(

J)

Cu

.ul.

ca.u

parl

':u

.ala

l4.

1).

.,.0

1

(2)

C'.

l",'

an

do

·

C~.lYl""d.( 2

) C

hl_

Ian

d.(

~l

Ileq

u,

CIlU

CU

&C

AO

( 2

) V

IiO

Uo

O

(4)

Cb

ah

'tu

d.

S&

n«

Te

d

. ,"

oro

S

&I'

1,I

{rln

o("

} C

uaJ

D

I }J

Da

1! 1

-D

al1

1-

Do

lJ 1

0'

I

SAII

OR

E

DI

C&

l.l.

IIA

o

""1

11

0-0

1 .. r

1)

LO

fI""

o

(2)

(11

10

0

1 •• (2

) C~U1blQ'.

0 ... _

_ ril

l ..

Bu

acap

u

Bu

leb

oll

o (1

)

Do

rwil

on

(3

}

S.l

ad

lilo

T

lntl

n

1 tl!~lJ,l.

1

.Lo

r J.n

a

I te

Da!

11

I t.

et-

all

1

L.c

re .000t.n.ro~

2>

Sara

\

, ~

S.l

.l.!

•

:UI ::'.' ~.l".-

'£'

.p;:.".l-n.~ ..

t •• ri

.ar..-...

... rl·

J<,.

•• a

n

..t:

-a-k

war

1

·a.:

-'.-

~.~1

fnu

n.D

.art

.·\,

J

lft;

y ..

.. d

ou

T..

, azt

adoL

J '"

,am

.d-a

u

lS}

~c.u.ll·

~ £

I

&\.

.J.l

t-(2

)

l.o

uall

-IJ

)

t...

()u

.ll-

\':1

t c

ual!

-\

<)

~C·.

.J.l

l·

\ t

i

aacap

ou

\)

1

OC

CU

IIliD

lCE

U

!l D

Kll

OII

IUT

JOJ

C~

SO

tr.3

.u

lBIC

U T

A0

Pl:

.u

,.0':'

[0 SPECI~

-B

. :'

!S

2B

-I:=

S

PE

;:IE

:;

10

01

lO

OZ

10

0)

1:>

04

10

05

1

00

6

100'

1 lo

oe

1009

1

01

0

lOll

1

0H

1

0I}

1

01

4

10

15

1

01

6

lCI1

le

iS

10

19

1

02

('

10

21

1

02

2

10

23

In~

lC2'

;' 10

26

1027

l'

2P

IQ29

1

03

0

1:3

1

10

32

1

0)3

!}3~

1J)

5

I ~),

1~3:

10

3S

I"

),

lDJJ

1J~_

lJ~ 2

lJ~3

lJ~~

1 s~

';

10

.6

1:J4

7 IJ

48

1

14

7

Ie5a

1

05

1

10

52

1

(5)

10

')4

lO

y;

I J5

6

10

51

10

58

10

59

10!>

O

J.ln

U8

jo

ru

llen

ll.

.1.1 •

• 1

. eg

geH

l1

.ll •

.,l

. pe

rU'W

'lan.

.&

aaca

.rd

1u

. 8i

~a.n

t.WI

'I

Alla

e&

rd1

ua

o

ccld

el'tt

ale

J.n

aca

rd 1

~

B;:

ruC

e&

l'l\l

al

An

clt

ra .p.

A

ad

lra co

riace.

.1n

d.l

n

1n

ers

i&

..... d

ira p

an

!flo

ra

.1n

d.l

ra lu

rln

u.e

nS

18

.&

.nIb

...... o

nic

. h

iM c

an

ell

ll.

..... n

. clu

cke

! &

nib

. p

aru

tili

. .l

rub

a ro

e.o

do

r.

.MO

lle

.:

tIp

. M

IOIl

&

re-t

l.cu

lata

..

lnth

od

lacu

e ~11o.L.'

"p

ule

1.

mo

lart

. u

pld

:Otl

parm

a

!lp

. b

pl1

0sp

erw

a

cain

tat-

.Jm

hpl~Ol!lper'f"1l

cyl1

.,1

roC

erD

CT

:.

.bpl~o.pent.

llL

lifl

c1"U

&

".p

ldo

8p

erp

'!

.a::

roca

r.,u

a:

J.t!lpldoepe~ •• ar:::~r&V 1

&f"

!W't

up

ido

trp

erm

a

o"'l:

:np,

..l1'

!'.

.I.l'ldo.pf'!"~ ot-~cl!rll"~rVl ~~

A."pic!o.'Der~'"

to:7

le:1

t-:>

l!I!l

.lep

ldo

t-W

'err

a v

art

'e-<

tll

latr

cmi'

J.1

II

frlL

lln

lfd

l.llC

Aetr

on

lUln

l:

-a ... ecl~""e

J.8

\ro

n l.~

Llr

W"l

.1eu

"a

B&

«&1I

8a tllla~fol:.

~.llIC"'''l e~ 1

. -W

I. B.118ChJr.l.~U

roi".1a...~!.

f:!r

oe1

.. w

. (.

1l~ .n~"Il~

.Elr

o8

1.w

n

Jlll

r •• n8~

2rc8

iral

J.:l

l ps~1n.nolje"

l!:J

r.er.

I!1

p.

~ur8.r. ~rav~o. e

'" ~

5,;

.r.4

Ira

el!:I

&:-O

I_:."

I1l

C ... lyco~t;y:~u.1r

c&'''~

111!

51!1

!.''

1' ..

... -C

aly

cop

b.,

): 1.

ur:.

~j:>

ru:e

&..,

wt.

CU

l:p

ala.

n.d

ra

lau

Tlf

ol1

8

Cari

nla

.n.a

all

cr&

rth

a

C •• \U

la

ula

1

Cat

oet

elN

L&

.l

.to

nll

C

ecro

pia

p.

..-c

:l ••

Cec

ro

pla

fi

e la

d o

pt.

. "a

:-.

J u

r!l

:.n

\ro

}o

biW

i p

ar •

• re

e

Cla

rleia

ra

.ca:

;oa.

C

l.tb

ro

tro

pl.

b

rach

J'p

eta

ta.

Cla

tbro

tro

J::i

..

aile

ro

earj

:'&

C

latb

rotr

op

lB n

ltld

a

C ll

.no

st.l

lIo

n

_b

ub

a

Ctw

10

carp

ull

ere

ct'

.J5

C

op

.air

era

C

An

lIB

e

Co

rdia

.1

.&lt

.t.

:ord

i. ra1

10

Se'

Lu

l.

Rt,

lbla

. Ru~la.

J.n

aca.

A

nac

a.

J.n

&e

:&.

La~um. P

. L

eg'".

JJt..

p.

Leg

um.

P.

Leg

uz.

.. P

• L

eSW

E. P

. L

au

r ••

tau

rL

Lau

ra.

Lau

ra.

Lau

ra.

.ln

or.

.a.

.lr.

on

a.

:::a

..,.

o.

Leg

u..

C.

J.p

oc,

..

J.p

ocy

. J.

poc,

t •

J.~o~y •

J.

pOC

} •

I.';

:I0

C)

•

J.ro

cJ'

A

ro

cy

. J.

ro<~

f

•

Arc

:} •

A

nS

CI!

, w

ac!.

. A

na

cl!

. V

(;ra

c.

l.au

ra.

.L8~ra.

"or&

<:.

..

C'r

ec.

• o

rac.

::1

..r8

f'.

5~r8e.

!:ll.

.r!5

e.

:It~t l

a.

.... e!

?!.Jm

~.

l..e

c,t t.

II

cr&

C •

.

6o

lltJ

a.

l.cra

c.

~ o

rac.

.... eg

UJr

.,',:.

.o

rac.

Leg

um

.C.

Lel

!um

.C.

Le,

. ...

. C

. 1.

.1I..

Jra.

G

O&

.br.

L.

~.lJ

II.C

.

8o

ra,;

. !o

rag

.

Serr

l1h

a

Caju

d

B\! \~

) Coj~ .. no

o (6

) C

OJ"

... ~

()l

~o~l. t)

I

.&.n

ge!l

l:1.

lIo

rce,.

J.JL

...,

ad

o

SU

CU

Pl ra

..

eMIl

.

Cu

c.

~rec10.a{ B

\ PI

lU

reea

Pau

ro

...

J..l

i.o

l}

)

Palo

d~

.. a

ce

l2)

Ilara

no

n

c •• b

o

: 2

) ~.racol1

~1n 1

11

0

co

lora

do

le

hp

1n

gC

t ..

. .,g.

1111

~

2J

.oto

n

J.n

.j:e

lll<

M

oen

a a&

arl

li&

l2)

'~aT&col t

b

aril

lo! 6

1

Con

jifO

(E

) \

Csn

elo

En

... ll".

po

ror.

:h

1rl

.0.1

_ d

el

III.

J.n

cn

. l~

) A

no

na

J..

n1

)"1

•

~a!'ap&r&l..ba

Pau

d4

1 ara

ra,

2\

:: u

ap

an

au

ba ,~,

P1

Q.u

t.

:rI3

rfil

tJ,.

'11

P!q

Ul8

. 1, ~.

~..)rcsl() .lv~~-

Ul'

ten

dro

::

oacb

o :'

orc

a.:.

o

a!V

1!'

8

J.Il

I'en

1ro

n

-ach

o

'Melr

.-! .

l.J}

("u

c"n

·\ 2

1

:a.r

:.ell

a

t ..

.. l

r.h

a

.. ' ..

1 ra

p 1

ra",.

.·(

;: I

'--s

pa

) ~

~ ,..

t, u

rar.

al, ,I

Fal

.. ::

Ill.

dat

o·!

;;;

38

J'at:

:x""

H2

1

J.ca

pl".

rsna

l~ t

Tau

.1")

' {7

I C

au

ch

o

:al.

.Ch

O

;K;b

&ut

-lll

'1'

I

'rarlb

. ld

)

~.b.r)'

l);

J.ca

pu

\

"1'

..... u

b.·

.l.

&ng

Lie

\~}

f"rl

!!'lJ

O

bra

neo

Tah

uar1

W...JlraJu~e\

j I

Cblnta~ulro

Pu

ca ~t,llrO

P\.l

&&~I

,.Il

ro

l2}

BeJl1~UlrO

1.2)

,ul~lo

bo

rdo

n

P.l

o

de

cru

z

1.2)

!:;

t,la"

&J1

,o

Palo

1

. C~U2.

I, 21

::

:;l!

'!I'

Is.;

~o

J.l

can

for

\),

4~uac.t.1I(1

':;u

aba

a:-J

1 til

llIa

re i

u.r

.d.

Palo

"I

!lll

~.

Ma:

-el.

.len

1e

Cara

na

Car'

;; •

Car

an&

ca.p

1

J 4

}

Cap

l ro

na

': o

nHl'

1 c"

. -1

UaC

apuT

&I1

. \

,I

Ca

'.le

no

Cal..~~o

dU

llb

ba

CetI

co

re

ba

'.lb

. l '

j J

~L.

... r~c"~

I ;

:; .J

.car

,erC

l' ~

G'u~

llr;

erol

""

I

Lau

rel

C'I

1'I

!1I'

8

4,

In'"

1 0

IP

n

';U

&yI'

I.t0

, 4

'

4r"

,nl1

1o

T

arul

Bo

."'a

r ..

.. c-

1&

... ·ll

rto

;usy

scan

')

0"'0

llIo

"'lll

t~t_,f l'

(.s:

:dn

ur)

3

' S

ap

ll..n

I

<. \

.erg

l f'

'",

(:a

n 1

fl..

A}'

o.!.

. "

_ :

X

! ;

"'lR

e C

VL'iE~JUJ.

-:;',

'l'.c

• .l

-,,:

:'l"

.1.~

~

:.l....

" r.

-------------------~----

1.1

14

10

-OtJ

.!T

I1 •

• C

'

f: 1

6r

I l'

Ca.n~.!llll, i\

'-~lr)zC~':I. l-'

~;lell.

(' t.

&r:

c

• vT

i'lr

I)

(

, ("

'rar

c

. ,

~ I\

!" ," 1

rr

, l

::'

"iJ"

r'_

TO

!

_ '1rtll~

._ . a

.: I

....

. ~

llstr'

~'..)e

I-l",~~­

JI

.. t rl

....

e

'A.:

-~:'

'

~<;

.iW

,\r

"I.

::."

:""

1..:'

a

: '_

Jia

, •

'l •

•

1

::08"'S~ ,. C

:'ce

lt !

lP :

Of'

:,-.

'c

e..e.:

: ~

f'''

~oj .

.. , a

:. ~e3·

~o: f'

t a

-=-f:

'8

-'r.

:;e"''''c ..

t

'3"'

-~'

oJJ t

1.!

':.

1 t,

.;:,

.

~ :

J'--'::~.

7!l

':::

::"

i

':;'1

'I.1r

!t .. art 1"

-3

. ~ n

t !.

art

.l-,

. :'a

. ~ r

t

_ar'

lO

'

=c !f'

0

- " <

~ca M

Il ~"c. o

r S

OU

I'II

6aIc

ail

'ftI

OI'I

CA

L IIO

OD

SN

CII

S -

I. ~-_ S

NC

DIS

U

PID

U I.~.

Br.l

o.

SC

ilft

IrIC

IA

III

,MIL

t 1

UZ

Jl.

I<

I.In

. ra

o

KU

&II

OI

CO

L<

IlII

U

nil E

ZII

Il..l

G

ITU

.I£

SL

HlM

.lII

G

UIU

£

P.

10

61

C

_.,

I.O

U7

0p

llJll

ol .

..

loaK

.C.

An

ou

ra

\ 9)

Co

u'p

la

10

62

C

ov

.pl.

1_

1p

an

41

l1.

loa ..

.. C

. C

.. 'ao

h. d

o c

. 1

06

3

CO

II.,

I .... re

lco

10

r IH

ee.C

. .a

llt.

"'.

ura

( 9

) C

ou

'pla

1

06

4

C_

"'1

..... 1.

·PO

OJ"

. S

or.

.. -

uw

a 1

06

5

Co

ara

\Ul

"'1

....

... 1

. l.

eo

,'.

To

u.I

7·(

2)

C ..

. Ulh

O .. p

l C

oco

ca

bu

;ro

C

ap

. d

. t ..

... c

o

-od

.ral

J)

lod

or.

\ 4

) C

oato

rl

\ 2

) 1

06

6

C ...

. ra' .

.. l

... I

Un

ora

I.

oel"

. T

_p

lp1

o

10

6l

C ..

....

_'U. "

,1 ..

. 00

.1.

1."

'1'.

C

.. , .

.. b

a

d ... (

2)

..,0 b_

(2

) ."

"u

rutu

( ~)

C

an

no

nb

all

tr

••

Bo

acb

l.

lab

••

C.l

.b ••••

co

lln

10

68

C

ro' ...

ulltl

r.o

ob

l_

lup

llo

. C

anel

..

10

69

C

<7P

O'O

OU

7 •• p.

Lau

ra.

C ..

.. ll. (

14

) P

Ko

be (2

) C

ad

re can

.ll.

t 2

)

uno

Cri

ll ...... p.

BI8

"o.

Ip'

IIr .

... o

.! 8l

1-.

...

Ur/

l C

ralo

lMI_

.p

. I.

apa.

,. A

a&

rell

nb

o·

2 IO

U

Daa

I7 ..

...

o ..

. o1

eao

le

Bu

.na.

.u

to.

.&II

1 ..

inc 1

.nao

G

u.c

har.

.,o

! 2

)

1013

D

MI7

"'-

....

....

1_

. B

ure

••

Co

pal

o

oo

pi

(J)

1014

D

al_

qi •• p~_.

L.C

-.P •

Ja

cara

nd

a

(2)

Jacara

nd

. (2

) 10

15

Dlo

l1 .. 'b

ro

,""Ih

ll.

III"··

C

laal.

II

I ...

.. (

2)

1016

D1lo~ro .p

. L

_.C

Z

ap

.tln

. 10

17 D1lo~ro o

-Ju

c.'

. 1.

e .... C

. £

1 ... ·(

2)

Do

u-.

\ 2)

D

ok

_o

(6)

10

18

D

I_

",,

-ro

IIo

M.D

I<.r

kU

Lac

-.C

. .I

i.q

uek

e l~

)

10

19

1

Dd

1l0

1M

rl.

ep

. L

evre

.. C

on

.l.o

ll.,

.)

Lau

rel

bla

nco

.0

.0 •• Iar.

(5)

a .. t

ard

S

U ..

.. rb

. S

t ro

•• b

all

H ')

/

IDeo

1

Dd

1l .

. lIoe

.. l.

oD

Ou

ll'.

, L

au

ra.

wL

irel

"alT

o

10

81

1D

d110

1loo

.. 1

. lo~o

Lau

ra.

11

.u.

10

81

"'e

... l

oll

luo

.p

. L

....

. L

T_

b.r

U·(

I.,.

) ui

ien

10

8l

.. 'e

... l

ob

luo

qc lo

oo

rp_

L

Of[

uo •

••

Tl.

b.u

'b.

Co

....

1084

1

.. 1

_ .

p.

'ocl

lo7.

.,

.uar

-uta

.tin

a·-

no

r .

ora

o

10

85

1

1'1

_ l

aao

eo

latu

. 'a

c llo7.

Qu

. ru

bo

r.".

(6)

1011

6-"''''rl •• C

l.u

e.

Le«

__

.P.

Mul

...

....

(1

4)

_1

.. (

2)

... blo

(2

) B

uc ...

. (l~)

Bue

... e

(1

) K

Orl

....

10

87

"cb

.. U

ero

.p

. L

""1

'.

0 ..

....

(2

) C

oco

crt.

tal

1088

"cn

allen

4eco

loru

a

Lec

rt..

C

acao

1

08

9

I.e

ll.e

llen

~.'a

Lec

yt.

. C

aeait

o

10

90

"c

llo

•• U

ero

bo

lOC

Jll.

'l

.ecy

t..

Gu

ach

ara

ca .

.. rli

lo

10

91

"cb

•• U

.ro

Jar .

...

Lecrt

.·

Jara

aa

... b

l_

o

10

92

"o

_U

er.

'rin

U ... to

L

.cy

t..

KaJ~ul)lo n

qro

1

09

l r .

....

....

,,"'c

....

Ru

t.ea

. !!

Iaca

uo

10

94

r"

«V

. _

, ... b

o

Ru

t.tc

. P

rl t

.Jarl

1

09

5

....

....

rb

.. U

.. H

. R

ut.

ao.

Lo

ran

;.1

ro

(2

) 'a

cb

,,_

lo

10

96

rl

ou

e .,

. lo

rao

. 1I

1b ..

. l"

(4)

1091

F

lcu

o I

dil

lpll

lo

rae.

Sb

t.lc

o f

tOf[

l'o(

2)

1098

ru._

. 1_1

1 .. 1

10

.&

nOD

e.

Ir ....

. i r

a

pre

t..-

10

99

O

.l ••• ,.rs

u-•• r

lce.

£pO

C7

. "'''l

",o

ro

"( 5

) .a

ran

Jo

W

arl.

aho

l }

' !H

t.t

..rb

vu

t l;

c}

11

00

O

et,

. ..

. rlo

u ... ar.

caru

b

Ru

bia

. JO

Olp

or·

81

H

utt

o

(J)

l~a {

ll

C.r

uto

(2

) G

.r:l

pa

~ J:)

T

ap

ro.p

a

t4l)

';.r.t~.

11

01

O

uan

a c

uara

"'

el ia.

GU

o·

I.,.

) T

roep

ill.

le

qu

l.o

( 4

) P

1.1

d.

_ch

o(4

) T

r""p

lllo

(4)

Tro

op

,llo

( ~)

C

ara

bab

al &

1 {

2'

DC

rl •• e

'rJ,

. B

OlO

b

aa

l J)

1

10

2

0 ..

. "

... 1

0 .

p.

.&n

on

a ..

".1

.. p

r.'o

O)

Co

roll

uo

aoo

(7

) C

arr

.pato

T

I7.

11

03

0.

. ...

_ "I

oU

.. H.

S"arc

. liI

utL

l.8b.

C

ooo

Bo

lal"

. (1

) O

a.c

llo

( 2

) G

u.a

ci.

ol2

) G

uac

llo

{ 3

) W

onon

"'h

u,b

. U

) 1

10

4

BerD

_I •

• p

. R

ern

...

Ven

to •• -

Boa

"'

oa

11

05

H

lerO

lQ'_

alc

!lo

l'ft

eo

ld.a

lu

ph

.o.

':Jr

.JcL

Jran

.~6~

U

rlcO

ll.

~ 3i

••• c

• ..,

. ,.

"d

.lo

( 2)

~uoe."llo( 7

) S

ura

d 1U

l~ .

. )

So

rod

or.

0

5+

) 1

10

6

8io

r...

",_

lu

ltl ..

...

lup

bo

. O

ruo

ura

na

6 U

rican

a

3 :.

"d

olo

( 2)

.A

qu

ae.t

illo

f? ,

S.J

rad

... .,

\ ..

~ S

oro

do

n(4

)

1101

H

l_, .

.. :U

ua8

.ucu

ub

a

£p

00

1.

Su

ou

ub

. (1

) L

ecb

e le

cb

e

Su

cuu

.ba

(3

11

08

B

oIO

Wd

d1

Ul

J ...

on

. L

aoy

t..

J.r

an

a-

11

09

B

ol"

IO'E

ldl_

10

"1

01

1_

L

oo

l't.

Ja

ran

a

11

10

B

_lr

lut.

ru

-co

lc.b

lun

a

81.11

11 r

. k

el

h.,

o

11

11

!I

.. lr

l .. ,~ ..

. 0.1

.u.

Ru

.tr.

l,

f,ul

nl11

e 0

01

01

'''0

11

12

~ ....

,. L

.SU

O.C

. P

o"

01

00

·( 2

) "z

uo

ar

.1\1

,,"0

11

13

~ ... p

olu

., ..

I.

L·S

UO

·C•

£S

ueI

I' h

u.,

.o (2

) 1

11

4

&;,

_ .. 1

0111

_ h

oto

rocarp

_

I. • .,

.. ••

• &

lco

rno

qu

.

11

15

I .

.... 11

1e

L •• uo

•••

1

nl'.-

P..

,.,.

lJ

) S

bll

bll

io

Cu .. o

co

lora

do

ll

apo

roic

on

t 2

) P

roto

n lo

t 1.,

.)

Bo

lo

p"4r

ada

(8)

111&

I.p

04

uU

. L

·S .. ••

• I"

S.

<lp

o·(

2)

I ...

. clp

o (

2)

O.o

bo

_

u •• (

2)

Gua

mo

rab

o(}

' G

u .. o

rodo(~)

1111

I .

...

11 ..

.. 1 ..

... 4

0

L_

•••

GU

llO

II

I on

eo\

3)

11

18

I .

...

1",

01

4 ••

Le._

•••

Gu

a.o

ra

bo

1

11

9

I ...

. _

,.in

.,.

1._

•••

I ...

. le

ljao

·( 2

) B

uar

. D

_b

o

(3)

Du .

.. f

rlJo

l{ 2

) G

" .. o(2

) ll

apo

rok

on

lU

O

II7

IDtb

oro

.p

p.

~rlo.

Ucu

l1b .

....

.. (6

) C

_.I

. (l

l C

h.l

.lo

nd

.( 2

) C

uaala

JI rt

k.u

.{ I

.,.)

1I

Il0u

ehlg

o ro

ug

a

....

. h

r .,l_

U_

of

_M

i. _

.n

..... I

." ........... U

.. n

.

OC

cu

u.r

Cl

All

) ~tTlc..

OF

S01

mI

, .. UC

.&I

'l'!

iOP

lCU

IIIX

lD

SP

lteI

l:;

-!.

l.-s

:!1

II-W

al

SP

ItC

IiS

11

1'.

10

. S

CrU

fIY

lC lU

I

1121

1

l')'

&I'

It.h

en

Ju

ru.n

at.

1

12

2

I..C

l 'b

lo .p.

1

1:l

J L.

ec7

tb

lB .a

pl.

1

12

4

Lec7

'bl.

dI •• 1

8U

11~

t..C

7th

ll ,,

.It_

t. Y

ar.

pa

r • ., ••

11

26

L

u:a

nla

ap

p.

lin

L

icari

•• p

p.

11

28

L

ieu

l. c

qan

neall

. 1

12

9

Lic

ari

a I

'Il&

11

an

lu

11

)0

l.ic

ari

a

11

l1b

o ••

11

)1

l.u

al •

• l

bur"

8'la

t.

riala

ta

11

)2

lach

aerl

l ... 11

1.1

1

1))

W

acro

lob

l_ .c

a.e

lufo

l i~

11

)4

'.aro

lob

i..-

atl

no

al p~

OI'I

11)~

M&

I'It

lka

ra Ip

. 1

1)6

I:

an

llk

ara

b

iden

tala

1

1)1

~tlkara

au

rin

... n

.t ..

11 )

8

Uall

1au

rul

.p.

11

)9

.lcro

pb

ol1

8

Ip.

1140

"-

lC'r

op

ho

llS

t:

Ula

nenl

!lll

S

1141

W

lcro

pb

o1

18

v

en

ulo

••

11

42

..

lnq

uart

ta B

Ula

nen

ll.

11

4)

iLo

ra lI

:on

url

jpl1

1

I44

M

oro

naH

. p

ule

bra

114~

~Toe.!'pUti

.$1.

1146

~rOZJ'lon

bala

llJl

lWII

11

41

:leo

\an

dr.

era

n:h

a

11

48

'e

eta

nc!'

ra .

01

11

_

1149

O

eot.

•• can

.Beu

lah

1l~0

:leo

te.

norlbUl'u~a

1l~1

Oco

te"

tOll

e.n

tell

. 1

15

2

C'l

.,e<

ho

per

ebea

ed

erop

t'>.,

)' 1

1 ..

ll~)

L."

r.o

eia

co

cctn

••

1154

('

no

eia

co

uti

nb

.l

ll~~

L:r

llO

tlta

llp

i ..

.. lv

1.

1l~

0rso~ 1

a .1

C r

&D

t "'

e 11~7

08 te

op

b.l

oe •

• p

. 11~8

'Pan

op

e18

ru

beacen

. 1l~9

Para

ban

co

rn 1

a p

. ru

rlll

l'l.

1

16

0

Farl

nar1

u.

Bp

p.

1161

... e

rkla

ep

. 1

16

2

Park

la o

pp

oalt

tfo

ll.

1163

P

elt

o,:

,na p

an

icu

lata

1

16

4

Per •

••• p

. 1

16

5

Ptp

tad

.aala

ap

. 1

16

6

P1 t

heo

olo

bt ... p.

1161

P

l t.b

eco

lob

lu.

co

rycb

oau

. 1

16

8

Plt

beco

lob

l ...

Ju

pu

nb

a 1

16

9

Plt

b_

olo

b" ..

10

\1 to

ll u

a 1

11

0

Pl t

bao

olo

blu

. pe

el t

eall

.ria

11

11

Po

d'l

eal1

J ....

«

la..

rat.

U8

1

11

2 Pou~ .p

. Ill) 'ou~ u

,.ra

llH

Pou~

eb

oco

an

. lll~ Pou~

la.r

aacal

1176

P

ou

tart

.a 'C

rec1

a

1177

P

ou

tari

a a

\l8

W1

1to

11

a 1

17

8

Po

ute

rt.

,o-t

.tera

1

17

9

Po

uta

ria e

pacl"

_

118:

> P

rot1

.. c

ol_

bl.

,.. .

..

Fll

!LT

~rlo.

Lee

,,\'

. l.

acy

t. •

l.acy

t..

L.a

c,.t

. R

o •• c

.C.

Lau

ra.

Lau

ra,

La

uR

. L..~ ••

L.~.P.

L_

.P.

Le

(,"l

a.C

. L

IP(u

lII.

r.

Sap

et.

S

ap

ot.

5

ap

ot.

L

....

r •.

Sep

ot.

~a~ot.

Sap

ot.

':

laca.

':"e

gu

a. C

. ":

;u tt 1

-

L_

gw

a. P

. L

e8'u

:.F

. L

et.r

a L

au.r

•.

Lau

ra.

L.u

.r.

Lau

ra.

!to

rse.

~.pa .. f.

L

.,:.u

II ..

P.

Leg

t.JII

.. F

. L

if'C

us

.. P

. "y

rlS

. P

rot •

. lp

oe,.

. t"

oe.

.:."

: .

L.~.III..

LO

ffU

&·I

o·

:"P

g'J

III.

C.

Lau

ra.

L.«

....

....

1

._

.1

.

L.~.II.

I..~.I.

L-.

rua.

II.

L.a«

UII

...

. P

od

oc.

Il

or.

.::.

2r

.ora

c.

lIIo

rac

• lC

ora

c.

Sap

ot.

. S

ap

ot.

S

apo

t..

S.p

ot.

B

ure

••

BU

ZIL

Sap

uea

tal,

C',,"

Sap

ucai.

-( 2

) A

nau

ra ~~)+)

:"o

uro

·\ 1

5-+

~

.lra

pet'

l I

1 ~ i

:"o

uro

p

reto

~.fI.rl!lnd.Jb.·

"e!l

ll!lll

.rlL

"l1

.. t:.·

12

; I.

.ac.

ran'

.oi.

Jba·

I"1"

C.r.~l..r~·: l~

I"C

e.d

ln ..

..

Acar1

'lu

ar.

,6

. t

.lv

arn

lill

terra

••

C.t

.reu

va·(

;.}

3.1

!I.

=no

·', )

)

i.oI"

Jro

~ rl

t.o

Leu

ro c."

els

-2

:

t.Jl

rllt

p'\

,aI

2'

Ten

t. o

· !!,

.JI u

cu

Ten

to

l'c

.... a~.r"r,.\ ~

Lo

uro

r.I

.-I

"1

Part

narl

:1

'1

Ara

raa

\ 1'

)+ ~

e.n«

u.~

) ~ F

au

ferr

o ~l

r,..

.~Lo

ra.d

o L

ou

ro ab

aeale

l2'

.l.n

«1

eo·(

.L

:uru

pall

("

) '.

ric

aran

atb

)

.Lau

l (l)

In

«ara

na

_\

Inf!

'arl

Ilsl

0

l.b

au

bat

4 '

leb

.ab

are

na

llY

11

1.

10

\0'

I'o

r ap

l •• U

_' o

f .,

--b

ol.

aD

d .b

b ..

....

I.U

__

•• 0

£p

paD

du

T

I.

PE!lU

:uan~.r.

Mac

bll"

'1.1

1&l1

1l"C

<

r.

.co

de

1Z!0

nol

c., :C<"O~.

TO

"O;

4 S

ale

re

li:.

ach

ln

lIl&

lliltO

.lp

ac b

a ra

ma

::&

1Iel

a \6

,

Co<

:o

d •• C

M"I

oltll

:_

0-:(

' tj.

!t

.on(

'l,c.

Cab

o d

. h

..:b

a

Ara

p."

i C

b.l

per

o

1 O

r.l:

1 :.

... 'J

lrtl

lla ~Ul .. ht

lll

.. L

ll'1

l1

1_

..u

lnH

la

t:!.

uac.

~l.I

!:l"

It.::

:-a

j,H

I ~ .

'"1\.1

& 1

ru

ro

:01

c.b

o

~.ran«o

pCtd

r 11

0

·Jcb

p. ~.ri

0.,

...

':;0Q

t.& ~ .. b

aco

'-q

u.e

.t..

'4

} J.

nf[

lco

Bu

oo

b,l

l. (2

) .l

l«arr

ob

o

Ra.e

rill

o·

Sach

a

uy

1l1

al6

)

':;u.~acar:

pP

r'h

S'il!

la!!

"o

J l~ua

C l1

ero

je

.1!l~C'

'ap

ll",

Yu

elo

c'" 1

pli

ro

1rJ

"t"

11

0"

P.a

lata

r 2

' f

J!"f

"J""

l -

a"lL

J ~h.

ba

pu

; ,

t!::

:ra

~.ha.::C'·

~hOC"'c-

:J&

!"'ll

'rop

':.r

orC

' ,1

':

clO

"'to

1

) In

ao

;11

1 la

p.

Fa"l.

,.r\

rlu.llr~A:o

T •

.,an

.o

.lg

oJ.e

.t1

:1o

c.

Carb

on

ero

),

'-::1

rp

o

1 ~

I

1.,''

'111

.

_~.r:)

:r.o

'lta

rerc

F

.lo

co

ne"

)a

o!

Pur~u11lo ~3)

:hlc

le

roaad

.o

Cap

ure

Ur!

.HIl

;.

P&

;!"

7

~:l£."

f.

Azl

llu.

rll.

1

;1

':;:

-!5

,.

rl']

: ro~.

~&TIe.~h.rt

,)C

)

1.or_b.:l~

·ll.

"::t

."lO

... •

• 1

r .e

-,t:

.L.J

t

.1nC'~.

2 ~

on

1.h

ou

t

..~rI"811.

Jj'

F\J

r ....

etl

.&:-

~' ~,

J-

.Jrp

.rr:

l:ar

t\ l

C I

~.ro,:aat

So

rwr.

"ap

a-e

e::

.

Dal.

te

b.

e.r.c

. !l

.... t.

t.a

J'"C

"

Llr

.(lr

Jar

\ 3

"atc

t ro~e

!'!&

.r.I

lCO

CO

tl

an

c

!:iJ

J!I

..

Hie

l.

l ~

A~'~

l!lc

., 4

tela

cerr

\

t

cic:cu

tarCi

AID

a.<

JIID

.lnc.

or

SO

tml

_IC

AI ,

",O

PIC

Al.

lIO

(I)

S .. C

1ES

-I.

L

lSS

IIl-

US

ZD

SP

ICII

S

IIP

.le.

SC

IIft

IFIC

I&

D

1111

1 11

112

11

81

11

114

11~

1186

11

ItT

11

88

11

119

1190

11

91

11

92

1

19

1

11

94

11

95

1196

11

91

1191

1 1

19

9

12

00

1

20

1

1:10

2 1:

103

12

04

~:;z

12

01

1201

1 12

09

12

10

12

11

12

12

1

21

3

12

14

12

15

12

16

12

1T

lUll

12

19

12

20

1

22

1

12

22

1

22

1

12

24

1

22

5

1226

u

n

12

28

1

22

9

12

30

1

23

1

12

32

1

23

3

12)4

12

35

1236

1

23

7

1238

1

21

9

12

40

'ro

th. dec_d~

'ro

th

. "o

p'-

pll

11

1_

'r

oll

.. l

Io

.t_

lI

'ro

U_

...

. leo

t ..

'ro

th ..

punctlcul.t~

'ro

tlu

. _

ott ....

Pro

tl .... eh

._b

urs

kl .

....

' •• D

do

bc.b

u;

.11

1d

' •• ado~bu;

.an

sub

a

Pt.

roo

arp

ue o

f fie

in

all

. . '

tero

o_

rpy

. ro

brl

l P

tero

ca

rpu

. ",

el1

1&

11

. Q

ual_

.p.

"'_

1 •• p.

"'_1.

_tb

a.1

.".

....

.. u.

k.p

ple

rl

1110

_1 ..... ro

pll

J11

. ... _1

......... 0

"'h

op

lao

ra _

10

lo

llin

l ....

.oli

lDl.

".\lC

O_

10

11

1.1

. 1

".1

... 1

. n

r.

,.1

11

4&

.

Sao

Ol'

lott

l. --

...0

II1

c.

Sac!a

clo

tU.

c7

daale

lde.

5 •• 1

_

joII

Maall

S

ap

l. _

rale

rl

So .

.. ln

ora p

aru

nel.

S

ell

in..

,.l.

11&

1 ...

...

So ..

in •• p.

So

'l&

oIo

bl ...... aD

lc ..

So

hro

lob

l .. alb1r10~

Scle

rolo

b1

_ p

lacen

••

So

ll1

r1tl

ob

l __

11 ..

. 11

So

l.ro

lob

l .... Io

ron

tb_

S

al.

rolo

bl_

pan

leo

lot_

S

ale

rolo

bl .... ti

fer ..

Sol

e1"C

llll

_ .l

cra

ctb

aa

50

1."

._ ,

Neeo

.. S

lcU

".,

. •• ta

nd

l01

1

Slc

kia

c1

_ t

!ncto

r.

Slc

k1

n&

l •• 11

11

... 11

S

l..r

ub

a Y.~lcolor

Slo

an

••• p

. S

'-lao

_b

in

S

pG

Dd

l .. 'a

rpu

. ...

. S

'.ro

oU

. p

rud

en

. h

art.

l •• p.

Sw

uto

l. j_

1I

harto

l. 1

.10

0.1

7clI

I.

hart.l

. p

o1

7,.

.,1

1.

har'o

I.

ocll

.bu

....

Ui

T ... ll

ui.

_00_

"."

bu

. la

.lea

1. "

,ar.

"'o

. T

....

.. l.l,.

Tab

o ..

. l.

_"p

l\7

11

. T

alle

llu

lo .

uro

Uro

ll.

TaM

',,'

e e

t .. o

calJ

l.

T.p

lrlr

o .

.. 1 ..

.. 1\.

10

T

ap

lrlr

a .

....

... _

d1

l T

.r.l

nall

o .

p.

' ...

IIIL

T

Bu

r •••

B

un

" B

ur •

••

Bu

r •••

B

un

t.

Bu

n,.

B

ur •

••

BO

ilb ••

Boo

bo.

L ..

....

P.

L0

4I"

,'.

L04

IUO

. p,

~ocb7.

Ou

UI.

C

uU

I.

Ou

UI.

O

u,t

l.

Ou

ttl.

lb

loo

. A

n""o

. £

Ilo

na

. iD

ana

• K

... l

r.

H..

-ir.

lu

pb

o.

lup

b ••

A

roll

. ja

aca.

.&na

ca.

tow

-.C .

I.

_.C

. L

o«-.

C.

L_

.C.

tow

-.C

. L

ep

..C

. L

osu-

.C.

B .. b ••

_ ...

lu

bl •

• lu

ble

. lI

ub

l ••

Sl_

r.

11

_0

. M

aca.

,,

"0

00

.

Sto

re.

W.-.

1

0-..

10 .

....

Los

u-.

I. ...

..

11

p ••

lip

••

Bl.

,. ••

II

....

. 1

1p

o.

lip

.,

iDae

a.

&a

aca

. C

.. br.

BaU

IL

BO

LIn

A

11

1.1

P

reu

\l~~

Brl

u ..

. nt.

lho~

15

) Jre

u

br&

flco

1".,,

«," b

e

(2)

Mu

tut1

(1

1)

Mu

tut.

(1

1)

10

«&

1

ra.l

to

Laerl

o'

IIacu

rl-p

ui

(2)

lIan«

u. P

O)

'-b

irt

\ 7 ~

l!eb

lre

(2)

In.i

ro

bo

bo

(4

) U

J:lr

an

.-

C.u

cb

o (

1)

Po

loto

(6

) M

uru

plt

. (2

) 'a

r_p

ar'

~.bracho

h.{

3)

\Cut

bra.

cbo

eo

' C

ora

e •• d

. n.

·(~)

_

"ru

bO

(5

)

Toc

l\7

Co

r<l.

lro

(J)

c ••

tan

h_

d,

pac.

Ar.

rlb

o(

12

)

'00 pa

r&b

7 b

e

UN

.aro

n. (~

) C

.j.

(12

)

Arb

. (1

2)

O_

bo

lr. (l~)

Oro

rl

Ip.

Lap

ach

o'

Ip

' p

r.,

.·( 1

~)

T.'

.plr

lrlc

.·( 4

)

CID

ulr

o"(

T)

,.rd

ola

s o

.at.. P

or ap

l_

U •• o

r .,

.bo

l. u

4 .

"" ..

... l

.U ............. 1:

r. n

.

'DO

ClO

pel

ou

p1

.

Co

p.l

cu

pi

14

)

Bair

a

lIu

tutt

Br •

• c

.. p

l \

4)

.........

Ca

l,lc

bo

... h

a

\..l (

C

.uo

he _

ha (

l;

Co

oo

bo

l. (2

) II

oU

o

(4)

• .. h

ae

o

Co

palb

a

Pall

'Mlt

o

'uceq

ulr

a(

2)

Pve~l,llrO

Cu

, ...

. (2

) u

"oo

(2

) B

ob

ub

. (J

) •• p

o'.

(2

) 1

1n

•• u

pi

(5)

1._

.ao

pl

(5)

To

bu

erl

(J)

la.p

erU

ol

()

leU

lOC

R

1.I

d.l

eo

... h

ulo

.ad

ron

o

Ilan

,.l.

~ ~

I C

bl1

'l.o

,..

CC

LO

lIBlA

J.n

, ..

~[Z'!ELa

lu,a

e.r

t to

t '}

'

Slp

ued

e

1,4

1

':.r

Mo

n

efO

'O

-;cr

-rlJ

lA

~uro"!ll

!.i_

la ••

~·1I1A ••

::.r

';o

~urok.i

1£

A

z.u

car1

to

Han

ce ~urok.l

S&n~.

d. ~r.,o

Cac

u l6

' S

o.n

«rl

to(

2)

o,.~.

Ara

nli

lo

•• d

ron

o

"an

lll.

M

ula

to

....

dro

no

f

2'

1I.o

n~1.

.I.r

lon

cl1

1o

Po

atq

u.

lIIo

r:.t

.ner

tl" ':o

rr-w

OO

o1

I t

!

~o: ..

. c..o

d

A~".C"'.l

..la

nl'

rov

e L

atlo

e-t>

la.e

k.

l.:

Cau

oh

c tl

ane:

:.

l..e

bo.o

\'~

Cau

cb

o(4

' ".b

u.

~r..}

1Io

n,,

1I1

1.

1Io

n,,

1I1

I •

Ku

eU

e

,2i

Bra

.tIe

t.

Arb

ol

d. pl"l.~ t.

•

Gu

an

lilo

Gua

l1l1

i.e

ro

,:oo

Plllr~ualan\ l)

}

a.p

otl

lio

C

u.b

o d

. ,.

alo

. 2

IAl:

:nl.

,1o

nl

~'

lob

o ~J

1 H

obo

'4~

Job

o \J

~ ':

oto

co

lora

do

C

lru

.lo

d

. h

u •• o

C

acao

d •• o

ct.

t J)

C ... ju

rO(

J 1

~.,u •

.: 6

; C

an

.IO

n

Mu

lato

Ou

.,-acan

C

u.,

.aean

l J~

Ro

ble

rI

o!'

m

or.

Ro~l.

1,4)

).Il

Tc!

lcre

T.!

l.8

1r4

lc!a

rl

( 1

t a •• re

d s

r.

I, ~ ,

Aru

at!a

n

Job

o

\ J'

lI.b

. (2

) b

.f\1

' \1

5:

P.r

uu

ean

(1

5)

.... r.

·(1

5)

P.r

.... u

.an

{ 1

5)

P.r.

kL.,

."'~

15

)

Ced

ar

_h

lt.

lob

le

c!.

G

UA

J'a

. "a

d .ra n

.«1"

a 3u

aJo&

can

po

lvl.

A

roll.

8u&

J'1eY

{21

Ha.

kl&

~1'1

P.Jrgu~ 1

1('

t-l.

!lllC

O

':@r1

S1'

.hi

te

Duk

a a.i

qu

.

SI,

'J,I

HJI

l"F

lllo

nl

':'lnj1't~,.ml

':"l

nF

1a1

0.,

1

;lr:

fitl

iln

III

!'lr

@'l

mo

rl

~.b.

1,1

=,+

:

Btb

'I,:

r:."

:)ell

ra

Jr..o

e11

Falw

ell

.IL&~ro

\ J;

... b

o •• b

all

1l

1}

"o

roto

tc,

1.£)

!:lo

de

D

,;ed

.o.

Mi ~t.

DJe

do

e D

.,.d

oe

.u-••

,,(

10

) lI

.pe

\ J)

.IJ'

PU

DIA

1

. P0

4I"

B,

-;U

IJ..I

I,

F.

£.n

Clll

r,5

I7

TH

I

t..n

c •

.,,,

,.

rll!

l

i.C

..Jto

ucb

l ~':I

ito

L.l

tou

ch

!

.ialn

t Je

an

:ll&

gU

ld 1

.

rad

u

\2)

~hat.l«".r

(4)

1li

0ll

lbll

"l

~ J}

I.o

beb

e i,

) ~.bo (j

J

IJ •

• rh

.rt (J~)

Bo

c. \l~+)

Mo

nto

ueh

i \ I

~)

'.u

p

p.a

nt.

C

ed

r.

bla

nc

\ 2)

:Jro

en

hart

-\ 1

5+

) Ib

en

e

....

rt{

1)

Ced

r. b

lan

c

r'p

lrlr

i (2

)

OC

CII

FI8

c.

&Il

l 1

18

OK

IB.T

IC*

O

F S

Otm

! .tJ

I!F

lCA

II

'l"IO

PIC

AL

W

OOD

SPE~U:S

-B

. U

;SS

,",-

US

ED

S

PE

CIE

S

.l.P

PL

'LU

L

p&

«t

~

lIU.~o.

SC

IDI'

!'lS

>lC

YA~

EB

A.:

!L

'fI ....

:"l'w

'U.

FE~l!

ICU

.DC

'P.

:::L

LuW

.fi.IA

\ ..

£p..:

. .... L

L..A

::

;~,-

jJ,,

\ 31

.-f"

!'.A

l' ;;1

.. ..1

0A

L

IU

; T

ere

lnal ia

cat.

'P'P

a

12

U

T.n

lln

al1

. jI

r.J1

anen

et.

12

43

T

etr

&@

:utr

la

ap

. 1

24

4

Tetr

ag

•• tr

LII

alt

' •• 1 •

•

12

45

T.tr~ .. trl.

b

ala

_ir

erl

l 1

24

6

Tra

ttln

1ck

1a .p

. 1

2d

1

Tra

tt1

n!e

kla

d ... ra

r ..

. 1

24

B

Tra

ttln

1ctl

a

rh.o

1ro

Ha

12

d9

T

rleh

.\1

1a .p

. 12

')C'

T!'

len

lIle

,:

-ap

ure

nal

l 1~1

~rlc:",tj.l.

pro

p1

n«

'la

12

52

T

np

llL

J"ie

l!

Iurl

n&

Jl:

len

81

8

12

53

V

an

t." ••

!lip

. 1

25

4

Ja

ntU

'l ••

1P

1cr&

Jlt

ha

125~

V.t

eIT

el'l

l rU

llll

11

en

el.

1

25

6

Vat.

Irell

IH.~a.nIl1.

! r;

" 1

:5"'

1&

"~lanlPr!l1.

12

5e

71. t

eE

lip

. 1

25

9

Ylt

a.

ata

belL

i 1

26

0

roch

,:ra

l&

] e

t:lr

r-a

nn

1 i

12

61

V

ocb

y8

1a

Dla

-::r

cp

bJ'

lll

12

62

Vou.-=.~oua "'fI.~rop.t.l.

12

63

ly

lop

la

*-r

om

at\

ca

CO

ItIh

r. C

OC

IItr

. B

tir •

••

Su

re ••

B

ur •

••

Bu

r •••

S

ur .

...

!!JU

T's

!!'.

W.I

ta.

....

11 •.

~.11 •

. P

rl",.

H

tll"

l r.

• ..1

uI

t..r

. ~e~ull". P

. :"

e,w

r. P

. -;~t tI.

'{eT

te.

Vert

•.

Vo

cl-.

. ..v.

I/D

Ch.

y •

1..

"-",

", c

. .i

rtO

'f'l

Il.

Ue.,

d,c

elT

a, ~ I

.1m

•• c

a

Bre

u

t T

...

.. ~e

freu

s.

JcL

..ru

bll

~.t1p-ua

(!:.

"'C'

T::I

:lg.

J.JTC~ 3

) ic

hu

a!"

ar.

.-' ~)

...

UlI

!'tr

ll

It.a

c"

.... 'i

c-)(

f"

'''1!1

e

r-T

'ln

p-e

:-:-

j"l,

Faye!~ ..

tl

L-l

ac'"

;s'.

i:

~lIlcre

:'a~

ulll

. ~

~ .

'e'"l -

"1 re

l r.!

!ll"1

t:

Ce

1T

I _

.. 0

ao

tt.

ror

a:l

-pla

nati

oat

of ~bola

L"'

l:i

ab

br.

yla

UO

lI. •

•••• p

p.D

d1

I V

l.

:::&

8t-n

. U

. .. nd

TC

.A.gua~ra.

.,jU

"".

pecb

o

::"a

rre

de

bajo

.t

.gu

arr

.:

1II0

el].

C

.,.1

1m

e p

ulp

lIU

"·d

.

Uct

:.lm

Iuli

aca

l8)

Pia

l::t

e

::I:

:lt,

o cu

pi

i'an

,gara

na

I 4

) L

.oro

.1

n@

0

Pl:

::b

lTan

&

;'a",oT~ t.

I 3

t

t.ap

1'1

t 8

.Tla

O

Il!J

CU

T.

Tu

aDln

ffu

e 21

L~'.

..lI

1o

• .10

CIle

n1 T

O

.l...,

lt:1e

T..

,-o

I

eol

"az.tll~{,

_II

lCT

e

l.,

Ace

1 \

.l1

'O

La.

, .. ...

mC

'.

'i

Eep

tn':

.ar:

.. : ~ :

J-at.

~p

1a.;

.to

iZu

can

to tl.

....

TO

:. ZCO~IIU •

.t

.O

Il.

...

To

n-!

-1a'I

l.A

t'!l

J 1

L'l

.J

.\:"

..-.

1.

~£

:a1

1

rorl

e

'71

'IF

1II

10

nl

'\ :1·~

T1

rFln

on

l

~&l"It.

'arl.

uo

r.,·

~'

n"'1

...

lere

-..,

'lc ..

!

.... ""

.::re

~ .'

l!'a

taT

t:

'L"t

'" ..

tt{'

YlII

,J'a

'--

:;'e

! II!

If

lltt

e8

i'len"'A'l~·,

.Ja'

::"'

la~&

.. ~l

:: ... ra

\ ~

, ..

.."y

IJ,~

•• ·'

\It .

. ,

i'f'

F:-

e ,"

oe

;;'~

~l.

1.:1

la..

..,~

ler

Salt

{~I

~Icene

TO

Ul"

e

.8c,

.-;

-tn

c",n

'"

"

1:01

:3

fOL

..nr

l

Lou

r....

,-; '

tan

&o~"I

co

ea

au

J.I

'7 I

USE PROPERTIES OF SOt1I'H AMERICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES - A. COMMERCIAL SPECIES

REF.No. SCIENTIFIC NAME

Agonandra brasiliensls 2 Als~ grandlflora 3 Alexa imperatricls ~ Alexa lelop~tala <; Alexa HB.chenheimll 6 Amburana sp. 7 Amburana cearensis 6 Anacardlum excelsum 9 Andira retusa

10 Aniba sp. 11 Anlba ovalifollB. 12 Apelba spp. 13 Apeiba aspera 14 Apeiba tlbourbou 15 Aspidosperma album ,6 Aspidosperma desmanthum 17 Aspidosperma dugandli 18 Aspidoaperma excelaum 19 ASpldosperma nitldum 20 Aspidosperma polyneuron 21 Astronium lecoir:tei 22 Bagassa guianensls 23 Bertholletla excelsa 24 Bombacopsls quinatum 25 Bowdlchla sp. 26 Bowdichia nltlda 27 Brosimurn sp. 28 Brosimum allcastrum 29 Broslmum uleanurn )0 Brosimum ut lle 31 c&lophyllum sp. 32 CaIophyllum braSlllense 33 Calophyllum longifoliurn 3A CaIophyllum lUCldum 35 Campnosperma pansmenS1S 36 Carapa gulanenS1S 37 Carapa procera 38 Cariniana pyriformls 39 Caryocar amigdallferum 40 Caryocar glabrum 41 Caryocar vlllosum 42 Case&rla sp. 43 Casearia oblonglfolia 44 Case&ria praecox 45 Catoatemma commune 46 Cat ost emma f'ragans 47 Cadrela augustifoll& 48 Cedrela odorata 49 Cedrela rossel 50 Cedralinga catanaeformls 51 Caiba pentandra 52 Caapedeaia spathulata 53 Chlorophora tlnctoria 54 Choriaia integrifolia 55 Copalfera mart1i 56 Copaifera multiJuga 57 Copaifera officlnalis 58 Copaifera reticulata 59 Cordia alliodora 60 Cordia goeldian&

L L

L

L L

L

L

L

L

L

DENS

/II /II

/II /II

/II III

/II

/II M

u

u

U

H

H H l! H H

H U U

u

u

u

u

u

H H

H H

H

H U

WORK I SHRI I FIN I

A A

A

A

A

B 1

A B

A

B

R

B B

B

B B

A

A

A

A

B B A P C B

A B I A A B A A A A A B A

I A B A c B c ' B B

A

A

A I A

A A A A A

A

A

B

B A

B I A

B

B B B

A A A A A A A

C A A

B B A

A C A A C A

A

A A A

A

A A

B

B B B

A

A

B

B B

B B

A

A

A A A A A

A A A A A

ISTRE

! I A

A

A

A A

A A

A

A

A

A

A

A

B

B

B

B

B B B B

B

B

B

C

C

C

C

APPENDIX II'page 1

DURA LOGF

B B

B B B B

B B B

B B A

A B

A A A

A A

A A

B B B

B B

C, I , ,

A B

A A

A A A A A A A

B B B

C A

C B

B A B

C I B B A B B

A A

A A A

B B

C' A C A

B B B A

B A C A

A I B A A

C; A

A A A A

A A B A

OCCU

A

A

A

A

B Jl

B

B B

B

B

B

B

B'

B

B

B

B

B B

B

B B

B B

B 11

C

C

C

C

C

c

C

C

USE PROPERTIES OF SOtJI'H AMERICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES - A. COMMERCIAL SPECIES APPENDIX II.e!!e 2

REF.No. SCIENTIFIC NAME DENS WORK I SHRI FINI I STRE DURA LOGF OCCU

61 Couma macrooarpa M A B A I A C A A 62 Groton IIpp. 63 Dacryodea colomblana 64 Dacryodell cupupularie L A C A C A 65 Dacryodee occldentalia M A B

ci A B A

66 Dialyanthera gordonlaefolla L A A C A 67 Dlalyanther& graclllpeB L C A 68 Dlalyanthera otoba L A C, B 69 Dlcorynla gul&nensis U I A II A B A A B 70 Didymopanu morototoni M A B A C C A B 71 DlnlZzia excel .. H G A A A B 12 DiplotroplB martlusll H CI A A B B 13 Diplotrop18 purpurea H B B A

, A A B B

74 Di pt eryx odorata H C B A A A A II 75 Enterolobium achomburkii HI B C A A A A A 76 Eperua falcata H B B B A A A B 77 Eper1.l& grandHlora H B A A A B 78 Eper1.l& jeMII.nli H B A A A B 79 Eperua 8chombur gltian& H B B A A A B 80 Eril1ma uncinatum M A C B B A 81 Erythroxylon Ip. H C B C 82 Elcallon1a lip. M A A B B C 83 Ellchweilera &mara H C B I A A B B B 84 Ellchwellera corr~t& H C I B A B B B 85 Eachwellera longlpeB H C C ' B A B B 86 Elchwei lera odora H B C B , A A B A 87 Ellchweilera aubglandulo .. H C B B A A B B 88 Eucalyptus epp. 89 Euxylophora paraenale U B A B A B 90 Ficul!I lnBlpld& A C A 91 Fi CUI ".xilll& L A A C : A 92 Goup1a glabra H A B A A A I A A , 93 Rev .. guianenai II L A A C I A A 94 Ril11&tanthue art1eulatull III A C A B C I A II 95 Humlria ballamifera H B B A A A A B 96 Humiria floribund& 97 HWllirla procer& H B B A I A A A C 98 Hura crepl tans L A

, A A B B A A

99 Hymenaea cOurbarll HI B B A A A A B 100 Hymenae& ~vlfolla 101 HymenoloblUln Bp. 102 HymenoloblUln excellWII H C A A B 103 HymenolobiWII petraeum H C A A B 104 Jacaranda cOJ:aia L A B I A C C A B 105 Juglanl Ip. M A B A B A A B 106 Jugl&nll neotroplca M A B A A A B 107 Licaria canella H C B A A A B C 108 Loxopt erYBl W!I eagot 1 i U B B A A B A C 109 MachaerlW!l ap. H A A A B B 110 Malplghla punio1folia 101 B B 111 Mani1kara amazonica 112 Manilkara huberi H A C A A A A 113 lIlezilaurulI itauba U A B A A A A 114 Mi~ropholia willlamii H B A B B 115 Mora exoel .. H B B A A A A B 116 Mora meg1.tolperlll& H C A A 117 Mora J:araenai II H A A A A B 118 Moronobea coccinea H B A A B 119 Nectandra lip. M A B A B B B B 120 Nectandra acuUfol1a B

lote. For Ixplanationa of a7mbola and abbrlyiationa all Applndix VI.

USE PROPERTIES OF' SOlJI'H AMERICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES - A. COMMERCIAL SPECIES APPENDIX II.page 3

REF'.No. SCIENTIFIC NAME DENS I WORK SHRI FINI STRE DURA LOGF I aceu 1:'1 N"etancira plsi 1 '22 Ochroma lagopus L i B R B C C A A

'23 Orot!'a spp. 124 Ocotea c("l'3tulata I 1 ?t; Oeot ea C'ymbarum M A A A B 12b Ocot ea gloh:fera U A 11 A B B A B 12'[ Oc ot ell glomerata U A B A B B i A B 12:l Oeot pa gulllnflmn R M A B A C B A B

129 Orot ea ppta lant hera M A B A C I B A B

13Cl Drat sa puhprula M A B A C B A B

1 \ 1 O-:atea rodlaf!l Hi 1l 1l A A A A B , )J)

_J'_ CJr.otea r'lbra M A B A 11 A A B

'\~ Oe("ltea IN"cn •. 'nhclmll M A R A C B A B , )4 Olmedlophapna spp. U R A B

15'1 0stpophlopm platlspermum L B C A B 1<1; Parahar.C'lrn18 amapa M A A C A B ,_\ 7 Park1a gigantocarpa qR Par-kla mult 1 Juga M A A C A B

139 Par klIL pend u Ia M A B B C A

1110 Pe It ogyne cat lngILP var.glabra H 1l A A A B

141 Peltogyne Iprul t r.'l

142 Pelt ogyne por phYTocard la H B B A A A B C

14.3 Peltogyne pubesoena H; B B A A A A B

144 Peltogyne pur pur ea H' B B A A A A B

145 Peltogyns venOB& var.densi- HI B B A A A A C

146 Plthecoloblum racemoeum ( flora H: C B A B A A B

147 P1thecoloblum eaman M A A A I A A

148 Pityrocarpa pteroclada L A A C B c 149 Platonia insignls H A C A A A A B

'50 Platyrnisclum spp. 1')1 PlatyrnisClum plnnat u.m H B B A A I A A B

1~2 Plat yrnlSC 1 um tnnltatis V&!'. H B B A A A B C

153 PlatyrnlBclu~ ulel (d urum H B B A A A B B

1')4 Pod OC&1' pue spp. 15'5 Podocarp'ls coriaceUB /II A B A A C B B

156 PodocarpuB \It i llor 1';7 Pouteria ep. 1'58 Pout eria caimlto I B

159 Pouterl&' englerl Hi B B A A B A B

160 Pouteria gulanensis H' C i B I A A A C

161 Prlori& copal1ara /II I A C A B C A B

162 PrOtlum sp. /II I A B A A C A B

163 Prot~u.m lnslgne /II A A B C B B

164 Qualea acumlnata U A A A I A

165 Qualea alblflora /II B C I A B B A B

166 Qualea coerulea /II B B A B A B

167 Qualea dlnizii U B B A A B B B

168 Qualea homosl palia U A B

169 Qualea ~aenBiB U A A A A

170 Qualea rOsea lI! I A C A B B A C

171 Sacoglott 18 guianensi e H! A C A A A B B

172 Slmaruba amara L A B A B C A B

173 Sterculia apetala L

174 Sweeti .. nitens H B A A B c 115 Swietenla macrophylla N A A A B B i B

176 Symphonia globulifera U A B A A B A A

171 'l'abebuia Bpp. 118 rabebu1a rOBea M A B A B B B C

119 rachigalia 'pan1ouLata U A ,80 Taralea opositifolia H C i A A B A

Notel For eXplanat10ns ot ay_bola aDd abbndaU=a a.e !ppend11 VI.

KlF.Ho. SOIINTIFIC HAME D!2iS WORX SHRI FINI STRE DtItl LOaF oeeu

181 Terminalia amazonia U ... B A A A A B 182 Terrninal1a oblonp H B C A A A A 183 Terlllinal1a tani bouca 184 Ter'!linal1a tarapotenlh 185 Tetrapatria hOIRlII&rulii H A B A A A B B 186 Tetragastris ~na"'lnaie H A B A A A B B 187 Trattinickia laurencei L A 188 Triplaria guayaquilenaie M ... A A C B 189 Vata1r ... p. 190 Vataireopaia epeciola M B ... B 191 Viburnum .. p. H A A A B C 192 Virola Ip. 193 Virola dixonii A 194 Virola kuchakana L B A 195 Virola ",elinonii M A B ... B e J. B 196 Virola I8blfera M A B A B C A B 197 Virola luri~amena1e M A C ... B C A A 198 Virola venolll U A ... B B 199 Viamia bacoirera U

200 Voohyaia app. 201 Vochylia denaiflora L J. C A e e ... B 202 Voohylia ferrUlinea M ... C ... B B ... B 203 Voohylia guianenlil • A B ... B B ... B 204 Vooh,rlia aaxi-. M ... B ... ... J. 205 Vochllia lurinamenlil M ... ... B B A B 206 Vochyaia htraphylla M A C A B B ... B 207 Vochya1a to'lInto .. L B C ... C C A B 208 VoohYlia V18miaefolia U J. ... B B 209 Vouacapoua americana H B B ... A A ... B 210 Weimannia "p. M ... A B B

lot.. ror ezplanatlonl ot .,.bo11 aD~ .~b"'l.'lOD1 I •• ",1141& 11.

USE PROPERTIES OF SOt1l'H AMERICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES - B. LESS~-U5ED SP!iCIJ:S APPENDIX II.page 5

REF.No. SCIENTIFIC NAME DENS I WORX SHRI FIN! STRE DURA LOaF oecu

1001 Alnus jorullensls M 1 A B A B C 1002 Alseh eggersii U A A B B 1003 Alaeill perUVlana U R 1004 Anac&l'diurn glBanteum III A A B B A 100~ AnaclLI'd 1 urn occldentale L A 1006 Anac&l'di urn spruceanurn /II A A B B B B '007 Andira ep. 1008 Andlra coriacea H B B A A A B B 1009 Andlra inermlS U B B A B A B B 1010 Andlra p&J'v1flora H C , i A A B B

lOll Andira a ur 1 l'I&lIIens 1 a H B B A A A B B 1012 Am ba amazonica U A C A A A A lOU Aniba cane 1111a H A A A A A A 1014 Aniba duckel H A A A A

1015 Aniba peruh 11 a U A B I A A A A B 1016 Anib& roseodora 1017 Anona spp. III B B A 1018 Anona ra11culata 1019 AnthodiscU8 pilosus U A C i A B A C

1020 Apu1el& mol.&rls H I A A A A A B 1021 ASpldosperm& sp. H A B C

1022 Aspidosperma capitatum 1023 ASpldosperma cyllndroc&rpon H C 1024 ASpldosperma laxlflorum 1025 Asp1dosperm& macroc&l'puID H A B A A B A c 1026 Aspidosperma rnarcgravlanum H B A A 1027 ASpldosperl1l& oblongum H B A B

1028 Aspidosperma obscurln.rvlUln H B A A

1029 Aepldoeperl1l& tomentosa U A B B A B 1030 ASpldosperm& varges811 U A B B B 1031 Artronlurn fraxlnlfol1urn U A B A B 1032 Astronlum gra~eolen8 H A B A A A A B

1033 Astronlum urundeuve. H B A A A A 1034 Bagasse. tlllaefolla H A A A B A A C

1035 Bellschmledla ap. M A B A A B

1036 Bellschmledla rohllana III B A B A

1037 Bro81mUIII gulanense H B B A A A B

1038 Brosimum paraenee H B B A A A A B

1039 Brosimum parinarloldes M A A A B

,040 Bursera sp. ,041 Bursera gravsolens 1042 Bursera sirnarouba /II A B A C A

1043 Calycophyllum candidls8imum H C B A A II II C

1044 Calycophyllum spruceanum A A C

1045 Camp~iandra laurlfolla H B A A B A

1046 O&riniana mlcrantha III A A B

1047 Castilla u1ei L A C A

1048 CatoBtemma alstonii III B C A B C A II

1049 Cecropia. garciae L B B

1050 Cecropi& sciadoph. var.jur. L A C B A

105' Centrolobium paraense U A B A A A A C

1052 Cla.r1aia racemosa U A B A A B A B

1053 Cla.throtropis bra.chypetata. H B B A A A A C

1054 ClathrotropiB III&croe&r~ H B A A B B C

1055 Cla.thratropis nit ida H B A A A B C

1056 Clinortemon mahuba 1051 ConOc&l'PIl-' erectua H B A A A B B

'058 COpl.i hra oa.nil1le ,059 Cordia exaltata III C B C B

,060 Cordia t&llaz L C B C B

lot •• For .xplanation. of .,_bol. aDd abbrertaUona ... Appendix VI •

REF.No.

1061 1062 1063 1064 1065 1066 1067 1068 1069 1070 1071 1072 107) 1074 1075 1076 1077 1078 1079 1080 1081 1082 1083 1084 1085 1086 1087 1088 1089 1090 1091 1092 1093 1094 1095 1096 1097 1098 1099 1100 1101 1102 1103 1104 1105 1106 1107 1108 1109 1110 1111 1112 1113 1114 '115 1116 1117 1118 1119 1120

SCIENTIFIC NAME

Couepla caryophylloides Couepla longipendula Couepia verslcolor Couma gulanens1s Couratari gulanensis COUl'a.tari mult lflora CouroupUa guianenlllB Croton unthochloro9 Crypotoca.rya ep. Cybieta)' sp. Cycloloblum Bp. Dacryodes canalenais Dacryodes peruviana Dalbergla spruce&na Dlalyanthera parvlfolia Dimorphandra sp. Dlmorphandra conjugata Dimorphandra hohenkerkll Endlicheria Bp. End11cheria cocuirey Endlicheria formosa EntBrolobium sp. Errteroloblum cyclocarpum Ensma Bp. Erisma lanceolatum Er hrina 1a ca yt g u Eschweilera ep. Eschweilera decolorans Eschwellera grata Es~hwellera hologyne Eschwellera jarana Eschwei1era trlnltensis Fagara martinlcenee Fagan pentandra Fa gar a rhoifolla F1CUS .p. Fic1.ls klllipil Fuaaea longifolia OeisBospermum serlceum Cenipa amerlCana var.C&rub Ouar a& guara Cu&tterla ep. Ouazuma ulmifoll& Hernandia sp. Hieronyma alchorneoidse Hieronyma laxiflora Himatanthus Bucuuba Holop,yaidium Jarana Holo~xidium latifolium HumirlaBtrum colombianum Humiriastrum excelaum Hymenau ap. Hyme~ea palustril Hymenolobi um hri eroO&rpulll Inp. alba In. edullS Inp rloribunda Inp ingold .. In. narginata Iryanthera Ipp.

L

L L

L

L

L

L

DENS WORK

H H H

M A U A

A M A M A M

H A U B

M H A

M A U

H B U I A

I A : 11

I I

M A

H B H A H A H A H H A

A H A

B M

H H

U A M A M A M A

U 11 H

U A

H A H 11 H

U U

N !

U ! lit

C

C

. I

.

I

C

SHRI

B B

B B

B

B B B

B

B

11

B

B 11 B

B B B

B B

C

C

C C

C

C C C

c

c

C C C

c C

FINI

A A A

A

A

A

A A

A A

A

A B

A

A

A A A A

A

A

!

[

I

I I ! I :

I

I

Jo~.. 'or .xplan.~1on. ot I,aboll and .bbrtT1.~1OQ' I •• Appead1% VI.

STRE

A

A

A

A

A A A A

A

A

A A

A A

A

! A

B

B

B

B

11

B

B B

C

C

DURA

B

B

C C C C

A B

B I A C I

I

B I

:

I B I

C A

B B

A

B B B

C

C 11

A C C

A A

C

A A

11 C

D c

LoaF

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A

A A A

A A

!

B B B

B

B

B B

B

B B B B B

B

B B

B 11 11

11

11 B 11 11

11

B B B B

I

OCCU

B B B

B

B

B

B

B B

B

B

B 11

B B B

11

B B

B

C C

C

C

c

C

C C

C

USE PROPERTIES OF' SGlJI'H AMERICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES - B. LESSER-USED SPECIES APPENDIX II.~&e 1

REF.No. SCIENTIFIC fJAME DENS WORK S1mI FINI STRE DURA I LOaF 1 occu

1121 lryant hera JuruenB1D L A B A B C i A ! B

1122 Lecythis Bp. H B C A B A II 1123 Lecythls ampla H B A

I

A 1124 Lecythls cia.vIsil H A C A A B 1125 Lecythis uBltata var • pa,raens • H C A B B B 1126 L1C&llla spp. H C B A A B B B 1127 Llcarla tlpp. 1128 Licarla cayennens18 H C B A A A B c 1129 Llcarla g'l.llanenSl8 H A A A B A B

1130 LIcarIa Ilmbosa A 1131 Luetzelburgia trlalata H C A A 1132 Machaerlurn mlllel 1133 Macroloblum aeaolaefolium U B B A . A A B 11 ")4 Maerolobiurn stenoSlphon B

1135 MArlllkAra sp. HI 113S ManllkAra bldentala HI

13 B A A A A B

1137 ManllkAra uurlnamensis B A A A A 1138 Mezllaurua sp. I i 1139 MlerophohB Bp. I

1140 Mlcropholl~ gulanenBiB H ! B B A A B A A

1141 Mloropholls venulo8& 1142 Mlnquartl& ~&nen818 H B 13 A A A A B

1143 Mora gonggrl JPll H B B A A A A B

1144 Moronobea pulchra H A A 13 c 114) Myrooarpu8 sp. H B A A A 13 C

1146 Myroxylon bals&murn H B 13 A A t A A C

1147 N ectandra gr&l'ld18 L A B A C C'

A B I

1148 Nectandra mollla 1149 Ocotea canaliculat 1

11,)0 Ocotea floribunda U A A A 13 A

1151 veat ea t oment e 11& i 1">2 Olmedloperebea 8elerophylla H B A A B A B 1153 Ormosla COCClnea U 13 C A A 13 B B

1154 Ormos la collt; Inhal 11'15 Ormosla 11 gl'll V'!I.l Vl B U B B I A 1 iS6 Ormos18. mIcrantha 1157 Osteophloem sp. M A 11,)8 Panopsls rubescens /II A A A B B 11,9 Parahancornla peruvl&n& M B 1160 ParHl&rlum tlpp. Ii B B A A B A B 11D1 Parkia ap. 1162 Parkl&. Opposltlfolla L A B B c. A A 1163 Peltogyne panlculata U A A B A B B

1164 Perllea ap. M A B B B A

116) Piptadema sp. U A B A B B

1166 Plthecolobl urn sp. 1167 Pl thecolobi urn eorymbosurn 1168 Plthecoloblum Jupunba M A B A B B

1169 PlthecoloblUID latlfol1um U B

1170 PIthecoloblurn pedlcellaris M B B B B B

1171 Podocarpu8 glomeratu8 U B i

1172 Pourouma sp. L A C A 13 C'

13 B

1173 Pourowna aspera 1174 Pourouma chocoana L A C I

A C

1175 PourOIll& lawrancsl L C· 13 B I

1176 Pout aria sgregla H A B A B A

1177 Pouteria eugenifolla H B A I A I A

1178 Pout aria pOlll1 fera H C A E E

1179 Pouterla specioB& A

1180 Protium colomb1anum M B B

lotel 'or .zplanat1on. ot • 1l11bole aad .b~r.T1.t100 • ••• App.n41% VI •

REF .No.

1181 1182 1183 '184 118') '186 1187 1188 1189 1190 1191 '192 , '93 1194 1195 1196 1197 1198 1199 1200 1201 1202 1203 1204 1205 1206

0 12 7 1208 1,,09 1210 1211 1212 1213 1214 1215 1216 1217 1218 1219 1220 1221 1222 1223 1224 1225 1226 1227 1228 1229 1230 1231 1232 1233 1234 1235 1236 1237 1238 1239 1240

SCIENTIFIC NAME

ProtIum decandrwn Prot 1 um heptaphyllwn Protium hoatm&nnll Pr'·,ium neglectum Prot 1 um punct 1 culat um Prot 1 um sagO'tlanum Prot 1 wn schomburglcianum PS8udobombax mlllel PBeudobombax munguba ?t erocarpus Offl clnali s Pt erocarpuB rohrll Pt er ocar puB vernalis ~U&lea sp. Rheel1l& sp. Rheedla benth&mlan& llheedla kappleri Rheedia macrophylla Rheedl& madruno Rhizophora mangle Roll1nia sp. Rollinia eXBucca Rolllni& lnsignia var.pallida Sacoglott1s ~zonic& Sacoglottls cydonicldes Sapium jenmann11 3aplum rnarmieri Schefflera paraenSls Schinopsis halansae Schlnus ep. 3chizolobium amazonlcum ~cleroloblum alblflorum 5cleroloblum guianense Scleroloblum melionli Scleroloblum mlcranthum ScleroloblUlll panlculatwn Sclerolob1um setlferum Scleronema mlcranthum Sclsronema praecox Sick1ngla standleyi 5i cklngi& tinct ora Slckingia willIamsli Slmarub& versIcolor Sloane& sp. Spond1as I'DOl'Dbln Spondia8 purpurea Stercull& pruriens Soart z1a sp. Swartzia jenmanli S~rt zia lei ocalycina 5 ~ ua po ly phy 11a S..-rt zia scholllbur,;cll 'l'abebuia guayaO&ll Tabebuia inaignia var.mono. TabebulA ipe Tabebu1a pentaphylla Tabebu1a .erratifolia Tabebuia atenocalyx Tapir1ra (Uianlnl11 Tap1rira marchand11 Terlll1nal1a .p.

DENS

U M N

U M M M

L L L L

L L

L M

L

M M M

U U

L L

U U U

U M

L L

M

U

U U

U

M

U M

WCRX SHRI FIN I

A B A A B A A A A B

B I A B I A A B I A

I

A B A A B A

I I

H A ! C I A I H A C A

H I A C A ,

I I

i H B C i A I

B A i

H A B

I A B I

B I A A

H C C A A A A B A

B B A A B A

H C B B

B A A A A A A

H A C A C

A H B C

A A A B

A C A

A A H B A

A C A A A

H B A A B A

A B A H B B A

A B A A A

lote, 'or explanation. of Iyaboll aDd abbreTla~lODI ••• ',p.ndiz VI.

STRE

A B B

A

B ,

B I

I

C ! C

A :

A I A I

I

A

B

B

c A

B B B

B

A

B A

B

B

A

A A

B A A

APPENDIX II.i!ge 8

DURA

C C C

B

c I C

I

I

I

I C C

A A A

A

C

B C

C A A

C C C C

C

B

B B

C B

C

C

B A

B B

A C

B A

B C

LOaF

A B B

A B B

A A

B A

B

A A A

A

B B

B A

A B B

A A A A

A A

B

B B

B A

A B

B B B B

B A

B

I I ,

OCCU

A

B B

B

B B B

B

B

B B B

B B

B

B B

B

B B B B

B

B 1I B

C

C

C C C

C

c c

USE PROPERTIES OF SOUTH AMERICAN TROPICAL WOOD SPECIES - B. LESSER-USED SPECIES APPENDIX II .;age 2

REF.No. SCIENTIFIC NAKE DENS WORK SHRI , FINI STRE I DtIIU LOGF OCCU

1241 Terminalla catap;a U A 1 B B 1242 TerminaI1a guianens18 H A B A A B 1243 Tetragastr18 8p. 1244 Tetrapatr18 ait 1881m& U A B A A 1 B B , 245 Tetragastris balsamlfera H B 1246 Trattinlcicia sp. 1247 Trattlnlcicia demerarae L A B A C C A c 1248 TrattinlCK1& rholfolla L A B A C C A c 1249 Trichlll& Sp. U A C 1

1250 Trlchliia japursnsls H C B A

1251 Trlchll1a proplngua U B A B B 1?S2 Trlplarls surinamenslB M A B A B B B B 125j Vantanaa ap. 1254 Vantanea micrantha H A A B 1255 Yatairea gu1anensls U B B A A A B 1256 Yatalre& paraanSl! H B A A A C 1257 Vlsmla gulanenS1S M A 13 A B B C 1258 Vitex ap. M A B A B A B 1259 Vltex stahelll U A C A A A

1260 Vochysia lehmannll !II C B B A 12ti1 Vochysla macrophylla L A B A C A

1262 Vouacapoua macropetala H B B A A A B B

1203 Xylopla &romatlC& U B C A A B

lot •• 'or .xplana\1an. of I,.bol. and abbreT1a\1ODI ••• lpp.nd1x VI.

S.l

W-

.l1fD

V

EN

EE

R

LOG

pa

OD

UC

TIO

N

OF

SOU

T!!

A

llER

ICA

N

TR

OP

ICA

L

.'oQ

0!)

SP

EC

IES

1

00

0

m3.

A

PP

EN

DIX

III,

pag

e

1.

P2

RC

E!:

T-

W00

1l

RE

F. N

o.

BIU

. B

OL

PER

EC

U

CO

L V

EN

GUY

SUR

G

UF

AG

E O

F V

AL

ill:

P

ILO

'!' IU

D

APP

END

IX

r.

19

72

1

91

3

19

73

1

97

3

12

71

1

97

2

19

7 3

1

97

3

19

71

T

OT

AL

S

P . .,

VIl

iOL

A

19

2-1

98

ll

05

3

O.B

5

51

0

3 35

0

.4F

2

4.0

1

2 -

CA

OH

A

175

20

4

15

0

34

23

6

.0

1/2

2

\ C

ED

RO

4

8,

49

1

07

0

.7

l}O

13

1

2

0.3

2

3.8

2

2 3

BA

LSA

1

22

2

46

3

.5

2 2

2 A

BD

IRO

B.l

36

, 3

7

15

1

13

34

5

16

O

.4r

3.2

1

1 S

UO

(L

) 3

5

18

2

2.6

1

1 L

OU

BO

IN

H.lJ

!UY

1

25

1

49

2

.2

1 S

.lQ

UI-

S.l

';(U

I 24

1

12

4

1.8

1

1 E

UC

.lL

IPl'O

88

1

15

4

1.7

1

G R

EE

1t'H

E.A

lU

13

1

11

7

1.7

1

2 II

IJA

O

8 £,

8 9

2

1. ~

1 d

DIR

OB

.l

JA.R

EU

.l 9

99

1

.5

1 2

IfU

IR.l

TIN

G.l

1

34

9

5

1.~

1 ~S.lCU

98

4

3

25

0.0

1

22

0

.4

1.3

1

1 2

CU

A1f

GA

RE

66

-68

B7

1

.2

2 3

-C

nIV

O

16

1

80

1.2

1

1 2

. LA

UR

EL

59

56

1

9

1.1

2

2 2

CE

IBA

5

1

42

31

1

. r;.

1 1

S.lM

.l.ll

14

7

73

I.

e'

1 1

CU

PIU

BA

9

2

ZI

2·1

' ~

L.>

.3

1.'

: 1

2 LO

UR

O

12

3

67

:i.G

1

RO

BL

E

CO

RR

EN

TE

1

23

6

4

S.~

I T

OR

NIL

LO

5

0

4F

57

~.

~

1 .....

'. ;'

)I.

.AP A

R.lN

JU3

!.

III t

11

2

61

{

). ;-

2 A

PAlIA

TE

1

78

29

30

0

.9

1/2

-

2 J

.lCA

R E

UlU

3

1-3

4

33

0

.1

1']

4

8 D

.I<

1

2 S

UC

UP

lRA

M

AT!

. 26

4

8

·').7

2

-.3

.l.B

.lRC

O

38

4

6

"..7

1

2 L

UPU

HA

54

46

0

.7

1 1

S.l.

IDE

3

0

22

24

0.

7 1.

1 PA

U

AlU

RE

LO

8

9

43

':'.

~ 2

MO

RE

ILL

O

80

41

S.6

1

1 ~.lR.li0

63

, 1

62

41

-' 29

7

8.5

1

1 Q

U.1

RU

BA

2

00

-20

8

28

1

2

J.5

1

1 W

.lLL

AB

.l 7

6-7

9

20

15

G

.5

1 a O

AT

.lB 0

1

81

t 11

12,

18

4

1~

t-1

5

0.5

1

3 C

OU

RB

.lRIL

9

9

19

0

.5

8 2

:'.4

1

2 C

iRR

ET

TO

1

7-2

0

29

'1.~

1 d

OE

LIM

1

01

-10

3

281-

' ::'

. ~

1/2

Ja

RU

PA

1

72

2

2

').2

4

1 ".

4!'

" t)

• .!

1

1 P

IQU

a

41

Z

I 0

.4

1 C

HJ.R

O

ZI,

2

8

-1F

8 1

4

0.4

1

1 C

OP

llB

A

55

-58

1

4F

11

0

.4

1 2

PtJ

RP

LE

BE

AH

T

1<

10

-14

5

14

F

11

0

.4

2 -

3 F

RE

IJO

V

Efil

'.EL

HO

6

0

25

C'.

4

2 .3

3

Bo

t ••

Fo

r ex

p1

1!.

llat

lon

s o

f arl

llb

ole

&

.nd

ab

bre

Yia

tio

os

Bee

A

pp

en

dix

V

I.

3D

-A

D Y

aD

R L

Oa

maD

ucno

. 01

' SO

tJT

H

AJO

IRIC

!I'

!HO

PIC

J.L

WO

OD

S

PB

CII

S

-'0

00

113

. APPI!:IIDIXIIII~!!

2.

PE

RC

FlI

T-

WOO

D R

D .•

o.

BRA.

B

OL

~

ECU

C

OL

vn

f G

UT

SUR

G

UF

AG

E O

F V

AL

UE

P

ILO

'I' n

n

UP

!IID

IX I.

'21

2

'213

'2

13

'2

n '2

7'

'212

'~

U3

'21

3

'21

' 'J

'01'

AL

s P

V

AC

UU

20

9 '9

6

0.4

2 -

-S

UC

UP

IRA

1

2,

13

'9F

4

0·3

2

-3

PiU

U.*

O

'2-'

4

24

0.3

PA

U

D'A

RC

O

177

23

o. ,

0.3

F

Dm

B S

AJl

CB

EZ

,88

23

0.3

JI

OII

iA

'24

, '2~130

22

0.3

C

ILU

OL

97

20

0

.3

, C

EDR

O

RO

JO

47

20

0.3

2

2 -

IU.C

lClt

JIIA

15

0-15

3 '9

F

0.3

3

-3

CE

R&

JEIR

A

1,1

10

16

0

.2

, 1

-U

'!'O

11

6,

111

,6

0.2

1

-2

VA

U

132

4F

5 6

0.2

IQ

U.

115

14

0.2

-

2 B

AS

BA

lncB

69

12

0

.4F

0

.2

-2

Dtl

UL

I 13

6 4F

8

0.2

V

AR

A

PIE

DR

A

42-4

4 ,0

0

.2

nO

OA

12

0,

121

9 0

.1

I1!H

E'l'

I 12

7 ,

130

9 0

.1

UL

C1J

I(O

O

156

9 0

.1

1 -

Elf

CD

lLL

O

210

8 0.

1 P

AR

ICJR

BA

(L

) 14

8 8

0.1

2

-P

!:R

ILL

O

BL

llI C

O

94

8 0

.1

CA

JDlU

CO

11

3 8

0.1

S

ER

IIG

.l

93

1F

0.1

,

-A

JlIJ

II

64,

65

. 16

3 7

0.1

1

-S

dau

DE

GA

LL

iliA

19

9 7

0.1

1

-S

DO

13

5 "1

0.1

Il

UD

IOQ

UE

IRA

16

4-11

0 4F

2

O.4

F 0

.1

1 -

AU

R1C

JllG

A

15,

16

4F

2 0

.1

Jl{l

t0l'0

l'0

70

4F

2 0

.1

AJW

lIL

LO

11

9 6

0.1

a

uQ

UIR

O

155

6 0

.1

ClW

11Io

tCl

191

6 0

.1

JII

dl

176

4F

O.4

F 0

.1

1 -

I«JW

)IL

LO

10

9 5

0.1

BI~<II

90

, 91

5

0.1

C

(MC

DII

A

29

5 0

.1

SU

O (

a)

52

5 0

.1

DIA

BL

O

POB

R'l'E

15

4 4

1 1

--.r

82

4 1

PAU

IW

lrD

l 1

4"

1 -

2 LO

lIIO

DQ

EU

) 10

4P

' 1

JIU

Illl

CM

l'IJR

l 21

4P

' 2

/3

-3

~ft&JllU.

22

4"

1 1

-C

ASI

J'A

DJ.

PA

RA

23

4F

2

-3

SAW

-A

ND

V

l!:IE

ER

LO

G

PBO

DU

CT

IOR

O

F SO

Ul'B

A

Mm

lCA

If

TR

OP

ICA

L

WOO

D S

PE

CIg

) -

10

00

m~.

AP

PE

lmIX

II I

I IB

ge

3·

Pm

CE

IIT

-W

OOD

RE

F.l

o.

BR

A

BO

L P

m

ECU

C

OL

VD

i GU

T SU

R

GU

F AG

E OF

VA

LUE

PIL

OT

lil

lIE

A

PP

EII

DIX

I.

'2

72

12

D

'27J

l:

rU

'n1

1~72

12'~

1~,~

13

71

T

oY

'AL

S

P

V

PAR

ICA

RA

lfA

(8)

25

4

F

2 -

3 P

IQU

UR

AJJ

A

39,

40

4

F

1 U

OE

IRA

5

3

4F

1

OG

nH

I PE

nH!

11

4F

2

CU

IUR

U

74

4

F

1 SU

CU

PIR

A.

AJU

RE

L.&

. 7

5

4F

2

-3

CA

'fAllB

A

81

4

F

tnn

RI

96

4

F

1 Jt

1l'A

I 1

00

4

F

;> -

J

CARO

BA

10

4

4F

1

, -

IT.&

.'I.lB

A

In

4F

1 I

-A

JlG

ELIK

RA

.JAD

O

14

6

4F

2

AB

Itll

AlI

A

114,

1

51

-16

0

4F

IT

A t1

B!R

.OA

11

4 4F

T

AC

BI

PRE1

'O

17~

4F'

1 -

,.U

IBo

reA

1

83

4F

' P

AV

EIR

J.

13

7-1

39

, 1

90

41

1' T

Atl

WIl

IRO

9

5

.4 P

ISI

12

6-1

30

. 1

33

4

IWIl

lAR

ILA

K

8}

-87

O

.SF

0

.4

3 C

OPA

L 1

87

3

ISB

PIW

GO

6

, 1

0.7

2

1 -

JOO

AL

105,

1

06

0

.4

2 2

2 A.

LJQ

IJID

R I

LLO

1

80

2

BARO

M.&

.LLI

4

5.

46

2

1 -

PZ

!IIL

LO

na

RO

6

1

2 JU

JIIB

AL

LI

11

8

2 D

un

fiIA

1

71

0·

511'

H

llB

OB

lLL

I lo

B

0.3

I

PAR

CO

tlU

14

9

0·51

1'

0.3

0.

4F

2 S

AL

I 1

85

, 1

86

H

.ll.&

.RI

3-5

1

-D

RJ.O

O

62

S

ILV

»lB

AI.

I.I

n,

10

, A

JlGEL

IJil

AJlA

ROO

SO

18

9

111'

1 -

-U

Dsp

ecif

ied.

6

11

.5

5 1

18

·5

24

125

86

0.6

0

.1

1.2

1

4.1

'f<71

'AL

))0

0

22

1

64

4

56

0

12

50

5

60

2

)5

12

3

27

10

0.0

lote

. F

or

ex

pla

nati

on

s o

f .y

mb

ola

an

d

ab

brs

Tia

tio

na .e

• .&

.ppe

ndlx

V

I.

SAW

-A

ND

V

EN

Ern

LO

G

EX

PO

RTS

O

F SO

UI'l

l A

Xm

ICA

N

TR

OPI

CA

L

WOO

D S

PE

CIE

S

-1

00

0 ~3.

AP

PE

IDIX

I'

ll ~e;e

1-

~CEli'!'-

RE

F.N

o.

BRA

BOL

Pm

E

C:J

CO

L 'I

Ell

G

UY

SlB

G

t'F

AGE

0:'

P

ILO

I' N

AME

APP

EN

DIX

1

. 1

?72

'~73

1 ',

~ 1

'73

")

73

1

]73

1

?73

1

17

3

11

7)

'I'O

I'AL

WA

LLA

BA

it>

-P

12

2

.'5

VIR

OL

A

1)2

-11f

1 ')

1.3

C

UP

IUB

A

'2

5 1

.1

DU

LU

.I

131:

4

0.?

CU

AHGA

RE

66

-68

3

0.6

GR~T

1.31

3

J.6

S

ILV

ER

BA

LL

I 1

1.

107

2 0

.4

MO

RA

11

')

;'

0.4

. BA

ROM

ALL

I 45

. 45

0

.2

lDls

pec

ifie

d

37

6

37

F

7 2

') 1

'1

TlJ

I'AL

31

6 3

37

F

31

7 7

Wi)

.0

Not

e1

Fo

r ex

pla

nati

on

s o

f sy

mb

ols

an

d

ab

bre

via

tio

ns

aee

Ap

pen

dix

V

I.

SAW

NWOO

D EX

POR

TS

OF

SOl'I

'H

A"'-

EHIC

AN

T

RO

PIC

AL

W

OOD

SP

EC

IES

-

1')1

)0

'1'3

· A

PP

E!m

IX

V. ~Ee

1

Prn

CE

NT

-R

EF.

No.

BR

A

BO

L PE

:.,

~C]

CO:"

V

EN

GUY

SUP

GUF

AG

E O

F P

Ilm

' N

AM

E A

PPEN

DIX

I.

1

'7::

n

n

11 1

3 P

-l

, 1

_

1 '7

3 1}

7 ~

1973

11

73

'iB

T

arA

L

VIR

OL

! 0

2-,

-:;5

??i

2 0

.02

3

7.3

CA

OBA

11

5 ,9

t7

1

7.

1

AN

DIR

OB

A

36

. 37

~ -

.J~

0.0

1

t.4

B

ALS

A

122

n 3

.6

AlJ

DIR

OB

A

JA.I'

EUA

9

:::J

2. <,

,

CED

HO

I!Q

,. .!':

'l 1 ~

('

. 1

J.O

l ~

')

t:..

,-

GR

EFlfR

EAR

T 13

1 11

l.~

CO

UlU

lAR

IL

?'1

1.1

M

A PA

R AN

J1Jl

lA

111

• ' 1

2 -;

J.]

B

ASR

ALO

K1J

5 6~

S 0

.7

WAN

A 13

2 c

0.1

./

ARA

RACA

NG

A

15.

16

1F

'l.0

3

0.1

C

UPI

UB

A

)2

IF

0.0

2

0.1

SU

CU

PIR

A

72,

n 1F

0

.01

0

.,

AB

lt!U

NA

1

14

. '5

1-,

60

'F

o.

/),

O. ,

DU

KALI

1

3t

IF

0.1

P

IQu

a

4'

'F

O.

, C

ErB

A

<;1

,F

0.1

F

RE

IJO

V»l

ME

IlIO

60

1F

0

.1

PAU

A

MA

RELO

P'

1 IF

0

.1

AH

GE

Lnl

PE

DR

A

71

IF

O. ,

C

mE

JEIR

A

7.

1 1 C

' ,F

0

.1

LO

tIW

12

3 ,F

0

.1

PtE

PU

lIE

AR

T

140-14~,

IF

0.1

M

ACA

CAU

BA

1')0

--15

3 1F

0

.1

MAJ

ID 10

00U

EIR

A

16

4-1

1J

~F

O.

, M

ARU

PA

172

1F

0.1

PA

U D

' ARC

O

177

IF

0.1

Q

UA

RUBA

2

00

-20

8

IF

0.1

C

llAlfG

AR

E 6

6-6

8

O.

, A

SSA

CU

98

0

.7

0.1

un

speci f

1 e

d

44

•• ,?

1'i

0.:'1

1 12

2 O

.?')

'2

23

·3

T<Jr

AL

5t5

51

'5

31

12

2 12

'0

2

10

0.0

Ho

tel

Fo

r ex

pla

nati

on

e

of

sym

bo

ls

an

d

ab

bre

via

tio

ns

see

Ap

pen

dix

V

I.

Appendix I: Occur~ence a~d donoMlnatlon of Sout~ AmerIcan tropIcal wood sp~cies

Tr,e occurrence of WOOl! "pecleD HI a partlcular country is lIHllcated by the vernacular name usel'l. in the COWltry. If n,o['(' t~lan one ve:'llacu:ar nlirl'e lA L:sell, adclltional nunbars are indlcated in brackets.

Part AI Comn,ercial !!peClefl

All vernacular neme!) typell In capital letterr are pIlot nUlliCrJ a r rflferred to in Appendix •• I II, I V and V.

The c.:>r.lInerclal ]mportallce of inc1vidulil or proupB ui' Bpecl,"s, 1. ,~. anr.ual forc'1t prodl.oction of Industrial roundwood is indlcated as follows:

• - 1000 to 10000 m3 •• - above 10000 m3

Part BI Lesser used species

in solid meaeure of round.ood

All lndividual or groups a! ~pccles of wbch n;:urt'!' on the annual forest pMY!uct10h of lniuAtrinl roun:\v.ooc WE're avaiiar·le are In''lcaterl ~/: •

• - u!" I~L l'l...,l r;2 in solid measure of roundwood

Ap,en,iL: IT: Ls~ !1r0!1E'rtl~~ 01' ";cutt: A: ~"lc'!.n troplcel woorl 8peC1f!S

DL::S - :Jen91ty:

NOHK - Norkahllity: SllitI - 5hrinkaee: lINI - j''inlslnngl STaE - Strenethl DUr~ - Durability' LOOF - Log forrr.1 OCCU - Uccurrencel

BaDi~ for evaluation of uce properties

L - low 1" - !r.ed i um L - upper H - high

A - cood

B - medium

C - bad

n~,;lS _ dens1~y Wood density - weifht divided by volume of 12 to 15 per cent moisture content. lverage aensities of 'Nood species are erouped ae followsl

~ t} ( H)

light medium upper hiCh

dcm3

up to 0.50 0.50 to 0.65 0.65 to 0.80 0.80 &nd up

,'jorry. _ workability Summarius suitability for Bawine, peeling, el1cins, planing, drill1ng, nailing, nailholdine, screwinz, gluing, mouldinC, morti~inG and other properties related to cutting, combining and Btapine ~ood.

SaRI _ .hrinkage 'l'he shrinkage coefficient used for clusifi'Cstion is based on the relation be­tween tangential and radial ehrin¥&ge, multiplied by volume shrinkage from green to oven-dr,y, all followsl

- tangential to radial shrinkage. 11.1

A - up to 1. 4 13 - 1.4 to 1. 8 c - 1. 8 and up

- volume Ahrink~e • bl

A - up to 10 per oAnt 13 - 10 to 15 per cent C - 15 per cent ar.d up

- shrink~;~ coefficient (a x b)1

A - up to 14 per cent 13 - 14 to 'l7 per cent C - 27 per cent and up

APPEIiDIY. VI, pa6Te 2.

Inc!ication. on dimenoional stabil1 t:l afs well as on behaviour rlurin!: seasoning or kiln drying Vlere taken into acoount whenever they deviatetl notably frcm the above shrinkage olassificatlon.

FINI - tini.bing i'rcpertil8 are related to surface <lual1 ty and appearance attn wood-worldllb' and ccmprI .. neml iuch 11.8 flll1n~ and pnntinl', shining, l'aintin/i, transparent coatinb and prinh­bili ty.

• STU - .trength Swnmarizl8 prcpertieo such as bendi:'lC, static and im~act strenp'th, stif!'nesF;, cOlllprullcn parallel and perpenrl.icular to ~rain, uhear1n.; strenglt, cleavage, ant! r13SlBtW)Ce to wear. l.:an,y cf the above streneth propertis!l a!'03 correlated and oft.:n show l'elationship v.ith denaity. If data are available the ~troncrth cl~csiflCltinn is bSJ@d en the values of ben~ing Itreneth at 12 to 15 per cent moisture content, as follow£:

A - 100 N/mrr.2 and up .9 50 to 100 N/mm2 C - up to 50 11/1IITIJ2

(N - Newton - 1 yeo m/aec2)

DURA - durability Compri~e8 the whole complex of natural durability and resistance t~ dec~' and inseot aftaor 1nolu~1ng te~1te8 an~ mari~~ horerR.

rhe durabi11t~ classification is particularly ~~s~~ on the entirr.aterl service 11fe of thp wooa under different conrl.itions and its reRiAtancp to inoeot and fungi aitack as followal

,Durability ClaaRt

a) In continUOl.3 ::O.ltllct 'Nlth I'!lOi3t grour.~:

b) Zxpoep~ ~n1J to weather but kept :rom getting Boaked in water and properl;; ventilated.

0) Under thl roof, not in contaot with moigt ground and properly ventilatedl

d) As above but properly mRintained ar.~ rl5ularly paint.dt

.) Attaok by eubterranean termite.

r) Attaok by powder poat be,tlea.

A

5 YUrB anll up

10 'yearn a:lil up

1:1da rini tely

incp.ftn1ttily

rare

none

B c

) to 5 YC:Jr!' very short

several years verJ chort

vsry long several 'years

indef1.ni tely 20 yurs

rapid vsry rapid

not serious very rapi:!

LOl]1 - Log !or:nl COmpriBe3 sUe, appearance !Llld fro'~ueI1cy of .,aturo.l defocts, i:nreL!ing full utilization as followe.

, _ large well-for~.~ una~ned trees, ~i~eter ut brea~t he1&ht above GO om, utBble length 15 m and up, buttre .... and natural dereo'ts wh!.oh are not impeding full utilization.

AFP~NDIX VI, Page 3.

~ - ~':' '1 Jr.' !"iz ... ,l wl"ll-for,prj 'J":"l!"r.e·i ~!'('e!', d1'i;n~t"r a.t brec.:t hei~ht betReen 30 and 60 em, usable hm(t'1 up to 1:; m or lars.: tree') r.ot \Yell forI:,:)'! wi ~,l buttrt:!sees anJ. natural defect~ !'11peding full Ij· : 1 i..: :l •. 1 cn.

:; - ::;liBll tree:::, .ll'l;;1"ter e.~ ~'rt"a~t hell'ht 'm.!'!!r .30 cm {'hieh are of no commercial value with rt?~er'1 tc ~.1;"1 ;,!ol;,.:ctiun ('!" ~~V'1."oc": 1\,:_ ven""'::!r.

( ~ ~:"i _ Cc(':.;.r: t'r:c-;, r~fer? to tU(; !"rc l:';'En("~' C'!' t 10 tree i:1 :~O South Arr.eric8.n A."r.azon ~ec1on as aescribea 10 the llterature mentloned in Append1x VIII.

A - ,,,;o;:'lrally fre;uent " locr!.lly frequI'nt r - nrrflsinnsl to r:!re

,~l; '/01 lC cl'J. f'l1'i'::J.t.l.OIl: ':"." ,,':Jove Cl·l":S).l'tClltion 'oe~ :,rt (;o':C"lir, l!l'h::a.tlons on colour, tl'xtu:'e, luctrc nr.J o~ho:lr oo.:i ;:l.1r1.L('te:-::3tl:',l !'e~dt1V,) to c.:ccor:J.tlve asptlctf' e.nd to factors in­v(1l.vill,'S a ;t:!rtain Ifl8 • .;rc ,,!' ~'..."~'Jctlve .'u-.!;:7'SI .. ent ·".i.el. '~:I,J" C~f'..;l,::e over ti'11e bpcnu"'! of changing con<;UIJ,nr at titu':~. .'cr U.tl"€ irr.rnrtar.t ;3.::;p"CU' CO:1,;',O:l c1'!norninatpra were e!'!tahlished in ';:'6 fom of!!. l'roar: "~:l!;'/U"f cla'ldfication f;j'::;tem .llich 13 bas'3i on t'!!Jtinlates of averaeea 1972/3 at the poi:lt of sl'lippl"l':; and/cr ut dll <!lte. '!'''.Ie estirr.atee fli:r. at briq~inc out the "solid wood" value. for tae comlnerci!ll :-pecie:- al:d are hasen on Astarl1ahed U8CHl for Sfl\'ling (:;i), pee1i(1p;' (p) and. '1li~in£ (V). Cor,\".,r"io:. (;o:.t:3 are flxcludf'ld frorr, t:16!Je esti;;.::.te<; as ttcy ~Iould divert from the act LuI value (1[ soliJ ~ond. rhe followin~ value claG.ee ere applledl

(1) Low (2) J\cdiur.. \.3) Intorr.,e(hat~ (,\) :Heh ~~( Srecial ( ( i r rtHI1 urr. (-:,) ':'op

Appendi~e III, TV and V.

ilBREVIATIUNS

F _ ::r.;til'1ates

South berica

~RA Brazilian Amazon BOL Bolivia PER Peru ECU Ecuador COL Colombia VEN V.n.zuela GUY - Guyana sua - Surinam Gu}' - French Guiana

West and Central Africa

LIB - Liberia IVC - Ivory COast GHA - Ghana N IG - Nig-Bra Cll! - Cameroon GAB - Gabon CGO - Congo ZAI - Zl\l re

up to 30 30 - 60 60 - 90 :10 - l..lO

1,30 - 280 180 - 260 260 and up

Southeast As it.

THAI - Thailand LA1 - West Mal~.ia SAR - Sara.ale SAB - S.bah IDO - Indon •• ia PHIL - Philippin ••

CIl:';Cl::L.r::.,:, ell PRGPLRTll:.S Al,D C;LA':(AC7f:ilSTJC:'; Fl." :::VALl;ATl0~ (";1' LE::;sr;;-l'::;~r ,','em ~Pr:Clr:s

The followinG ceeorIrt1on nf 'I'OOC frop()rtie~ "LC charac~('rH,nCf1 :r thll r~"u2t c.J '1 t, _""

screenlnl) c.eecribed in Charter~. The tern;s \ [ed 1[1 tLe llterntun: "i[\r~ flJ·st~L,!..tl"a:l. ,_!: rJF ..

under the heading aleo used in tl.i:; c!l:lpieI, r,ut in'ilClltl(lr:: on ".A.g~,ect and ::'truoture" . ,,1'"

added..

There are 44 iter.iE in tbe li:;t helow <!.l"i tl f' fclloWlIiG corrJ'.!'n~,· Geerr ap;lo~rl"tf';

<1ete.iled ctudie~ nre neec.ed to :'Cfl:':6 corrrj Iltlons t,ptv.per. 't.'r r, llner lit reduoing tle total nun,ber;

add new items !if) n,1I,J' be necesssrj t" 1 prove ~erCllrtl0n cf pru;>or tlu:3 iU).l

c h a rac t e r 1 s t 1 C r.;

reBults of te6t~ on properties need to he l'r.prc"~C'C< In tE:r!!.1; W1c&r<,tnl.jetl( to all interested in ~Dr~:ng and u~ing tropical tImber;

re~ulto of teots ahnul~ he easIly comparable when different test w0thods are used.

1. ::orkabili ty

Pro!,ertles related to cuttine, con:tinHI; an,! ~hllpinh wood:

;.1

sawing

~ ~ ~ nail hold ir . ..;

peeling sc rewirlG sliCIng Cluinb plBl1ing ( ,\ mou 1 d inr;

( ~~ dnlling ~ ~ ~ rr.ort 1 zinc; nailing sanding

2. FiniBhinG

Propertles related to surfaot 'luaH ty ane. finishingl

filling Dtaining painting printing transparent coating

3. Shrinkage

Properties and criteria related to behaviour durln~ seo.sonin,':- anc 'dln drY1f1l-: '." sional stability'

(a (l'>

o d I

f g

volume Bhrlnkage Wid aWllline tanr.ential and radial shrinkage T/R ratio tendenoy to split tendenoy to cell collapse tendenoy to other specific seasoning defects dimensional etability

4. 3trength

Prorcrtle~ alll\ cnter1!l relater'! to n.ochanical !':trl!:1~thl

statlc hending impact bcnding, touc:hnecs compreRsion parallel to crain compreesion perpendicular to'graln shear parallel to crain tenoion parallel to grain tension perrendicular to ~roin, cleavage hardness, resistance to wear

5. Durability

Properties related to natural durahil1 ty, reflistanclI and treeta.bili tyl

reslstarce against fungi resistance a~ainst Vlood horers resistance against marine borers resistance to acidA, etc. treatability - type of preservative

6. Aspect anrl structure

CharacterH:ticR rtllated to tbd natural aspect lind '.'Iood structurel

( a( (bl (c) (d)

colour grain snrt text~re heartwood - sapwood eeein,: - chanCR in colour

7. CharacteristicR of loge

~eRcription of type and frequency of natural dpfect~, impedinR full utillzation:

defect1 visible o~teide of tree trunk defecte visible in transverse ~ect1on deviahon fron, cylindrical form occurrence of butt ends and othllr deformation in tree trunks cauein~ difficul ties in h!1rvectin(: and utilization

Selected B1bliograpby for Referencel

A. Country Referencel

BRAZIL

1. "AmazonllUJ r'orestry" (197,) MlnlBt'rlO da Agrlcultura Instituto Braslleiro de De8envolvimento Florestal RIO de Janeiro, Brazll

2. FAO/IBDF'/BRA-45 (1S74)

AFPZNlJIX VlI ~ p-..re 1.

"Production and DlstrltJl..tlon 01 J..rnazon Tiolber Products" brllc8, R. VI. HIO de JaneIro, ~r&~ll

3. Loureiro, A.A., frel tuB da Sllva, M. (1~68) "C.tAlogo dae aladeiraB d8 .lalazOnia" be16m, ~r&z11

4. FAO - No.208o (1:..-6,) "F'orect Inventories in the Amazon" !leport to tts Government of Brazil ROrlle, Italy

5. "I\ela~ao Botlzllca de 704 EepAciee /"lorestalB AlnazOnlcaS" SUDAN. Santar'm, Brazil

6. SeO'Jinarlo FAG/ F'inl!l.lldia (1974) "RBcursos para el Desarrollo de las Industrias Forer;tales Mec&n1cas del imazonBB" Belem, Brazil

BOLIVIA

7. FAO - No. AT 232.3 (1567) "Estudio Preliminar de lOB Bos~ue5" Informe .1 Cobierno de BoliYia Rome, Italy

COLOMBIA

8. Del Valle A., J. 1. (157 2) "IntroducciOn a la Dendrolog{B de Colombia" Medellln, Colombla

9. PI\OEXPOI Fondo de PromociOn de Exportacicnes "Maderae Colombianas" Bogot', Colombia

10. INDERENA-UNDP/SF-FAO COL-16 (1972) Inv."tigaci6nl "ABerno en Colombia" Bogot', Colombia

ECUADOR

11. ECU/FOR/58/2/982 No.748 (1958) "Informe al Gobierno d.l Ecuador eobre un E"tudio Forestal" Rome, Italy

APPENDIX VIII, page ~

12. FOI SF!ECU 13 "Eltudio de Pre inversion para al Desarrollo Forestal de la Reglon del Noroeeh de Ecuador" Rome, Italy

OUYAU

13. Agriculture Handbook No.207 (1962) "ColllJllercial Timbers of the Caribbean" V.S. D~partment of Agriculture

14. "The C~ana Crll.dlng Rules for Hardwood Timber" Forest Department Ceorgetown, Cu.yana (1974)

CUYJ.NE FR.

15. "BOis de O~an."

PERU

Centre Technique Forestier Tropical Nogent-eur-Marne, Franell Office National dis For'tl, PariS, Franell Cayenne, C~anl fran~aiael Miniatere des Departementa et Territoirle D'Outrl-Wer et la Prefecture de la O~ane

16. FO-UNDP!PEIi!1l9/21 - Part V. (1970) "Wood Inveetigatione" ROllle, I tal.)'

17. Llbacq, L. (1973) "Claaeification de Bois de 1 'Uasonie Plruviennl" Tervuren, Belgium

SURIN!M

18. Vink, .l.T. (1965) "Surinam Timber." Minietry of Development, Surinam Forlet Sirvici Paramaribo, Surinam

VENEZUELA

19. "Anuario Eltadhtioo Forutal 1972" MiDistlrio dl Agricultura 1 eria Caraca., Venezuela (1974)

20. UNDP-F.lO (1970) E.tudio dl Prlinvlr~i6n para II De.arrollo Forl.tal de la Cuayana Venezullana, Informe Final - Tomo IIII "Las MadlraB d.l Area del Proyeeto" ROllle, Italy

I. Olnlral Rlferencel

21. Aasoclation Teohniq~1 IDtlrnatioDall dll Boi. Tropioa~ (.1TIBT) (1975) "Nomlnclaturl a'D'rall dl' BOil Tropioa~" Noglnt-Iur-Marnl, Franol

APPENDIX VI II I PABe 3.

22. LebaoQ, L. and Staner, P. (1964) "Anatomie Comp.rlle dee Boh d 'Amllriqlle Latine et d'AfriQlle Centrale" Tervllren, Belgillm

23. Gottwald, H. (19')8) "Handelah~l zer" Hambllrg, Germany

24. Record, S.J., Hees, R.W. (2nd ed. 1972) "Timbers of the New World" New York, U.S.A.

25. "Veneer Spec1es of the World" (1973) by IUFRO Working Party on Slicing and Veneer Cutt1ng

26. Begemann, H. F. (1962) "Lexikon der Nutzh~lzer" Mering, Germany

27. Dahmll, K.G. (1956) "Fora t und HoI z in 14i t tel-und Sl.ldameri lea" Stuttgart, Germany

28. Kuleachlea, B.F. (1970) "Propertles of Imported Tropical ~Ioode"

Paper F"P.4. 125 ~'or88 t Produc te La bora tory Mad i s or:, U. S • A •

29. Wood B, R. P. (1953) "Timbers of Soutb .A.mer1ca" Timber Development ABsociation London, England

30. Chudnoff, M. (197 3) "Phy8ical, Mechanical and otber ProperUee of Selected Secondary SpeCies in Surinam, Peru, Colombia, Nigeria, Gabon, Pbilippinea and Malayaia" Agency of International Development Wa8hington, D.C., U.S.A.

FAO TECHNICAL PAPERS

FAO FORESTRY PAPERS:

1. Forest utilization contracts on public land. 1977 (E" F" SO) 2. Planning forest roads and harvesting systems. 1977 (E" F" SO) 3. World list of forestry '3chools. 1977 (E/F/S*) 3 Rev. 1. - World list of forestry schools. 1981 (E/F/S") 4. World pulp and paper demand. supply and trade - Vol. 1. 1977 (E* F* SO)

Vol. 2. 1978 (E" F* SO) 5. The marketing of tropical wood in South America. 1978 (E" SO) 6. National parks planning. 1978 (E" F" S""") 7. Forestry for local community development. 1978 (E" F* SO) 8. Establishment techniques for forest plantations. 1978 (Ar""" C" E*" F" SO) 9. Wood chips. 1978 (C" E" SO)

10. Assessment of logging costs from forest inventories in the tropics. 1978 1. Principles and methodology (E" F" SO) 2. Data collection and calculations (E" F* SO)

11. Savanna afforestation in Africa. 1978 (E" F") 12. China: forestry support for agriculture. 1978 (E") 13. Forest products prices. 1979 (ElF/S") 14. Mountain forest roads and harvesting. 1979 (E") 15. AGRIS forestry wood catalogue of information and documentation services. 1979 (E/F/S") 16. China: integrated wood processing industries. 1979 (E* F" S""") 17. Economic analysis of forestry projects. 1979 (E" F* SO) 17 Sup. 1. - Economic analysis of forestry projects: case studIes. 1979 (E" SO) 17 Sup. 2 - Economic analysis of forestry projects: readings. 1980 (E*) 18. Forest products prices 1960-1978. 1980 (E/F/S") 19. Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing plantation wood species - Vol. 1. 1980 (E") 19. Pulping and paper-making properties of fast-growing plantation wood species - Vol. 2. 1980 (E") 20. Mejora genetica de arboles forestales. 1980 (S") 21. Impact on soils of fast-growing species in lowland humid tropics. 1980 (E" F") 22/1. Forest volume estimation and yield prediction - Vol. 1. Volume estimation. 1980 (E" F" SO) 22/2. Forest volume estimation and yield prediction - Vol. 2. Yield prediction. 1980 (E" F" SO) 23. Forest products prices 1961-1980. 1981 (ElF/S") 24 Cable logging systems. 1981 (E*) 25. Public forestry administration in Latin America. 1981 (E") 26. Forestry and rural development. 1981 (E* F" SO) 27. Manual of forest inventory. 1981 (E" F*) 28. Small and medium sawmills in developing countries. 1981 (E" SO) 29. Worid forest products. demand and supply 1990 and 2000. 1982 (E" FO SO) 30. Tropical forest resources. 1982 (E/F/S") 31. Appropriate technology in forestry. 1982 (E") 32. Classification and definitions of forest products. 1982 (Ar/E/F/S") 33. Logging of mountain forests. 1982 (E") 34 Fruit-bearing forest trees. 1982 (E" F" SO) 35. Forestry in China. 1982 (E") 36. Basic technology in forest operations. 1982 (EO F* SO) 37. Conservation and development of tropical forest resources. 1982 (E" F" SO) 38. Forest products prices 1962-1981. 1982 (E/F/S") 39. Frame saw manual. 1 982 (E") 40. Circular saw manual. 1983 (E") 41. Simple technologies for charcoal making. 1983 (E" F" SO) 42. Fuelwood supplies in the developing countries. 1983 (Ar" E" F" SO) 43. Forest revenue systems in developing countries. 1983 (E") 44/1. Food and fruit-bearing forest species. 1983 (E" F") 44/2 Food and fruit-bearing forest species. 1984 (E") 45. Establishing pulp and paper millS. 1983 (EO) 46. Forest products prices 1963-1982. 1983 (E/F/S*) 47. Technical forestry education - design and implementation. 1984 (E") 48. Land evaluation for forestry. 1984 (EO) 49. Extracci6n de trozas mediante bueyes y tractores agrlcolas. 1984 (S") 50. Changes in shifting cultivation In Africa. 1984 (E" FO) 5111 Etudes sur les volumes et la productlvite des peuplements forestiers tropicaux

1: FormaTions forestieres seches. 1984 (F") 52/1. Cost estimating in sawmilling industries: guidelines. 1984 (E") 53. Intensive multiple-use forest management in Kerala (India). 1984 (E")

Availability: December 1984

Ar C E F S

Arabic Chinese English French Spanish

" Available Out of print In preparation

The FAO Technical Papers can be purchased locally through FAO sales agents or directly from DIstribution and Sales Section. FAO, Via delle Terme di Caracalla, 00100 Rome, Italy.

M-37