textile fiber identification
TRANSCRIPT
05/02/20231
WELCOME TO OUR PRESENTATION ON TEXTILE FIBER IDENTIFICATION
Presented by
Fuad Ahmed
Department: Textile Engineering
DUET
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Identification of fiber is a process to determine the composition of a textile materials.
It is very important in textile sector for dyeing, printing, finishing and caring the textile materials.
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Fiber identification method
Non-technical method Technical method
Feeling test Burn test Microscope test
Chemical test
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FEELING TEST
It is based on the handling properties and do not give accurate result because handling properties can be changed due to applying finishing chemical.
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As example cotton gives cooling feel in touch where wool fiber gives warm feel.
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BURN TEST
Different fiber shows different burning behavior. But it is difficult to identify fiber when it is blended yarn or fabric.
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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME NATURAL FIBER
Fiber Name Approaching flame
In Flame Removed From Flame
Odor Residue/Ash
Cotton Scorches, Ignites readily.
Burns quickly with yellow flame.
Continues to burn rapidly.
Burning paper.
Light, soft, grey in color. Black ash for mercerized cotton.
Linen Scorches, Ignites readily
Burns with yellow flame and slower burning rate than cotton.
Continues to burn slowly.
Burning paper.
Feathery grey ash.
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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME NATURAL FIBER
Fiber Name Approaching flame
In Flame Removed From Flame
Odor Residue/Ash
Wool Melts and curls away from flame.
Burns slowly. Self extinguishing.
Burning hair. Easily crushable dark ash.
Silk Melts and curls away from flame.
Burns and melts slowly, sputters.
Self extinguishing.
Burning hair. Easily crushable, round, shiny black ash.
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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME SYNTHETIC FIBER
Fiber Name
Approaching flame
In Flame Removed From Flame
Odor Residue/Ash
Polyester Fuses and shrinks away from flame.
Burns slowly with melting.
Burns with difficulty.
Slightly sweetish.
Hard, round, brittle black
bead.Nylon Fuses and
shrinks away from flame.
Burns slowly with melting.
Self-extinguishing.
Amine Hard, round, tough, grey bead.
Glass No effect Not burn. Become harder.
No Hardens to glass.
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BURNING BEHAVIOR OF SOME SYNTHETIC FIBER
Fiber Name Approaching flame
In Flame Removed From Flame
Odor Residue/Ash
Acrylic Fuses and shrinks away from flame.
Burns rapidly without flame, sputtering, melts.
Continues to burn and melt.
Slightly like burning meat.
Brittle, hard, irregular black bead.
Acetate Fuses away from flame and turn back.
Burns quickly. Continues to burn and melt.
Vinegar or acetic acid.
Hard, irregular black ash.
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MICROSCOPE TEST
Microscope test is mostly effective for natural fiber but not for synthetic fiber cause the cross-section of synthetic fiber is not fixed and depend on the shape of spinneret.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF COTTON
Cross-sectional Longitudinal view view
Longitudinal view
Cross-sectional view
Collapsed, spirally twisted tube with rough surface.
Normally kidney-bean shape. Mercerized cotton round shape.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF WOOLLongitudinal view Cross-sectional
view
Irregular, roughly cylindrical multi-cellular structure. Outer layer consists of scales pointing towards the tip of the fibers.
Oval to circular shape with variation in diameter.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF SILK
Longitudinal view
Cross-sectional view
Irregular elliptical ribbons and rod like structure.
Triangular with rounded corners.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF JUTE
Longitudinal view
Cross-sectional view
Crosswise marks known as nodes or joints.
A small central canal similar to the lumen in cotton and polygonal with rounded edges.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF LINEN
Cross-sectional view Longitudinal view
Longitudinal view
Cross-sectional view
Looks like bamboo stick having joints in interval.
Multiple sided cylindrical filaments with fine pointed edges.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF RAYONLongitudinal
viewCross-sectional
viewUniform diameter with striations running parallel to the fiber axis.
Differ in cross-sectional view according to manufacturing process.
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MICROSCOPIC APPEARANCE OF ACETATE
Longitudinal view
Cross-sectional view
Striation and no cross markings in length direction.
Like clover leaf.
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CHEMICAL TEST
Chemical test gives the most accurate result than other identification method.Chemical test is divided into two class:-
1. Stain method
2. Solvent method
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STAIN METHOD
Stain method is applicable for those fiber which shows special behavior in acid and alkali.
As example, Acetate fiber changes to light green and orange color when acetic acid and sodium carbonate is used respectively.
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SOLVENT METHOD
Different solvents are used in this method and fiber can be distinguished for their different behavior in different solvent.
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SOLVENT METHODFiber type Solvent Identification of fiber
Vegetable + Animal
Acid Vegetable fiber destroyedAlkali Animal fiber destroyed
Cotton + Linen
Sulfuric acid and weak ammonia.
Cotton dissolved and linen unaffected.
Iodine and zinc chloride. Cotton stained reddish purple and linen stained blue to purple.
Caustic Soda (NaOH) Cotton remains white and linen turns to yellowish.
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SOLVENT METHOD (CONTINUE)
Fiber type Solvent Identification of fiberSilk +Wool
Concentrated cold hydrochloric (HCl) acid.
Silk will dissolved in the solventWool fiber become swell.
Viscose Rayon +Acetate
Sulfuric acid and equal amount iodine.
Dark-blue color indicates viscose rayon.Yellow color indicates acetate.
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SOLVENT METHOD (CONTINUE)Fiber type Solvent Identification of fiber
Di-acetate +Tri-acetate / Modacrylic
80 % Acetone Di-acetate will dissolve.Tri-acetate / Modacrylic will not dissolve.
Nylon +Acetate
Acetone Acetate will dissolve.
Nylon will not dissolve.
Nylon +Wool
Boiling solution of NaOH
Wool will dissolve.Nylon will not dissolve.
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SOLVENT METHOD (CONTINUE)Fiber type Solvent Identification of fiberPolyester +Other fiber
Hot metacresol / Acetone / Formic acid
Polyester, acetate, nylon soluble in hot metacresol.Acetate soluble in acetone but not polyester.Nylon soluble in formic acid but not polyester.
Acrylic +Other fiber
70 % solution of Ammonium thiocyanate.
Acrylic will dissolve but cotton, wool, silk, rayon, acetate, nylon, polyester will not dissolve.
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THANKS TO ALL