tetanus
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LUKA GIGITAN, TETANUS, GAS GANGRENE
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LUKA GIGITAN
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Luka Gigitan Penyebab : 1. Binatang liar. 2. Binatang piaraan. 3. Manusia Akibat Gigitan : 1. Kerusakan jaringan 2. Masuknya Toksin 3. Masuknya kuman patogen infeksi 4. Menularnya penyakit ( mis : rabies ) 5. Reaksi alergi
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Penanggulangan
Identifikasi penggigit. Membersihkan luka Mengeluarkan racun eksisi,
keluarkan darah dari sekitar luka. Batasi penyebaran racun Berikan serum anti racun / vaksin Jahit situasi
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TETANUS
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COUNCIL OF STATE AND TERITORIAL EPIDEMIOLOGIST :
ONSET AKUT HIPERTONIA ATAU KONTRAKSI OTOT YANG BERSIFAT NYERI( OTOT LEHER DAN RAHANG)DANSPASME OTOT SECARA MENYELURUHTANPA SEBAB LAIN YANG MENYERTAI
PENGERTIAN
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TANDA KLINIS PENTING
• generalized weakness or stiffness• trismus• generalized spasms• opisthotonus and abdominal rigidity• respiratory failure• tachycardia, hypertension• fever, diaphoresis
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• Preventable dengan vaksinasi yang adekuat• Belum pernah hilang• Lebih sering pada sosial ekonomi rendah• Lebih sering pada musim panas• Tidak ditularkan orang ke orang
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Clostridium tetani
Bakteri bentuk batang, gram positif, tak berkapsulAnaerobikSpore-forming
Biasa ditemukan di tanah, debu, terutama yang terkontaminasi kotoran
Spora bisa bertahan tahunan
Berubah bentuk menjadi vegetative dalam lingkungan anaerobik yang cocok
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vegetatif tetanospamin
transinaptichematogenlimfoge
n
Bind to presinaptic inhibitory neuron
Prevent Release of acetylcholine
Loss of inhibitory neuron
Rigidity, spasm
spore
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Manifestasi lain
KejangGangguan autonomic nervus sistem1. sweating2. tekanan darah tak stabil3. takikardi4. aritmia5. peningkatan produksi
catecolamin
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Gambaran klinis
Generalized tetanusLocal tetanusCephalic tetanus
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Dari mana Clostridium tetani masuk ?
Luka kontaminasi feses, tanah, saliva, Luka tusuk, luka crush, burn, dekubitus, Luka operasiChronic otitis mediaCaries
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Tetanus - 1995-1997Injuries and Conditions
Puncture37%
Laceration17%
IDU18%
Abrasion9%
Diabetes3%
Unknown6%
Surgery3%
Chr wound7%
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Perjalanan penyakit
Masa inkubasi 1 – 54 hari (umumnya < 14 hari)
Kelemahan dan kekakuan umumTrismus
Risus sardonikus sulit menelanOpisthotonus rasa tercekikAbdominal rigidity
Severe generalized reflex spasmDisfungsi otonom
Rangsangan ringanGaduhGerakan tempat tidur
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Komplikasi tetanus
PneumoniaVenous thrombosisEmboli paruFraktur Gagal nafas
Prognosa yang jelek berkaitan dengan :Kekacauan sistem otonomInkubasi pendekLuka sangat kotor
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PENCEGAHAN
PERAWATAN LUKA YANG ADEKUAT DEBRIDEMENT, NEKROTOMI
IMUNISASI :
- AKTIF : TOXOID TETANUS ------- ANTIBODY
- PASIF : ANTITOXIN HETEROLOG (ATS) ANTITOXIN HOMOLOG (TETAGLOBULIN) (tidak bisa membentuk kekebalan)
( DIBERIKAN BERDASARKAN RIWAYAT IMUNITAS DAN JENIS LUKA )
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IMUNISASI SEBELUMNYA LUKA BERSIH LUKA KOTORTOXOID ATS TOXOID ATS
tidak ada/tidak pasti ya* tidak ya* ya1x DT atau DTP ya* tidak ya* ya2x DT atau DTP ya* tidak ya* ya3x DT/DTP atau lebih tidak + tidak tidak++ tidak
* : SERI IMUNISASINYA HARUS DILENGKAPI+ : KECUALI BOOSTER TERAKHIR 10 TH YG LALU ATAU LEBIH++ : KECUALI BOOSTER TERAKHIR 5 TAHUN ATAU LEBIH
(CARA PEMBERIAN IM ATS 1500 IU / IMUNOGLOBULIN 250 IUDT : VAKSINASI DIFTERI-TETANUSDTP : VAKSINASI DIFTERI, TETANUS, PERTUSIS
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PENGOBATAN
• ERADIKASI SUMBER INFEKSI/TOXIN 2 langkah
• NETRALISASI TOXIN YANG BEREDAR
• ATASI KEJANG
• ANALGETIK ADEKUAT
• ASUPAN NUTRISI ADEKUAT
• KESEIMBANGAN CAIRAN ELEKTROLIT
• ATASI PENYULIT
• IMUNISASI AKTIF
• REHABILITASI
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PROGNOSA
Mortalitas 25-50 %Prognosa jelek : - umur ekstrem
- inkubasi pendek- ko-morbiditas
Prognostik score : Phillips, Dakkar, Ablett, Cole-Spooner
PENCEGAHAN LEBIH BAIKALWAYS DO THE BEST
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GAS GANGRENE
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ETIOLOGI : Clostridium welchii (C. perfringens)- FLORA NORMAL USUS- ANAEROB- GRAM (+)
- SPORA (TINJA)tanah kering, tahan desinfektantidak mati dalam air mendidih 100o C
LUKA OPERASIKEADAAN ANAEROB(abortus provokatus, jaringan nekrosis)
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CLOSTRIDIUM
EKSOTOXIN
SUBCUTAN (SELULITIS)
JARINGAN OTOT H2
KARBOHIDRAT HANCUR CO2 ASAM LAKTAT
TEKANAN JARINGAN MENINGKAT
ISKEMIA
NEKROSIS OTOT (MIONEKROSIS)
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MASA TUNAS : 1 - 3 HARILOKAL : - TANDA INFLAMASI AKUT, KREPITASI
- CAIRAN MERAH MUDA - KECOKLATAN
UMUM : - PUCAT, LEMAS, APATI- KERINGAT DINGIN- DEMAM (>38,5 OC)- SESAK NAFAS, SYOK SEPTIK
X-FOTO : - UDARA BEBAS DALAM OTOT
LAB : LEUKOSITOSIS CAIRAN LUKA : GRAM (+)
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DIAGNOSA : - KLINIS
- X-FOTO
- LABORATORIK, MIKROBIOLOGIS
DIAGNOSA BANDING : GANGREN• NOMA : GANGREN PROGRESIF DAERAH MULUT
CAUSA : FUSOBACTERIUM Sp
ANAK MALNUTRISI• FASIITIS NEKROTIKANS• MIOSITIS
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PENCEGAHAN :
® PERAWATAN LUKA ADEKUAT® PEMBUANGAN JARINGAN NEKROSIS® PENCEGAHAN ISKEMIA JARINGAN® PEMBUANGAN BENDA ASING® ANTITOKSIN
PENGOBATAN :
® DEBRIDEMEN ADEKUAT® OKSIGENASI JARINGAN---- OKSIGEN HIPERBARIK® PENISILIN DOSIS TINGGI® ANTITOKSIN