test levels & techniques

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Static TestingStatic Testing

Static testing refers to testing that Static testing refers to testing that takes place without Execution - takes place without Execution - examining and reviewing it.examining and reviewing it.

Dynamic TestingDynamic Testing Dynamic testing is what you would Dynamic testing is what you would

normally think of testing - executing normally think of testing - executing and using the software.and using the software.


Dynamic TestingDynamic Testing

Techniques used are determined by Techniques used are determined by the type of testing that must be the type of testing that must be conductedconducted FunctionalFunctional StructuralStructural


Functional TestingFunctional Testing

Structure of the program is not Structure of the program is not considered.considered.

Test cases are decided based on the Test cases are decided based on the requirements or specification of the requirements or specification of the program or moduleprogram or module

Hence it is often called as “Black Hence it is often called as “Black Box Testing”.Box Testing”.


Structural TestingStructural Testing

Concerned with testing ,the Concerned with testing ,the implementation of the program.implementation of the program.

Focus on the internal structure of Focus on the internal structure of the program.the program.

The intent of structural testing is not The intent of structural testing is not to exercise all the different input or to exercise all the different input or output condition but to exercise the output condition but to exercise the different programming structures different programming structures and data structures in the program.and data structures in the program.


Testing Levels

Phases of software testing: Unit Testing Integration/Build Testing Validation/Functional Testing System Testing Acceptance Testing


Unit TestingUnit Testing

Test each module individually.Test each module individually. Follows a white box testing (Logic of Follows a white box testing (Logic of

the program)the program)


Integration testingIntegration testing

Integrate two or more module.i.e. Integrate two or more module.i.e. communicate between the modules.communicate between the modules.

Follow a white box testing (Testing Follow a white box testing (Testing the code)the code)


Integration Testing - Integration Testing - OverviewOverview

System DesignModule Spec

Module Test Doc

Test P lanning

IntegrationTest P lan

Tim

e

Sw Developm entDocum ents

TestActivities

TestDocum ents

Integration TestingOverview

Test Execution

Integrated Modules IntegrationTest Report

Test Case DesignTest Environm ent

InstallationIntegration

Test Specification


System TestingSystem Testing

Confirms that the system as a whole Confirms that the system as a whole delivers the functionality originally delivers the functionality originally required.required.

Follows the black box testing.Follows the black box testing.


System Testing - GoalsSystem Testing - Goals

Incorrect or missing featureIncorrect or missing feature Performance errorsPerformance errors Security errorsSecurity errors User interface errorsUser interface errors Configuration and compatibilityConfiguration and compatibility Compliance to required standardsCompliance to required standards


System Testing - System Testing - OverviewOverview

ProductRequirem ents

System Design

Test P lanning

SystemTest P lan

Tim

e


TestActivities

TestDocum ents

System TestingOverview

Test Execution

Integrated System SystemTest Report


InstallationSystem

Test Specification


System Testing - System Testing - OverviewOverview

System Tests:System Tests: Define test procedures and instructionsDefine test procedures and instructions Review test plansReview test plans Execute test plansExecute test plans Record resultsRecord results


System Testing - System Testing - StrategyStrategy

Developing System Developing System TestsTests stress tests security tests recovery tests performance tests


User Acceptance Testing User Acceptance Testing (UAT)(UAT)

Building the confidence of the client Building the confidence of the client and users is the role of the and users is the role of the acceptance test phase.acceptance test phase.

It is depend on the business scenario.It is depend on the business scenario.

Those functions required by the Those functions required by the customer to demonstrate sufficient customer to demonstrate sufficient functionality and reliability to functionality and reliability to warrant acceptance.warrant acceptance.


V-ModelV-Model

Unit

Integration

System

UAT

LLD

HLD

SRS

Business scenario


Software TestingSoftware Testing


Testing TechniquesTesting Techniques

White BoxWhite Box Black BoxBlack Box IncrementalIncremental ThreadThread


White Box TestingWhite Box Testing


White Box Testing - White Box Testing - InternalInternal

Purpose of Unit Tests: Test all loops Test Basis paths Test conditional statements Test data structures

* * develop unit tests after the design portion of the Build Definition Spec. is completed.


White Box Testing - White Box Testing - InternalInternal

ModuleSpecification

Test P lanning

ModuleTest P lan


Installation

Test Execution

Module Design ModuleTest Specification

Module Code ModuleTest Report

Tim

e


TestActivities

TestDocum ents

Module Test Overview


White Box Testing White Box Testing TechniquesTechniques

Statement coverageStatement coverage – execute all – execute all statements at least once.statements at least once.

Decision coverageDecision coverage - execute each - execute each decision direction at least once.decision direction at least once.

Condition coverageCondition coverage – execute each – execute each decision with all possible outcomes decision with all possible outcomes at least onceat least once


White Box Testing White Box Testing TechniquesTechniques

Loop Testing: Simple Loops Nested Loops Concatenated

Loops Unstructured

Loops


Black Box TestingBlack Box Testing


Black Box Testing - Black Box Testing - ExternalExternal

Black Box Testing verifies that the Black Box Testing verifies that the requirements have been met.requirements have been met. How is functional validity tested How is system behavior and performance tested. What classes of input will make good test cases? Is the system particularly sensitive to certain

input values? How are the boundaries of a data class isolated? What data rates and data volume can the system

tolerate? What effect will specific combinations of data

have on system operation?


Black Box Testing - Black Box Testing - ExternalExternal

Black Box Tests look for: incorrect or missing functions interface errors errors in external database access behavior or performance errors


Black Box Testing Black Box Testing TechniquesTechniques

* Equivalence Partitioning* Equivalence Partitioning

* Boundary Analysis* Boundary Analysis

* Error Guessing* Error Guessing


Equivalence Equivalence PartitioningPartitioning

A subset of data that is A subset of data that is representative of a larger classrepresentative of a larger class

For example, a program which edits For example, a program which edits credit limits within a given range credit limits within a given range ($10,000 - $15,000 would have 3 ($10,000 - $15,000 would have 3 equivalence classes: equivalence classes: Less than $10,000 (invalid)Less than $10,000 (invalid) Between $10,000 and $15,000 (valid)Between $10,000 and $15,000 (valid) Greater than $15,000 (invalid)Greater than $15,000 (invalid)


Boundary AnalysisBoundary Analysis

A technique that consists of A technique that consists of developing test cases and data that developing test cases and data that focus on the input and output focus on the input and output boundaries of a given functionboundaries of a given function


Boundary Analysis Boundary Analysis continued...continued...

In the same credit limit example, In the same credit limit example, boundary analysis would test: boundary analysis would test: Low boundary plus or minus one Low boundary plus or minus one

($9,999 and $10,001)($9,999 and $10,001) On the boundary ($10,000 and $15,000)On the boundary ($10,000 and $15,000) Upper boundary plus or minus one Upper boundary plus or minus one

($14,999 and $15,001)($14,999 and $15,001)


Error GuessingError Guessing

Based on the theory that test Based on the theory that test cases can be developed based on cases can be developed based on experience of the Test Engineerexperience of the Test Engineer

For example, in an example For example, in an example where one of the inputs is the where one of the inputs is the date, a test engineer might try date, a test engineer might try February 29,2000 or 9/9/99February 29,2000 or 9/9/99


Incremental TestingIncremental Testing

A disciplined method of testing the A disciplined method of testing the interfaces between unit-tested interfaces between unit-tested programs as well as between system programs as well as between system componentscomponents

Incremental Testing TypesIncremental Testing Types

- Top-down- Top-down

- Bottom-up- Bottom-up


Top-DownTop-Down

Begins testing from the top of the Begins testing from the top of the module hierarchy and works down to module hierarchy and works down to the bottom using the bottom using interim stubsinterim stubs to to simulate lower interfacing modules simulate lower interfacing modules or programsor programs


Bottom-UpBottom-Up

Begins testing from the bottom of Begins testing from the bottom of the hierarchy and works up to the the hierarchy and works up to the toptop

Bottom-up testing requires the Bottom-up testing requires the development of development of driverdriver modulesmodules which provide the test input, call the which provide the test input, call the module or program being testing, module or program being testing, and display test outputand display test output


A technique, often used during early A technique, often used during early integration testingintegration testing

Demonstrates key functional Demonstrates key functional capabilities by testing a string of capabilities by testing a string of units that accomplish a specific units that accomplish a specific function in the applicationfunction in the application

Thread TestingThread Testing


Illustrates various techniques Illustrates various techniques

used throughout the testused throughout the test stagesstagesStages/

Techniques White Box

Black Box

Incremental Thread

Unit Testing X

Integration Testing

X X X X

System Testing

X

Acceptance Testing

X

test levels & techniques

Business

static testing static

type of testing

system testing strategy

black box testing techniques

dynamic testing techniques

white box testing logic

integration testing

functional testing structure