Review40 Question MC, Hines Hall

Magpie Sensing (4)►

Sabre (2)►

Seattle Children's Hospital (4)►

Analysis at the Speed of Thought, Kaleida (1)

►

Moneyball: Analytics in Sports & Movies (2)

►

Analyzing Athletic Injuries (3)►

Industrial & Commercial Bank of China Employs Models to Reconfigure Its Branch Networks (1)

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Gilt Groupe's Flash Sales Streamlined by Big Data Analytics- Retail Analytics (1)

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Nationwide Insurance Used BI to Enhance Customer Service (3)

►

Applebee's►

Case Studies (# of Questions)

Strong competition○

expanding global markets○

blooming electronic markets on Internet○

innovative marketing methods○

opportunities for outsourcing with IT support○

Need for real-time, on demand transactions ○

Markets: •

Desire for customization○

Desire for quality, diversity of products, and speed of delivery

○

Customers getting more powerful and less loyal○

Consumer Demands•

More innovations, new products, and new services○

Increasing obsolescence rate○

Increasing information overload○

Social networking, Web 2.0 and beyond○

Technology•

Growing government regulations and deregulation○

Workforce more diversified, older, and composed of more women

○

Prime concerns of homeland security and terrorist attacks○

Necessity of Sarbanes-Oxley Act and other reporting-related legislation

○

Increasing social responsibility of companies○

Greater emphasis on sustainability○

Societal•

Business Environment Factors that create pressures on organizations:

Business Environmental Factors

Organization's Response Decisions and Support

GlobalizationCustomer demand

Government regulationsMarket conditions

Competition

Pressures

►

Opportunities

►

StrategyPartner's collaboration

Real-time responseAgility

Increased productivityNew vendors

New business models

►

AnalysesPredictionsDecisions

↑ ↑ ↑

Integrated computerized decision support

Business Intelligence

Business Pressures-result of today's competitive business climate•Responses-to counter the pressures•Support-to better facilitate the process•

Business Pressures-Responses-Support Model

Test 1Monday, September 14, 2015 8:38 AM

ISDS 2001 Page 1

Be reactive, anticipative, adaptive, and proactive -- not retroactive •

Employ strategic planning○

Use new and innovative business models○

Restructure business processes○

Participate in business alliances○

Improve corporate information systems○

Managerial action:•

Organizational Responses

One of the major objectives of computerized decision support is to facilitate closing the gap between the current performance of an organization and its desired performance, as expressed in its mission, objectives, and goals, and the strategy to achieve them.

•Closing the Strategy Gap

Textbook Preface:

Ramesh Sharda, 2014.

“Analytics has become the technology driver of this decade. Companies such as IBM, Oracle, Microsoft, and others are creating new organizational units focused on analytics that help businesses become more effective and efficient in their operations. Decision makers are using more computerized tools to support their work. Even consumers are using analytics tools directly or indirectly to make decisions on routine activities such as shopping, healthcare, and entertainment. The field of business intelligence (BI) is evolving rapidly to become more focused on innovative applications of data streams that were not even captured some time back, much less analyzed in any significant way. New applications turn up daily in healthcare, sports, entertainment, supply chain management, utilities, and virtually every industry imaginable.”

Then: Executive Information System•Now: Everybody's Information System (BI)•

Business Intelligence is an evolution of decision support concepts over time

BI systems are enhanced with additional visualizations, alerts, and performance measurement capabilities

The term BI emerged from industry

methodologiesBusiness Intelligence- an umbrella term that combines architectures, tools, databases, analytical tools, applications, and

BI helps transform data (and metadata), to information (and knowledge), to decisions, and finally to action

BI is a content-free expression, so it means different things to different people

conduct analysisBI's major objective is to enable easy access to date (and models) to provide business managers with the ability to

Term 'business intelligence' was coined by the Gartner Group in the mid-1990s•1970s- MIS reporting, static/periodic reports•1980s- Executive Information Systems (EIS)•1990s- OLAP, dynamic, multidimensional, ad-hoc reporting [coining of the term 'BI']•2010s- Data/Text/Web Mining, Web-based Portals, Dashboards, Big Data, Social Media, Visual Analytics•2020s- yet to be discovered•

History of Business Intelligence

Data warehouse (DW)- source data1.Business analytics- collection of tools for manipulating, mining, and analyzing the data in the data warehouse2.Business Performance Management (BPM)- monitors and analyzes performance3.

A Business Intelligence system has four major components:

ISDS 2001 Page 2

Business Performance Management (BPM)- monitors and analyzes performance3.User Interface- dashboard, browser, web portal4.

Originally, the DW included only historical data that was organized and summarized, so end users could easily view or manipulate it

○

Today, some DW include access to current data as well, so they can provide real-time decision support○

The data warehouse is the cornerstone of any medium-to-large BI system•

Business analytics are the tools that help the user transform data into knowledge (e.g., queries, data/text mining tools)

•

Business Performance Management (also referred to as Corporate Performance Management [CPM]) is an emerging portfolio of applications within the BI framework that provides enterprises tools they need to better manage their operations

•

User Interface provides a comprehensive graphical/pictorial view of corporate performance measures, trends, and exceptions

•

Components in a BI Architecture

Analytic Application Business Question Business Value

Customer segmentation What market segments do my customers fall into, and what are their

characteristics?

Personalize customer relationships for higher satisfaction and

retention.

Propensity to buy Which customers are most likely to respond to my promotion?

Target customers based on their need to increase their loyalty to

your product line.Also, increase campaign profitability

by focusing on the most likely to buy.

Customer profitability What is the lifetime profitability of my customer?

Make individual business interaction decisions based on the overall profitability of customers.

Fraud detection How can I tell which transactions are likely to be fraudulent?

Quickly determine fraud and take immediate action to minimize out.

Customer attrition Which customer is at risk of leaving? Prevent loss of high-value customers and let go of lower-value

customers.

Channel optimization What is the best channel to reach my customer in each segment?

Interact with customers based on their preference and your need to

manage cost.

Data warehouse and BI initiatives typically follow an iterative process similar to that used in military intelligence initiatives.

•

Cyclical process•Intelligence and espionage•

Intelligence Creation, Use, and BI Governance

ISDS 2001 Page 3

intelligence initiatives.Cyclical process•Intelligence and espionage•

Leads to use of data/text/Web mining

Disadvantage: too much data, very little value○

Intelligence Gathering- the way modern companies ethically and legally organize themselves to glean as much as they can from their customers, their business environment, their stakeholders, their business processes, their competitors, and other such sources of potentially valuable information

•Intelligence vs. Espionage

ATM withdrawal transaction, sales order entry via an ecommerce site -- updates DBs○

Financial transactions systems

Order entry systems to manage inventory, billing, and shipping

Data collected by an attending officer at the scene of an accident (completing the Louisiana crash report)

OTLP- handles routine on-going business○

ERP, SCM, CRM systems generate and store data in OTLP systems○

Main goal is high efficiency○

Transaction processing systems (OTLP) are constantly involved in handling updates (add/edit/delete) to what we might call operational databases

•

Routine sales reports by product, region, sales person, etc.○

Often built on top of a data warehouse where the data is not transactional○

Main goal of OLAP is the effectiveness (and then, efficiency) - providing correct information in a timely manner○

Online analytic processing (OLAP) systems are involved in extracting information from data stored by OLTP systems•

OLTP- Databases must often allow the real-time processing of SQL transactions to support e-commerce and other time-critical applications. This type of processing is known as online transaction processing.

•

(operational database for routine business transactions)OLAP- performs multidimensional analysis of business data and provides the capability for complex calculations, trend analysis, and sophisticated data modeling. OLAP enables end-users to perform ad hoc analysis of data in multiple dimensions, thereby providing the insight and understanding they need for better decision making. Known as online analytical processing.

•

(information for analysis; used for executive decision making)

Transaction Processing vs. Analytic Processing

Implementing and developing a BI initiative is a lengthy, expensive, and risky endeavor•Success of a BI system is measured by its widespread usage for better decision making•

More than just executives (contrary to past Executive Information Systems [EIS])○

Provide what is needed to whomever needs it

All levels of management hierarchy○

The typical BI user community includes•

A successful BI system must be of benefit to the enterprise as a whole•

Successful BI Implementation

BI User Community

ISDS 2001 Page 4

Some users focus at the strategic level•Other users focus at the tactical level•A company excels in its approach to BI if it has a proper appreciation for different classes of users•

BI User Community

BI cannot/should not be a technical exercise for the information systems department ○

To be successful, BI must be aligned with the company's business strategy•

Improving business processes○

Transforming decision making to a more data/fact/information driven activity○

BI changes the way a company conducts business by•

BI should help execute the business strategy and not be an impediment for it•

BI- Alignment with Business Strategy

Shells- tools where you insert your numbers/data○

Developing vs. Acquiring BI systems1.

It is easier to quantify costs○

Harder to quantify benefits○

Justifying via cost-benefit analysis2.

Security and Protection of Privacy3.Integration of Systems and Applications4.

Issues for Successful BI

The demand for real-time BI is growing•

Automated, faster data collection (RFID, sensors)○

Database and other software technologies are advancing○

Telecommunication infrastructure is improving○

Computing power is increasing while the cost for these technologies is decreasing○

Technology is approaching that goal:•

Operational- actions, tactics○

There is a pressing need to close the gap between the operational data and strategic objectives•

Traditional BI systems use large volumes of static data•Extract, Transform, Load [ETL] into data warehouse•

Real-Time/On-Demand BI is Attainable

Better decision making•Single version of the truth ensures one picture of the business process

•

Clear statement of strategies and planning initiatives•Increase in time savings•Improvement in strategies and planning•Improvement in customer service•

Benefits of BI

Descriptive Analytics- Visualization Periodic, ad hoc Reporting Trend Analysis

○

Predictive Analytics- Statistical Analysis and Data Mining

○

Prescriptive Analytics- Management Science, Models and Solution

○

Simple Taxonomy of Analytics•

Analytics or Data Science?•

Analytics Overview

'Big Data'•Big Data Analytics

ISDS 2001 Page 5

Analytics or Data Science?•

Volume○

Variety○

Velocity○

'Big Data'•Big Data Analytics

Store chunks of data on different machines connected by a network

○

Hadoop Distributed File System○

Storing- cannot be stored in a single storage unit•

Overloads a single computer○

MapReduce programming paradigm- better to push computation to the data

○

Processing- analyzing for business value•

Managing Big Data

Case Study Questions & Answers

The descriptive analytics monitor and report the properties of the cold storage system, including the set point of each thermostat, the typical range of temperatures in the system, the duty cycle of each compressor, or a graph of the temperature inside a specific storage unit. These values tell trained personnel whether each storage unit is properly configured for storing particular products.

○

What information is provided by the descriptive analytics employed at Magpie Sensing?1.

The predictive analytics use the descriptive data to alert users when a unit is not configured properly for storing the products. It also sends an alert when average temperature and compressor cycle runs signal that a temperature may go out of range (for example, after a power failure) or that there may have been a human error, such as failure to shut a door or warning of an open shipment seal. These analytics tell users about a problem that may occur, giving them time to prevent the problem.

○

What type of support is provided by the predictive analytics employed at Magpie Sensing?2.

Prescriptive analytics guides decision makers to the alternative with the greatest benefits. In Magpie’s cold chain system, prescriptive analytics uses data about storage unit performance to help buyers select the best storage units. And based on data about storage system efficiency and product sensitivity, prescriptive analytics guides decisions about where to distribute particular products in the supply chain.

○

How does prescriptive analytics help in business decision making?3.

The system uses shippable wireless monitors. These continuously measure temperature, humidity, and location and transmit the data to the computer that analyzes the data.

○

In what ways can actionable information be reported in real time to concerned users of the system?4.

-Magpie

near-real time updating of their database primarily to provide up-to-date executive insights.○

executive dashboards to present performance metrics in a concise way to its executives.○

allow external customers to use dashboards.○

dashboards for the assessment of internal operational performance.○

When Sabre developed their Enterprise Data Warehouse, they chose to use

The traditional reporting process is a manual process of collecting and aggregating financial and other

What is traditional reporting? How is it used in the organization?1.

-Sabre

ISDS 2001 Page 6

The traditional reporting process is a manual process of collecting and aggregating financial and other information. Organizations have used this time-consuming process as a way to obtain information for making decisions and some still do use traditional reporting. However, the resulting presentations may be flat, slow to develop, and difficult to apply to specific situations.

○

Analytics can enable real-time decision support and deliver information to a user-friendly dashboard. Users of a dashboard such as the one provided by Sabre’s Enterprise Travel Data Warehouse using Teradata can see at a glance a 360-degree view of the company’s overall health generated from various data sources.Many stakeholders in the organization can request data needed for particular types of decisions, and the graphical user interface makes the information easily understandable.

○

How can analytics be used to transform traditional reporting?2.

A business pressure was the need to identify and remove inefficiencies from systems and processes so that more resources become available to cater to patient care.

The business intelligence application at Seattle Children’s Hospital is used by data analysts, business managers, financial analysts, clinicians, doctors, and researchers – but not the patients.

○

Who are the users of the tool?1.

A dashboard is a user interface that displays information in some type of visual system. For example, it shows current performance measured against standards.

○

What is a dashboard?2.

Visualizations help users gain insights into existing data. Exploring data visually can help users identify the root causes of problems and provide a basis for working toward solutions. Reporting analytics, involving visualizations such as dashboards, offered major insights into existing data. Kaleida Health and Seattle Children’s Hospital used descriptive analytics, involving reporting and visualizations, and gained major insights into existing healthcare data.

○

How does visualization help in decision making?3.

Tableau’s business intelligence application lets users create monthly and daily dashboards that have helped users significantly improve day-to-day decision making.

○

What are the significant results achieved by the use of Tableau?4.

-Seattle Children's Hospital

At Kaleida Health, Tableau’s reporting tool handles more data faster than its traditional reporting tools did. Also, the analytic capability is deeper. The reports provide detailed data for analyzing efficiency and comparing the performance of Kaleida’s hospitals with other hospitals nationwide. Kaleida Health and Seattle Children’s Hospital used descriptive analytics, involving reporting and visualizations, and gained major insights into existing healthcare data.

○

What advantages were derived by using a reporting tool, Tableau, in the case?1.

-Analysis at the Speed of Thought, Kaleida

The Oakland Athletics hired an assistant general manager with a background in economics and computer expertise. He followed a Sabermetric approach, which uses baseball statistics to analyze the game. He built a prediction model that selected players based on their on-base percentage, which measures how often a batter reaches base for any reason other than fielding error, fielder’s choice, dropped or uncaught third strike, fielder’s obstruction, or catcher’s interference. This strategy built a team that won 20 consecutive games and set a league record.

○

How is predictive analytics applied in Moneyball?1.

-Moneyball

ISDS 2001 Page 7

Subjective decision making relies on experience and intuition; in this case, the team’s scouts applied their experience to select players. An objective approach identifies measures associated with success to create a predictive model for decision making based on data.

○

What is the difference between objective and subjective approaches in decision making?2.

The analytics used data about the type of injury, action taken, healing start and end dates, players’ position, activity, onset, and game location. The data were used to classify healing time into five periods and to associate healing time with players’ positions, severity of injury, and treatment offered. That provided information for creating neural network models using player and injury data to predict healing time in terms of the five categories.

○

What types of analytics are applied in the injury analysis?1.

Classification is a technique used in developing predictive analytical applications. In this example, various kinds of data, such as severity of injury and healing time, were classified for purposes of making decisions about how to handle injuries and which players might be available to play in the future.

○

What is a classification problem?2.

Drawing sequence rules can predict the relationship among types of data—in this case, the relationship among the injuries and the various body parts afflicted with injuries.

○

What can be derived by performing sequence analysis?3.

-Analyzing Athletic Injuries

the fast-paced economic growth of China○

the increased urbanization of China, and○

the increased personal wealth of the Chinese people○

Challenge was to quickly adapt to the Chinese market:

No, because conditions change, and new knowledge can improve a model. In the ICBC example, the branch reconfiguration tool has been improved through an iterative process.

○

Are the prescriptive models once built good forever?1.

-Industrial & Commercial Bank of China

Gilt Groupe must decide what to order—both the selection of brands and styles and the quantity of each item—to minimize inventory costs. It makes personalized recommendations, so it needs to decide what items to recommend to each customer. It needs to decide on the timing of e-mails that communicate the offers.

○

What types of decisions does Gilt Groupe have to make?1.

-Gilt Groupe's Flash Sales

With more than 100 business units offering a variety of products, Nationwide experienced duplication of effort in gathering data, analyzing it, and generating reports. Data-processing environments were widely dissimilar, and there was extreme data redundancy, resulting in higher expenses. Mergers and acquisitions only added to the difficulty and cost. A single, authoritative data warehouse would apply best practices and provide clean, consistent, and complete data.

○

Why did Nationwide need an enterprise-wide data warehouse?1.

Integrated data about customers improved marketing campaigns and better targeted communications, which improved customer satisfaction and retention, as well as contributing to a gain in sales. Integrated

○

How did integrated data drive the business value?2.

-Nationwide Insurance Used BI to Enhance Customer Service

ISDS 2001 Page 8

which improved customer satisfaction and retention, as well as contributing to a gain in sales. Integrated financial data made financial reporting faster and more efficient and added tools for better risk assessment and decision support. Integrated data following mergers fostered smoother integration of businesses. Integrated data for reporting gave agents easy access to reports within seconds rather than days, significantly improving productivity.

It uses the three basic types of business analytics: descriptive, predictive, and prescriptive. The company’s data warehouse supports descriptive analytics for all functions. For example, the data describes customer behavior, financial performance, and policy information. It uses predictive analytics in the Customer Knowledge Store to identify the kinds of customer interaction that are important for customers at different points in their lives. At the level of prescriptive analytics, the Financial Performance Management system applies financial data to a decision support system. Optionally, students may also refer to analytics applied to different domains, such as marketing analytics, financial analytics, and even insurance analytics.

○

What forms of analytics are employed at Nationwide?3.

Limited data: could not marry traffic with sales; no labor data○

Weekly stacks of predetermined paper reports from IT Department○

Cumulating unnecessary machine and paper costs○

Cannot interpret info in Data Warehouse; relying on IT Department for queries & reports○

Managerial Problems1.

Solution: Teradata Data Warehouse2.

More descriptive & accurate daily data for sales, guest count, and labor○

Daily metrics dashboards; store(s) current & past performance○

Manage inventories more efficiently○

Increased table-turn rates; tweaks and adjustments to improve managerial performance○

Better informed decisions based on analytics, enabled to now take action ○

New Managerial Benefits3.

-Applebee's

Microsoft Access 2013 is relational database software used to store data and convert it into relationships. Database software is used primarily for decision-making by businesses that compile data from multiple records stored in tables to produce informative reports.

1.

The power of a relational database lies in the software’s ability to organize data and combine items in different ways to obtain a complete picture of the events the data describe.

2.

That power is only realized when the data are delivered to the decision maker in the appropriate form.3.If you have the ability to control data and turn it into useful information, you possess a marketable skill.4.Database – A file that consists of one or more tables and the supporting objects used to get data into and out of the fields

5.

Relational database software – a computer application, such as Microsoft Access, that is used to store data and convert it into information

6.

Relational database management system – Data are grouped into similar collections, called tables, and the relationships between tables are formed by using a common field

7.

Flat or non-relational data – data contained in a single page or sheet8.Field – a basic entity, data element, or category, such as a book title or telephone number9.Column – the data field that you assign to group data vertically into columns. Every record in a table has the same columns (fields) as every other record. Example: First name, last name, address, and phone number. Each record in an address table has the same columns showing the list of names and addresses.

10.

Record –a complete set of all of the data about one person, place, event, or idea. In every record of a table, the 11.

Microsoft Access Key Terms & Concepts

ISDS 2001 Page 9

Record –a complete set of all of the data about one person, place, event, or idea. In every record of a table, the columns (fields) are in the same order. Example: All the fields on my class roster about one student.

11.

Row – the source field that you assign to group data horizontally in a crosstab query 12.Table –a collection of records13.

Field, record, table, database○

Regarding an Access 2013 database, which sequence represents the hierarchy of terms, from smallest to largest? 14.

Primary key –the field that makes each record in a table unique; ex. Student ID number15.Foreign key –a field in one table that also is stored in a different table as a primary key. A mutually shared data field is used to create the relationship between the primary key on one table to the foreign key in another table.

16.

Example: The StudentID (primary key) in the Student table is joined to the EmployeeID (foreign key) in the Employee table in the case of a student worker on campus.Query –a database object that enables you to ask questions about the data stored in a database and returns the answers in the order from the records that match your instructions

17.

Form – an interface that enables you to enter or modify record data18.Report – a printed document that displays information professionally from a database19.Macros and Modules-- are more database objects contained in Access 2013 database (but these are beyond the scope of the course).

20.

Microsoft Office 2013 applications of Word, Excel and PowerPoint work primarily from memory.21.Access works primarily from storage as opposed to RAM. For instance, as you make changes to the data in a datasheet view, the changes are saved automatically.

22.

Avoid damaging data by copying data and renaming the file.○

Access speed –the amount of time it takes for the storage device to make the file content available for use○

Access runs best from a hard drive or network drive because those drives have sufficient access speed to support the software.

○

Practicing good file management in Access:23.

Backing up databases on a regular basis is critical because the data is the lifeblood of an organization.○

To back up an Access file: create a duplicate copy of the database○

All databases have a tendency to expand with use. This expansion will occur whenever the database is being used, such as when new information is added, the database is being viewed, queries are created or run, or filters are applied and removed.

○

Because the database files tend to rather large to start with, any growth creates problems.○

Acts like a disk defragmenter utility. It finds related file sectors and reassembles them in one location if they become scattered from database use.

You should compact and repair your database each day when you close the file.

This step often will decrease the file size by 50% or more.

Compact and Repair Database Utility – Reduces the size of the database and eliminates wasted space.○

Backing up, compacting and repairing Access files24.

Datasheet view – a grid containing columns and rows where you add, edit, and delete records in a database table25.Design view –displays the infrastructure of a table, form, or report without displaying the data26.One-to-many relationship –exists when each record in the first table may match one, more than one, or no records in the second table. Examples: One student may be enrolled in many courses. One course has many students.

27.

Cascades – permit data changes to travel from one table to another.28.Cascade delete –searches the database and deletes all of the related records; ex. Delete a customer and all his orders will be deleted, too, if cascade delete is set in the relationship.

29.

Cascade update –connects a primary key change to the tables in which it is a foreign key30.

Like an index in a book, using an index to find a record in a database reduces retrieval time.○

All primary keys must be indexed.○

Indexed property – is a list that relates the field values to the records that contain the field value.31.

Data redundancy -occurs when unnecessary duplicate information exists in a database32.

Short Text –a text data type which stores alphanumeric data up to 255 characters. Numbers that are codes and not used in calculations can best be stored as short text. Examples: Student Name, Phone Number, City, State Code, Zip Code, Parish Code, Social Security Number, Bank ABA Routing Number

○

Long Text – a text data type which is like a Memo field in that you can store more than 255 characters - up to a gigabyte!

○

Data types and usage; example of each. A table containing five fields can use a different data type for each field. The data type is designed depending on how each field is defined.

○

ISDS 2001 Page 10

gigabyte!Number –contains a value that can be used in a calculation, such as the number of credits a student has earned. Example: Height

○

Autonumber – is a special data type that Access used to assign the next consecutive number each time you add a record. Example: Customer Account Number

○

Date/Time – hold formatted dates or times and allows the values to be used in date or time arithmetic. Example: Library databases that store research papers

○

Currency – can be used in a calculation and is used for fields that contain monetary values. Example: Your checking account balance

○

Yes/No – assumes one of two values, such as Yes or No, True or False, or On or Off. Example: Dean’s list○

Hyperlink – stores a Web address (URL). Example: www.lsu.edu○

OLE Object –contains an object created by another application. Example: Excel workbook○

Attachment – data type that allows you to attach photos, images, spreadsheet files, charts, and other types of supported files to the records in your database

○

Calculated – see #45 below. Know the rules of calculated fields.○

Date arithmetic –a mathematical expression that calculates elapsed time; Ex. Add one to Today( ) to get tomorrow.33.Filter – condition that helps you find a subset of data meeting your specifications; Ex. Filter the crash data by parish code.

34.

Sort (ascending or descending) – (ascending) provides an alphabetical list of text data or a small-to-large list of numeric data. (Descending) arranges the records with the highest value listed first.

35.

Which is first? The Sort or Filter? These operations can be done in either order.36.Filter by form – permits selecting the criteria from a dropdown list, or applying multiple criterion37.Filter by selection –selects only the records that match the pre-selected criteria38.Inequality – examines a mathematical relationship such as: < > <= >=39.PivotChart view – displays a chart of the associated PivotTable view40.PivotTable view – provides a convenient way to summarize and organize data about groups of records41.Query design grid – displays when you select a query’s Design view; it divides the window into two parts42.Query Wizard – a tool that facilitates new query development through a series of dialog boxes43.Query –a database object that enables you to ask questions about the data stored in a database and returns the answers in the order from the records that match your instructions. There are Select queries and update queries in Access SQL (Structured Query Language).

44.

Select query – searches the underlying tables to retrieve the data that satisfy the query parameters

Date values surrounded by hash tags #01/01/2015#○

Numbers need no punctuation around them○

Text values are put in quotes such as “NYC”○

Is Null is used in query criteria to find where the values are empty○

Column names in calculations in queries are surrounded by square brackets (Cost: [Price]*[Quantity])○

Calculated field – a field that derives its value from a formula that references one or more existing fields45.

Data Mining- the process of analyzing large volumes of data to identify hidden patterns and relationships46.Data demographics – are data describing population segments by age, race, education, and other variables.47.

Drop zone – an area in the PivotTable or PivotChart design grid where drop fields to organize the data○

Row field (Row drop zone) – the source field that you assign to group data horizontally into rows○

Column field (Column drop zone) – the data field that you assign to group data vertically into columns○

Detail or totals field – the data field that contains individual values to be summarized○

Drill button – the plus or minus sign that enables you to show or collapse details in a PivotTable○

Filter field (Filter drop zone) – the data field that you use to create criteria to filter data in a PivotTable○

Crossfooting – the sum of a total row compared to the sum of a column total to verify that the two totals match○

PivotTable Elements:48.

Calculating aggregate statistics – AutoCalc feature in a Pivot table. Know data aggregates and the example of each. Division and multiplication are not aggregate statistics.

49.

Aggregate Name

Definition Example

Sum○ Adds the values together Total contributions for a political campaign by state

Count Counts the non-null items The number of students who earned an A in ISDS 2001

ISDS 2001 Page 11

Count○ Counts the non-null items The number of students who earned an A in ISDS 2001

Min○ Returns the smallest value The employee with the smallest salary increase

Max○ Returns the highest value The student with the highest GPA

Average○ Calculates the arithmetic mean – the mean obtained by adding several

quantities together and dividing the sum by the number of quantities. It

ignores null values.

The average cost of a three-bedroom house in Tulsa.

Standard Deviation

○ Measures how widely spread the values are from the average when

the data describe an entire population

If the average percent salary increase were 3 and the standard deviation were 5, these pay increases differ more than if the average were 3 and the standard deviation were

2. The range is more varied in the sample distribution.

Variance Population

○ Measures the square of the population standard deviation

Spread or dispersion of salaries for employees in similar positions in an organization.

Discrete data – classification of data that is measured and quantified in discrete, unique increments; categories; Examples: the number of males and females in a class, names of countries, etc.

50.

Continuous data – classification of data in which values fall on a continuum and are easily scaled. Examples: Measurements of time, temperature, money, volume, size, and distance.

51.

Column, bar, and stack – charts that display quantitative data and compare data across categories.

Example: Number of volunteers per city

Column Charts - available in 2D and 3D:○

Example: How donations to United Way Giving Fund have increased over the past five years

Line Charts- a chart that plots data points which are continuously distributed data to compare trends over time. Place time measurements on the X axis.

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Pie chart – a chart that shows proportion of each category to the whole for a single data series. Example: Use a pie chart to show last month’s sales by product line for the four products you sell. The pie chart would show which product line sold the greatest proportion of total sales.

Doughnut chart – a chart that shows values as percentages to the whole for multiple data series.

Example: Shows proportion of last week’s revenue generated by product line

Pie Charts: ○

Example: Salaries by job title with the size of the bubble representing the percentage of the total salary budget.

Bubble Charts – a variation of a scatter chart to show how sets of things compare according to various factors. The sizes of the bubbles show the relative size of the data being plotted.

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Chart Families: Know their use and an example.52.

Legend – area of the chart that identifies which color represents the data for each data series○

Axes – the vertical and horizontal scales displaying plotted data in a line, column, bar, or scatter chart○

Gridlines – the lines that extend across the plot area of a chart○

Chart title – the area of a chart that displays a name describing the data depicted in a chart○

Plot area – area of the chart that displays the data points○

PivotChart Elements:○

ISDS 2001 Page 12