test 6only solutions final
TRANSCRIPT
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
1/36
1. Solution: c)
Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq and Prof Amartya Sen were close friends and have worked
together under the leadership of Dr Haq to bring out the initial HumanDevelopment Reports. Both these South Asian economists have been able to
provide an alternative view of development.
A man of vision and compassion, Pakistani economist Dr Mahbub-ul-Haq created
the Human Development Index in 1990. According to him, development is all
about enlarging peoples choices in order to lead long, healthy lives with dignity.
The United Nations Development Programme has used his concept of human
development to publish the Human Development Report annually since 1990.
Nobel Laureate Prof Amartya Sen saw an increase in freedom (or decrease in
unfreedom) as the main objective of development. Interestingly, increasing
freedoms is also one of the most effective ways of bringing about development. His
work explores the role of social and political institutions and processes in increasing
freedom.
The works of these economists are path breaking and have succeeded in bringing
people to the centre of any discussion on development.
2. Solution: A)
In 1967, gold was displaced by creating the Special Drawing Rights (SDRs), also
known as paper gold, in the IMF with the intention of increasing the stock of
international reserves. Originally defined in terms of gold, with 35 SDRs being equal
to one ounce of gold (the dollar-gold rate of the Bretton Woods system), it has
been redefined several times since 1974. At present, it is calculated daily as the
weighted sum of the values in dollars of four currencies (euro, dollar, Japanese yen,pound sterling) of the five countries (France, Germany, Japan, the UK and the US).
It derives its strength from IMF members being willing to use it as a reserve
currency and use it as a means of payment between central banks to exchange for
national currencies. The original installments of SDRs were distributed to member
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
2/36
countries according to their quota in the Fund (the quota was broadly related to the
countrys economic importance as indicated by the value of its international trade)
3. Solution: a)
After getting into the body of the person, the virus enters into macrophages where
RNA genome of the virus replicates to form viral DNA with the help of the
enzyme reverse transcriptase. This viral DNA gets incorporated into host cells
DNA and directs the infected cells to produce virus particles. The macrophages
continue to produce virus and in this way acts like a HIV factory. Simultaneously,
HIV enters into helper T-lymphocytes (TH), replicates and produce progenyviruses. The progeny viruses released in the blood attack other helper T-
lymphocytes. This is repeated leading to a progressive decrease in the number of
helper T-lymphocytes in the body of the infected person.
During this period, the person suffers from bouts of fever, diarrhoea and weight
loss. Due to decrease in the number of helper T lymphocytes, the person starts
suffering from infections that could have been otherwise overcome such as those
due to bacteria especially Mycobacterium, viruses, fungi and even parasites like
Toxoplasma. The patient becomes so immuno-deficient that he/she is unable toprotect himself/herself against these infections. A widely used diagnostic test for
AIDS is enzyme linked immuno-sorbent assay (ELISA). Treatment of AIDS with
anti-retroviral drugs is only partially effective. They can only prolong the life of the
patient but cannot prevent death, which is inevitable.
4.
Solution: c)
POPULATION GROWTH
The population growth or population change refers to the change in number of
inhabitants of a territory during a specific period of time. This change may be
positive as well as negative. It can be expressed either in terms of absolute numbers
or in terms of percentage. Population change in an area is an important indicator of
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
3/36
economic development, social upliftment and historical and cultural background of
the region.
Growth of Population: Change of population in particular area between two points
of time is known as growth of population. For example, if we deduct the
population of India 1991 (84.63 crore) from population of 2001 (102.70 crore) then
we shall get the growth of population (18.07 crores) in actual numbers.
Growth Rate of Population: This is the change of population expressed in
percentage.
Natural Growth of Population: This is the population increased by difference
between births and deaths in a particular region between two points of time.
Natural Growth = BirthsDeathsActual Growth of Population: This is BirthsDeaths + In MigrationOut
Migration
Positive Growth of Population: This happens when the birth rate is more than the
death rate between two points of time or when people from other countries
migrate permanently to a region.
Negative Growth of Population: If the population decreases between two points of
time it is known as negative growth of population. It occurs when the birth ratefalls below the death rate or people migrate to other countries.
5. Solution: B)
The revenue deficit includes only such transactions that affect the current income
and expenditure of the government. When the government incurs a revenue
deficit, it implies that the government is dissaving and is using up the savings of the
other sectors of the economy to finance a part of its consumption expenditure. Thissituation means that the government will have to borrow not only to finance its
investment but also its consumption requirements. This will lead to a build up of
stock of debt and interest liabilities and force the government, eventually, to cut
expenditure. Since a major part of revenue expenditure is committed expenditure,
it cannot be reduced. Often the government reduces productive capital
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
4/36
expenditure or welfare expenditure. This would mean lower growth and adverse
welfare implications.
6. Solution: A)
The proportional income tax, thus, acts as an automatic stabiliser a shock
absorber because it makes disposable income, and thus consumer spending, less
sensitive to fluctuations in GDP. When GDP rises, disposable income also rises but
by less than the rise in GDP because a part of it is siphoned off as taxes. This helps
limit the upward fluctuation in consumption spending. During a recession when
GDP falls, disposable income falls less sharply, and consumption does not drop as
much as it otherwise would have fallen had the tax liability been fixed. This
reduces the fall in aggregate demand and stabilises the economy.
7. Solution: d)
THE FOUR PILLARS OF HUMAN DEVELOPMENT
Just as any building is supported by pillars, the idea of human development is
supported by the concepts of equity, sustainability, productivity and
empowerment.
Equity refers to making equal access to opportunities available to everybody. The
opportunities available to people must be equal irrespective of their gender, race,
income and in the Indian case, caste. Yet this is very often not the case and happens
in almost every society.
For example, in any country, it is interesting to see which group the most of the
school dropouts belong to. This should then lead to an understanding of the reasons
for such behaviour. In India, a large number of women and persons belonging to
socially and economically backward groups drop out of school. This shows how the
choices of these groups get limited by not having access to knowledge.
Sustainability means continuity in the availability of opportunities. To have
sustainable human development, each generation must have the same
opportunities. All environmental, financial and human resources must be used
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
5/36
keeping in mind the future. Misuse of any of these resources will lead to fewer
opportunities for future generations.
A good example is about the importance of sending girls to school. If a community
does not stress the importance of sending its girl children to school, many
opportunities will be lost to these young women when they grow up. Their career
choices will be severely curtailed and this would affect other aspects of their lives.
So each generation must ensure the availability of choices and opportunities to its
future generations.
Productivity here means human labour productivity or productivity in terms of
human work. Such productivity must be constantly enriched by building
capabilities in people. Ultimately, it is people who are the real wealth of nations.
Therefore, efforts to increase their knowledge, or provide better health facilities
ultimately leads to better work efficiency.
Empowerment means to have the power to make choices. Such power comes from
increasing freedom and capability. Good governance and people-oriented policies
are required to empower people. The empowerment of socially and economically
disadvantaged groups is of special importance.
8.
Solution: b)FACTORS INFLUENCING THE DISTRIBUTION OF POPULATION
I. Geographical Factors
(i) Availability of water: It is the most factor for life. So, people prefer to live in
areas where fresh water is easily available. Water is used for drinking, bathing and
cookingand also for cattle, crops, industries and navigation. It is because of this
that river valleys are among the most densely populated areas of the world.
(ii) Landforms: People prefer living on flat plains and gentle slopes. This is because
such areas are favourable for the production of crops and to build roads and
industries. The mountainous and hilly areas hinder the development of transport
network and hence initially do not favour agricultural and industrial development.
So, these areas tend to be less populated. The Ganga plains are among the most
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
6/36
densely populated areas of the world while the mountains zones in the Himalayas
are scarcely populated.
(iii) Climate: An extreme climate such as very hot or cold deserts are
uncomfortable for human habitation. Areas with a comfortable climate, where
there is not much seasonal variation attract more people. Areas with very heavy
rainfall or extreme and harsh climates have low population. Mediterranean regions
were inhabited from early periods in history due to their pleasant climate.
(iv) Soils: Fertile soils are important for agricultural and allied activities. Therefore,
areas which have fertile loamy soils have more people living on them as these can
support intensive agriculture. Can you name some areas in India which are thinly
populated due to poor soils?
II. Economic Factors
(i) Minerals: Areas with mineral deposits attract industries. Mining and industrial
activities generate employment. So, skilled and semiskilled workers move to these
areas and make them densely populated. Katanga Zambia copper belt in Africa is
one such good example.
(ii) Urbanisation: Cities offer better employment opportunities, educational and
medical facilities, better means of transport and communication. Good civic (iii)
Industrialisation: Industrial belts provide job opportunities and attract largenumbers of people. These include not just factory workers but also transport
operators, shopkeepers, bank employees, doctors, teachers and other service
providers. The Kobe-Osaka region of Japan is thickly populated because of the
presence of a number of industries.
III. Social and Cultural Factors
Some places attract more people because they have religious or cultural
significance. In the same waypeople tend to move away from places where there
is social and political unrest. Many a times governments offer incentives to people
to live in sparsely populated areas or move away from overcrowded places.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
7/36
9. Solution: d)
All are correct.
When breeding is between animals of the same breed it is called inbreeding, while
crosses between different breeds are called outbreeding.
Inbreeding: Inbreeding refers to the mating of more closely related individuals
within the same breed for 4- 6 generations. The breeding strategy is as follows
superior males and superior females of the same breed are identified and mated in
pairs.
The progeny obtained from such matings are evaluated and superior males and
females among them are identified for further mating. A superior female, in the
case of cattle, is the cow or buffalo that produces more milk per lactation. On theother hand, a superior male is the bull, which gives rise to superior progeny as
compared to those of other males.
Inbreeding increases homozygosity. Thus inbreeding is necessary if we want to
evolve a pureline in any animal. Inbreeding exposes harmful recessive genes that are
eliminated by selection. It also helps in accumulation of superior genes and
elimination of less desirable genes. Therefore, this approach, where there is
selection at each step, increases the productivity of inbred population. However,
continued inbreeding, especially close inbreeding, usually reduces fertility and evenproductivity. This is called inbreeding depression. Whenever this becomes a
problem, selected animals of the breeding population should be mated with
unrelated superior animals of the same breed. This usually helps restore fertility and
yield.
10.
Solution (d)
Types of changes that an economy undergoes, which affect land-use.The size ofthe economy (measured in terms of value for all the goods and servicesproduced in the economy)grows over time as a result of increasing population,change in income levels, available technology and associated factors. As a result,the pressure on land will increase with time and marginal lands would comeunder use.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
8/36
The composition of the economy would undergo a change over time. In otherwords, the secondary and the tertiary sectors usually grow much faster than theprimary sector, specifically the agricultural sector. This type of change iscommon in developing countries like India. This process would result in agradual shift of land from agricultural uses to non-agricultural uses. You wouldobserve that such changes are sharp around large urban areas. The agriculturalland is being used for building purposes.Inheritance practices leads to land fragmentation and small size of the plotsmakes it difficult for the farmer to use modern machinery.Relief features influences the extent to which farm machinery can be used andthe rate of erosion of the soil. It also has influence over the climate.Tradition, farmers are accustomed to doing things as they know it, thereforethey are less productive because the methods are outdated.
Reference:Page 41 (India People and Economy Class XII) &http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-
economic-factors-and-human-factors/
11.
Solution: c)
Antibiotics do not completely eliminate microorganisms. They either kill or
inhibit their growth.
12. Solution: A)
Refer to Section 6.2 Foreign Exchange in Chapter-5, 12thMacroeconomics
13.
Solution (a)
There are three distinct crop seasons in the northern and interior parts of
country, namely kharif, rabi and zaid. The kharif season largely coincides withSouthwest Monsoon under which the cultivation of tropical crops such as rice,cotton, jute, jowar, bajra and tur is possible. The rabi season begins with theonset of winter in October-November and ends in March-April. The crops areWheat, Gram, Rapeseeds Rice, Maize, Ragi, and Mustard, Barley Groundnut,Jowar. The low temperature conditions during this season facilitate thecultivation of temperate and subtropical crops such as wheat, gram and mustard.
http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/http://prezi.com/dcgpsgprxfol/factors-affecting-land-use-physical-factors-economic-factors-and-human-factors/ -
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
9/36
Zaid is a short duration summer cropping season beginning after harvesting ofrabi crops. The cultivation of watermelons, cucumbers, vegetables and foddercrops during this season is done on irrigated lands.
Reference:Page 44 (India People and Economy Class XII)
14. Solution: c)
Refer to Section 6.2 Foreign Exchange in Chapter 5 12thMacroeconomics
15.Solution: d)
All are correct.
Both growth and development refer to changes over a period of time. The
difference is that growth is quantitative and value neutral. It may have a positive or
a negative sign. This means that the change may be either positive (showing an
increase) or negative (indicating a decrease).
Development means a qualitative change which is always value positive. This
means that development cannot take place unless there is an increment or addition
to the existing conditions. Development occurs when positive growth takes place.
Yet, positive growth does not always lead to development. Development occurs
when there is a positive change in quality.
For example, if the population of a city grows from one lakh to two lakhs over a
period of time, we say the city has grown. However, if a facilities like housing,
provision of basic services and other characteristics remain the same, then this
growth has not been accompanied by development.
16. Solution: B)
Deliberate action to stabilise the economy is often referred to as discretionary fiscal
policy to distinguish it from the inherent automatic stabilising properties of the
fiscal system. As discussed earlier, proportional taxes help to stabilise the economy
against upward and downward movements. Welfare transfers also help to stabilise
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
10/36
income. During boom years, when employment is high, tax receipts collected to
finance such expenditure increase exerting a stabilising pressure on high
consumption spending; conversely, during a slump, these welfare payments help
sustain consumption. Further, even the private sector has built-in stabilisers.
Corporations maintain their dividends in the face of a change in income in the short
run and households try to maintain their previous living standards.
All these work as shock absorbers without the need for any decision-maker to take
action. That is, they work automatically. The built-in stabilisers, however, reduce
only part of the fluctuation in the economy, the rest must be taken care of by
deliberate policy initiative.
17.
Solution: d)
Methanogensare microorganisms that produce methane as a metabolic byproduct
in anoxic conditions. They are classified asarchaea,a domain distinct from bacteria.
They are common in wetlands, where they are responsible for marsh gas, and in the
digestive tracts of animals such as ruminants and humans, where they are
responsible for the methane content of belching in ruminants and flatulence in
humans. In marine sedimentsbiomethanationis generally confined to
where sulfates are depleted, below the top layers. Moreover, the methanogenicarchaea populations play an indispensable role in anaerobic wastewater
treatments. Others areextremophiles,found in environments such as hot
springs and submarine hydrothermal vents as well as in the "solid" rock of the
Earth's crust, kilometers below the surface. Not to be confused
withmethanotrophswhich rather consume methane for their carbon and energy
requirements.
18.
Solution (d)
Human development is a process of enlarging the range of peoples choices,
increasing their opportunities for education, health care, income and
empowerment and covering the full range of human choices from a sound
physical environment to economic, social and political freedom.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaeahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methanotrophhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extremophilehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biomethanationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archaea -
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
11/36
Reference: Page 24, Chapter 3, (India People and Economy Class XII)
19.
Solution (b)
There was a negative Decadal Population Growth between 1911-1921, as shown
by the Census 1921 data.
Reference :Page 5, Chapter 1, (India People and Economy Class XII), Census 2011
data.
20.
Solution: a)
The dough, which is used for making bread, is fermented using bakers yeast
(Saccharomyces cerevisiae).
21. Solution: D)
The current account records exports and imports in goods and services and transfer
payments. Trade in services denoted as invisible trade (because they are not seen to
cross national borders) includes both factor income (payment for inputs-investment
income, that is, the interest, profits and dividends on our assets abroad minus the
income foreigners earn on assets they own in India) and non-factor income
(shipping, banking, insurance, tourism, software services, etc.). Transfer payments
are receipts which the residents of a country receive for free, without having to
make any present or future payments in return. They consist of remittances, gifts
and grants. They could be official or private. The balance of exports and imports of
goods is referred to as thetrade balance. Adding trade in services and net transfersto the trade balance, we get the currentaccount balance. The capital account
records all international purchases and sales of assets such as money, stocks, bonds,
etc. We note that any transaction resulting in a payment to foreigners is entered as a
debit and is given a negative sign. Any transaction resulting in a receipt from
foreigners is entered as a creditand is given a positive sign.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
12/36
22.Solution: d)
People migrate for a better economic and social life. There are two sets of factors
that influence migration.
The Push factors make the place of origin seem less attractive for reasons likeunemployment, poor living conditions, political turmoil, unpleasant climate, natural
disasters, epidemics and socio-economic backwardness.
The Pull factors make the place of destination seem more attractive than the place
of origin for reasons like better job opportunities and living conditions, peace and
stability, security of life and property and pleasant climate.
23.
Solution: d)
Biological control of pests and diseases:In agriculture, there is a method of
controlling pests that relies on natural predation rather than introduced chemicals.
A key belief of the organic farmer is that biodiversity furthers health. The more
variety a landscape has, the more sustainable it is. The organic farmer, therefore,
works to create a system where the insects that are sometimes called pests are not
eradicated, but instead are kept at manageable levels by a complex system of
checks and balances within a living and vibrant ecosystem. Contrary to the
conventional farming practices which often use chemical methods to kill bothuseful and harmful life forms indiscriminately, this is a holistic approach that seeks
to develop an understanding of the webs of interaction between the myriad of
organisms that constitute the field fauna and flora. The organic farmer holds the
view that the eradication of the creatures that are often described as pests is not
only possible, but also undesirable, for without them the beneficial predatory and
parasitic insects which depend upon them as food or hosts would not be able to
survive. Thus, the use of biocontrol measures will greatly reduce our dependence
on toxic chemicals and pesticides. An important part of the biological farmingapproach is to become familiar with the various life forms that inhabit the field,
predators as well as pests, and also their life cycles, patterns of feeding and the
habitats that they prefer. This will help develop appropriate means of biocontrol.
The very familiar beetle with red and black markingsthe Ladybird, and
Dragonflies are useful to get rid of aphids and mosquitoes, respectively. An
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
13/36
example of microbial biocontrol agents that can be introduced in order to control
butterfly caterpillars is the bacteria Bacillus thuringiensis (often written as Bt).
These are available in sachets as dried spores which are mixed with water and
sprayed onto vulnerable plants such as brassicas and fruit trees, where these are
eaten by the insect larvae. In the gut of the larvae, the toxin is released and thelarvae get killed. The bacterial disease will kill the caterpillars, but leave other
insects unharmed. Because of the development of methods of genetic engineering in
the last decade or so, the scientists have introduced B. thuringiensis toxin genes into
plants. Such plants are resistant to attack by insect pests. Bt-cotton is one such
example, which is being cultivated in some states of our country.
For more info:
http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-
promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-
114022500332_1.html
24.Solution: b)
Australias age-sex pyramid is bell shaped and tapered towards the top. This shows
birth and death rates are almost equal leading to a near constant population.
Refer page no. 18 for Diagrams (Fundamentals of Human Geography, Class 12th,NCERT)
25.Solution: d)
Cyclosporin Ais an immunosuppressant drug widely used in organ
transplantation to prevent rejection. It reduces the activity of the immune system
by interfering with the activity and growth of T cells. It was initially isolated from
the fungus Tolypocladium inflatum(Beauveria nivea), found in a soil sample
obtained in 1969.
In addition to transplants, ciclosporin is also used in psoriasis, severe atopic
dermatitis,Kimura's disease, pyoderma gangrenosum, chronic autoimmune urticaria,
and, infrequently, in rheumatoid arthritis and related diseases, although it is only
http://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.htmlhttp://www.business-standard.com/article/news-cm/organic-farming-being-promoted-in-a-big-way-india-exporting-1-6-lakh-tonne-organic-products-114022500332_1.html -
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
14/36
used in severe cases. It is commonly prescribed in the US as an ophthalmic
emulsion for the treatment of dry eyes. It has been investigated for use in many
other autoimmune disorders, and is sometimes prescribed in veterinary cases,
particularly in extreme cases of immune-mediated hemolytic anemia. Inhaled
ciclosporin has been investigated to treat asthma and is being studied as apreventive therapy for chronic rejection of the lungs. Ciclosporin has also been used
to help treat patients with acute severe ulcerative colitis that do not respond to
treatment with steroids. This drug is also used as a treatment of posterior or
intermediate uveitis with noninfective etiology. Ciclosporin is a drug currently used
to experimentally treat cardiac hypertrophy (an increase in cell volume).
26.
Solution (b)
About 80 per cent of the coal deposits in India is of bituminous type and is of non-coking grade.Crude petroleum occurs in sedimentary rocks of the tertiary periodUranium deposits occur in the Dharwar rocks.Worlds richest monazite deposits occur in Palakkad and Kollam districtsof Kerala,near Vishakhapatnam in Andhra Pradesh and Mahanadi river delta in Orissa
Reference:Pages 78, 80, 82 (India People and Economy Class XII)
27. Solution: D)
Fiscal deficit is the difference between the governments total expenditure and its
total receipts excluding borrowing
Gross fiscal deficit = Total expenditure (Revenue receipts + Non-debt creating
capital receipts)
Non-debt creating capital receipts are those receipts which are not borrowings and,therefore, do not give rise to debt. Examples are recovery of loans and the proceeds
from the sale of PSUs. The fiscal deficit will have to be financed through
borrowing. Thus, it indicates the total borrowing requirements of the government
from all sources. From the financing side
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
15/36
Gross fiscal deficit = Net borrowing at home + Borrowing from RBI + Borrowing
from abroad
28.
Solution: c)
Primary treatment :These treatment steps basically involve physical removal of
particleslarge and smallfrom the sewage through filtration and sedimentation.
These are removed in stages; initially, floating debris is removed by sequential
filtration. Then the grit (soil and small pebbles) are removed by sedimentation. All
solids that settle form the primary sludge, and the supernatant forms the effluent.
The effluent from the primary settling tank is taken for secondary treatment.
Secondary treatment or Biological treatment: The primary effluent is passed intolarge aeration tanks where it is constantly agitated mechanically and air is pumped
into it. This allows vigorous growth of useful aerobic microbes into flocs (masses of
bacteria associated with fungal filaments to form mesh like structures). While
growing, these microbes consume the major part of the organic matter in the
effluent. This significantly reduces the BOD (biochemical oxygen demand) of the
effluent. BOD refers to the amount of the oxygen that would be consumed if all
the organic matter in one liter of water were oxidised by bacteria. The sewage
water is treated till the BOD is reduced. The BOD test measures the rate of uptake
of oxygen by micro-organisms in a sample of water and thus, indirectly, BOD is ameasure of the organic matter present in the water. The greater the BOD of waste
water, more is its polluting potential.
Once the BOD of sewage or waste water is reduced significantly, the effluent is
then passed into a settling tank where the bacterial flocs are allowed to sediment.
This sediment is called activated sludge. A small part of the activated sludge is
pumped back into the aeration tank to serve as the inoculum. The remaining major
part of the sludge is pumped into large tanks called anaerobic sludge digesters.
Here, other kinds of bacteria, which grow anaerobically, digest the bacteria and thefungi in the sludge. During this digestion, bacteria produce a mixture of gases such
as methane, hydrogen sulphide and carbon dioxide. These gases form biogas and can
be used as source of energy as it is inflammable.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
16/36
29.Solution (b)
Haryali is a watershed development project sponsored by the Central
Government which aims at enabling the rural population to conserve water for
drinking, irrigation, fisheries and afforestation. The Project is being executed by
Gram Panchayats with peoples participation. One of the objective of Haryali is
Employment generation, poverty alleviation, community empowerment and
development of human and other economic resources of the rural areas. It aims
at enabling rural population to conserve water and not urban population.
Reference:Page 66, 67 (India People and Economy Class XII) &http://dolr.nic.in/hariyaliguidelines.htm
30. Solution: c)
The revenue deficit includes only such transactions that affect the current income
and expenditure of the government. When the government incurs a revenue
deficit, it implies that the government is dissaving and is using up the savings of the
other sectors of the economy to finance a part of its consumption expenditure. This
situation means that the government will have to borrow not only to finance its
investment but also its consumption requirements. This will lead to a build up of
stock of debt and interest liabilities and force the government, eventually, to cut
expenditure. Since a major part of revenue expenditure is committed expenditure,it cannot be reduced. Often the government reduces productive capital
expenditure or welfare expenditure. This would mean lower growth and adverse
welfare implications.
31.
Solution: b)
The sex ratio is an important information about the status of women in a country.
In regions where gender discrimination is rampant, the sex ratio is bound to beunfavourable to women. Such areas are those where the practice of female
foeticide, female infanticide and domestic violence against women are prevalent.
One of the reasons could be lower socio-economic status of women in these areas.
More women in the population does not mean they have a better status. It could be
that the men might have migrated to other areas for employment.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
17/36
On an average, the world population reflects a sex ratio of 990 females per 1000
males. The highest sex ratio in the world has been recorded in Latvia which is 1187
females per 1000 males. In contrast, the lowest sex ratio occurs in U.A.E. which is
468 females per 1000 males.
The world pattern of sex ratio does not exhibit variations in the developed regions
of the world. The sex ratio is favourable for females in 139 countries of the world
and unfavourable for them in the remaining 72 countries listed by the United
Nations.
In general, Asia has a low sex ratio. Countries like China, India, Saudi Arabia,
Pakistan, Afghanistan have a lower sex ratio.
On the other extreme is greater part of Europe (including Russia) where males are
in minority. A deficit of males in the populations of many European countries isattributed to better status of women, and an excessively male-dominated out-
migration to different parts of the world in the past.
Haryana has lowest sex ratio. It showed improvement between 2001 and 2011
census from 861 to 877 females per thousand males.
32.
Solution: d)
Single-cell protein(SCP) typically refers to sources of mixed protein extracted
from pure or mixed cultures of algae, yeasts, fungi or bacteria (grown on
agricultural wastes) used as a substitute for protein-rich foods, in human and animal
feeds.
It has been calculated that a 250 Kg cow produces 200 g of protein per day. In the
same period, 250g of a micro-organism like Methylophilus methylotrophus, because
of its high rate of biomass production and growth, can be expected to produce 25
tonnes of protein.
Large-scale production of microbial biomass has many advantages over thetraditional methods for producing proteins for food or feed.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
18/36
1. Microorganisms have a high rate of multiplication and, hence, rapidsuccession of generations (algae: 26 hours, yeast: 13 hours, bacteria: 0.52hours)
2.
They can be easily genetically modified for varying the amino acidcomposition.
3.
A very high protein content 4385% in the dry mass.
4. They can utilize a broad spectrum of raw materials as carbon sources, whichinclude even waste products. Thus, they help in the removal of pollutantsalso.
5.
Strains with high yield and good composition can be selected or producerelatively easily.
6.
Microbial biomass production occurs in continuous cultures and the qualityis consistent, since the growth is independent of seasonal and climaticvariations.
7.
Land requirements is low and is ecologically beneficial.8. A high solar-energy-conversion efficiency per unit area.
9. Solar energy conversion efficiency can be maximized and yield can beenhanced by easy regulation of physical and nutritional factors.
10.
Algal culture can be done in space that is normally unused and so there is noneed to compete for land.
33. Solution: A)
Refer to the section on FRBMA in Chapter 4, 12thMacroeconomics NCERT
34.Solution: b)
As traditional breeding techniques failed to keep pace with demand and to provide
sufficiently fast and efficient systems for crop improvement, another technology
called tissue culture got developed. What does tissue culture mean? It was learnt byscientists, during 1950s, that whole plants could be regenerated from explants, i.e.,
any part of a plant taken out and grown in a test tube, under sterile conditions in
special nutrient media. This capacity to generate a whole plant from any
cell/explant is calledtotipotency. You will learn how to accomplish this in higher
classes. It is important to stress here that the nutrient medium must provide a
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
19/36
carbon source such as sucrose and also inorganic salts, vitamins, amino acids and
growth regulators like auxins, cytokinins etc. By application of these methods it is
possible to achieve propagation of a large number of plants in very short durations.
This method of producing thousands of plants through tissue culture is called
micropropagation. Each of these plants will be genetically identical to the originalplant from which they were grown, i.e., they are somaclones. Many important food
plants like tomato, banana, apple, etc., have been produced on commercial scale
using this method. Try to visit a tissue culture laboratory with your teacher to
better understand and appreciate the process.
35. Solution: c)
Revenue receipts are divided into tax and non-tax revenues.
Tax revenues consist of the proceeds of taxes and other duties levied by the central
government. Tax revenues, an important component of revenue receipts, comprise
of direct taxeswhich fall directly on individuals (personal income tax) and firms
(corporation tax), and indirect taxes like excise taxes (duties levied on goods
produced within the country), customs duties (taxes imposed on goods imported
into and exported out of India) and service tax.
Non-tax revenue of the central government mainly consists of interest receipts (onaccount of loans by the central government which constitutes the single largest
item of non-tax revenue), dividends and profits on investments made by the
government, fees and other receipts for services rendered by the government. Cash
grants-in-aid from foreign countries and international organisations are also
included.
36.
Solution (a)
Water Allocation Priorities: In the planning and operation of systems, water
allocation priorities should be broadly as follows: Drinking water, Irrigation,
Hydropower, Ecology, Agro industries and non-agricultural industries
Navigation and other uses.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
20/36
Reference:Chapter 5 (India People and Economy Class XII)& Ministry of Water
resources.
37. Solution: A)
Fiscal deficit is not always inflationary. It depends whether the increased demand
for the good and services is matched by adequate new supplies.
The subsidies as a % of GDP has been decreasing till 2005-06, but has then picked
up to FY 2013-14.
38. Solution: D)
The main items of capital receipts are loans raised by the government from the
public which are called market borrowings, borrowing by the government from the
Reserve Bank and commercial banks and other financial institutions through the
sale of treasury bills, loans received from foreign governments and international
organisations, and recoveries of loans granted by the central government. Other
items include small savings (Post-Office Savings Accounts, National Savings
Certificates, etc), provident funds and net receipts obtained from the sale of shares
in Public Sector Undertakings (PSUs).
39.Solution: c)
A biofertilizer(also bio-fertilizer) is a substance which contains
living microorganisms which, when applied to seed, plant surfaces, or soil, colonizes
the rhizosphere or the interior of the plant and promotes growth by increasing the
supply or availability of primary nutrients to the host plant.Bio-fertilizers add
nutrients through the natural processes of nitrogen fixation,solubilizing phosphorus, and stimulating plant growth through the synthesis of
growth-promoting substances. Bio-fertilizers can be expected to reduce the use
of chemical fertilizers and pesticides. The microorganisms in bio-fertilizers restore
the soil's natural nutrient cycle and build soil organic matter. Through the use of
bio-fertilizers, healthy plants can be grown, while enhancing the sustainability and
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
21/36
the health of the soil. Since they play several roles, a preferred scientific term for
such beneficial bacteria is "plant-growth promoting rhizobacteria" (PGPR).
Therefore, they are extremely advantageous in enriching soil fertility and fulfilling
plant nutrient requirements by supplying the organic nutrients through
microorganism and their byproducts. Hence, bio-fertilizers do not contain anychemicals which are harmful to the living soil.
40.
Solution: c)
Thomas Malthus in his theory (1793) stated that the number of people would
increase faster than the food supply. Any further increase would result in a
population crash caused by famine, disease and war. The preventive checks are
better than the physical checks. For the sustainability of our resources, the worldwill have to control the rapid population increase.
Malthus argued that two types of checks hold population within resource
limits:positivechecks, which raise the death rate; andpreventiveones, which lower
the birth rate. The positive checks include hunger, disease and war; the preventive
checks, abortion, birth control, prostitution, postponement of marriage and
celibacy.
41.
Solution (a)
Kashmiri language is classified under the Dardic-Aryan group of Indo-European
Family.
Konkani language spoken in Goa is classified under the Indo-European(Aryan)
family of languages.
Reference : Page 10, Chapter 1, (India People and Economy Class XII)
42. Solution: A)
This includes expenditure on the acquisition of land, building, machinery,
equipment, investment in shares, and loans and advances by the central government
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
22/36
to state and union territory governments, PSUs and other parties. Capital
expenditure is also categorised as plan and non-plan in the budget documents. Plan
capital expenditure, like its revenue counterpart, relates to central plan and central
assistance for state and union territory plans.
Non-plan capital expenditure covers various general, social and economic services
provided by the government.
43.Solution. (c)
Atleast 75 per cent of maleworking population engaged in non-agricultural
pursuits.
Reference :Any text on India's Urban Geography(Majid Husain), Internet.
44.Solution: b)
All are correct.
Refer page no. 168-169 Biology 12thNCERT
45. Solution: c)
Budget documents classify total revenue expenditure into plan andnon-plan expenditure. Plan revenue expenditure relates to central Plans(the Five-Year Plans) and central assistance for State and Union Territory Plans.
46.
Solution: d)
Mutation is the process by which genetic variations are created through changes in
the base sequence within genes resulting in the creation of a new character or trait
not found in the parental type. It is possible to induce mutations artificially through
use of chemicals or radiations (like gamma radiations), and selecting and using the
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
23/36
plants that have the desirable character as a source in breeding this process is
called mutation breeding. In mung bean, resistance to yellow mosaic virus and
powdery mildew were induced by mutations.
For more information:
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-
pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ece
47.
Solution: b)
DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
Demographic transition theory can be used to describe and predict the futurepopulation of any area. The theory tells us that population of any region changes
from high births and high deaths to low births and low deaths as society progresses
from rural agrarian and illiterate to urban industrial and literate society. These
changes occur in stages which are collectively known as the demographic cycle.
The first stage has high fertility and high mortality because people reproduce more
to compensate for the deaths due to epidemics and variable food supply. The
population growth is slow and most of the people are engaged in agriculture where
large families are an asset. Life expectancy is low, people are mostly illiterate andhave low levels of technology. Two hundred years ago all the countries of the world
were in this stage.
Fertility remains high in the beginning of second stage but it declines with time.
This is accompanied by reduced mortality rate. Improvements in sanitation and
health conditions lead to decline in mortality. Because of this gap the net addition
to population is high.
In the last stage, both fertility and mortality decline considerably. The population is
either stable or grows slowly. The population becomes urbanised, literate and has
high technical know-how and deliberately controls the family size.
This shows that human beings are extremely flexible and are able to adjust their
fertility.
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/agriculture/mutation-breeding-of-oil-seeds-pulses-and-cereals/article5142401.ece -
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
24/36
In the present day, different countries are at different stages of demographic
transition.
48.
Solution (d)
Minerals have certain characteristics. These are unevenly distributed over space.All minerals are exhaustible over time. These take long to develop geologicallyand they cannot be replenished immediately at the time of need. Thus, theyhave to be conserved and not misused as they do not have the second crop.Most of the metallic minerals in India occur in the peninsular plateau region inthe old crystalline rocks. Over 97 per cent of coal reserves occur in the valleys ofDamodar, Sone, Mahanadi and Godavari. Petroleum reserves are located in thesedimentary basins of Assam, Gujarat and Mumbai High i.e. off-shore region in
the Arabian Sea. New reserves have been located in the Krishna-Godavari andKaveri basins.Bauxite is found mainly in tertiary deposits and is associated with laterite rocksoccurring extensively either on the plateau or hill ranges of peninsular India andalso in the coastal tracts of the country.Dharwar system of rocks. Copper, zinc have been major minerals.
Reference:Pages 73-76 (India People and Economy Class XII)
49. Solution: c)
Broadly speaking, revenue expenditure consists of all those expenditures of the
government which do not result in creation of physical or financial assets. It relates
to those expenses incurred for the normal functioning of the government
departments and various services, interest payments on debt incurred by the
government, and grants given to state governments and other parties (even though
some of the grants may be meant for creation of assets).
50.
Solution. (a)
In fertile alluvial plains of India, Clustered settlements are found
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
25/36
Reference :Page 33, Chapter 4, (India People and Economy Class XII)
51.
Solution: a)
Accessibility to morphine will improve further with the passing of The NarcoticDrugs and Psychotropic Substances (Amendment) Bill, 2011. Morphine is essentialfor patients suffering from terminal illnesses such as cancer, HIV and thalassemia.
Morphine is one of the cheapest and the best known pain-relieving drug. With thenew act, which was passed by the Rajya Sabha, there will be a single windowclearance to medical institutions wanting to store morphine.
Earlier 4-5 licenses were required to store morphine in hospitals for therapeutic use.
Drugs
The drugs, which are commonly abused are opioids, cannabinoids and coca
alkaloids. Majority of these are obtained from flowering plants. Some are obtained
from fungi.
Opioidsare the drugs, which bind to specific opioid receptors present in our
central nervous system and gastrointestinal tract. Heroin, commonly called smack is
chemically diacetylmorphine which is a white, odourless, bitter crystalline
compound. This is obtained by acetylation of morphine, which is extracted from
the latex of poppy plant Papaver somniferum. Generally taken by snorting and
injection, heroin is a depressant and slows down body functions.
Cannabinoidsare a group of chemicals , which interact with cannabinoid receptors
present principally in the brain. Natural cannabinoids are obtained from the
inflorescences of the plant Cannabis sativa. The flower tops, leaves and the resin of
cannabis plant are used in various combinations to produce marijuana, hashish,
charas and ganja. Generally taken by inhalation and oral ingestion, these are known
for their effects on cardiovascular system of the body.
Cocaalkaloid or cocaine is obtained from coca plant Erythroxylum coca, native to
South America. It interferes with the transport of the neuro-transmitter dopamine.
Cocaine, commonly called coke or crack is usually snorted. It has a potent
stimulating action on central nervous system, producing a sense of euphoria and
increased energy. Excessive dosage of cocaine causes hallucinations. Other well-
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
26/36
known plants with hallucinogenic properties are Atropa belladona and Datura.
These days cannabinoids are also being abused by some sportspersons.
Drugs like barbiturates, amphetamines, benzodiazepines, lysergic acid diethyl
amides (LSD), and other similar drugs, that are normally used as medicines to help
patients cope with mental illnesses like depression and insomnia, are often abused.
Morphine is a very effective sedative and painkiller, and is very useful in patients
who have undergone surgery. Several plants, fruits and seeds having hallucinogenic
properties have been used for hundreds of years in folk-medicine, religious
ceremonies and rituals all over the globe. When these are taken for a purpose other
than medicinal use or in amounts/frequency that impairs ones physical,
physiological or psychological functions, it constitutes drug abuse.
52.
Solution: d)
The exaggerated response of the immune system to certain antigens present in the
environment is called allergy. The substances to which such an immune response is
produced are called allergens. The antibodies produced to these are of IgE type.
Common examples of allergens are mites in dust, pollens, animal dander, etc.
Symptoms of allergic reactions include sneezing, watery eyes, running nose and
difficulty in breathing. Allergy is due to the release of chemicals like histamine and
serotonin from the mast cells. For determining the cause of allergy, the patient isexposed to or injected with very small doses of possible allergens, and the reactions
studied. The use of drugs like anti-histamine, adrenalin and steroids quickly reduce
the symptoms of allergy. Somehow, modern-day life style has resulted in lowering
of immunity and more sensitivity to allergensmore and more children in metro
cities of India suffer from allergies and asthma due to sensitivity to the
environment. This could be because of the protected environment provided early
in life.
53.Solution: c)
National Income = Consumption + Investment + Government spending( It
includes all taxes and sources of income also.)
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
27/36
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
28/36
Even if they comprehend this, they may expect the future taxes to fall not on them
but on future generations.
56. Solution: D)
Refer to Section 6.2 Foreign Exchange in Chapter 5 12thMacroeconomics
57.Solution: d)
All are correct.
Acquired immunity, on the other hand, is pathogen specific. It is characterised by
memory. This means that our body when it encounters a pathogen for the first time
produces a response called primary response which is of low intensity. Subsequent
encounter with the same pathogen elicits a highly intensified secondary or
anamnestic response. This is ascribed to the fact that our body appears to have
memory of the first encounter.
The primary and secondary immune responses are carried out with the help of two
special types of lymphocytes present in our blood, B-Lymphocytes and T-
Lymphocytes. The B-lymphocytes produce an army of proteins in response to
pathogens into our blood to fight with them. These proteins are called antibodies.
The T-cells themselves do not secrete antibodies but help B cells produce them.
Each antibody molecule has four peptide chains, two small called light chains and
two longer called heavy chains. Hence, an antibody is represented as H2L2.
Different types of antibodies are produced in our body. IgA, IgM, IgE, IgG are some
of them. Because these antibodies are found in the blood, the response is also called
as humoral immune response. This is one of the two types of our acquired immune
responseantibody mediated. The second type is called cell-mediated immune
response or cell-mediated immunity (CMI). The T-lymphocytes mediate CMI.
Very often, when some human organs like heart, eye, liver, kidney fail to function
satisfactorily, transplatation is the only remedy to enable the patient to live a
normal life. Then a search beginsto find a suitable donor Grafts from just any
sourcean animal, another primate, or any human beings cannot be made since the
grafts would be rejected sooner or later. Tissue matching, blood group matching are
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
29/36
essential before undertaking any graft/transplant and even after this the patient has
to take immunosuppresants all his/her life. The body is able to differentiate self
and nonself and the cell-mediated immune response is responsible for the graft
rejection.
58. Solution: A)
When a country runs a trade deficit, it is important to look at the right side of
equation to see whether there has been a decrease in saving, increase in investment,
or an increase in the budget deficit. There is reason to worry about a countrys long-
run prospects if the trade deficit reflects smaller saving or a larger budget deficit
(when the economy has both trade deficit and budget deficit, it is said to be facing
twin deficits). The deficit could reflect higher private or government consumption.In such cases, the countrys capital stock will not rise rapidly enough to yield
enough growth (called the growth dividend) it needs to repay its debt. There is
less cause to worry if the trade deficit reflects a rise in investment, which will build
the capital stock more quickly and increase future output. However, we must note
that since private saving, investment and the trade deficit are jointly determined,
other factors too must be taken into account.
59.
Solution (d)
A semi-arid climate or steppe climate are climatic regions that receive precipitation
below potential evapotranspiration, but not extremely.
Cotton is a tropical crop grown in kharif season in semi-arid areas of the country.
Wheat being a rabi crop, it is mostly grown under irrigated conditions at high
altitudes and it is also grown as a rainfed crop in the semi-arid region.
Jowar is the main food crop in semi-arid areas of central and southern India.
Maharashtra alone produces more than half of the total jowar production of the
country.
Maize is a food as well as fodder crop grown under semi-arid climatic conditions
and over inferior soils.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
30/36
Pearl Millet is one of the major rainfed cereal that is grown in semi-arid region.
Groundnut is also grown in semi-arid region.
Reference:Chapter 5 (India People and Economy Class XII)
60.
Solution (a)
Glaciers, groundwater, freshwater lakes, salt lakes, atmosphere and rivers
Reference:Chapter 6 (India People and Economy Class XII)
61.
Solution (c)
Percolation tanks would be constructed for all borewells owned by thegovernment. These works are done under MGNREGA, which helps in water
conservation.
Water (Prevention and Control of Pollution) Act 1974 and Environment
Protection Act 1986 help in control of water pollution. Water Cess Act 1977, is
also meant to reduce pollution.
Rural Drinking Water Program is not concerned with conservation of water.
Reference:Page 66, 67 (India People and Economy Class XII)
62.Solution: d)
Innate immunity is non-specific type of defence, that is present at the time of birth.This is accomplished by providing different types of barriers to the entry of theforeign agents into our body. Innate immunity consist of four types of barriers.These are
(i) Physical barriers: Skin on our body is the main barrier which prevents entry ofthe micro-organisms. Mucus coating of the epithelium lining the respiratory,gastrointestinal and urogenital tracts also help in trapping microbes entering ourbody.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
31/36
(ii) Physiological barriers: Acid in the stomach, saliva in the mouth, tears fromeyesall prevent microbial growth.
(iii)Cellular barriers: Certain types of leukocytes (WBC) of our body likepolymorpho-nuclear leukocytes (PMNL-neutrophils) and monocytes and natural
killer (type of lymphocytes) in the blood as well as macrophages in tissues canphagocytose and destroy microbes.
(iv) Cytokine barriers: Virus-infected cells secrete proteins called interferonswhich protect non-infected cells from further viral infection.
63.
Solution: c)
Gambusiais a large genus of fish in family Poeciliidae. Gambusiacontains over 40species, most of which are principally found in freshwater habitats, though some
species may also be found in brackish or saltwater habitats. Gambusiaspecies are
often called topminnows or simply gambusias; they are also known as mosquitofish,
which, however, refers more specifically to two species, G. affinisand G. holbrooki.
These can be introduced into ponds to eat mosquito larvae. As a consequence they
have been introduced widely outside their native range, and sometimes
become invasive, threatening the local species.They are very important in aquarium
trade, desired for small size, ease of breeding, and charming gracefulness. They are
viviparousthey have live young.
64.Solution: d)
Chikungunyavirus (CHIKV) is an arthropod-borne virus, of the genusAlphavirus,that is transmitted to humans by virus-carryingAedesmosquitoes.There have beenrecent breakouts of CHIKV associated with severe illness.
CHIKV infection causes an illness with a similar mode of transmission as denguefever, with an acute febrile phase lasting two to five days, followed by a longerperiod of joint pains in the extremities. The pain associated with CHIKV infectionof the joints may persist for weeks or months, or in some cases years. Prevention isvia mosquito control and preventing bite by infected mosquitoes. There is nospecific treatment with medications used to help with symptoms.
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
32/36
65.Solution (b)
Reference:Chapter 6 (India People and Economy Class XII)
66.
Solution: c)
Plasmodium enters the human body as sporozoites (infectious form) through the
bite of infected female Anopheles mosquito. The parasites initially multiply within
the liver cells and then attack the red blood cells (RBCs) resulting in their rupture.
The rupture of RBCs is associated with release of a toxic substance, haemozoin,
which is responsible for the chill and high fever recurring every three to four days.
When a female Anopheles mosquito bites an infected person, these parasites enter
the mosquitos body and undergo further development. The parasites multiply
within them to form sporozoites that are stored in their salivary glands. When thesemosquitoes bite a human, the sporozoites are introduced into his/ her body,
thereby initiating the events mentioned above. It is interesting to note that the
malarial parasite requires two hostshuman and mosquitoesto complete its life
cycle; the female Anopheles mosquito is the vector (transmitting agent) too.
67.Solution: a)
Many fungi belonging to the genera Microsporum, Trichophyton andEpidermophyton are responsible for ringworms which is one of the most common
infectious diseases in man. Appearance of dry, scaly lesions on various parts of the
body such as skin, nails and scalp. are the main symptoms of the disease. These
lesions are accompanied by intense itching. Heat and moisture help these fungi to
grow, which makes them thrive in skin folds such as those in the groin or between
the toes. Ringworms are generally acquired from soil or by using towels, clothes or
even the comb of infected individuals.
68.
Solution (d)
The cereals occupy about 54 per cent of total cropped area in India. The country
produces about 11 per cent cereals of the world and ranks third in production
after China and U.S.A. India produces a variety of cereals, which are classified as
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
33/36
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
34/36
denote their RNA virus origin. It now refers to any virus with a DNA or RNAgenome causing cancer and is synonymous with "tumor virus" or "cancer virus".The vast majority of human and animal viruses do not cause cancer, probablybecause of long-standing coevolution between the virus and its host.
Worldwide, the WHO International Agency for Research on Cancer estimated thatin 2002 17.8% of human cancers were caused by infection, with 11.9% being causedby one of seven different viruses. The importance of this is that these cancers mightbe easily prevented through vaccination (e.g., papillomavirus vaccines), diagnosedwith simple blood tests, and treated with less-toxic antiviral compounds.
71.
Solution: b)
Some of the human diseases are caused by protozoans too. You might have heard
about malaria, a disease man has been fighting since many years. Plasmodium, a tinyprotozoan is responsible for this disease. Different species of Plasmodium (P. vivax,
P. malaria and P. falciparum) are responsible for different types of malaria. Of these,
malignant malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum is the most serious one and
can even be fatal.
Article from The Hindu
Regarding third statement
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ece
72.Solution (c)
Area under Permanent Pastures and Grazing Lands : Most of this type land isowned by the village Panchayat or the Government. Only a small proportion ofthis land is privately owned. The land owned by the village panchayat comes under
Common Property Resources.Culturable Waste-Land: Any land which is left fallow (uncultivated) for more thanfive years is included in this category. It can be brought under cultivation afterimproving it through reclamation practices.Current Fallow: This is the land which is left without cultivation for one or lessthan one agricultural year. Fallowing is a cultural practice adopted for giving theland rest. The land recoups the lost fertility through natural processes.
http://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/sci-tech/health/medicine-and-research/breakthrough-in-malaria-research-claimed/article5722806.ece -
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
35/36
Net Area Sown: The physical extent of land on which crops are sown andharvested is known as net sown area.
Reference:Page 41 (India People and Economy Class XII) & online
73.
Solution (b)
The area under non-agricultural uses is increasing at the expense of wastelands
and agricultural land. The rate of increase is the highest in case of area under
non-agricultural uses. This is due to the changing structure of Indian economy,
which is increasingly depending on the contribution from industrial and services
sectors and expansion of related infrastructural facilities. Also, an expansion of
area under both urban and rural settlements has added to the increase. Thus, the
area under non-agricultural uses is increasing at the expense of wastelands and
agricultural land.
The four categories that have registered a decline are barren and wasteland,
culturable wasteland, area under pastures and tree crops and net area sown.
As per the present assessment, the Forest and Tree cover of the country is 78.29
million ha, which is 23.81% of the geographical area of the country. In 1960 it
was around 18%.
Reference:Page 42 (India People and Economy Class XII) & PIB
74.Solution (b)
Land, according to its ownership can broadly be classified under two broad
headsprivate land and common property resources (CPRs). While the former
is owned by an individual or a group of individuals, the latter is owned by the
state meant for the use of the community. CPRs provide fodder for the livestock
and fuel for the households along with other minor forest products like fruits,
nuts, fibre, medicinal plants, etc. In rural areas, such land is of particularrelevance for the livelihood of the landless and marginal farmers and other
weaker sections since many of them depend on income from their livestock due
to the fact that they have limited access to land. CPRs also are important for
women as most of the fodder and fuel collection is done by them in rural areas.
They have to devote long hours in collecting fuel and fodder from a degraded
-
8/12/2019 Test 6only Solutions Final
36/36