territorio, autoridad y derecho
DESCRIPTION
Ponencia presentada por la Doctora SasTRANSCRIPT
.AnalyticTactics
Destabilizingstablemeanings
Intheshadowsofpowerfulexplanations
Whenterritoryexitsconventionalframings:itbecomesinstitutionallymobile,nomadicandcanalterthemeaningofnation‐statemembership.
Multipleimmigrationspaces Thespaces(institutional,ideational,tactical)for
producingthemigrantsubjectcanbeverydiverse
‐thenewtransnationalclassofprofessionals ‐thecontract‐laborworkerenteringforseasonal
workunderspecificshort‐termconditions ‐thebusiness‐visaimmigrant ‐thefamily‐dependentimmigrant ‐thegreencardimmigrant ‐thehigh‐techvisaworker
Billions of dollars
Billions of dollars
1. India 21.7 11. Serbia 4.1 2. China 21.3 12. Pakistan 3.9 3. Mexico 18.1 13. Brazil 3.6 4. France 12.7 14. Bangladesh 3.4 5. Philippines 11.6 15. Egypt, Arab Rep. 3.3 6. Spain 6.9 16. Portugal 3.2 7. Belgium 6.8 17. Vietnam 3.2 8. Germany 6.5 18. Colombia 3.2 9. United Kingdom 6.4 19. United States 3 10. Morocco 4.2 20. Nigeria 2.8 Source:Author’sCalculationsBasedonIMFBoPYearbook,2004,andWorldBankStaffestimates.
Top20remittance‐recipientcountries,2006(US$billions)
Surveillanceregimes
1,271governmentorganizationsand1,931privatecompaniesworkonprogramsrelatedtocounterterrorism,homelandsecurityandintelligenceinabout10,000locationsacrosstheUS
Anestimated854,000people–nearly1.5times
asmanypeopleasliveinWashington,D.C.–holdtop‐secretsecurityclearances
.
Oftheestimated265,000privatecompaniesdoingintelligencework,1,931doworkatthetop‐secretlevel.
Outof854,000peoplewithtop‐secretclearance,thePostestimatesthat265,000areprivatecontractors
Source:WashingtonPost.2010.“TopSecretAmerica,”InteractiveMaps.WashingtonPost,July2010.http://projects.washingtonpost.com/top‐secret‐america/map/
INEQUALITYISMADE
Theaimsofeconomicsystemscanvarygreatly
Themodesinwhichgovernmentsregulateeconomies
Income%oftop10%earners1917‐2005
*Income is defined as market income but excludes capital gainsSource: Mishel, L. 2004. “Unfettered Markets, Income Inequality, and Religious Values.” Viewpoints. May 19, 2004. Economic Policy Institute. Retrieved July 26, 2008 [ www.epi.org/content.cfm/webfeatures_viewpoints_moral_markets_presentation.]
%GrowthinAfter‐TaxIncome,USA1979‐2007
Expulsions:Foreclosures
2006:1.2millionforeclosures,up42%from2005.Thisis:Oneinevery92U.S.households
2007:2.2millionforecls,up75%from06 2008:3.1million,up81%from07 2009:3.9million(or1in45UShholds) (From2007to2009:120%increaseinforecls) 2010:2.9millforecls.(2006‐2010:total14.2mil)
Source:RealtyTrac2007,2008,2009,2010;Blomquist2011
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Source:h*p://www.germany‐re.com/files/00034800/MS%20Housing%20Report%202007.pdf
Table1:RaIoResidenIalMortgageDebttoGDP(Selectcountries/end2006)
Source:Warnock,VeronicaCacdacandWarnock,FrancisE.,MarketsandHousingFinance(February2008).
AvailableatSSRN:h*p://ssrn.com/abstract=981641,retrieved24August2008.
Table2:RaIoResidenIalMortgageDebttoGDP:EmergingAsia
Table8:Ra*oofHouseholdCredittoPersonalDisposableIncome(2000‐05)
2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005
Emerging Markets
Czech Republic 8.5 10.1 12.9 16.4 21.3 27.1
Hungary 11.2 14.4 20.9 29.5 33.9 39.3
Poland 10.1 10.3 10.9 12.6 14.5 18.2
India 4.7 5.4 6.4 7.4 9.7 …
Korea 33.0 43.9 57.3 62.6 64.5 68.9
Philippines 1.7 4.6 5.5 5.5 5.6 …
Taiwan 75.1 72.7 76.0 83.0 95.5 …
Thailand 26.0 25.6 28.6 34.3 36.4 …
Mature Markets
Australia 83.3 86.7 95.6 109.0 119.0 124.5
France 57.8 57.5 58.2 59.8 64.2 69.2
Germany 70.4 70.1 69.1 70.3 70.5 70.0
Italy 25.0 25.8 27.0 28.7 31.8 34.8
Japan 73.6 75.7 77.6 77.3 77.9 77.8
Spain 65.2 70.4 76.9 86.4 98.8 112.7
United States 104.0 105.1 110.8 118.2 126.0 132.7
Source:IMFStaffesImatesbasedondatafromcountryauthoriies,CEIC,OECD,andBloomberg
Table11:ShareofForeign‐Currency‐DenominatedHouseholdCredit,End‐2005(Inpercentoftotalhouseholdcredit)
Source: IMF 2006. “Global Financial Stability Report: Market Developments and Issues.” IMF: World Economic and Financial Surveys. September, 2006. Retrieved August 26, 2008. [http://www.imf.org/external/pubs/ft/GFSR/2006/02/pdf/chap2.pdf] p. 54
Intheshadowsof“urbanization” Inallthetalkaboutthegrowthofurbanpopulationsthereisnevermentionofwhatprocessesarefeedingthisgrowth.
Onesetofprocessesconsistsofexpulsions–ofpeoplefromtheirlanddueto“landgrabs”ormining.
Wheredotheygo?Tocities,wheretheywilladdtothehomelessandtotheslums.
Oneinstance
From2006to2010:70millionhectaresoflandinAfri,LatAm,Cambodia,Ukrainebought/leasedbyrichgovts,firms,finfirms
Thelandisnowmorevaluedthanthepeopleoractivitiesonit
Theactivemakingofsurpluspopulations NovelassemblageofTerritory/Authority/Rights
Africa:maintargetforlandacquisitions. Sudan:SouthKoreahassigneddealsfor690,000hectaresandtheUnitedArabEmirates(UAE)for400,000hectares.
Ethiopia:Saudiinvestorsarespending$100mtoraisewheat,barleyandriceonlandleasedtothembyEthiopia’sgovernment;theyreceivedtaxexemptionsandexportthecropbacktoSaudiArabia.
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Congo:Chinasecuredtherighttogrowpalmoilforbio‐fuelson2.8mhectares–thiswouldmakeittheworld'slargestpalm‐oilplantation.
Zambia:Chinaisnegotiatingtogrowpalmoilforbio‐fuelson2mhectares.
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RussiaandUkraine
MuchbuyingofprivatizedlandintheformerSovietUnion,especiallyinRussiaandUkraine:somecasesin2008:
ASwedishcompany(AlpcotAgro),bought128,000hectaresinRussia.
SouthKorea'sHyundaiHeavyIndustriespaid$6.5mforamajoritystakeinKhorolZerno,acompanythatowns10,000hectaresineasternSiberia.
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MoreRussiaandUkraine
MorganStanleybought40,000hectaresofagriculturallandinUkraine.
GulfinvestorsareplanningtoacquirePava,thefirstRussiangrainprocessortobefloatedonthefinancialmarketstosell40%ofitslandowningdivision,givingthemaccessto500,000hectares.
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Landplusmilitaryprotection PakistanisofferinghalfamillionhectaresoflandtoGulfinvestorswiththepromiseofasecurityforceof100,000toprotecttheland.
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Colombia:AngloGoldAshanti
..versusthepeopleofTolima Openmining–whichwilltake250,000litersofwaterforonehourofwork.
Wantstominetherefor15years Thearea(Potosi)isanaturalforestreserve,thatincludesawatershedecosystemprotectedbylaw
Areahas161watersprings(sources)
Consequences
Thelandisnowmorevaluedthanthepeopleoractivitiesonit
Theactivemakingofsurpluspopulations
NovelassemblageofTARs
ShiftfromNationalTerritorytoGlobalCommodity/Jurisdiction TheRepositioningofTerritoryintheGlobalDivisionofFunctions.
Makingalternativejurisdictions:goingbeyondolderformsofextraterritoriality.
Makingparallelgeopoliticalcircuits.
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Adisassembling
Regardlessoftheirdifferencesalltheseinstancescanbeconceivedofasstructuralholes,orblankspaces,intheoldersocialandjurisdictionalfabricofthenation‐stateandtheinterstatesystem.
Thisentailsadisassemblingofnation‐stateterritory,
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Thesetypesoftrendsarecomponentsofouremergentglobalmodernity.
Theyarenotanomalous. Theyarepartoftheshiftinggroundbubblingintheasyetillegibleworldbeneaththetipoftheiceberg.