th & 8 science unit 1 chapter 3: the periodic table. 3-the periodic... · introduction to the...
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77thth
& 8
& 8
ththG
rade
G
rade
S
cien
ceS
cien
ceU
nit 1
Cha
pter
3:
Uni
t 1 C
hapt
er 3
:Th
e Pe
riodi
c Ta
ble
The
Perio
dic
Tabl
e
Cha
pter
Voc
abul
ary
Cha
pter
Voc
abul
ary
Sect
ion
1Se
ctio
n 1
1. P
erio
d1.
Per
iod
2. G
roup
2. G
roup
3. M
etal
3. M
etal
4. N
onm
etal
4. N
onm
etal
5. M
etal
loid
5. M
etal
loid
Sect
ion
2Se
ctio
n 2
1. A
lloy
1. A
lloy
2. S
emic
ondu
ctor
2. S
emic
ondu
ctor
Sect
ion
3Se
ctio
n 3
Cha
pter
3 S
ecti
on 1
Cha
pter
3 S
ecti
on 1
--
Intr
oduc
tion
to
Intr
oduc
tion
to
the
the
Perio
dic
Tabl
ePe
riodi
c Ta
ble
Dev
elop
men
t of
the
D
evel
opm
ent
of t
he
Per
iodi
c T
able
Per
iodi
c T
able
A.
Sinc
e th
e be
ginn
ing
of ti
me,
civ
iliza
tions
hav
e us
ed th
e su
bsta
nces
sc
ient
ists
cal
l ele
men
ts.
1. C
oins
, jew
elry
, wea
pons
B.
Som
e ci
viliz
atio
ns c
ombi
ned
elem
ents
to e
nhan
ce s
ocie
ty.
1. B
attle
of T
roy
–ar
mor
and
shi
elds
mad
e of
bro
nze
a. B
ronz
e –
com
bina
tion
of c
oppe
r & ti
n2.
Ass
yria
ns –
stee
l wea
pons
b. S
teel
–co
mbi
natio
n of
iron
and
car
bon
C.
1830
–55
ele
men
ts d
isco
vere
d an
d na
med
D.
1860
–Fi
rst I
nter
natio
nal C
hem
ical
Con
gres
s (G
erm
any)
Men
dele
evM
ende
leev
’’ ssC
ontr
ibut
ion
Con
trib
utio
nA
. D
mitr
iMen
dele
ev1.
Rus
sian
Che
mis
t2.
Des
igne
d a
tabl
e of
ele
men
tsa.
Org
aniz
ed e
lem
ents
in o
rder
of i
ncre
asin
g at
omic
m
ass
b. D
isco
vere
d a
patte
rn1.
Ele
men
ts w
ith s
imila
r pro
pert
ies
fell
into
gr
oups
on
the
tabl
e.c.
1st
ver
sion
pub
lishe
d in
186
9 –
not a
ll el
emen
ts
disc
over
ed y
et.
1. L
eft g
aps
for u
ndis
cove
red
elem
ents
.2.
Pre
dict
ed th
e pr
oper
ties
of s
ix u
nkno
wn
elem
ents
. (T
able
3-1
)3.
With
in 1
5 ye
ars
thre
e of
the
mis
sing
ele
men
ts
wer
e di
scov
ered
.
Mos
eley
Mos
eley
’’ s I
mpr
ovem
ent
s Im
prov
emen
tA
. H
enry
Mos
eley
1. E
nglis
h ph
ysic
ist
2. I
mpr
oved
Men
dele
ev’s
tabl
ea.
Som
e el
emen
ts s
eem
ed o
ut o
f pla
ce.
b. O
rgan
ized
by
atom
ic n
umbe
r rat
her t
han
atom
ic m
ass
(ato
mic
# -
# of
pro
tons
in th
e nu
cleu
s)1.
The
ory
–ea
ch e
lem
ent i
n th
e ta
ble
has
1 m
ore
prot
on th
an th
e el
emen
t bef
ore.
Ato
mic
nu
mbe
rs o
f mis
sing
ele
men
ts c
ould
be
pred
icte
d by
com
parin
g #
of p
roto
ns in
eac
h el
emen
t.c.
Sho
wed
how
man
y el
emen
ts s
till u
ndis
cove
red.
The
Mod
ern
Per
iodi
c T
able
The
Mod
ern
Per
iodi
c T
able
A.
Perio
d –
a ro
w o
f ele
men
ts in
the
perio
dic
tabl
e w
hose
pro
pert
ies
chan
ge g
radu
ally
and
pre
dict
ably
.1.
Ele
men
ts n
ow o
rgan
ized
by
incr
easi
ng a
tom
ic n
umbe
rs in
to
row
s or
per
iods
.2.
The
re a
re 7
per
iods
in th
e Pe
riodi
c Ta
ble
B.
Gro
up (F
amily
) –a
colu
mn
of e
lem
ents
in th
e pe
riodi
c ta
ble
that
hav
e si
mila
r che
mic
al o
r phy
sica
l pro
pert
ies.
1. T
here
are
18
colu
mns
of e
lem
ents
.
Sec
tion
s of
the
Per
iodi
c S
ecti
ons
of t
he P
erio
dic
Tab
leT
able
A.
Div
ided
into
2 s
ectio
ns:
1. 1
st S
ectio
n –
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
Elem
ents
a. m
etal
s, m
etal
loid
s, n
onm
etal
s2.
2nd
Sec
tion
-Tra
nsiti
on e
lem
ents
a.
Met
als
B.
Col
or C
oded
:1.
Sho
ws
whi
ch e
lem
ents
are
met
als,
non
met
als,
and
met
allo
ids.
Met
als,
Non
met
als,
&
Met
als,
Non
met
als,
&
Met
allo
ids
Met
allo
ids
A.
Met
als
–an
ele
men
t tha
t has
lust
er, i
s m
alle
able
, is
duct
ile, a
nd is
a
good
con
duct
or o
f hea
t and
ele
ctric
ity.
1. A
ll so
lids
(exc
ept M
ercu
ry)
2. A
ll hi
gh m
eltin
g po
ints
B.
Non
met
als
–el
emen
ts th
at a
re u
sual
ly g
ases
or b
rittle
sol
ids
at ro
om
tem
pera
ture
.1.
Poo
r con
duct
ors
2. I
nclu
de m
any
elem
ents
ess
entia
l for
life
–ca
rbon
, sul
fur,
nitr
ogen
, oxy
gen,
pho
spho
rus,
and
iodi
ne.
C.
Met
allo
ids
–an
ele
men
t tha
t sha
res
som
e pr
oper
ties
with
met
als
and
othe
rs w
ith n
on m
etal
s.1.
For
m a
brid
ge b
etw
een
met
als
and
nonm
etal
s.2.
Ex.
Bor
on –
has
lust
er, b
ut a
poo
r con
duct
or
The
Ele
men
t K
eys
The
Ele
men
t K
eys
A.
Elem
ent K
ey –
box
that
repr
esen
ts a
n el
emen
t on
the
perio
dic
tabl
e.1.
Inc
lude
s:a.
Nam
e of
Ele
men
tb.
Ato
mic
#c.
Sym
bol
d. A
vera
ge a
tom
ic m
ass
e. S
tate
of m
atte
r2.
Ele
men
ts o
ccur
ring
on e
arth
m
arke
d w
ith lo
go in
dica
ting
solid
, liq
uid
or g
as a
t roo
m
tem
pera
ture
.3.
Ele
men
ts n
ot o
ccur
ring
in
natu
re m
arke
d w
ith b
ulls
-eye
.
Kry
pton
36 Kr
83.8
0
Sol
id @
room
tem
p.
Liqu
id @
room
tem
p.
Gas
@ ro
om te
mp.
Sym
bols
for
the
Ele
men
tsS
ymbo
ls f
or t
he E
lem
ents
A.
Elem
ent S
ymbo
ls:
1. 1
-2 le
tters
2. U
sual
ly b
ased
on
elem
ents
nam
ea.
O -
Oxy
gen
3. S
ome
com
e fr
om G
reek
or L
atin
nam
es fr
om e
lem
ents
b. H
g –
Hyd
rarg
yrum
(liqu
id s
ilver
-Gre
ek) (
Mer
cury
)4.
Som
e na
med
afte
r the
sci
entis
ts w
ho d
isco
vere
d th
emc.
Md
-Men
dele
vium
5. S
ome
nam
ed fo
r geo
grap
hic
loca
tions
d. F
r –Fr
anci
um
* Se
e Ta
ble
3-2
on p
. 71
Cha
pter
3 S
ecti
on 2
C
hapt
er 3
Sec
tion
2 --
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
Elem
ents
Rep
rese
ntat
ive
Elem
ents
Gro
ups
1 &
2G
roup
s 1
& 2
A.
Act
ive
Met
als
1. A
lway
s co
mbi
ned
in n
atur
e w
ith o
ther
ele
men
ts.
2. A
ll m
etal
s ex
cept
hyd
roge
n
The
Alk
ali M
etal
sT
he A
lkal
i Met
als
A. T
he A
lkal
i Met
als
1. G
roup
1 E
lem
ents
: (A
lkal
i Met
als)
a. L
ithiu
mb.
Sod
ium
c. P
otas
sium
d. R
hubi
dium
e. C
esiu
mf.
Fra
nciu
m2.
Cha
ract
eris
tics:
a. S
ilver
y so
lids
b. L
ow d
ensi
ties
c. L
ow m
eltin
g po
ints
The
Alk
alin
e E
arth
Met
als
The
Alk
alin
e E
arth
Met
als
A.
The
Alk
alin
e Ea
rth
Met
als
1. G
roup
2 E
lem
ents
: (A
lkal
ine
Eart
h M
etal
s)a.
Ber
ylliu
mb.
Mag
nesi
umc.
Cal
cium
d. S
tron
tium
e. B
ariu
mf.
Rad
ium
2. C
hara
cter
istic
s: (c
ompa
red
to g
roup
1)
a. D
ense
rb.
Har
der
c. H
ighe
r mel
ting
poin
td.
Les
s ac
tive
3. A
lloy
–a
mix
ture
of t
wo
or m
ore
elem
ents
, one
of w
hich
is a
m
etal
. a. e
x. M
g +
Al =
allo
y us
ed to
mak
e bi
ke fr
ames
Bor
onB
oron
’’ s F
amily
s Fa
mily
A.
Gro
up 1
3 El
emen
ts: (
Bor
on G
roup
)1.
Bor
on – a. B
rittle
b. B
lack
met
allo
id2.
Alu
min
um3.
Gal
ium
4. I
ndiu
m5.
Tha
llium
Bor
on
The
Car
bon
Gro
upT
he C
arbo
n G
roup
A.
Gro
up 1
4 El
emen
ts: (
Car
bon
Gro
up)
1. C
arbo
n a. D
iam
ond
b. g
raph
ite2.
Sili
con a.
San
d (g
lass
)b.
Sem
icon
duct
ors
c. E
lect
roni
cs3.
Ger
man
ium
a. S
emic
ondu
ctor
sb.
Ele
ctro
nics
4. T
in5.
Lea
d
B.
Sem
icon
duct
or –
an e
lem
ent t
hat d
oesn
’t co
nduc
t ele
ctric
ity a
s w
ell
as a
met
al, b
ut c
ondu
cts
bette
r tha
n a
nonm
etal
.
Nit
roge
nN
itro
gen
’’ s G
roup
s G
roup
A.
Gro
up 1
5 El
emen
ts: (
Nitr
ogen
Gro
up)
1. N
itrog
en –
requ
ired
for l
ifea.
Sto
res
gene
tic in
form
atio
n an
d en
ergy
b. 8
0% o
f air
you
brea
the
2. P
hosp
horu
s –
requ
ired
for l
ifea.
Sto
res
gene
tic in
form
atio
n an
d en
ergy
b. C
omes
in tw
o fo
rms
–w
hite
or r
edc.
If e
xpos
ed to
air
it w
ill b
urst
into
flam
esd.
Ess
entia
l ing
redi
ent t
o he
alth
y te
eth
& b
ones
e. U
sed
in m
ost f
ertil
izer
s3.
Ars
enic
–us
ed to
cre
ate
light
ed d
ispl
ays
(DVD
Pla
yers
, Ala
rm
Clo
cks)
4. A
ntim
ony
5. B
ism
uth
–us
ed in
aut
omat
ic s
prin
kler
hea
ds
Pho
spho
rus
Oxy
gen
Oxy
gen
’’ s F
amily
s Fa
mily
A.
Gro
up 1
6 El
emen
ts: (
Oxy
gen
Gro
up)
1. O
xyge
n a. N
eces
sary
for l
ifeb.
20%
of e
arth
’s a
tmos
pher
ec.
Ozo
ne –
less
com
mon
form
of o
xyge
n2.
Sul
fur a.
Nec
essa
ry fo
r life
b. S
olid
, yel
low
non
met
alc.
Use
d in
sul
furic
aci
d1.
pai
nts,
fert
ilize
rs, d
eter
gent
s, s
ynth
etic
fibe
rs,
& ru
bber
3.
Sel
eniu
ma.
Con
duct
s el
ectr
icity
whe
n ex
pose
d to
ligh
tb.
Use
d in
pho
toco
py m
achi
nes
4. T
ellu
rium
5. P
olon
ium
Sul
fur
The
Hal
ogen
sT
he H
alog
ens
A.
Gro
up 1
7 El
emen
ts: (
Hal
ogen
s –
salt
form
er)
1. F
luor
ine
2. C
hlor
ine
3. B
rom
ine
4. I
odin
e5.
Ast
atin
ea.
Rad
ioac
tive
met
allo
id
Iodi
ne
The
Nob
le G
ases
The
Nob
le G
ases
A.
Gro
up 1
8 El
emen
ts: (
Nob
le G
ases
–ra
rely
com
bine
with
oth
er
elem
ents
)
B.
All
colo
rless
gas
es
C.
Each
pro
duce
s its
ow
n co
lor
1. H
eliu
m -
pink
2. N
eon
–re
d-or
ange
3. A
rgon
–pu
rple
a. M
ost a
bund
ant n
oble
gas
on
eart
h4.
Kry
pton
–us
ed in
ligh
t bul
bs5.
Xen
on6.
Rad
on a. R
adio
activ
e ga
sb.
Pro
duce
d as
ura
nium
c. H
arm
ful i
f inh
aled
–ca
n ca
use
lung
can
cer
Cha
pter
3 S
ecti
on 3
C
hapt
er 3
Sec
tion
3 --
Tran
sitio
n El
emen
tsTr
ansi
tion
Elem
ents
The
Met
als
in t
he M
iddl
eT
he M
etal
s in
the
Mid
dle
A.
Tran
sitio
n El
emen
ts –
all e
lem
ents
in g
roup
s 3-
121.
All
are
met
als
2. P
rope
rtie
s ch
ange
less
from
one
per
iod
to a
noth
er c
ompa
red
to re
pres
enta
tive
elem
ents
.
The
Iro
n T
riad
The
Iro
n T
riad
A.
Iron
Tria
d:1.
Iro
n –
used
in s
teel
a. M
ost i
mpo
rtan
t tra
nsiti
on e
lem
ent
2. C
obal
t 3.
Nic
kel –
used
to m
ake
batte
ries
with
cad
miu
m
B.
Prop
ertie
s:1.
Mag
netic
C.
Wha
t are
the
uses
of I
ron?
The
Coi
nage
Met
als
The
Coi
nage
Met
als
A.
Coi
nage
Met
als:
1. C
oppe
r2.
Silv
er3.
Gol
d
B.
Prop
ertie
s:1.
Con
side
red
valu
able
2. D
on’t
ofte
n co
mbi
ne in
nat
ure
C.
Wha
t are
the
uses
of c
oina
ge m
etal
s?
Oth
er T
rans
itio
n M
etal
sO
ther
Tra
nsit
ion
Met
als
A.
Oth
er T
rans
ition
Ele
men
ts:
1. T
ungs
ten
–fil
amen
ts o
f lig
ht b
ulbs
(hig
hest
m
eltin
g po
int)
2. M
ercu
ry –
ther
mom
eter
s an
d ba
rom
eter
s (lo
wes
t m
eltin
g po
int)
3. C
hrom
ium
–m
ake
brig
htly
col
ored
pai
nts
B.
Plat
inum
Gro
up:
1. R
uthe
nium
, rho
dium
, pal
ladi
um, o
smiu
m,
iridi
um, p
latin
um2.
Use
d fo
r ele
ctro
des
and
cata
lyst
s
C.
Cat
alys
t –a
subs
tanc
e th
at c
an c
ause
cha
nges
to
occu
r fas
ter b
ut is
no
t cha
nged
itse
lf.
Inne
r T
rans
itio
n E
lem
ents
Inne
r T
rans
itio
n E
lem
ents
A.
Two
type
s of
Inne
r Tra
nsiti
on E
lem
ents
: (tw
o se
ries)
1. L
anth
anid
es (R
are
Eart
h M
etal
s) –
at o
ne ti
me
thou
ght t
o be
sc
arce
.2.
Act
inid
es
The
Lan
than
ides
The
Lan
than
ides
A.
Usu
ally
foun
d co
mbi
ned
with
oxy
gen
in th
e ea
rth’
s cr
ust.
B.
Soft
met
als
C.
Thre
e ar
e na
med
afte
r a to
wn
in S
wed
en w
here
they
are
foun
d
D. E
xam
ple
-Flin
ts
The
Act
inid
esT
he A
ctin
ides
A. A
ll ac
tinid
es a
re ra
dioa
ctiv
e
B. T
horiu
m, p
rota
ctin
ium
, and
ura
nium
are
the
only
act
inid
es fo
und
natu
rally
on
eart
h.
C. T
he re
st a
re s
ynth
etic
ele
men
ts.
D. U
sed
as fu
el fo
r nuc
lear
pow
er a
nd m
edic
al
purp
oses