Testing Data Structures

Tao XieVisiting Professor, Peking University

Associate Professor, North Carolina State Universityhttp://people.engr.ncsu.edu/txie/

taoxie@gmail.com

Objectives

Master practical testing techniques use similar techniques to test students' own code at

hand handle programming interview questions related to

testing

Master systematic testing techniques apply both black-box and white-box testing techniques effectively use the JUnit framework and code-coverage

tool

Testing Setup

=?public class BST {void insert(int v) { … } void remove(int v) { … } ... }

t.size(): 1t.contain(2):false

t.size(): 1t.contain(2):false

Outputs Expected Outputs

ProgramTest inputs

Test 1Test 1void test1() { BST t = new BST (); t.insert(2); t.size(); t.remove(2); t.contain(2);}

How is it different to test LinkedList than Anagram?

Testing LinkedList Test a LinkedList’s get(int X), which returns the

element at the specified position in this list.

Testing Anagram Test a method which checks whether two words are

anagrams of each other Test a method which checks to see if a word has any

anagrams in a dictionary of words

How is it different to test LinkedList than Anagram?

Testing LinkedList Test a LinkedList’s get(int X), which returns the

element at the specified position in this list.

A data structure has object states

Method Execution

receiver-object state@entry method arguments

method return

Input = +

Output = +receiver-object state@exit

How is it different to test LinkedList than Anagram?

Testing LinkedList Test a LinkedList’s get(int X), which returns the

element at the specified position in this list.

A data structure has object states Implicit input for a method besides arguments

How to prepare object states? e.g. a LinkedList with size 5 What object states to prepare?

Implicit output for a method besides return How to check object states?

Classic Unit Test Construction

public void testLinkedListXXX { Construct the object state under test (OUT) Optionally save the state of the OUT Call the method under test (MUT) if an exception was generated Test for unhandled exceptions else Assertions on the return, OUT, and arguments}

LinkedList add Example

How to know we get an expected new LinkedList object after calling add(5) on a LinkedList object (containing 1 and 5)?

public testLinkedListAdd3 () {

LinkedList s = new LinkedList();

s.add(1);

s.add(5);//s is now prepared as OUT

s.add(5);//MUT

assertTrue(?????);

...

assertTrue(?????);

}

Backup/regenerate OUT

LinedList b = s.clone();

LinedList b= new LinkedList();

b.add(1);

b.add(5);

OR

Asserting Object States How to know we get an expected new LinkedList object

after calling add(5) on a LinkedList object (containing 1 and 5)? Invoke other non-void-return methods (observers) on the new

object, e.g., assertTrue(s.contains(5)), assertTrue(s.getLast()==5), assertTrue(s.size()==3).

Invoke toString() on the new object, e.g., assertTrue(s.toString().equals(“1,5,5”))

Invoke equals() on the new object, e.g., assertTrue(!s.equals(…)). When we call s.add(5) and s.removeLast(5) on an object state S, we want to check the new object is equal to S. Need backup/clone S or regenerate S

Testing Techniques Black-box testing

Equivalence Partitioning Testing Boundary Value Testing

White-box testing Statement coverage

=?public class BST {void insert(int v) { … } void remove(int v) { … } ... }

t.size(): 1t.contain(2):false

t.size(): 1t.contain(2):false

Outputsprogram

void test99() { BST t = new BST (); t.insert(2); t.size();}

test inputs Expected Outputs

Consider a method findMax that is supposed to find the max element in a LinkedList: We test the method on the following inputs and observe the outputs as shown:

Can we claim that the method is correct ?

Example

From Diane Horton’s handout

Example It seems these 10 test cases are good enough; but in

fact, they are not well chosen We can easily construct a method that passes these

then cases but fails in: A very short list (i.e., of length 1, 2, or 3) An empty list (i.e., of length 0)

In fact, easy to forget to specify the method’s behavior for this type of “boundary” case

A list where the max elem is the first or last element. A list where the max elem is negative

In fact, all 10 tests cover essentially the same situation A list of moderate length, all positive integers, the max elem

is somewhere in the middle

From Diane Horton’s handout

Equivalence Partitioning Input domain is usually too large for exhaustive

testing. Partition input domain into a finite number of sub-

domains for the selection of test inputs. Each sub-domain is known as an equivalence class

and serves as a source of at least one test input.

Input domain1

2

3

4

Input domain partitioned into four sub-domains.

Too manytest inputs. Four test inputs, one

selected from each sub-domain.

How to partition? Inputs to a program provide clues to partitioning. Example: given a LinkedList with size 10, get(int X) returns the element at the specified position in this list.

Prohibitively large input domain: X can assume a large number of values.

Which index X shall we test?

How to partition? Example: given a LinkedList with size 10, get(int X) returns the element at the specified position in this list.

We expect LinkedList to behave the same way for all X<0 behave the same way for all X>9 behave the similar way for all 0<=X<=9

Partition the input domain of P into three sub-domains.

How to partition?

All test inputs in the X<0 sub-domain are considered equivalent. The assumption is that if one test input in this sub-domain reveals an error in the program, so will the others.

This is true of the test inputs in the X>9 sub-domain or the 0<=X<=9 sub-domain too.

Then we selected just enough tests to cover each partition.

One test case:X=-3

Another test case:X=15X<0

X>9

0<=X<=9Another test case:X=5

Equivalence class

Equivalence class

Equivalence class

Guideline for Partitioning Input condition specifies a range: create one for the valid

case and two for the invalid cases. e.g., for a<=X<=b the classes are

a<=X<=b (valid case) X<a and X>b (the invalid cases)

Input condition specifies a value: create one for the valid value and two for incorrect values (below and above the valid value). This may not be possible for certain data types, e.g., for boolean.

Input condition specifies a member of a set: create one for the valid value and one for the invalid (not in the set) value. e.g., contains(Object o)

Boundary Value Testing Faults tend to be concentrated at edges of input

domain – look for boundary values as test inputsOne test case:X=-3

Another test case:X=15X<0

X>9

Equivalence class

Equivalence class

0<=X<=9Another test case:X=5

X=0 and X=9 are boundaries. Inputs to the program might lie on the boundary or on either side of the boundary.

•Lie on boundary: 0, 9

•Lie on valid side of the boundary: 1, 8

•Lie on Invalid boundary cases: -1, 10

Equivalence class

Testing Arbitrary LinkedList Example: given a LinkedList with size 10, get(int X) returns the element at the specified position in this list.

Input condition

?0<=X<=9

Input: X

Testing Arbitrary LinkedList Example: given a LinkedList with size 10, get(int X) returns the element at the specified position in this list.

s.size()>=0 0<=X<= s.size()-1

Input: X

Input condition

0<=X<=9

Inputs: X, S

Input conditions

What tests to generate?

Another example Example: given a LinkedList,

contains(Object e) returns true if this list contains the specified element.

Input conditions

? Inputs: e, S

Another example Example: given a LinkedList,

contains(Object e) returns true if this list contains the specified element.

Input condition

LinkedList s of size n

• s.size()>=0

• e not in s e in s (e’s position)

Adapted from Norman Fenton’s slide

Input conditions

Inputs: e, S

How many tests shall be generated? Example: given a LinkedList,

contains(Object e) returns true if this list contains the specified element.

Input condition

LinkedList s of size n

• s.size()>=0

• e not in s e in s (e’s position)

Adapted from Norman Fenton’s slide

Input conditions

Inputs: e, S

How many tests shall be generated? Example: given a LinkedList,

remove(Object e) returns true if this list contains the specified element.

Input condition

LinkedList s of size n

• s.size()>=0

• e not in s e in s (e’s position)

Adapted from Norman Fenton’s slide

Input conditions

Inputs: e, S

findMax example revisited Consider a method findMax that is supposed to find

the max element in a LinkedList We can easily construct a method that passes these

then cases but fails in:1. A very short list (i.e., of length 1, 2, or 3)2. An empty list (i.e., of length 0)

In fact, easy to forget to specify the method’s behavior for this type of “boundary” case

3. A list where the max elem is the first or last element.4. A list where the max elem is negative

How can we generate these tests using the techniques we just learned?

• what test conditions? what tests?

findMax example revisited Consider a method findMax that is supposed to find

the max element in a LinkedList We can easily construct a method that passes these

then cases but fails in:1. A very short list (i.e., of length 1, 2, or 3)2. An empty list (i.e., of length 0)

In fact, easy to forget to specify the method’s behavior for this type of “boundary” case

3. A list where the max elem is the first or last element.4. A list where the max elem is negative

Input: s

Input conditions: s.size()>=0, 0<=max’s position<s.size() MIN < max’s value < MAX

White-Box Testing Determining test cases from a knowledge of the

internal logic of the software Four main types of white-box testing

Statement Testing Loop Testing Path Testing Branch Testing

White-Box Testing Statement Testing: Test single statements Loop Testing:

Cause execution of the loop to be skipped completely. (Exception: Repeat loops)

Loop to be executed exactly once Loop to be executed more than once

Path testing: Make sure all paths in the program are executed

Branch Testing (Conditional Testing): Make sure that each possible outcome from a condition is tested at least once

if (i == true) System.out.println("YES");

else System.out.println("NO");

Test cases: 1) i = true; 2) i = false

White-Box Testing Statement Testing: Test single statements Loop Testing:

Cause execution of the loop to be skipped completely. (Exception: Repeat loops)

Loop to be executed exactly once Loop to be executed more than once

Path testing: Make sure all paths in the program are executed

Branch Testing (Conditional Testing): Make sure that each possible outcome from a condition is tested at least once

if (i == true) System.out.println("YES");

System.out.println("OK");

Test cases: 1) i = true; 2) i = false

Coverage Measurement Tool Measure statement coverage

Know which statements haven’t been exercised Then you can try to generate tests to exercise them

A challenging problem though for complex programs

Both black-box and white-box testing are needed

From Norman Fenton’s slide