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Tesla Cover Up

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Table of Contents

Introduction 5

The Lightning and the Lad 7

Early Life 7

Sickness and Visions 9

Tesla vs. Edison 12

War of the Currents 15

The Inventor of Tomorrow 20

Free Energy Dream 27

Free Radiant Energy 27

The Inner Workings 30

Build One Yourself 32

The Forgotten Dreamer 38

The Banker Baron 38

The Electric Car 41

A Strange Reminder 44

Forgotten Legacy 45

Resource Center 48


Introduction

Winston Churchill was once quoted as saying “History is written by

the victors.” That’s a common phrase that is often cited when talking about

the history of war. History books always portray the victorious in a

favorable light, and the opposition in a villainous one. Sometimes they’re

dispassionately written out of history entirely. Those with the power and

money gain influence, and that influence dictates the knowledge that the

future is given.

This, of course, does not only apply to war and foreign relations. Our

own American history has been shaped by those with the most power and

influence. Science is one especially volatile field. There are countless

incidents where two scientists have discovered or invented something

minutes apart from each other, yet only one remains remembered when the

history books reach our children.

Wildly intelligent and incredibly talented men and women in the field

of science have had to endure obscurity despite their hard work. Any

number of factors can be at the root: a lack of funding, ill-‐timed

announcements, political or economic resistance. Invention and innovation

does not always equate to fame. It can sometimes mean wasted work,

unrecognized genius and shattered dreams.


This is no new development, and it continues today.

This was the fate of one of American’s most ambitious scientists:

Nikola Tesla. A major contributor to modern electrical technology and a

major proponent of Alternating Current (AC), Tesla’s work spoke volumes

about his ingenuity, pioneering spirit, and thirst for the American Dream.

Why then, do most Americans not know his name?

Why has Tesla’s work gone unrecognized? Why do we remember

Franklin, Edison, Ohm and Watt, but not Tesla? The truth, in fact, is stranger

than fiction.

Despite his victory over Edison in the War of the Currents, and the

ubiquity of his technology today, he isn’t required high school learning, or a

household word.

Tesla didn’t die as a rich man or as a famous man. He died a penniless

man, alone and unappreciated in a dingy New York City hotel. There were

no parades, and his life was never immortalized in the Smithsonian.

Fate had different plans for Nikola Tesla.

NOTE: Those interested in the DIY portion of the guide, please refer

to the chapter entitled “Building One Yourself” on page 32.


The Light and the Lad

Early Life

While Nikola Tesla was known as an American Scientist, he was not

originally born in the country. Tesla was born in Smiljan, Lika on July 10th,

1856. While this area is known as Croatia today, it was part of the Austro-‐

Hungarian Empire in Tesla’s youth.

His family life was steeped in both religion and science. Nikola’s

father, Milutin, was a priest in the Serbian Orthodox Church, while his

mother, Duka (the daughter of a Serbian Orthodox priest herself), was an

inventor of household appliances. Nikola was not actually an only child, but

had four other siblings: Milka, Angelina, Marica, and his brother Dane, who

tragically died in an equestrian accident when Nikola was only five.

When Nikola was six years old, the family moved to the town of

Gospic, where he attended the Croatian prepatory high school Higher Real

Gymnasium Karlovac. Despite graduating from the school at the age of 17,

Nikola had already decided on his future career far before that point.

After graduating, Tesla attended Austrian, where he studied

Alternating Current, and where his true love of electrical engineering


blossomed. Originally slated to study Mathematics and Physics, Tesla found

himself drawn to electrical engineering instead. Some records suggest that

he graduated from Austrian Polytechnic, while the university records

themselves suggest that Tesla dropped out in the first semester of his third

year.

It was after this time that Tesla mysteriously stopped talking to his

family for a short time. He cut off all communication with his family, and his

friends believed he had drowned in a river. He left Graz and moved to

Slovenia, where he served as an assistant engineer for a single year. In

1880, after Tesla suffered a mental breakdown, his father contacted him

and asked him to join Charles-‐Ferdinand University in Prague. Despite

heeding his father’s advice, Tesla left the university shortly after joining,

following his father’s untimely death.

After his father’s death, Tesla moved to Budapest in 1880, where he

worked for the National Telephone Company. There he worked on a

number of projects, including one that used twin turbines to provide

continual current to a given machine. He also worked on a device that

amplified telephonic sound, making it a precursor to the loudspeaker.


Figure 1 - Tesla as a young man

Big changes were already afoot in Tesla’s life, but there was much

more to come. By the age of 25, he had already begun inventing and

patenting a number of fantastic and innovative devices, but his life was rife

with hardship. Tesla, himself, was no stranger to affliction, either.

Sickness and Visions

Tesla suffered his childhood and much of his young adult life with a

number of ailments and bizarre conditions. Tesla was not a physically fit

person, and was often ill, sometimes even bed ridden.


The most notable instance of such an affliction followed the death of

his mother. After apparently having a vision that his mother had died

(which turned out to be true), Tesla fell ill, and returned to his mother’s

birthplace of Tomingaj, where he spent three weeks to recuperate. This

wasn’t the first or last time Tesla claimed to have had visions, nor was it the

first or last time it would prove to be more than a vision.

Tesla’s visions, which he apparently had had since childhood, were

often vivid flashbacks to past events in his life, but sometimes manifested

themselves in other ways. Tesla could not control their frequency or

content, but was vocal about their existence, which many speculate fed into

many of the rumors of his eccentricity later in his life.

Along with the visions came “blinding bright lights”, which modern

medical professionals cite as a common symptom of what are now

considered migraine headaches. Usually after bright light spells, Tesla

would have incredibly detailed visions linked to either a word or idea,

sometimes providing the solution to a particular problem.

During his life, much of this seemed to be nothing more than the

ranting of an eccentric scientist, but modern science today suggests that

Tesla was probably a synesthete. Synesthesia is described as a neurological

condition in which a person’s brain involuntarily associates two disparate

properties. For instance, a synesthete might consider number 9 to be


“brown”, or the letter A to be “green”. This is usually caused by one part of

the brain involuntary “coming to life” as another part of the brain is being

used.

Tied to his visions and possible synesthesia, Tesla could also

apparently visualize inventions in his mind, all in realistic detail with actual

dimensions to scale. As a result, Tesla rarely drew blueprints for his

inventions, and much of the graphical evidence of his work can usually only

be found via schematics he was forced to make when patenting his

inventions.

To combat many of the ailments Tesla suffered throughout his life, he

took drastic measures and developed a number of idiosyncrasies, including

a lifelong refusal to shake hands with anyone.

While many of these afflictions and oddities aided Tesla greatly in his

work, it served to make bogus claims of his insanity and eccentricity that

much more believable. This affected him most late in life, when many of his

bizarre claims and world changing discoveries needed mainstream support

and funding.


Tesla vs. Edison

After his work in Budapest, Tesla joined the Continental Edison

Company, where he worked on developing dynamos, electrical generators

that supply direct current (DC) to electrically powered devices. While there,

Tesla built a prototype of one of his most famous contributions to electrical

engineering: the induction motor. After several successful tests, he began

shopping the concept to a number of European firms, but none were

interested in its design, which was considered awfully radical for its time.

It was at this time that he caught the eye of Thomas Edison himself,

and accepted a job to work under him in New York. Upon arriving in the

United States in 1884, Tesla set out almost immediately to improve upon

Edison’s dynamo designs.

It was at this point that Tesla and Edison began diverging in their

opinions on electrical engineering. While Edison believed in the power of

direct current, and had built a lucrative career upon devices that supplied

just that, Tesla was a talented young upstart, hungry to prove that

alternating current (AC) was the true wave of the future. Thus began the

first real war of science that Tesla would have to fight.


Edison was most resistant to the idea of utilizing AC because of his

heavy investment in both equipment and facilities that were built and

purchased expressly for testing and developing direct current technology.

Figure 2 - Thomas Edison late in life

Tesla suggested that the generators Edison had built up and down the

Atlantic coast were weak and inefficient, as DC only sends current in a

single direction. Current sent in one direction weakened considerably over

long distances, which required a generator every two or so miles.


Tesla favored the AC model because in principle, the current itself

would change direction over 50 times a second, allowing generators to both

output at a higher voltage and send current over long distances without

significant power loss. Edison’s DC generators would be rendered entirely

useless, and his costly investment would be for nothing. Edison refused to

yield to Tesla, insisting DC was the best option for the future of electricity.

It was at this time that George Westinghouse, inventor of the rotary

steam engine and founder of the Westinghouse Electric Corporation,

stepped in. Already interested in electrical distribution systems himself, the

New York native was unimpressed with Thomas Edison’s low power DC

electrical system. However, he was incredibly impressed with Tesla’s AC

electrical generation system. Westinghouse purchased a number of AC

generators and began researching AC current distribution in Pittsburgh.

While much of the equipment that Westinghouse needed was now

in his possession, he still needed an AC motor, which would prove to be

slightly more difficult. Westinghouse recounted that Tesla had already

developed and patented an AC induction motor, but wouldn't be able to

obtain it as long as Tesla still worked for his rival, Thomas Edison.

Fortunately for Westinghouse, a rift began to form when Tesla

claimed that Edison owed him $50,000 (approximately worth $1 million


today) to redesign and improve the current dynamos Edison’s company had

already built, to which Edison merely replied “Tesla, you don’t understand

our American humor.”1 When Tesla yielded, and instead asked for a raise in

his salary from $18 a week to $25 a week, Edison immediately denied him.

Tesla resigned his position immediately.

War of the Currents

After Tesla left Edison behind in 1886 to form Tesla Light &

Manufacturing, Westinghouse immediately contacted him to obtain the

patents to his AC motors, and hired him as a consultant in 1888. This was

the true start of the War of the Currents, as it was later known.

Westinghouse began putting his AC research in Pittsburgh into full

swing as Tesla served as a consultant, the two working together to

revolutionize the energy infrastructure of the eastern seaboard, effectively

invalidating Edison’s hard work. With Tesla’s patent on the polyphase AC

motor now in Westinghouse’s hands, the pieces all began to fit into place.

Tesla’s polyphase motor designs were a significant improvement over

past AC motor designs as it used three wires (50% more than previous two

1 Clifford A. Pickover, Strange Brains and Genius: The Secret Lives of Eccentric Scientists and Madmen. HarperCollins, 1999. 352 pages. P. 14. ISBN 0688168949


wire AC motors), but output 73% more energy. Tesla himself suggested that

the current be set at 60 Hertz (Hz), as it reduced flickering in lights supplied

currents, but still low enough to prevent reactive energy loss.

Figure 3 - Tesla's Induction Motor

Edison tried to accuse Westinghouse and Tesla of trying to promote

unsafe technology, stating that a high voltage infrastructure was far too

dangerous, and could lead to fatality. Westinghouse merely replied that the

inherent risks of the AC system could be managed, and its advantages over

the current DC system far outweighed the minimal risk. Edison even tried

to use his position on the dangers of AC to enact legislation in several states

that would limit power transmission to a mere 800 volts (thereby

invalidating the use of AC), but failed.


Unbeknownst to Edison at the time, Westinghouse’s company in

Pittsburgh was hemorrhaging cash. The company was cracking under the

pressure, and Tesla knew it. The book Prodigal Genius recounts the

magnanimous decision Tesla made to save Westinghouse and the future of

AC technology:

"Mr. Westinghouse," said Tesla, drawing himself up to full height of six

feet two inches and beaming down on the Pittsburgh magnate who was

himself a big man, "you have been my friend, you believed in me when

others had no faith; you were brave enough to go ahead and pay me a

million dollars when others lacked courage; you supported me when

even your own engineers lacked vision to see the big things ahead that

you and I saw; you have stood by me as a friend. The benefits that will

come to civilization from my polyphase system mean more to me than

the money involved. Mr. Westinghouse, you will save your company so

that you can develop my inventions. Here is your contract and here is

my contract—I will tear both of them to pieces and you will no longer

have any troubles from my royalties. Is that sufficient?"2

For the sake of the future of what would be the electricity

infrastructure for the modern world, Tesla tore up his royalty agreement

with Westinghouse, trusting that he would do the right thing. Tesla had

already lost plenty of money in a fire that destroyed much of his lab, but he

2 O'Neill, Prodigal Genius, pp. 81-‐82


was willing to give Westinghouse to benefit of the doubt. After all,

Westinghouse had done the same for him.

In 1887, a New York State assembled committee approached Edison

on the best way to execute a condemned prisoner. Already losing the War of

Currents to Westinghouse, Edison saw this as a chance to strike back,

despite originally stating he wanted nothing to do with the matter.

Edison hired engineer Harold P. Brown to act as an impartial 3rd

party. Brown then held public demonstrations of the dangers of AC by

electrocuting animals, including a famous filmed demonstration of an

elephant being electrocuted to death by a flow of AC current. Edison then

used these ostensibly unconnected demonstrations as ammunition in

selling AC to the New York State committee. Edison went so far as to say

that AC was so dangerous that a prisoner would die instantaneously.

Edison’s prestige and fame at the time were such that the committee agreed

and adopted the method immediately.

Still under Edison’s employ, Brown began selling electrocution

equipment to the state of New York for $8000. In 1890, a convict by the

name of William Kemmler was slated to be the first to be executed by

electrocution. Upon hearing this, Westinghouse hired a lawyer and

defended Kemmler, stating that the electric chair was deemed “cruel and

unusual punishment.” Despite his misgivings, the execution proceeded. The


first burst from the electric chair lasted 17 seconds. Sure that Kemmler was

dead, the current was turned off, and he was checked for vital signs. When

it was obvious that Kemmler was still alive despite the burst’s duration,

staff scrambled to turn the current back on. There are no reports of how

long the second burst lasted.

One reporter asked Westinghouse for a comment on the proceedings,

to which he replied “I do not care to talk about it. It has been a brutal affair.

They could have done better with an axe.”3

Despite the grisly affair, the electric chair remained as a method of

capital punishment for years afterward. Edison, on the other hand, had

failed to discredit Tesla and Westinghouse. Tesla and Westinghouse had

effectively won the War of the Currents.

3 AC/DC: The Savage Tale of the First Standards War; By Tom McNichol


The Inventor of Tomorrow

While Westinghouse and Tesla fought Edison in the War of the

Currents until 1890, Tesla also developed and prototyped a number of

inventions, starting in 1886.

Along with the brushless induction motor that had impressed

Westinghouse in the first place, and the fabled Tesla Coil (more about that

later), Tesla also worked on a system that we now know as X-‐ray. Using a

system much more sophisticated than those posited in the past, Tesla’s

“shadowgraph” technology would only come to light in 1896, when they

were published in The Electrical Review, around the same time that

Wilhelm Roentgen announced his discovery of X-‐rays.

Tesla, however, never claimed the discovery himself. Roentgen wrote

Tesla to congratulate him on the system he had developed, and Tesla even

wrote Roentgen’s name on one of his shadowgraph films. Tesla had also, by

1892, discovered skin damage as a side effect of X-‐rays, with Roentgen

himself identified upon his discovery. Tesla continued experimenting with

X-‐rays using the technology that Roentgen had developed, including an X-‐

ray of his own hand, which he sent to Roentgen as a memento.


Tesla and Westinghouse also attended the 1893 World’s Fair,

showcasing their technology at the World’s Columbian Exposition in

Chicago. Tesla exhibited his many inventions, and Westinghouse introduced

the world to AC by illuminating the entire exhibition with it. Tesla

supplemented the entire affair by supplying the Exposition with his own

fluorescent bulb designs. One exhibition attendant recounted the event:

Within the room was suspended two hard-‐rubber plates covered with

tin foil. These were about fifteen feet apart, and served as terminals of

the wires leading from the transformers. When the current was turned

on, the lamps or tubes, which had no wires connected to them, but lay

on a table between the suspended plates, or which might be held in the

hand in almost any part of the room, were made luminous. These were

the same experiments and the same apparatus shown by Tesla in

London about two years previous, "where they produced so much

wonder and astonishment".4

Tesla also spent some time during the Expo, demonstrating his

rotating magnetic field technology by making a copper egg stand on its end.

He called the demonstration The Egg of Columbus.

At the age of 41, Tesla filed the very first radio patent (much before

Marconi), and a year later, demonstrated a radio controlled boat to the US

military. He believed that the military might have a use for radio-‐controlled

4 John Patrick Barrett, Electricity at the Columbian Exposition. R.R. Donnelley 1894 (World's Columbian Exposition, 1893, Chicago, Ill.) Page 168–169


torpedoes. Among his radio research was a particular radio wave signal test

in his Colorado Springs lab, where he believed the waves might have been

extraterrestrial in origin, possibly from Mars or Venus. The signals were

repetitive and sounded significantly different from those he had received

from known Earth-‐based sources in the past. Despite never proving their

origin, Tesla still maintained that his technology would eventually be able

to communicate with other planets.

Tesla’s most famous invention, mostly because of its ubiquity in both

movies and video games, is the Tesla Coil. Often seen in black and white

horror movies, the tesla coil is, in its simplest state, wire coiled around a

tube. Tesla originally created the coil to produce high voltage, high current

AC electricity and supply it to another device. The most famous depiction of

the Tesla coil is in that of a horror movie mad scientist’s lab, electricity

arching from one coil to the other as a manufactured creature springs to

life. The Tesla coil is still used today in a number of commercial electronic

products, but was also a vital part of one of Tesla’s most important

experiments: the radiant energy generator.


Figure 4 - The Tesla Coil Design

Despite his obvious eccentricity, there was no denying that Tesla’s

inventions were some of the most beneficial and influential in American

and World history. Following is a list of just a few of the patents Tesla filed

during his life:

MOTORS & GENERATORS Preface to AC Motor/Generator Patents 3 THE PATENTS: (Filing date) (description) (pat. no.) Mar. 30, 1886 Thermo-Magnetic Motor #396,121 5 Jan. 14, 1886 Dynamo-Electric Machine #359,748 9 May 26, 1887 Pyromagneto-Electric Generator #428,057 14 Oct. 12, 1887 Electro-Magnetic Motor #381,968 17 Oct. 12, 1887 Electrical Transmission of Power #382,280 26 Nov. 30, 1887 Electro-Magnetic Motor #381,969 35


Nov. 30, 1887 Electro-Magnetic Motor #382,279 39 Nov. 30, 1887 Electrical Transmission of Power #382,281 44 Apr. 23, 1888 Dynamo-Electric Machine #390,414 48 Apr. 28, 1888 Dynamo-Electric Machine #390,721 52 May 15, 1888 Dynamo-Electric Machine or Motor #390,415 56 May 15, 1888 System of Electrical Transmission of Power #487,796 58 May 15, 1888 Electrical Transmission of Power #511,915 64 May 15, 1888 Alternating Motor #555,190 67 Oct. 20, 1888 Electromagnetic Motor #524,426 71 Dec. 8, 1888 Electrical Transmission of Power #511,559 74 Dec. 8, 1888 System of Electrical Power Transmission #511,560 77 Jan. 8, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #405,858 84 Feb. 18, 1889 Method of Operating Electro-Magnetic Motors #401,520 87 Mar. 14, 1889 Method of Electrical Power Transmission #405,859 91 Mar. 23, 1889 Dynamo-Electric Machine #406,968 94 Apr. 6, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #459,772 97 May 20, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #416,191 102 May 20, 1889 Method of Operating Electro-Magnetic Motors #416,192 106 May 20, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #416,193 110 May 20, 1889 Electric Motor #416,194 113 May 20, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #416,195 116 May 20, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #418,248 122 May 20, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #424,036 125 May 20, 1889 Electro-Magnetic Motor #445,207 129 Mar. 26, 1890 Alternating-Current Electro-Magnetic Motor #433,700 132 Mar. 26, 1890 Alternating-Current Motor #433,701 135 Apr. 4, 1890 Electro-Magnetic Motor #433,703 138 Jan. 27, 1891 Electro-Magnetic Motor #455,067 141 July 13, 1891 Electro-Magnetic Motor #464,666 145 Aug. 19, 1893 Electric Generator #511,916 148 TRANSFORMERS, CONVERTERS, COMPONENTS Preface to Patented Electrical Components 157 THE PATENTS: (filing date) (description) (pat. no.) May 6, 1885 Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines #334,823 159 May 18, 1885 Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines #336,961 161 June 1, 1885 Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines #336,962 165 Jan. 14, 1886 Regulator for Dynamo-Electric Machines #350,954 169 Apr. 30, 1887 Commutator for Dynamo-Electric Machines #382,845 172 Dec. 23, 1887 System of Electrical Distribution #381,970 177 Dec. 23, 1887 Method of Converting and Distributing Electric Currents #382,282 182 Apr. 10, 1888 System of Electrical Distribution #390,413 187 Apr. 24, 1888 Regulator for Alternate-Current Motors #390,820 192 June 12, 1889 Method of Obtaining Direct from Alternating Currents #413,353 197 June 28, 1889 Armature for Electric Machines (Tesla-Schmid, co-inventors) #417,794 204 Mar. 26, 1890 Electrical Transformer or Induction Device #433,702 208 Aug. 1, 1891 Electrical Condenser #464,667 211 Jan. 2, 1892 Electrical Conductor #514,167 213 July 7, 1893 Coil for Electro-Magnets #512,340 216 June 17, 1896 Electrical Condenser #567,818 219 Nov. 5, 1896 Man. of Electrical Condensers, Coils, &c. #577,671 222 Mar. 20, 1897 Electrical Transformer #593,138 225 HIGH FREQUENCY Preface to Patents in High Frequency 231 THE PATENTS:


(filing date) (description) (pat. no.) Nov. 15, 1890 Alternating-Electric-Current Generator #447,921 233 Feb. 4, 1891 Method of and Apparatus for Electrical Conversion and Distribution #462,418 238 Aug. 2, 1893 Means for Generating Electric Currents #514,168 242 Apr. 22, 1896 Apparatus for Producing Electric Currents of High Frequency and Potential #568,176 245 June 20, 1896 Method of Regulating Apparatus for Producing Currents of High Frequency #568,178 249 July 6, 1896 Method of and Apparatus for Producing Currents of High Frequency #568,179 254 July 9, 1896 Apparatus for Producing Electrical Currents High Frequency #568,180 258 Sept. 3, 1896 Apparatus for Producing Electric Currents of High Frequency #577,670 262 Oct. 19, 1896 Apparatus for Producing Currents of High Frequency #583,953 266 June 3, 1897 Electric-Circuit Controller #609,251 269 Dec. 2, 1897 Electrical-Circuit Controller #609,245 275 Dec. 10, 1897 Electrical-Circuit Controller #611,719 280 Feb. 28, 1898 Electric-Circuit Controller #609,246 285 Mar. 12, 1898 Electric-Circuit Controller #609,247 289 Mar. 12, 1898 Electric-Circuit Controller #609,248 292 Mar. 12, 1898 Electric-Circuit Controller #609,249 295 Apr. 19, 1898 Electric-Circuit Controller #613,735 298 RADIO Preface to The Radio Patents 305 THE PATENTS: (filing date) (description) (pat. no.) Sept. 2, 1897 System of Transmission of Electrical Energy #645,576 307 Sept. 2, 1897 Apparatus for Transmission of Electrical Energy July 16, 1900 Method of Signaling #723,188 367 July 16, 1900 System of Signaling #725,605 372 Jan. 18, 1902 Apparatus for Transmitting Electrical Energy #1,119,732 378 LIGHTING Preface to The Lighting Patents 385 THE PATENTS: (filing date) (description) (pat. no.) Mar. 30, 1885 Electric-Arc Lamp #335,786 387 July 13, 1886 Electric-Arc Lamp #335,787 392 Oct. 1, 1890 Method of Operating Arc Lamps #447,920 397 Apr. 25, 1891 System of Electric Lighting #454,622 400 May 14, 1891 Electric Incandescent Lamp #455,069 405 Jan. 2, 1892 Incandescent Electric Light #514,170 408 MEASUREMENTS & METERS Preface to Patents for Measurement 6, Meters 413 THE PATENTS: (filing date) (description) (pat. no.) Mar. 27, 1891 Electrical Meter #455,068 415 Dec. 15, 1893 Electrical Meter #514,973 418 May 29, 1914 Speed-Indicator #1,209,359 421 Dec. 18, 1916 Speed-Indicator #1,274,816 429 Dec. 18, 1916 Ship's Log #1,314,718 434 Dec. 18, 1916 Flow-Meter #1,365,547 437 Dec. 18, 1916 Frequency Meter #1,402,025 440


ENGINES & PROPULSION Preface to Patents for Engines & Propulsion 447 THE PATENTS: (filing date) (description) (pat. no.) Jan. 2, 1892 Electric-Railway System #514,972 449 Aug. 19, 1893 Reciprocating Engine #514,169 452 Dec. 29, 1893 Steam-Engine #517,900 456 Oct. 21, 1909 Fluid Propulsion #1,061,142 461 Oct. 21, 1909 Turbine #1,061,206 465 Sept. 9, 1921 Method of Aerial Transportation #1,655,113 470 Oct. 4, 1927 Apparatus for Aerial Transportation #1,655,114 476 VARIOUS DEVICES & PROCESSES Preface to Various Devices & Processes 487 THE PATENTS: (Filing date) (description) (pat. no.) June 17, 1896 Apparatus for Producing Ozone #568,177 489 Feb. 17, 1897 Electrical Igniter for Gas-Engines #609,250 493 Mar. 21, 1900 Means for Increasing the Intensity of Electrical Oscillations #685,012 496 June 15, 1900 Method of Insulating Electric Conductors #655,838 500 Sept.21, 1900 Method of Insulating Electric Conductors (reissue of #655,838) #11,865 506 Mar. 21, 1901 Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant Energy #685,957 512 Mar. 21, 1901 Method of Utilizing Radiant Energy #685,958 517 Oct. 28, 1913 Fountain #1,113,716 521 Feb. 21, 1916 Vaivular Conduit #1,329,559 525 May 6, 1916 Lightning-Protector #1,266,175 531

© 1994 by Barnes & Noble Inc.


The Free Energy Dream

Free Radiant Energy

With so many patents to his name, and as the unequivocal victor of

the War of the Currents, one would think that Tesla’s name would be in

every history book next to Edison and Ohm, and museums would have

exhibits dedicated to his life’s work.

Bizarrely, this is just not the case. The War of the Currents gained

notoriety for both Tesla and Westinghouse, and Tesla’s inventions after that

put him in the limelight repeatedly after that. Despite all of this, Tesla

remained in obscurity, never truly reaching the level of fame he so richly

deserved. To compound much of this evidence, many of Tesla’s greatest

inventions never saw the public spotlight, as Tesla’s 5th avenue laboratory

was mysteriously set ablaze in 1895. Some suspect foul play, and many

conspiracy theorists today suggest that this arson was the work of agents

hired directly by Financier and Banker, John Pierpont Morgan. There is no

clear reason behind the unfortunate debacle.

There is still much speculation around why Tesla’s work after the

unfortunate lab destruction did not put him into the history books. Despite

his significant work in electricity, Tesla died with a mountain of debt.


A lot of evidence points to Tesla’s relationship with J.P. Morgan, and

the construction of the radiant energy generator.

At the time he was working on the invention, Tesla explained that he

had discovered a way to convert “cosmic rays” into limitless amounts of

energy that could then be transferred wirelessly to other devices, and

eventually, the entire world. Modern science tells us now that it could not

have been cosmic rays (as they do not inherently possess enough energy),

but that the device’s worth was no less than when Tesla first explained it.

We know now that it wasn’t cosmic energy that the generator was

meant to harness, but instead electromagnetic waves. Yet, even this is a bit

misleading, as “electromagnetic waves” refer to the frequency rather than

the waves themselves. In this case, the waves themselves contain energy

that the device itself is able to extract and use. When the waves reach an

object, the waves themselves dissipate, and the energy moves from the

wave to the object in question. This is much like the way solar panels are

able to use the sun’s solar radiation, or a flower’s photosynthesis process

uses the solar radiation and converts it into food. Ambient energy created

by solar radiation would be the fuel for this generator.


Figure 5 - Wardenclyffe Tower

The truly amazing thing is that this was not just a theory. Tesla was

able to build such a generator, and since then, hundreds of people have

been able to do the same in their own home.

The difference between the radiant energy theory that Tesla posited,

and the solar power we see in use today is its availability. While solar

panels grab solar radiation and convert it into power throughout the day,

they need to be equipped with a battery to store that energy, as solar power

obviously cannot be gathered at nighttime. Radiant energy is patently

different. Since this electromagnetic energy is constantly flowing

throughout the world at all times, even when the sun is down, the generator

could be gathering power at all times.


Even today, those who have solar equipment installed in their house

still need to pay a nominal fee to local utilities to get power when their solar

batteries run out of power. Despite their self-‐reliance, they still have to rely

on the power grid to supply them with energy during cold winter nights.

Tesla first confused this electromagnetic power in the atmosphere as

cosmic rays because the power was always available. If the sun is down,

surely these waves would dissipate over night, and there would be no

energy to harvest.

This simply is not the case. After all, the sun is always shining

somewhere on the planet, beaming solar radiation onto the planet. The

waves trapped in the atmosphere after solar radiation move throughout the

Earth at all times, allowing the generator in question to constantly harvest

energy.

The Inner Workings

Patented in 1901 as an “Apparatus for the Utilization of Radiant

Energy”, information on the inner workings of the generator is still sparse

today.


What is known for sure about the device is that the panel used to

gather radiant energy is nowhere as sophisticated as a modern solar panel,

yet is able to do much more.

Figure 6 - A diagram of the generator, taken from Tesla's patent

1. The panel in the patent is merely a sheet of metal with a translucent

coating designed as insulation. Today this could simply be spray-‐on

plastic. The panel is then attached to an antenna of sorts. Placing the

antenna as high as possible lets the generator operate at its maximum

capacity.

2. The antenna is then wired to one side of a capacitor, with the other

side of said capacitor grounded. Since the plate would be positively


charged, and the Earth held a net negative charge, according to Tesla,

the capacitor would begin to collect electrical energy.

3. The most important part after this is discharging the current that

builds up. Since the capacitor is only built to collect the current that

the metal plate harvests, a switch of some sort needs to be put in

place to discharge the electricity to power another device once it

reaches capacity. In Tesla’s notes, there are a few options for such a

switch. One option is two super light conductors that when charged

(one negative, one positive), would be attracted to each other. Upon

connection, they would fire the capacitor, and the current would be

released. The other option Tesla mentioned was a weak dielectric

film that would break down when the capacitor reached its full

potential.

Building One Yourself

One of the most endearing traits that Tesla possessed and exhibited

his entire life was the elegant simplicity with which he approached science.

Despite the complicated and complex systems Tesla worked with, and the


amazing inventions he created throughout his life, they all had one thing in

common: each machine was an incredibly simple mechanical solution to a

seemingly insurmountable problem.

The generator was no different, and despite the fact that no similar

technology has been advertised or publicized in the news in our lifetime,

the method by which one builds the system in question is laughably simple.

The parts you’ll need to build your own generator are the following:

• Long section of Copper Tubing (3/4 inch diameter)

• Fiberglass Pipe

• 4 gauge insulating copper wire

• Square steel plate (4 feet squared)

• 600 volt insulated fused single disconnect switch

• Tuned circuit

• Four 500mfd capacitors

• 10k Ohm 10-‐turn variable resistor


Directions:

1) The most important part of the machine is the antenna,

which will be capturing the radiant energy. A number of

factors are important when setting up the antenna. First and

foremost, it’s generally important to keep the antenna as

high and as unobstructed as possible, as this will maximize

its ability to capture energy. It might be a good idea to

consult ordinance for your neighborhood before

constructing the device, as certain areas have stringent rules

about what is allowed.

2) The copper wiring you’ve purchased will serve well as the

coil which sits ato the antenna. While gold, silver and even

aluminum could be used for this portion, copper tubing is

not only inexpensive, but it ends up being the most

conductive. Twist the tubing into a right-‐hand spiral, leaving

a gap of about an inch between each spiral. You don’t want to

twist the tubing too tightly.


3) You then want to mount the coil on a pole, which is where

the fiberglass pole comes into play. You want the fiberglass

pipe to be about 30 feet off the ground. Always remember,

though, that you don’t want the device to be top-‐heavy, so

the diameter of the device’s bottom will need to be larger the

higher you have the pole.

4) Once you have the fiberglass pole of the system intact, it’s

time to connect it to the rest of the system. For this, we need

to use our insulated copper wire. This wire runs from the

antenna coil itself (rather than the fiberglass pipe), all the

way down to the spark gap (a spark gap is 2 conducting

electrodes with a gap in between filled with gas, such as air).

5) Remember that your spark gap should have a space of only

½ an inch. If they are too far apart, the connection might be

severed.

6) From the other side of the spark gap, you need to run more

copper wiring to the ground plate. This ground plate needs


to be at least 3 feet underground to ensure that it’s properly

grounded.

7) Looking at the connection between the antenna and the

spark gap again, a wire needs to go from that connection to

the 600 volt disconnect switch.

8) The wire should then run into the tuned circuit (simply built

by connecting the four capacitors and the variable resistor in

parallel). The other side of this tuned circuit needs to be

connected to an insulated disconnect switch, which is in turn

connected to a ground rod. This rod needs to be around 10

feet into the ground. This portion serves as your load circuit.

9) Your load needs to be connected to this load circuit before

the disconnect switch, otherwise the disconnect serves no

purpose.

NOTE: Do not forget to run the load through the appropriate

transformer so it can provide the proper voltage. If this


sounds confusing, refer to Figure 6 for a visual

representation of the system.


The Forgotten Dreamer

The Banker Baron

After losing his lab in 1895, Tesla moved to a variety of facilities to

work on a number of experiments. His most famous site was the

Wardenclyffe facility, where he built the famous broadcast tower, which

would be part of his radiant technology experiment.

Due to the plethora of cash required for the entire system, and

because he was no longer receiving patent royalties from Westinghouse,

Tesla needed funding.

J.P. Morgan had financed Thomas Edison’s work in the past. After

Edison Electric lost the battle for electric infrastructure to Tesla, Morgan

facilitated the merger between Edison Electric and Thomson-‐Houston

Electric to form General Electric. An avid art collector and constantly on the

razor’s edge of American business, Morgan was one of the richest men in

the country, and one of the most likely to be able to fund Tesla’s expensive

experiments.


Figure 7 - John Pierpont Morgan

Morgan had already lost a lot of money on Edison during the War of

the Currents, and considered Tesla’s established work to be the most

lucrative frontrunner. After all, Morgan was already making money via the

wired electric system he already had in place. Upon request, Morgan

offered funding of $150,000.

By 1902, the tower was almost complete, and Tesla had become very

vocal about the system’s ability to transmit electricity over long distances

without the use of wires. In 1903, J.P. Morgan visited the site, worried about

the soundness of his investment, and curious to find out how he could

recoup his losses. Having already lost money on Edison, Morgan was

worried about what would be in store for him.


Figure 8 - Tesla in his Wardenclyffe laboratory

As Tesla worked away on his experiments, Morgan asked, “Where can

I put the meter?” Tesla replied with silence, knowing that Morgan would

never agree with his vision that this new source of energy was meant to be

free.

By 1904, the tower had exceeded the budget put forth by Morgan, and

financiers were hesitant to add their money to a pile that was, to them, no

doubt going into an abyss. J.P. Morgan eventually rescinded his funding

entirely, and ordered the tower dismantled. Morgan also contacted others

looking to fund Tesla, and dissuaded them from doing so.


There is also speculation that J.P. Morgan himself perpetrated many

of the rumors that surrounded Tesla’s eccentricity later in his life. As long

as Tesla remained discredited, his free energy model would never be

funded, and Morgan would continue to reap the benefits of the existing

electricity infrastructure Tesla himself had designed years earlier.

The Electric Car

This was a failure that Tesla would, as a professional inventor, never

truly recover from. Tesla would continue to work on a number of machines

that were far beyond their time, but most remained as hobbies, or as

personal accomplishments.

There were plenty of rumors of what Tesla worked on in the privacy

of his own laboratory later in his life, ranging from flying machines to death

rays. If any existed, they were only ever exhibited to a chosen few, and most

of the machines themselves were rarely recovered for proof.

In 1930, Tesla asked his young nephew, who hade lived in Yugoslavia

his entire life, to come stay with him in New York. In 1932, Tesla took his

nephew, Petar Savo, to the private unveiling of his Pierce Arrow in Buffalo,

New York. The Pierce Arrow was a luxury car, but hardly new. Tesla’s


Arrow, though, was worthy of unveiling. The entire engine of the car had

been removed and had been replaced by an electric engine of Tesla’s own

design, which sat in the passenger seat.

When Tesla first started the car in front of his captive audience, he

reportedly exclaimed, “Now we have power,” and sped down the street. The

motor achieved 1800 rpm during this test run, and the car itself reached a

top speed of 90 mph, making it comparable to gasoline powered cars of the

time. As Petar and Tesla stopped at an intersection, a passerby remarked

that the car was not expelling exhaust fumes. To that, Petar remarked, “We

have no motor.”

Figure 9 - Nikola Tesla, 1933

Tragedy struck Tesla yet again when the ill-‐timed reveal of the

electric motor was met with the Great Depression. Pierce was forced to stop


production of its entire line (where it is likely the electric motor was first

fitted into the car), and all of its equipment was taken over by Studebaker.

Pierce never truly recovered after the Depression (as was the case with

many car manufacturers), and eventually merged with Nash to form

American Motors.

Tesla, once again quite sure that his work went against the zeitgeist of

popular science, never bothered to interest engineers or scientists in the

car’s design. Newspapers insulted Tesla and refuted claims that he had

invented an electric car, citing his well-‐known eccentricity and penchant for

drama. Rather than fight these claims, Tesla reportedly removed the

electric motor from the Arrow and secreted it away, never to show it to the

public again.

Years later, Petar Savo related the incident with the electric car to a

man named Derek Ahers. After Ahers spread the same story to others, many

claimed that Tesla never had a nephew named Petar Savo. As a result, the

entire affair was considered to be a fabrication, and the car remained a

hyperbolic account of Tesla’s history with electricity.


A Strange Reminder

Today, Tesla’s legend lives on in the most unlikely of places. His

immense and lifelong dedicated to electrical engineering may not be widely

known, but as a man, the oddities and amazing discoveries that surrounded

him have propelled him to the status of pop culture mystery.

Besides movies based on Tesla’s life work, the genius inventor has

made cameos in the most unlikely of places. Tesla, played by David Bowie,

appeared in the 2006 movie The Prestige, about the life long rivalry

between two turn-‐of-‐the-‐century magicians. Tesla’s part in the movie is

merely a cameo, but it feeds into much of the mystery and mysticism

surrounding his genius, his experiments, and his uncanny ability to invent

machines years ahead of any other man.

Figure 10 - David Bowie as Tesla in The Prestige (2006)


Tesla has also appeared in a number of video games, always

portrayed as a genius far beyond the capacity of modern men. In Command

& Conquer: Red Alert, the rampaging Russian army has co-‐opted his Tesla

coil design, perverting it into an electrical anti-‐personnel weapon. In 2009’s

Assassin’s Creed 2, where a secret league of assassins wage an unending

war against a powerful secret society of templars hungry for power, Tesla is

spoken of briefly as a scientist looking to bring energy to the people to

world. Unfortunately, J.P. Morgan and Thomas Edison, both of which

secretly work for the insidious templars, thwart his plans.

No matter how obscure or underappreciated the medium in which

Tesla has appeared, he’s always portrayed as a man out of time and out of

sync. He appears as a naïve genius whose incredible mind and futuristic

inventions looked to change the world forever, but remained largely

oblivious to the forces that conspired against him.

Forgotten Legacy

People often wonder why, if the radiant energy generator did indeed

work, no one bothered to build upon the research years later. The fact of


the matter was that despite all the pitfalls that Tesla had to endure to build

the system before eventually losing Morgan’s funding, it was nothing

compared to the amount of red tape a modern scientist would have to

endure just to patent such an idea.

Figure 11 - Tesla on the cover of TIME, in honor of his 75th birthday

The USPTO (United States Patent and Trademark Office) scrutinized

Tesla’s designs plenty in the early 1900’s, but things have become far more

difficult. Today, free energy scientists have a much harder time, their

projects to harness free renewable resources often times rejected. Some

speculate that the inability to monetize these energy models makes them

impossible to patent, as well as their radical postulations on the ability to


harness energy not already readily accepted by the scientific community.

Some even say that the age of true and radical invention is behind us, as it is

no longer about the ability to create wonderful new machines, but the

ability to sell new products, and create new revenue streams.

There is no doubt that this widespread cynicism has elements of truth

within it, but that does not mean there can never be another Tesla. The

Earth is still a mysterious and fantastic place, and it’s still waiting for that

next Nikola Tesla to harness its natural gifts, purely for the betterment of

humanity.

Power still exists in the imagination, and Tesla’s story should teach us

that sometimes, even with great imagination and determination, sacrifice is

also needed.


Resource Center

Interested in learning more about both Nikola Tesla as well as the

technology he hoped would change the world forever? Below are just a few

helpful online videos on constructing a generator for yourself, as well as a

number of websites on the life of Nikola Tesla, and the sacrifices he made to

make the world a better place.

Helpful Videos

Man tries to duplicate Tesla’s radiant energy experiment

Homemade radiant energy generator

Radiant energy experiment using corrugated steel

Great little documentary on Tesla

Fascinating research on secrets behind radiant energy

Australian builds hybrid circuit using radiant energy tech

Complicated but interesting lecture on radiant energy

Transmitter built from household parts

Great instructional video but the voice is a bit annoying

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_18E6lo3gN4

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vZQ96R86als

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfN0HcKMNPc

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XRf0UFgJymU

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=geYfUHh6nD8

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OXlGQ45zbxk

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1_R0t8mYWj0

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FjEXS8BC8iU&NR=1

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ryDU5PHkI3o


Helpful Links

Nikola Tesla – Forgotten Scientist

The Complete Patents of Nikola Tesla

The Tesla Wardenclyffe Project

Wikipedia Links:

• Nikola Tesla

• George Westinghouse

• Thomas Edison

• J.P. Morgan

http://www.ntesla.org/index.php

http://www.hbci.com/~wenonah/new/tesla.htm

http://www.teslascience.org/

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikola_Tesla

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Westinghouse

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas_Edison

http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jp_morgan

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