tested technologies for wastewater treatment
TRANSCRIPT
Tested Technologies for
WastewaterTreatment
Wastewater eHANDBOOK
Precise detection of all process properties
Measurement solutions for the water and wastewater industry• Pressure, temperature, flow, level measurement and process analysis for
water & wastewater applications• Complete instrumentation portfolio from wells, water plants and drinking water
networks to sewage networks and clarification plants• Complementary services, e.g. on-site verification of calibration and documentation• OIML R49, MID MI-001, MCERTS, KTW / UBA, DVGW W270, ACS, NSF, WRc, Ex
krohne.com/waterandwastewater
products solutions services
TABLE OF CONTENTSReally Get Bugged 5
Biological treatment can handle many industrial wastewater streams
Report Dives into Water Security 9
Several key points emerge from the record number of responses
Combine Environmental Stewardship and Bottom-Line Manufacturing 12
Wireless sensors and the network can reduce expenses
Improve Wastewater Temperature Stability 17
Direct steam injection can boost anaerobic digester system performance
Additional Resources 20
AD INDEXKrohne • krohne.com/waterandwastewater 2
Pick Heaters • www.pickheaters.com 8
VEGA • www.vega.com/vegapuls 11
Yokogawa • www.yokogawa.com/us 4
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 3
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Let our experts guide your digital transformation journey
www.yokogawa.com/us
Bad data ruinsgood intentions
Accurate and reliable field instruments
provide the foundation necessary for a
successful digital transformation.
For over 60 years, Yokogawa has earned customer confidence by focusing on accuracy, reliability, and serviceability. The addition of turbidity and chlorine measurements to the SENCOM 4.0 platform provides deeper Total Insight and enhanced value for water quality and a sustainable water cycle in emerging, smart city applications.
Simplified Selection
Easy Installation
Expert Solution
RichInformation
Really Get BuggedBiological treatment can handle many industrial wastewater streams
By Dirk Willard, Contributing Editor
BP management had its doubts. John
Eastman’s proposal was to eliminate
NH3 from wastewater at the firm’s
chemical plant in Lima, Ohio, using a two-
stage bioreactor. It started with aerobic
nitrosomonas bacteria converting NH3 to
nitrites in filter substrates, and then used
anaerobic denitrifying bacteria to convert
the nitrites to N2. In the second stage, these
bacteria were to be grown in large ponds.
The pilot plant worked flawlessly and we
developed a front-end loading (FEL-3)
scope and budget for the process. (Ade-
quate front-end loading is crucial for any
project; see “Don’t Flub Front-End Load-
ing,” http://goo.gl/cuGZc5.)
Think of what this means! Instead of
an elaborate staged process requiring
maintenance staff, bugs are your unit
operation. There’s a word to describe
this: nifty.
Let’s consider the pros and cons of bio-
logical wastewater treatment for heavy
metal removal and elimination of hydro-
carbons. First, most all the heavy metal
winds up as a solid; this, in itself, is highly
useful because the metal is removed from
the wastewater. Aerobic treatment excels
at converting compounds of carbon,
oxygen, nitrogen and phosphorus into
N2, CO2, phosphates and H2O. Anaerobic
digestion of materials produces methane,
Using bugs as a unit operation is nifty.
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 5
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
enabling food-processing and similar
wastes to become a source of fuel gas.
The waste composition and type of reactor
determine the most-appropriate organism.
Aerobic reactors use algae and bacteria.
Anaerobic reactors rely on sulfur-reducing
bacteria (SRB) and fungi. Anaerobic reac-
tors minimize sludge and loss of chemicals
to the atmosphere but tend to require
processing in batch because of slow reac-
tion times.
Aerobic fluidized bed bioreactors fre-
quently offer the best economics — but
require skilled operators. Often, anaer-
obic and aerobic reactors are paired in
series, as in the NH3 cleanup process at
Lima. Some research has shown that an
anaerobic treatment stabilized and pro-
vided nutrients to the bugs in an aerobic
process that followed. This research
tends to be project-specific — so it’s
sensible to conduct a pilot study before
full implementation.
Studies in Poland, Italy and elsewhere con-
cluded that heavy metals are effectively,
but slowly, removed from wastewater in
an anaerobic environment using SRB or
fungus. The resultant heavy-metals-laden
sludge, of course, then requires careful
disposal. A fast aerobic reaction involving
algae has successfully treated wastewater
containing copper and cadmium — remov-
ing 98% of the Cu and 100% of the Cd.
Waste removal efficiencies generally
depend upon the relative proportion of
different bugs as well as feed stability. Pro-
moting the growth of the best species may
require trace nutrients — e.g., FeIII is added
to enhance anaerobic disposal of toluene.
The heavy metal or organic present also
impacts efficiency. Parameters controlling
digestion include: pH, which usually is low
— SRB raise the pH to neutral; tempera-
ture, which generally should stay between
60° and 100°F — the water can’t be frozen
or boiling; initial concentration of the metal
or organic — low concentration discour-
ages bug growth while extremely high
concentration kills bugs; and nutrients and
their transportation. Consistency is cru-
cial to growing and maintaining the bugs
you want.
With hydrocarbons, biological reactions are
highly efficient in destroying oxygen and
nitrogen components. However, chlorinated
compounds, like dioxins, merely are con-
verted to materials such as vinyl chlorides
The waste composition and type of reactor determine the most-appropriate organism.
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 6
or dichloroacetate that may be nearly as
bad or perhaps even worse than the original
waste. This is strong argument for anaero-
bic processing.
One refinery study showed the best results
with a carbon/nitrogen/phosphorus mole
ratio of 100:5:1.The actual ratio may be less
important than the ratio’s stability.
Heavy metals like mercury that are mixed in
organics often inhibit biological growth of
the best organisms. An additional problem
is that the heavy metal is converted to an
organo-metal that animals and plants can
readily absorb. (“Consider the Consequences
of Chemistry,” http://goo.gl/cvKWXA, looks
at one unfortunate example — people suffer-
ing health effects caused by wallpaper dyed
with Prussian Green.)
For additional information, check:
• “Enhanced Remediation of Chlorinated Sol-
vents from Contaminated Solvents Using a
Bioreactor System,” http://goo.gl/tfqjJl; and
• “Trichloroethylene Pathway Map,”
http://goo.gl/fI3m21.
DIRK WILLARD is a contributing editor for Chemical
Processing. Email him at [email protected].
www.chemicalprocessing.com/podcast/process-safety-with-trish-and-traci
Trish Kerin, director of IChemE Safety Centre, and Chemical Processing’s Traci Purdum discuss
process-safety issues offering insight into mitigation options and next steps.
From questioning if inherently safer design is really safer to lessons learned from significant
incidents, these podcasts have one goal:
To ensure workers return home safely after every shift.
PROCESS SAFETY
With Trish & Traci
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 7
Dependable and Energy Efficient
Direct Steam Injection Heaters
for Industrial Wastewater Heating
®
Contact us to find out more about the advantages of Direct Steam Injection
• 262-338-1191 • Email: [email protected] • www.pickheaters.com
Temperature control in chemical industry applications including wastewater heating requires
absolute precision, and only Pick Direct Steam Injection Heaters can provide it. That’s because
Pick’s exceptional temperature control automatically holds discharge temperatures to
extremely close tolerances — within 1°C — while providing rapid response to changing
process conditions.
Pick also eliminates costly BTU losses with 100% energy efficiency. This alone can save you up
to 20% in fuel costs as compared to heat exchangers or steam sparging. In addition, Pick’s
compact design along with its ease of maintenance saves valuable space and reduces down
time. All this combined with the lowest sound level and water pressure drop in the industry
makes Pick Heaters the right choice for wastewater heating.
The latest water report from CDP,
London, details progress but also
stresses the need for ambitious action.
“A Wave of Change — The role of companies
in building a water-secure world,” released in
early March, summarizes information gath-
ered from 2,934 companies worldwide that
filled out the organization’s water security
questionnaire in 2020 — about a 20% uptick
in responses compared to 2019.
The organization, which acts on behalf of 515
investors worth over $106 trillion, emphasizes
that the private sector must play a crucial role
in building worldwide water security.
CDP draws several key conclusions from the
companies’ questionnaires:
• The cost of inaction is five times greater
than that of action. The firms risk more
than $300 billion in business value against
an estimated $55 billion cost to improve
and innovate around water use.
• Business models must fully integrate
water into strategies and ensure account-
ability for water targets at the highest
level. The report cites a number of com-
panies, such as BASF, transforming their
approaches. The Ludwigshafen, Germany,
chemicals maker notes: “Using CDP’s
water questionnaire as a framework has
helped us improve our comprehensive
water-management strategy to mitigate
water-related risks and capitalize on
opportunities.” This has spurred devel-
opment of sustainable “Accelerator”
products. The report devotes a full page
to the company’s efforts. (For details on
the diverse financial approaches for sus-
tainability efforts taken by some chemical
Report Dives into Water SecuritySeveral key points emerge from the record number of responses
By Mark Rosenzweig, Editor in Chief
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 9
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
companies, including BASF, with CDP’s
top ranking for water security, see
“Water Accounting Remains Fluid,”
https://bit.ly/3duY9QE.)
• Nearly two in three companies are reduc-
ing or maintaining water withdrawals.
The 64% of firms reporting such results
is up from 58% in 2019. Another, related
key performance indicator (KPI) also
rose: 64% of companies said they factor
in water availability at a basin/catchment
level into water risk assessments versus
48% last time. Likewise, 38% of companies
reported using climate-related scenario
analysis to inform their business strategy,
up from 33% in 2019. Six other KPIs for
water security didn’t budge much if at all.
• Only 4.4% of the firms are making
progress on their water-pollution-reduc-
tion targets.
Cate Lamb, global director of water secu-
rity at CDP, notes: “With a clear business
case for taking action on water risks,
we hope this report inspires companies
across all sectors to be part of this vision
and place water at the heart of your busi-
ness strategy — enabling you to not only
build resilience but also unlock strategic
opportunities...”
She adds: “...CDP is calling for all compa-
nies to develop ambitious targets to reduce
water withdrawals and eliminate water
pollution, including net-zero water targets.
Companies must take bold action now to
transform their business models.”
The benefits are substantial, Lamb under-
scores. “Companies that transform their
businesses and work to safeguard valu-
able water resources have the potential
to achieve both short- and long-term cost
savings, sustainable revenue generation,
and a more resilient future.”
You can download the 2020 report at
http://bit.ly/3bhWjl1.
By the way, in a CP poll, https://bit.ly/3C-
d4km1, almost half of respondents report
their sites have increased attention to water
resources in the past three years.
MARK ROSENZWEIG is editor in chief of Chemi-
cal Processing. Email him at mrosenzweig@
putman.net.
Water security efforts can provide substantial benefits to companies.
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 10
$981VEGAPULS 31
RADARULTRASONICIS THE BETTER
Compact 80 GHz level sensor with in-head display
www.vega.com/vegapulsAll advantages of the radar technology:
Environmental stewardship plays
a key role in manufacturing. In
fact, manufacturers integrate their
productivity goals with those of quality,
health, safety and environment (QHSE) and
environmental social governance (ESG).
Strongly affected by these concerns are
facilities whose processes include water
treatment. To support community and
global environmental requirements, manu-
facturing design solutions must run parallel
with sustainability actions while supporting
smooth operational and maintenance sav-
ings (Figure 1).
As many manufacturing teams have dis-
covered, meeting environmental objectives
does not cause economic pain in startup,
operations or maintenance. Co-innovating
with manufacturers around the globe to
meet environmental challenges can lead
to improved environmental consciousness
while enabling strong business decisions to
reap profitable returns.
ADVANCES IN TECHNOLOGY STREAMLINE ENVIRONMENTAL STEWARDSHIPWater stewardship poses nontrivial chal-
lenges for manufacturers, for example,
meeting maintenance budgets while ensur-
ing consistent water intake and achieving
ideal temperatures in far-off holding ponds.
Because these stewardship activities will
continue to grow in importance, manu-
facturers must look to technology and
innovative solutions that will succeed now
and support them in the future.
Combine Environmental Stewardship and Bottom-Line ManufacturingWireless sensors and the network can reduce expenses
By Gerald Hardesty, Yokogawa
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 12
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Accurate temperature, pressure and
vibration sensors are some of the keys
to maintaining not only efficient and safe
manufacturing processes but also a sus-
tainable environment. Teams that have
considered wireless devices for remote
areas might have found prohibitive costs
of technologies that do not conform to
their practices. However, new market solu-
tions pair high-quality sensors with open
network specifications that bring IIoT
affordability and enable efficiency toward
digital transformation. In the end, there is
no need to sacrifice either affordability or
data quality.
One example is the Sushi sensor, a small,
wireless pressure, vibration and tem-
perature sensor that monitors conditions
continuously and accurately over vast
distances. Small sensors deliver data in
tight-fitting remote situations to a hub
so that teams can track trends, detect
abnormal conditions early and help direct
troubleshooting activities efficiently. This
comprehensive condition monitoring leads
to predictive maintenance and helps set
maintenance priorities and reduce costs.
Preventive or time-based maintenance once
was the preferred solution for teams to
maintain equipment health. Now predictive
maintenance — using data and analysis to
predict when issues will arise — has been
found to save maintenance resources while
avoiding equipment issues. Rather than
sending technicians out on a schedule to
review equipment with no issues, predictive
maintenance combines sensor data with
machine learning and diagnostics to deter-
mine when conditions have changed and
require attention.
BALANCING SUSTAINABILITY WITH PROFITSFigure 1. Environmental stewardship does not have to come at a cost. Sustainability efforts can help to improve a company’s bottom line.
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 13
The process is streamlined
because a team member
does not need to travel to the
remote area to inspect condi-
tions (Figure 2). Often, minor
issues can be found and
solved before they become
significant, as might happen if
left to a monthly schedule.
Data is communicated via
the Long Range Wide Area
Network (LoRaWAN), a low-
power, wide-area (LPWA)
networking protocol. It is
ideal for conditions that
require accuracy but less
frequent collection rates, as
seen in intake and outflow
water treatment applications.
LoRaWAN’s bi-directional
communication, end-to-end
security and mobility can
enable sensor deployment
over six miles (10 km) from
the facility.
With the focus on meeting
environmental requirements,
teams must store gathered
data and be ready for an
audit. Whether the data is
analyzed and stored in the
cloud, a local network or
on-premise, solutions must
be versatile to fit the need.
Measurement data can be
sent from the Sushi sensors
via a LoRaWAN gateway to
Yokogawa’s SMARTDAC+
GA10 data logging software,
where artificial intelligence
(AI) analyzes operating con-
ditions and trends. The GA10
software alerts process
management system opera-
tors to changing conditions,
thus supporting predictive
maintenance. In some large
applications that require
more analysis and stor-
age, teams can choose a
CI server in place of the
SMARTDAC+.
PREDICTIVE MAINTENANCEFigure 2. The sensor gathers data, which the data logging software analyzes. Operators are alerted to any abnormality, allowing for early intervention before serious issues arise.
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 14
SAVINGS DELIVERED FOR ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITYMany manufacturing facilities use water from
external natural sources as part of their prod-
ucts or processes, such as a cooling tower,
to remove heat from materials. Good water
stewardship includes proper methods of
collecting water from local resources, mon-
itoring the quality of the water returned,
eliminating negative impact on surroundings
and improving the resources.
Water taken from a local source enters the
facility supply pipe through a rotating filter
or screen to prevent materials and wildlife
from entering. Contaminants that accu-
mulate on the filter can reduce the water
throughput, jeopardize downstream opera-
tions and damage the filter.
Potentially far from the manufacturing
facility, the pressure at the water intake on
both sides of the filter must be measured
wirelessly to monitor the flow and assure
that adequate water enters the system to
preserve smooth process operation. The
physical distance from the facility makes
connectivity a challenge for some wireless
signal types and networks, so be sure to
account for this when selecting a sensor.
Pumps in these applications prove vital to
keeping water moving and the water treat-
ment process operating smoothly. Excessive
vibration in pumps indicates issues that can
lead to pump breakdowns. Too often, equip-
ment is either checked and monitored for
vibration levels via once-daily operator rounds
or not monitored at all. This lack of visibility
into equipment conditions can lead to unfore-
seen breakdowns, downtime and costs.
However, AI combined with the right sen-
sors can detect changes to the vibration
AI ANOMALY DETECTIONFigure 3. A developing issue was detected before any sign of it would have appeared in vibration data.
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 15
data before the vibration becomes a prob-
lem, as shown in Figure 3. Teams can detect
potential issues and dispatch a technician
before the damage becomes significant.
In addition, placing vibration sensors
throughout a water treatment system means
teams can improve their pump efficiency,
energy usage, environmental stewardship
and the team’s efficiency through condi-
tion-based monitoring. Installing vibration
can be easy if they are attached mag-
netically. Once the LoRaWAN network is
established, adding additional sensors is
simple and almost automatic.
Water flowing from a manufacturing pro-
cess to a local river might be used to keep
the process from overheating. Even though
the water is clean, thermal pollution can
have a devastating impact on the river eco-
system. In this situation, keeping the water
in a holding pond changes the ambient tem-
perature so slowly that the sensor does not
need to send measurements every second.
Some sensors can send data as often as
once per minute — or less frequently to
extend battery life. Many users have added
a recorder to display and document how the
water temperature reached a safe level.
Savings extend to a requirement for less
infrastructure in the field when the sensor net-
work’s long range allows the team to forego
an intermediate SCADA or backhaul network.
MOVING FORWARD TO FUTURE SUSTAINABILITYThe combination of remote sensors that
are economically and quickly installed,
data retrieved over a low-power net-
work, and information that is analyzed
and prepared for efficient decision-mak-
ing make the goal of water sustainability
more achievable.
While many sensors can provide impact-
ful information on their own, adding the
SMARTDAX+ GA10 software creates the
Yokogawa IIoT Plant Asset Management
Solution as the next step in providing
insight and analysis for maintenance
teams to make informed decisions. When
sensors and LoRaWAN networks are
combined with data-gathering and anal-
ysis solutions, data is efficiently stored,
informed decisions are made, and costs
are reduced.
As organizations complete their IIoT
solutions and prepare for future sustain-
ability challenges, open alliances — such
as the nonproprietary wireless protocol
LoRaWAN — encourage options for flex-
ibility. The LoRaWAN Alliance opens up
a host of interoperable tools from which
users can choose.
GERALD HARDESTY is emerging solutions manager at
Yokogawa Corporation of America, Newnan, Ga. E-mail
him at [email protected].
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 16
Numerous industrial processes gen-
erate organic wastes that require
treatment before they can be
reintroduced back into the environment.
Traditionally, these materials have been
buried in landfills, composted or deposited
into sludge ponds after the removal of haz-
ardous or inorganic materials.
Anaerobic digestion involves the natural
breakdown of organic waste materials by
biological microorganisms in the absence of
oxygen. Systems that incorporate anaerobic
digestion have several advantages, such as
simplicity of operation, low operating costs,
compact equipment size and low surplus
sludge.
As a bonus, these systems produce fuel and
energy. Anaerobic digestion has become
increasingly popular, as it is a green tech-
nology that reduces waste, generates
energy, cuts carbon emissions and recy-
cles waste materials safely back into the
environment.
ANAEROBIC DIGESTION PROCESSAnaerobic digestion systems operate on
the same principles regardless of the spe-
cific applications, although there may be
slight differences in system design based on
industry-specific requirements. As shown
in Figure 1, organic waste materials such as
industrial wastewater, wastewater biosolids,
food wastes and other organic materials
are placed into an anaerobic digester. The
digester combines the waste materials with
biological microorganisms and maintains
this mixture within narrow temperature
ranges to optimize bacteria growth, which
Improve Wastewater Temperature StabilityDirect steam injection can boost anaerobic digester system performance
By Phil Hipol, Pick Heaters, Inc.
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 17
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
is essential to the anaerobic digestion
process.
Anaerobic digestion results in the creation
of digestate (treated waste) and biogas.
The digestate can be separated into solid
and liquid components, which are rich in
nutrients and can be composted, used as
fertilizer or converted into other products
such as dairy bedding or other fiber-based
products.
Meanwhile, separated biogas can be used
to extract methane, which is the primary
component of natural gas. The methane can
generate electricity or heat, or be recycled
back into the anaerobic digestion system.
Alternately, it is possible to collect and pro-
cess methane into renewable natural gas
and fuel, which can be used locally or sold
to energy providers.
IMPORTANCE OF TEMPERATURE STABILITYTemperature stability of the wastewater
in the anaerobic digester is among the
crucial parameters for effective digestion
and biogas production. Conventional heat
ANAEROBIC DIGESTER SYSTEMFigure 1. This anaerobic digester system block diagram shows how organic waste materials are broken down into digestate and biogas and put back into the environment. Source: EPA
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 18
exchangers use a series of hot plates or
tubes that contain heating elements or
hot water. The waste material is heated in
an indirect manner by passing or flowing
across the conventional heat exchanger
elements.
Because it is difficult to control the flow
rate of high-viscosity fluids such as
sludge, this process may result in uneven
heating, which may compromise waste
treatment or biogas production. System
clogging may occur, causing burning
or scorching of the waste material and
requiring costly downtime for cleaning
and maintenance.
Direct steam injection (DSI) has
been used for years in industrial
chemical and pharmaceutical
processing applications such as
biowaste kill and sterilization, which
require uniform processing tempera-
tures. A DSI system can maintain
temperatures rapidly and accurately
for processing difficult materi-
als such as wastewater, thereby
increase the anaerobic digestion
system’s efficiency and reliability.
An example of DSI heater is shown
in Figure 2. The untreated and
unheated liquid slurry enters from
the side of the heater, and the
injection tube injects steam into the slurry
through hundreds of small orifices. Key
aspects of this DSI system design include a
spring-loaded piston that maintains a posi-
tive pressure differential between the steam
and liquid, preventing steam hammer, and
helical flights within the chamber that pro-
mote mixing of the steam with the slurry.
These features heat the slurry instan-
taneously and evenly with an open
flow-through nonclogging design while
providing accurate temperature control.
PHIL HIPOL is a writer for Pick Heaters, Inc. E-mail him
DIRECT STEAM INJECTION HEATERFigure 2. This heater’s nonclogging design maintains temperatures stability, even for difficult-to-process materials. Source: Pick Heaters
www.ChemicalProcessing.com
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 19
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 20
ADDITIONAL RESOURCESEHANDBOOKSCheck out our vast library of past eHandbooks that offer a wealth of information on a single topic,
aimed at providing best practices, key trends, developments and successful applications to help make
your facilities as efficient, safe, environmentally friendly and economically competitive as possible.
UPCOMING AND ON DEMAND WEBINARSTap into expert knowledge. Chemical Processing editors and industry experts delve into
hot topics challenging the chemical processing industry today while providing insights and
practical guidance. Each of these free webinars feature a live Q&A session and lasts 60 minutes.
WHITE PAPERSCheck out our library of white papers covering myriad topics and offering valuable insight
into products and solutions important to chemical processing professionals. From automation
to fluid handling, separations technologies and utilities, this white paper library has it all.
PODCAST: PROCESS SAFETY WITH TRISH & TRACITrish Kerin, director of IChemE Safety Centre, and Chemical Processing’s Traci Purdum discuss
current process safety issues offering insight into mitigation options and next steps.
ASK THE EXPERTSHave a question on a technical issue that needs to be addressed? Visit our Ask the Experts
forum. Covering topics from combustion to steam systems, our roster of leading subject
matter experts, as well as other forum members, can help you tackle plant issues.
Visit the lighter side, featuring drawings by award-winning
cartoonist Jerry King. Click on an image to view
the winning caption and all submissions
for that particular cartoon.
JOIN US ON SOCIAL
MEDIA!
Wastewater eHANDBOOK: Tested Technologies for Wastewater Treatment 20