terms to know ethnic group ethnic cleansing refugee urbanization
TRANSCRIPT
*Diversity in Europe
*More than 40 countries
*Peoples belong to many different cultural groups
*Speak variety of languages
*Due to centuries of :
*Migration
*cultural diffusion
*Conflict
*changing borders
*Ethnic Diversity
*Long history of migration
*Most descended from various Indo-European and Mediterranean peoples
*Settled continent centuries ago
*Population today includes recent immigrants from Asia, Africa and Caribbean
*Arrived within past 100 years
*Many immigrants come from areas formally ruled by European countries
*Ethnic Groups
*160 separate ethnic groups
*Groups of people with a shared ancestry, language, customs and often, religion
*Some have one major ethnic group
*Sweden – 89% population Swedes – descendants of Germanic/other groups settled Scandinavia
*Share common traits:
*Swedish language
*Lutheran religious heritage
*Ethnic Groups
*Other countries – two or more major ethnic groups
* i.e. Belgium – 2 leading ethnic groups: Flemings & Walloons
*Flemings:
*56% of population
*Related to Dutch
*Descended from Germanic groups
* Invaded area of present-day Belgium in 400s AD
*Walloons:
*32% of population
*Ancestors were Celts; lived in area during Germanic invasions
*Misc:
*Both Roman Catholic
*Language differences – led to bad relations between them
*But differences put aside to keep Belgium united
*Ethnic Tensions
*Tension among ethnic groups
*Led to armed conflict
*Balkan Peninsula: shatterbelt
*Region caught between external and internal rivalries
*1990s – Balkans battleground among Sebs, Croats, Bosnian Muslims and Kosovar Albanians
*After WW II – these groups and others in region called Yugoslavia
*Communist fell in 1990s – ethnic tensions erupted
*result? Yugoslavia broke up in separate independent republics
*Ethnic Tensions
*Ethnic hatreds sparked worst fighting in Europe since WW II
*Bosnia-Herzegovina & Kosovo (Serb-ruled) – centers of most brutal warfare
*Ethnic Cleansing policy – Serbs expelled or killed rival ethnic groups in area
*Result? Many became refugees
*People who flee to a foreign country for safety
*Refugees able to return after international peacemaking efforts
*Population Characteristics
*Europe - continent is smaller then all others (except Australia)
*3rd most populous continent (Asia & Africa)
*2001 – population 583 million (not including Russia)
*Germany – largest European country in population (82.2 million)
*Vatican City – smallest European in population (1,000)
*Population Density
*Europe – lots of people, not enough space
*Population density highest – except Asia
*If population distributed evenly – 256/square mile
*However – population not distributed evenly
*Most densely populated areas are urban centers
*Population Distribution
*Population distribution – related to physical geography
*Areas less populated: mountainous area and cold northern areas
*Plains area – more densely populated
*Share 1 or more features:
*Favorable climates
*Plains
*Fertile soil
*Mineral resources
*Inland waterways
*Urbanization
*Industrial Revolution – transformed Europe
*Rural, agricultural society urban, industrial society
*Rural villagers moved to urban areas, became factory workers
*Urbanization – concentration of population in town and cities
*Growth of industries & cities – began in western Europe (1700s)
*After WW II – spread to eastern Europe
*75% of Europeans live in cities today
*Paris and London – world’s largest urban areas
*Urban Features
*Population movements – occur all the time
*1800s – Europeans migrated to Americas, parts of Africa and South Pacific
*Mid-1900s – fewer leaving but more migrating into Europe
*1950s and 1960s – economy boom in western Europe
*Labor shortages – invited guest workers to fill available jobs
*1970s – economy slowed
*However, many immigrants had brought family and established home in host country
*Tensions rose – immigrants felt unwanted
*Governments began to limit further immigration
*Section 2:History & Government
*Early Peoples
*Evidence suggests that early humans lived in Europe more than 1 million years ago
*Moved from place to place in search of food
*6000 BC – farming spread from SW Asia to SE Europe
*With intro of farming – settled agricultural villages
*Later developed into Europe’s first cities
Terms to KnowCity-state Middle AgesFeudalism CrusadesRenaissance ReformationEnlightenment Industrial CapitalismCommunism ReparationsHolocaust Cold WarEuropean Union
*Ancient Greece & Rome
* Foundations of Europe – 2 civilizations in Mediterranean Sea:
* Ancient Greece & Rome
*Ancient Greece – peak 400 and 300 BC
*Due to mountainous landscape & proximity to sea
*Formed communities known as city-states
* Each independent – linked to others by language & culture
*Coast soon colonized by merchants & sailors
* Seeking relief from overcrowding and new wealth
*Laid foundations of European government and culture
* Athens – introduced democracy
*Women & enslaved – no vote
*Many had voice in government different than other centuries
*Other Greek fixtures left impression on world:Art Literature Drama
Philosophy Math Medicine
*Ancient Greece & Rome
*Rome – vast empire – peak during 27 BC and 180 AD
*Armies sent to conquer an empire that spanned:
*Much of Europe
*Some of SW Asia
*North Africa
*Imitated Greek art and literature
*Borrowed Greek science and architecture
*Roman developments: government, law and engineering
* Influenced other cultures
*Engineers – built large network of roads, bridges and aqueducts
*Artificial channels for carrying water
*Christian Europe
*Late 300s AD – Christianity became official religion of Roman Empire
*Later – world’s major religions
*Empire ruled by 2 emperors – 1 in eastern and other in western
*Developed into eastern & western Europe
*Each had own political, cultural and religious traditions
*400s – German groups from north overthrew Roman rule in western half and founded separate kingdoms
*Accepted western form of Christianity (aka Roman Catholicism)
*Eastern half – Byzantine Empire – capital Constantinople
*Developed own Christian civilization lasted to late 1400s
* b/c known as Eastern Orthodoxy
*Middle Ages
*After fall of Rome – western Europe entered Middle Ages (500 to 1500 AD)
*Period between ancient and modern ages
*Feudalism – system where monarch/lords gave land to nobles in return for pledges of loyalty
*Replaced centralized government
* Roman Catholic Church – brought Roman culture & government principles of law to Germanic peoples
*Religious centers (cathedrals, monasteries) – major centers of learning
*Eastern Europe – Byzantine Empire preserved ancient Greek and Roman cultures
*Spread ideals to Slavic peoples
*Middle Ages
*Cities and towns in western Europe – home to Jewish communities
*Contributed to European society
*Often persecuted b/c Christians saw Jews as outsiders
*Islam – another influence on Christian Europe
*Religion based on belief in one God and preaching's of Muhammad
* Prophet who lived in SW Asia in 600s
* Islam spread from SW Asia through North Africa into Spain and then Europe
*Expansion of Europe
*1000s – western Europeans fought in Crusades
*Series of brutal religious wars
*Goal: win Palestine (birthplace of Christianity) from Muslim rule
*Failed to win permanent control of area
*Did extend trade routes to eastern Mediterranean world
* Trade brought spice and other exotic products to Europe
*Sparked interest in some educated Europeans – began the Renaissance period (1300s)
*300 year period of discovery and learning which brought great advances to Europe
*The Renaissance
*During this time – educated Europeans developed new interest in cultures of ancient Greece and Rome
*Stressed importance of people and place in world
*Writers stressed human feelings
*Artists created life-like painting and sculptures
*Architects built religious structures, buildings (palaces/villas)
*Led to scientific advances
* i.e. invention of movable type in printing
*Spread new ideas quickly and easily
*The Renaissance
*Reformation – new religious movement spurred by production of books and pamphlets
*Lessened power of Roman Catholic Church
*Led to beginnings of Protestantism
*Mid-1500s – Protestant churches dominated n. Europe
*Roman Catholic Church retained hold on southern, central and northwestern parts of region
*Religious wars engulfed Europe
*European monarchs able to strengthen power over nobles and church leaders
*European Explorations
*Europe lagged behind Chinese and Muslim empires in economic development
*Late 1400s – western Europe emerged as significant force in world affairs
*Portugal – seafarers developed new trade routes around Africa and Asia
*Spain – rulers founded Columbus’ voyage to America
*Other countries sent out explorers – England, France and Netherlands
* Resulted in conquests of foreign lands
* Destroyed cultures already there
*Great wealth brought through trade with colonies in Americas, Asia and Africa
*Changing Europe
*Late 1600s to early 1700s – educated Europeans:
*emphasized importance of reason
*began to question long-standing traditions and values
*Known as Enlightenment
*Followed by political and economic revolutions
*Revolution
*Europeans wanted voice in government
*Began political revolution
*Late 1600s – English Parliament passed Bill of Rights
*Limited power of the monarch
*French Revolution (begin 1789) – overthrew French monarchy
*Spread idea of democracy
*1800s – uprisings in rest of Europe
*Challenged power of monarchs and nobles
*1900 – most European countries had constitutions
*Limited rulers’ powers & guaranteed some political rights to citizens
*Revolution
*Industrial Revolution begin in England
*Spread to other countries
*Power-driven machines & new production methods
*Transformed life in Europe
*New ideas developed:
* Industrial cities
* Improved transportation
*New forms of communication
*Industrial capitalism – economic system where business leaders use profits to expand companies
*Revolution
*New social groups emerged
*Middle class – merchants & factory owners
* prospered
*Working class – factory laborers
* At first paid poorly & lived in crowded, unhealthy conditions
*Social problems of mid 1800s led to:
*Communism – philosophy that called for society based on economic equality where workers controlled factories & industrial production
*End of 1800s – European governments passed laws to improve conditions for workers in workplace
*Also expanded education, housing and health care
*Conflict and Division
*Changes in Europe during 1st half of 1900s
*Due to two World Wars
*WWI – due to conflict among European powers for colonies & economic power
* Lasted 1914 to 1918
*Result: monarchies collapsed in Germany, Austria-Hungary and Russia
*Central and eastern European countries won independence
*Versailles peace treaty (1919) – Germany guilty of starting war
*Germany had to make reparations (payment for damages)
*Conflict and Division
*WW II caused by:
*Large number of unresolved political problems from WW I
*Worldwide economic depression
*Dictators gained control of European countries
* Benito Mussolini – Italy
* Adolph Hitler – Germany
*Aggressive territorial expansion – WW II begin 1939
*Ended in 1945 – most of Europe and rest of world involved
*Holocaust – major horror of WW II in Europe
*Mass killing of more than 6 million European Jews and others by Nazis
*Conflict and Division
*WW II left Europe ruined & divided
*Eastern Europe – under communist control of Soviet Union
*Western Europe – backed democracy; received economic & military support from U.S.
*Cold War – brought about division of Europe
*Power struggle between communist world (Soviet Union) and non-communist world (United States)
*“hot point” of Cold War – divided Germany
*Cold War in Europe
*Allies victorious after WW II
*Divided Germany into four zones
*1949: 3 western zones of Germany combined West Germany
*Capital – Bonn
*Eastern zone occupied by Soviet Union
*Capital – East Berlin
*Many east Germans fled to West to escape communism
*1960s – East Germany built Berlin Wall to stop movement
*Cold War – western European democracies more productive and economically secure
*Eastern Europe – people had little voice in government or economy
*New Era for Europe
*1950s to 1980s – revolts against communist rule swept eastern Europe
*Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Romania and Bulgaria citizens demanded freedom and better way of life
*Early 1980s – Polish workers founded Solidarity, free labor union in communist world
*1989 – public demonstrations led to fall of eastern Europe’s communist governments
*Changes followed:
*Berlin World came down
*2 parts of Germany reunited (1990)
*Czechoslovakia split into 2 countries (1993)
*New Era for Europe
*Western Europe – changes also occurred
*1950s – countries banded together economically and politically
* Belgium, France, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands and West Germany
*Movement toward unity – led to European Union (EU)
*Organization whose goal was a united Europe
*Goods, services, workers move freely among member countries
*Maastricht Treaty – signed in 1992
*Set goals for central bank & common currency
*1999 – new currency – Euro – replaced national currencies
*15 member countries – expand membership to include eastern European countries
*Section 3: Cultures and Lifestyles
*Europeans express values through:
*Language
*Religion
*Arts
Terms to KnowDialect Language Family
Good Friday Peace AgreementRomanticism RealismImpressionist Welfare State
*Languages
*Europe has 50 different languages – over 100 dialects
*Local forms of languages
*Almost all European languages belong to Indo-European language family
*Group of related languages developed from earlier language
*Major branches in Europe:
*Eastern Europe:
* Slavic languages: Bulgarian, Czech, Polish, Slovak, Ukrainian, Belorussian and Serbo-Croatian
* Baltic languages: Latvian and Lithuanian
*Northern Europe:
* Germanic languages: German, Dutch, English, Danish, Swedish and Norwegian
*Languages
*Romance languages: (come from Latin – language of Roman Empire) spoken in southern Europe
* Italian, Spanish, Portuguese, French and Romanian
*Indo-European branches: Greek, Albanian and Celtic languages
*Non Indo-European language families:
*Uralic (Finnish, Estonian and Hungarian)
*Basque
*Countries – one or more official languages recognized by government
* i.e. – Romanian – official language of Romania, but Hungarian and Germany also spoken
*Religion
*Religion deeply shaped European values, societies and cultures
*Today – many not practicing members of religious body
*Still maintain cultural links to faiths of ancestors
* Esp. in celebrating religious holidays
*Mostly largely Christian heritage – some Muslim or diversity of faiths
*Majority of Europe – Roman Catholic
*Protestants – belong to Anglican, Lutheran, Reformed churches
*Eastern Orthodox – strong in southern part of eastern Europe
*Muslim – Albania, Bosnia-Herzogovina and Bulgaria
*Jewish communities – found in all major European cities
*Religion
*Religion unites some Europeans – divides others
*Hostility between Catholics and Protestants led to conflict in Northern Ireland
*Catholics wanted to be part of Catholic Republic of Ireland
*Protestants – favored keeping ties with United Kingdom
*1998 – Good Friday Peace Agreement
*Paved way for Protestant and Roman Catholic communities
*Share political power
*Situation still unstable
*Balkan Peninsula – 1990s – religions fought over land and political power in Bosnia-Herzegovina
*Eastern Orthodox Serbs fought Albanian Muslim majority in Kosovo, Serbia
*The Arts
*Arts of Europe reflect history and ideas/values of people
*Temples and churches show close relationship of religion & architecture
* i.e. Parthenon in Athens and Pantheon in Rome
*Examples of temples built by ancient Greeks and Romans
* Cathedral in Cordoba, Spain – now Catholic church – previously mosque built by North African Muslims
* Notre Dame Cathedral – Paris – Gothic architecture that flourished in western Europe
• 1500s and 1600s – artists and writers work with everyday subjects and religious themes
• Influenced by da Vinci and Michelangelo• Shakespeare wrote plays• Miguel de Cervantes (Spain) wrote Don Quixote
• Classic novel about landowner who imagines himself a knight called to perform heroic deeds
*The Arts
*1600s and 1700s
*New music emerged
* Opera and symphony
*1800s
*Reflected romanticism
* Focused on emotions, stirring historical events and exotic
* Eugene Delacroix (French painter)
* Sir Walter Scott (British writer)
* Ludwig van Beethoven (German composer)
*Mid-1800s – realism
*Artistic style that focused on accurately depicting details of everyday life
*Late 1800s – impressionists
*French painters who moved studio outdoors to capture immediate experiences (“impressions”) of the natural world
*1900s – variety of new forms and styles
*Abstract painting & sculpture
* Emphasized form and color over realistic content
*Modern art – Pablo Picasso (Spain)
*Bauhaus school of design (Germany) – clean geometric forms and use of glass and concrete in architecture
*Quality of Life
*Western Europe – higher standard of living
* Industrial and urban growth
*Eastern Europe – struggle with problems inherited from communist past
*Rebuilding economies damaged by warfare or internal unrest
*Gap in quality of life poses obstacle to full European unity
*Education
*World’s best educated
*Quality of education linked to economic performance
*High standard of living – afford to improve schools & provide specialized training to students
*Literacy rate above 90%*
* (except war-torn Balkan countries)
*Required schooling – varies from country to country
*Portugal – only 6 years
*United Kingdom – 12 years
*Schools provide preparation for either college or vocational training
*State Sponsored Human Services
*Complete social welfare programs for citizens
*Aka welfare states
*Tax-supported programs for higher education, health care and social security
*Sweden and United Kingdom
*Sweden – government provides most wide-ranging human services
*Every Swedish family receives allowance for each child under 16, for secondary or university students
*Single parents with low incomes – allowances for family vacations*How funded?
*Expensive for European governments
*Large portions of national budgets to provide social services
*Governments tighten budgets and limit human services
*Those most in need
*Cutback – opposed by trade unions and voters
*Homelife
*Pre-Industrial Revolution: extended families shared homes and resources
*Post-Industrial Revolution: more moved to cities, less extended families
*Women have entered workforce
*Families more mobile
*Family life still important in Europe
*Live revolves around extended family
*Young leave family home – still maintain close ties
*Sports & Recreation
*Soccer – major sport
*Rugby football – team sport
*UK, France, Ireland
*Tennis – recreation
*Wimbledon tennis tournament
*Sports – response to climate, landscape or culture
*Spain – bullfighting
*Netherlands – Elfstedentocht (Eleven Cities Tour)
* Dutch ice-skating marathon along frozen rivers and canals
*Winter sports popular
*Downhill skiing – Alpine regions
*Cross-country skiing – Scandinavia
* Ice-skating: Ukraine
*Celebrations
*Celebrate many of same religious holidays as others in world
*Celebrations marked with distinctive traditions
* Easter: Greeks - feast of roast lamb; Ukrainians – share decorated eggs (pysanky)
* Hanukkah: European Jews – potato pancakes (latkes)
* Ramadan: family feasting at end
* Catholics: local festivals to honor patron saints
*Other Holidays – mark change of seasons or patriotic events
* British Isles: Yule logs and mistletoe at winter solstice
* France: July 14th – Bastille Day – storming of French prison in 1789 that started French revolution
*Monarch’s Birthdays: Denmark and Netherlands celebrate birthdays of reigning monarch as national holiday
*Celebrations help Europe maintain cultural heritage