Terra Nova ReviewCarin Miranda

Smyrna Middle School

Spring 2010

Inquiry 607.Inq.1• Hypothesis-Educated guess or

possible explanation.

• Independent Variable-The thing that you change.

• Control variable-Things that stay the same.

• Dependant variable-The outcome or the thing you measure at end.

Inquiry 607.Inq.2• Measuring

−Time-stopwatch−Distance-metric ruler−Mass-scale or balance−Temperature-thermometer−Hygrometer Psychrometer-relative

humidity

Cause and Effect 607.Inq.3

• Control group-no changes

• Experimental group-change 1 thing at a time and compare it to the control group.

Bias and Error 607.Inq.4• Sometime the results of an experiment

contain an error in the data or the analysis.

• Experiments may be done incorrectly.

• Scientists may have read the data wrong.

• Sometimes new evidence even goes against existing theories.

• Bias is giving an unfair advantage

Communicating Results 607. Inq.5• Models are used to explain how

something works or is structured.

• After collecting data, organize it into charts and graphs

• Pie-percentages

• Bar-number of things

• Line-change over time

Technology and Engineering 607.TE.2• Must consider constraints such as materials available,

safety procedure, and effects on environment.− Identify the problem or need.− Conduct research− Make decisions about materials and processes− Design and build models− Perform test and evaluate.− Modify the product− Retest− Final build.

Technology and Engineering 607.TE.3

• Planned benefits-things we plan to happen and are good.

• Unintended consequences-things we don’t plan to happen and bad.

• Unintended benefit-things we don’t plan to happen, but are good.

Technology and Engineering 607.TE.4• Adaptive bioengineering- Changes the living

organism.− Examples-Prosthetic limbs, corrective eye

surgery, heart transplant.

• Assistive engineering- Helps the living organism, but does not permanently change it.− Examples-Crutches, wheelchairs, casts.

Interdependence 607.2.1• Organisms that change energy in sunlight into chemical

energy or food are called producers.

• Photosynthesis- the process of using sunlight to make your own energy.

• Most producers are plants.

• #1 producer in the ocean-algae.

• Organisms that eat other organisms are consumers.

• Organisms that get energy by breaking down dead organisms are called decomposers.

• Decomposers such as bacteria and fungi are nature’s recyclers.

Interdependence 607.2.2• Food chain is a diagram that shows how

energy flows from one organism to the next.

• Food web is a diagram that shows the feeding relationship between organisms in an ecosystem.

• Energy pyramid is a diagram that shows an ecosystem’s loss of energy (large base small top).

Interdependence 607.2.3• Biotic-Living things. Plants and animals.

• Abiotic-Nonliving things. Rocks, temperature, water, soil, and light.

Interdependence 607.2.4

Biome Plants Precipitation

Animals

Desert Cacti <25 cm Jackrabbits, reptiles

Savanna Grasses

90-150 cm Herds of herbivores

Deciduous Forest Trees 75-250 cm Deer, Bears, forest peeps

Temperate Grassland

Grasses

25-75 cm Antelope, Giraffes,

Tropical Rain Forest Trees 200-450 cm Diverse,spider monkeys

Tundra Mosses <25 cm Reindeer, Caribou

Interdependence

• Mutualism-Both organisms benefit

• Commensalism-One benefits, One unaffected.

• Parasitism-One benefits/One Harmed.

Weather• The Sun is the primary source of energy that drives the

weather on Earth

• High pressure air is denser than low pressure air.

• Relative humidity is a measurement of the amount of water vapor present in the air

• Maritime air masses form over water so they are wet.

• Continental air masses are drier because they form over land.

• Polar air masses are cold.

• Tropical air masses are warm.

Fronts• Cold fronts form when cold air masses move under

warm air masses and push the warm air up. Thunderstorms and heavy rain usually accompany

cold fronts.

• Warm fronts form when warm air masses move over cold air masses. Drizzly rain usually

accompanies warm fronts.

• Occluded fronts form when warm air masses are stuck between two colder air masses. Large amounts

of rain

• Stationary fronts form when cold air masses meet warm air masses but neither air mass has enough force to lift the warm air up. Many days of cloudy,

wet weather.

The Universe 607.6.1

• Telescope-The tool that astronomers use to observe the universe.

• Big Bang theory- Theory that states that the universe expanded rapidly and matter began to clump together to form galaxies.

• We live in the Milky way, a spiral galaxy.

The Universe 607.6.2• Inner solar system-4 planets closest to the sun.

−Small, dense, rocky, and close together−Called terrestrial planets−Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars

• Outer Planets-4 planets after the asteroid belt.−Large, far apart, and made of gas−Jupiter, Saturn, Uranus, Neptune

• Kuiper Belt-area beyond Neptune−Cold and contains Pluto (which is not a

planet)

The Universe 607.6.3• Solar System-contains sun, planets, and small

objects.

• Orbit-The path that the planets take around the sun.

• Revolution-One complete trip around the sun.− Takes earth 365 days (year)

• Rotation-Spinning on the axis.− Takes earth 24 hours (day)

• Moon revolves around the Earth every 29 days. (month).

The Universe 607.6.4• We see the moon because light from the sun

reflects off of its surface.

• Phases of the moon-seeing different amounts of light based on the position of earth, moon, and sun.

• Waxing-When the sunlight portion we are seeing is getting larger.

• Waning-When the sunlight portion of the moon we see is getting smaller.

• Draw picture from page 295.

The Universe 607.6.5• Tides are caused by the effect of the moon’s

gravity on Earth.

• High tides occur in the portion of the oceans that are directly facing the moon and on the opposite side of the Earth.

• You will have high tide 12 hours later in the same locations.

• The sun’s gravity also affects the tides, but not as much because it is so far away.

• Draw picture from top of page 299.

The Universe 607.6.6• The curve of the Earth affects the amount of direct solar

energy at different latitudes.

• Sun’s rays hit the equator at a 90 degree angle, so they receive full benefit of the sun and have warmer temperatures.

• Sun’s rays hit the poles at lesser angle, so they receive less direct sunlight and it is colder.

• Because of the earth’s tilted axis we have seasons.

• When an area is pointed toward the sun they are having summer, when it is pointed away from the sun it is having winter.

• Draw picture from page 291.

The Universe 607.6.7• Eclipse-when the shadow of one celestial

body falls on another.

• Solar eclipse- moon is in between the Earth and sun, and the shadow falls on the Earth.

• Lunar eclipse- when the earth comes in between the moon and the sun and the shadow of earth falls on the moon. −Moon appears red. Does not happen

every month because the moon’s orbit is tilted 5 degrees.

The Atmosphere 607.8.1

• Masses of air move by convection currents, when there are differences in air pressure.

• Uneven heating of the Earth by the sun causes these differences in air pressure

• Warm air rises, cool air sinks.

The Atmosphere 607.8.2

•Warm air rises, cool air sinks.

•If there is warm moist air near the Earth’s surface it can become unstable and develop into a thunderstorm.

The Atmosphere 607.8.3• Ocean surface currents are

controlled by wind, the Coriolois Effect, and continental deflection.

• Deep currents are controlled by water density caused by salinity and temperatures.

• Cold sinks, warm rises.

• This is another convection current.

The Atmosphere 607.8.4• Barometer-measures air pressure.

• Wind vane-measures wind direction.

• Anemometer-measures wind speed.

• Radar-finds the location, movement, and amount of precipitation.

• Isobars-lines on a weather map that connect points of equal pressure.

• Fronts-where different air masses meet.

Energy 607.10.1• Kinetic energy-energy of motion.

• Potential energy-energy because of shape or position.

• Gravitational potential energy-based on height and weight.

• Elastic potential energy-based on stretching or changing shape.

• Chemical potential energy-atoms are rearranged like in food and batteries and plants.

Energy 607.10.2• Mechanical energy-total energy of motion and

position together.

• Thermal energy-heat

• Electrical-moving electrons anything plugged in or using batteries.

• Sound energy-caused by object’s vibrations (hear it).

• Light energy-vibrations of electrically charged particles (see it and electromagnetic waves).

Energy 607.10.3

•Law of conservation of energy- energy cannot be created or destroyed only transferred from one form to another.

Forces in Nature 607.12.1• Electric circuit-closed path through which

electric charges can flow.

• Needs 3 things: Energy source, wires, and load.

• Energy source-electric socket or battery.

• Load-is the thing using the energy.

• Series circuit-all parts in a single loop-if 1 part goes out it all goes out.

• Parallel circuit-loads are connected side by side-if 1 goes out the others remain on. Homes are wired this way.

Forces in Nature 607.12.2

• Electrical conductor-a material in which charges can move easily. Metals good.

• Electrical insulator-charges cannot move easily. Rubber, plastics, wood, glass, and air are good.