terminology.pdf

1

THE INTERNATIONAL BUREAUFOR THE STANDARDISATION

OF MAN-MADE FIBRES

Terminologyof man-made fibres

2000 Edition(replaces the 1994 edition)

BISFA

TerminologyBISFA 2000

2

BISFA wishes to acknowledge and thank the members of the Standards for Fibresand Textiles Committee for their contribution to the production of his booklet, andespecially the following individuals :

Mr. P. LATZKE, of Acordis, Germany (Chairman of the Terminology Working Group)Dr. A. KRIEGER, Secretary General of BISFAMr. B. ERGUN, of DuPontSA, TurkeyMr. A. GOMES DA SILVA, of Fisipe, PortugalDr. O. JOHN, of DuPont de Nemours International, SwitzerlandMr. Ph. LAPERSONNE, of Rhodia Performance Fibres, FranceMrs. U. PLIETE, of Bayer Faser, GermanyDr. F. PREZZAVENTO, of Assofibre, ItalyMr. Ch. RAMSAUER, of Lenzing, AustriaMrs. J. ŠKRHOVÁ, of Spolana, Czech RepublicMr. B. TABOR, of Acordis, the NetherlandsMrs. A. WHINERAY, of Acordis, UK

Copyright BISFA 2000All rights reserved. Unless otherwise specified, no part of this publicationmay be reproduced or utilised in any form or by any means, electronic ormechanical, including photocopying and microfilm, without permissionfrom the publisher.

BISFAAvenue E. Van Nieuwenhuyse, 4B - 1160 BrusselsBelgium


3

Page

PREFACE................................................................................................................................. 4

CHAPTER 1 Generic names of man-made fibres .......................................................... 5

1.1 Generic fibre names ............................................................................... 51.2 Generic classification of cellulosic fibres .............................................. 81.3 Generic classification of synthetic fibres.............................................101.4 Generic classification of inorganic fibres ............................................131.5 Coding system of man-made fibres ....................................................14

CHAPTER 2 Morphological schemes .............................................................................15

2.1 BISFA definition of "fibre"-related terms.............................................162.2 Characteristics of man-made fibre cross sections.............................172.3 General morphological scheme of man-made fibres ........................192.4 Illustration of yarn constructions ..........................................................202.5 Morphological scheme for elastane containing yarns .......................21

CHAPTER 3 Technical terms and definitions ...............................................................23

CHAPTER 4 Statistical terms and definitions ...............................................................48

4.1 Definitions...............................................................................................484.2 Basic statistics .......................................................................................494.3 Statistical Process Control Parameters (SPC) ..................................56

CHAPTER 5 Designation of yarns in the tex system...................................................58

5.1 Textile yarns ...........................................................................................585.2 Steel tyre cord........................................................................................605.3 Open cord constructions.......................................................................62

CHAPTER 6 Application of SI units to man-made fibres............................................63

6.1 Base units of the International System (SI) ........................................636.2 Derived units ..........................................................................................646.3 Multiples and sub-multiples..................................................................656.4 Principal SI units in use for textiles......................................................66

CHAPTER 7 Translation of technical terms ..................................................................69

CONTENTS


4

In 1968, recognising a need to avoid a confusion of technical terms, BISFA publishedits first Terminology booklet. This contained those terms and definitions whichdescribe the different forms in which man-made fibres are available, either as primarymaterial or intermediate products. With the objective of avoiding translation difficultiesand consequent misunderstanding, the booklet also contained a list in five languagesof the principal technical terms used in the various internationally agreed methodsbooklets.

This booklet was revised in 1977, when new sections were added containingdefinitions of technical terms used in BISFA methods booklets, an explanation of theSI system of units, and a description of the ISO system for designating yarns in thetex system.

The revision of 1994 introduced the generic names. This edition having sold out wasreprinted in 1997. Two elements have been added: definitions for airborne fibrousmaterials and an overview of ISO definitions to describe the accuracy of a measuringmethod and the currently used definitions for statistical process control.

In 1999, a complete review of the whole booklet was undertaken, adding oreliminating numerous details. The layout was changed. Terms in differentlanguages are presented in a comprehensive view.

The definitions have been written with due consideration of recognised referencebooks such as Textile Terms and Definitions (The Textile Institute, 10th edition 1995),Dictionary of Man-made Fibres (H. Koslowski, International business press, 1st

edition 1998), Handbuch der Faser (G. Schnegelsberg, Deutscher Fachverlag 1999),Textile Dictionary (several languages, by ITS). Relevant ISO, CEN and ASTMstandards were taken into account where appropriate.

The terms and definitions are given in English in alphabetical order. A separatechapter contains the translations of terms into French, German, Italian, Spanish, and,for the first time Czech, Portuguese and Turkish languages. In the case of a disparitybetween languages the English text is to be used.

PREFACE


5

1.1 Generic fibre names

General introduction

The chapter 1 provides a classification of the various categories of man-made fibres.Each of these categories is designated by a generic name and its definition. Genericnames are generally used :

for customs purposes

in defining public sector transactions

in technical standards

in textile product labelling.

Through the EU Directive and related national legislation the fibre content of textilearticles must be stated at point of sale using the generic names.

BISFA is careful to restrict this classification to those categories of man-made fibreswhich are produced on an industrial scale or are of commercial significance forspecial purposes and traded internationally. Fibres which have recently emergedfrom research or which are still at the stage of development are not included. Ageneric fibre name can cover different chemical substances. The table of genericnames includes non exhaustive examples of chemical formulae representative of thedifferent fibre categories. The producers in BISFA have also adopted a codingsystem based on generic names as an aid to communication.

BISFA defines generic fibre names only (which are then found in ISO standard 2076and in EU regulations). BISFA does not define specific substances (polymers,copolymers, etc…).

Generic names are completely distinct from trademarks which are used by individualproducers to identify their own products

CHAPTER 1Generic names of man-made fibres


6

Naming mixtures

For naming of fibres containing mixtures of chemically distinct, and not chemicallylinked polymers or copolymers, the following rules should be applied :

a) Whereas copolymers may, if necessary, be assigned distinctive generic names,the creation of new generic names for fibres composed of chemically distinctpolymers shall be discouraged.

b) When the proportion of one of the polymers or copolymers reaches 85 % bymass, the fibre takes the generic name corresponding to this component.

c) When none of the components reaches 85 % by mass, then either a new genericname must be used or the fibre must be identified as a simple mixture e.g. x %poly A, y % poly B. Each such case shall be examined on its merits.


7

Generic fibre names with their codes

Fib

res

Nat

ura

lM

an-m

ade

Org

an

ic

In

org

an

ic

By

tra

ns

form

ati

on

of

Fro

m s

yn

theti

c p

oly

me

rs :

natu

ral

po

lym

ers

:

Ace

tate

CA

Acr

ylic

PA

N C

arbo

nC

FA

lgin

ate

AL

GA

ram

idA

R C

eram

icC

EF

Cup

roC

UP

Chl

orof

ibre

CL

F G

lass

GF

Ela

stod

iene

1 (rub

ber)

ED

Ela

stan

e E

L M

eta

lM

TF

Lyoc

ell

CL

YE

last

odie

ne

ED

Mod

alC

MD

Flu

orof

ibre

PT

FE

Tria

ceta

teC

TA

Mel

amin

e

M

FV

isco

seC

V

Mod

acry

licM

AC

Pol

yam

ide

PA

Pol

yest

er2

PE

SP

olye

thyl

ene

1 P

EP

olyi

mid

eP

I1

Pol

yeth

ylen

e an

d p

olyp

ropy

lene

are

pol

yole

fins

Pol

ypro

pyle

ne1

PP

2 The

sam

e co

de is

use

d in

the

pla

stic

indu

stry

Vin

ylal

PV

AL

fo

r p

oly

eth

er

sulfo

ne (

ISO

104

3)


8

1.2 Generic classification of cellulosic fibres

Generic name Distinguishing attribute Examples of chemical formulae

acetate Cellulose acetate fibre in whichless than 92 %, but at least 74%, of the hydroxyl groups areacetylated.

Secondary cellulose acetate:

C6H7O2 (OX)3n

Where X = H or CH3CO and the degree of esterificationis at least 2,22 but less than 2,76

triacetate Cellulose acetate fibre in whichat least 92 % of the hydroxylgroups are acetylated.

Cellulose triacetate

C6H7O2 (OX)3n

Where X = H or CH3CO and the degree of esterificationis between 2,76 and 3

alginate Fibre obtained from the metalsalts of alginic acid

Calcium alginate:

cupro Cellulose fibre obtained by thecuprammonium process

Cellulose:

OCH2OH

O

OH H

H

H

H

O

n

OH

CH2OH

H

H

OH

OH

H

OH

H H

OCOO-

O

OH H

H

H

H

O

n

OH

COO-

H

H

OH

H

OH

H

OH

H

Ca2+


9

1.2 Generic classification of cellulosic fibres


lyocell Cellulosic fibre obtained by anorganic solvent spinningprocess. It is understood that:1) an “organic solvent” meansessentially a mixture of organicchemicals and water, and2) “solvent spinning” meansdissolving and spinning withoutthe formation of a derivative.

Cellulose:

modal Cellulose fibre having a highbreaking force1 BF and a highwet modulus Bw.

The breaking force BFc in theconditioned state and the wetmodulus Fw required toproduce an elongation of 5 %In its wet state are :

LDF

LDLDBF

w

c

5,0

23.1

≤

+≥

where LD is the mean lineardensity (mass per unit length)in decitex.BFc and Fw are expressed incentinewtons.

Cellulose:

viscose Cellulose fibre obtained by theviscose process

Cellulose:

1 ISO 2076 uses the term "strength"

OCH2OH

O

OH H

H

H

H

O

n

OH

CH2OH

H

H

OH

OH

H

OH

H H

OCH2OH

O

OH H

H

H

H

O

n

OH

CH2OH

H

H

OH

OH

H

OH

H H

OCH2OH

O

OH H

H

H

H

O

n

OH

CH2OH

H

H

OH

OH

H

OH

H H


10

1.3 Generic classification of synthetic fibres


acrylic Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules having in thechain at least 85% by mass ofacrylonitrile repeating units.

Polyacrylonitrile:

and acrylic copolymers

aramid Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules made up ofaromatic groups joined byamide or imide linkages, atleast 85% of the amide orimide linkages being joineddirectly to two aromatic ringsand the number of imidelinkage, if the latter arepresent, not exceeding thenumber of aramide linkages.

Example 1:

Example 2:

Note: in example 1 the aromatic groups may be the same or different

chlorofibre Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules having in thechain more than 50% by massof vinyl chloride or vinylidenechloride units (more then 65%in the case in which the rest ofthe chains is made up ofacrylonitrile, the modacrylicfibres being thus excluded.)

Poly(vinyl chloride):

AndPoly(vinylidene chloride):

elastane Fibre composed of at least85% by mass of a segmentedpolyurethane and which, ifstretched to three times itsunstretched length, rapidlyreverts substantially to theunstretched length when thetension is removed.

Macromolecules having alternate elastic and rigidsegments with repetition of the group

CH2

C

CNn

H

C

O O

C N Nn

H H

C

C

C

N

O

O

O

n

N

H

CH2

C

Cln

H

C

Cl

CH2

Cln

O C N

O H

CH2 C

CNp

CH3 C

X

Ym

n

H


11



elastodiene Fibre composed of natural orsynthetic polyisoprene, or ofone or more dienespolymerized with or withoutone or more vinyl monomers,and which, if stretched to threetimes its unstretched length,rapidly reverts substantially tothe unstretched length whenthe tension is removed.

Natural polyisoprene extracted from latexHeves brasilienisis, vulcanized

fluorofibre Fibre composed of linear ma-cromolecules made from ali-phatic fluorocarbon monomers.

Polytetrafluorethylene

C

F

C

F

FFn

melamine Fibre composed of at least 50% by mass of cross-linkedmacromolecules made up ofmelamine methylol poly-condensate.

Melamine

N

NN

N

N

N **HH

H

n

modacrylic Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules having in thechain at least 50% and lessthan 85% by mass ofacrylonitrile.

Acrylic copolymers

If X = H and Y = Cl:Poly(acrylonitrile or vinyl chloride)

If X = Y = Cl:Poly(acrylonitrile or vinylidene chloride)

polyamideornylon

Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules having in thechain recurring amide linkages,at least 85% of which arejoined to aliphatic cycloaliphaticunits.

Polyhexamethylene adipamide (polyamide 66)

Polycaproamide (polyamide 6)

C CC H2 C H2

Sx

C H3

C CC H2 CH 2

C H3

H

H

CH2 C

CNp

CH3 C

X

Ym

n

H

CN CH2

N C6

CH2

O O

n

4

H H

N CH2

C5

O n

H


12



polyester Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules having in thechain at least 85% by mass ofan ester of a diol andterephthalic acid.

Poly(ethylene terephthalate)

polyethylene1 Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules ofunsubstituted saturatedaliphatic hydrocarbons.

Polyethylene

polyimide Fibre of synthetic linearmacromolecules having in thechain recurring imide units.

Polyimide

polypropylene1 Fibre composed of linearmacromolecules made up ofsaturated aliphatichydrocarbon units in which onecarbon atom in two carries amethyl side group, generally inan isotactic configuration andwithout further substitution.

Polypropylene

vinylal Linear macromolecules of poly(vinyl alcohol) with differentlevels of acetalization

Acetalized poly(vinyl alcohol)

CH2 CCCH2

OH

CH2

O

C

OR

m

n

p

H H H

Where n > 0

1 Forms part of the polyolefins class

C O CH2

O O

CH2 O n

C

CH2 CH2 n

CC

CN*

O

OC

C

N R1 .2 "

O

OO

*

n

R1 = ArylR2 = Alkyl

CH2

Cn

CH3

H


13

1.4 Generic classification of inorganic fibres

Generic name Distinguishing attribute

carbonFibre containing at least 90% by mass ofcarbon obtained by thermal carbonization oforganic fibre precursors

glass Fibre, in textile form, obtained by drawingmolten glass.

ceramic Fibre, in textile form, obtainedfrom ceramic materials

metal1Fibre obtained from metal

1

Fibres can be coated with metals, in which case they are described as "metallized fibres" and not "metal fibres"


14

1.5 Coding system of man-made fibres

Alphabetic order of names Alphabetic order of codesacetate CA ALG alginate

acrylic PAN AR aramid

alginate ALG CA acetate

aramid AR CF carbon

carbon CF CEF ceramic

ceramic CEF CLF chlorofibre

chlorofibre CLF CLY lyocell

cupro CUP CMD modal

elastane EL CTA triacetate

elastodiene ED CUP cupro

fluorofibre PTFE CV viscose

glass GF ED elastodiene

lyocell CLY EL elastane

melamine MF GF glass

metal MTF MAC modacrylic

modacrylic MAC MF melamine

modal CMD MTF metal

polyamide PA PA polyamide

polyester PES1 PAN acrylic

polyethylene PE PE polyethylene

polyimide PI PES1 polyester

polypropylene PP PI polyimide

triacetate CTA PP polypropylene

viscose CV PTFE fluorofibre

vinylal PVAL PVAL vinylal

1 The same code is used in the plastic industry for polyether sulfone in ISO 1043.


15

INTRODUCTION

This chapter gives an overview on terms directly related to "fibres" and sets out indiagrammatic form the relationship between the various forms into which fibres canbe transformed, up to and including the twisting stages. The diagrams cover only themain sequences of commonly used operations, and should not be interpreted asimplying that all morphological forms listed exist for a particular generic category.Definitions are given for the main cases of elastane containing yarns.

Each term in these diagrams is defined in Chapter 3.

2.1 BISFA definitions of "fibre" related terms

CHAPTER 2Morphological schemes

BIS

FA

def

init

ion

s o

f "f

ibre

" re

late

d t

erm

s

Fib

re:

a m

orph

olog

ical

term

for

subs

tanc

es c

hara

cter

ised

by

thei

r fle

xibi

lity,

fine

ness

an

d h

igh

ra

tio o

f le

ng

th to

cro

ss s

ect

ion

al a

rea

Fila

men

t: a

fibr

e of

ver

y gr

eat l

engt

h, c

onsi

dere

d as

con

tinuo

usY

arn:

a te

xtile

pro

duct

of s

ubst

antia

l len

gth

and

rel

ativ

ely

smal

l cro

ss s

ectio

n,co

mpo

sed

of fi

bres

with

or

with

out t

wis

t. T

his

gene

ral t

erm

cov

ers

all t

he s

peci

ficty

pes

of y

arns

, e.g

. sin

gle

yarn

, mul

tiple

wou

nd y

arn,

fila

men

t yar

n, s

pun

yarn

Ma

n-m

ad

e f

ibre

sp

inn

ing

pro

ce

ss

le

ad

s t

o:

⇓

To

w:

a la

rge

num

ber o

f fila

men

ts, a

ssem

bled

with

out

subs

tant

ial t

wis

t usu

ally

inte

nded

to b

e cu

t or

stre

tch-

brok

en fo

r us

e in

sta

ple

fibre

or

top

form

Fib

ril:

a s

ubdi

visi

on o

f a fi

bre

can

be

att

ach

ed

to th

e fi

bre

or

loo

se⇒

⇒⇒

incr

easi

ng u

nit l

engt

h⇒

⇒⇒

⇒⇒

⇒in

crea

sing

uni

t len

gth

⇒⇒

⇒

Fib

re f

ly: a

irbo

rne

fibre

so

r p

art

s o

f fib

res

(lig

ht

enou

gh to

fly)

, vis

ible

as

fibre

s to

the

hum

an e

ye

Flo

ck: v

ery

shor

t fib

res,

inte

ntio

nally

pro

duce

dfo

r oth

er p

urpo

ses

than

spin

ning

Sta

ple

fib

re: a

text

ile fi

bre

of li

mite

d bu

t spi

nnab

le le

ngth

.F

ilam

ent

a fib

re o

f ver

y gr

eat l

engt

h,co

nsi

de

red

as

cont

inuo

us

⇓⇓T

exti

le(T

extil

e sp

inni

ng p

roce

ss le

ads

to:)

Sliv

er:

an

inde

finite

ly lo

ng a

ssem

bly

of s

tapl

e fib

res,

subs

tant

ially

par

alle

l, w

ithou

t tw

ist,

cap

able

of b

eing

draf

ted

in p

repa

ratio

n fo

r sp

inn

ing

.To

p =

syn

onym

for

sliv

er

⇓⇓sp

inn

ing

Ro

vin

g: a

n in

defin

itely

long

ass

embl

y of

sta

ple

fibre

s,su

bsta

ntia

lly p

aral

lel,

with

slig

ht tw

ist,

cap

ab

le o

f be

ing

draf

ted

in th

e la

ter

or fi

nal s

tage

s of

pre

para

tion

for

spin

nin

g.

⇓⇓p

roc

es

sS

pu

n y

arn:

a y

arn

mad

e of

sta

ple

fibre

s us

ually

bon

ded

toge

ther

by

twis

t.F

ilam

ent

yarn

: a

ya

rn c

om

po

sed

of o

ne o

r mor

e fil

amen

ts

Mo

no

fil:

a fil

amen

t yar

n co

nsis

ting

of a

sin

gle

filam

ent

Sin

gle

yar

n: a

yar

n co

mpo

sed

of s

tapl

e fib

res

(spu

n ya

rn),

a s

ingl

e fil

amen

t (m

onof

ilam

ent)

or

seve

ral f

ilam

ents

(m

ultif

ilam

ent)

, w

ith o

r w

ithou

t tw

ist

16 TerminologyBISFA 2000


17

2.2 Characteristics of man-made fibre cross sections

circular profiled

angulare.g. triangular

lobale.g. trilobal

serrated ovale.g. bean-shaped

ribbonlike

Cross sectional shape


18

Cross sectional areaExamples:

solid hollow

Multi-component fibresExamples:

concentric cover-core sheath-corematrix / fibrill


19

2.3 General morphological scheme for man-made fibresS

tap

le f

ibre

To

wF

ilam

ent

yarn

Flo

ck

S

liver

or

top

Mo

no

fila

men

tM

ult

ifila

men

t

y

arn

yarn

Ro

vin

g

S

pu

n y

arn

Fla

t ya

rn

Tex

ture

d

Inte

rlac

ed

ya

rn

yarn

Sin

gle

yar

n

Fo

lded

yar

nC

able

d y

arn

or

cord

Mu

ltip

le w

ou

nd

yar

n


20

2.4 Illustration of yarn constructions

Definition Explanation

Spun yarn orFilament yarn

single Two or more componentsno twisting operation

Two or more componentsone twisting operationsimilar or dissimilar components

Two or more componentsmore than one twisting operationsimilar or dissimilar components

Single yarnSingle yarn

Multiple wound yarn

yarnyarn

Multiple wound yarn

yarnyarn

Folded (plied yarn)

singleyarnsingleyarn

Folded (plied yarn)

singleyarnsingleyarn

Cabled yarn

single yarn

folded yarn

single yarn

folded yarn

Cabled yarn

single yarn

folded yarn

single yarn

folded yarn

similar or dissimilar components


21

2.5 Morphological scheme for elastane containing yarns

Elastic covered yarn

General term for elastic yarn with bare elastane core covered by one or morerelatively inelastic textile components.

Several processes are in use to combine elastane with other fibres to produceelastic yarns for textile applications. The main yarn constructions of such fibrecombinations are :

• Single or double covered yarnElastic yarn with bare and twistless elastane core and one or more relativelyinelastic yarns wrapped around the core with continuous turns in one oropposite directions.

• Elastic core spun yarnsElastic yarn with bare elastane core and relatively inelastic staple fibres from asliver twisted around the core with continuous turns in one direction.

•


22

• Elastic core twisted yarnsElastic yarn with bare elastane core and one or more relatively inelastic coveryarns twisted with continuous turns in one direction.

• Elastic air covered yarnsElastic yarn with bare and twistless elastane core and one or more relativelyinelastic cover yarns air-mingled together with the core entwined by thefilaments with randomly distributed interlace points.

• Core textured yarnElastic yarn with bare elastane core covered by one or more relatively inelasticcover yarns continuously textured together with the core entwined by thefilaments with false twist turns of randomly changing directions.


23

This chapter lists the technical terms used by BISFA in its various methods bookletstogether with their definitions. The terms are listed in alphabetical order.The translation of these terms into languages other than English is set out in Chapter 7.The definitions of the statistical terms used by BISFA are given in Chapter 4.Special definitions relevant to tests on steel tyre cord are to be found in the BISFA testmethods booklet for steel tyre cord.

Adhesion

The property denoting the ability of a material to resist delamination or separation intotwo or more layers.

•• Adhesion, in tyre fabrics

The force required to separate a textile material or steel cord from rubber or otherelastomer by a definite prescribed method.

Adhesion, rubber coverage

Ratio between the wire surface covered by rubber and total embedded surface after theadhesion pull out test.

Air-covered yarn

Elastic yarn with bare and twistless elastane (or other elastic) core covered by one ormore relatively inelastic cover yarns mingled together by an air stream with the coreentwined by the filaments with randomly distributed interlacing points.

Air textured yarn

Textured filament yarn obtained by overfeeding filament yarn into a turbulent stream ofair.

Assembled yarn

See : Multiple wound yarn

CHAPTER 3Technical terms and definitions


24

Atmosphere

•• Standard atmosphere :

Air at local atmospheric pressure with a relative humidity of 65 % and a temperatureof 20 °C.

•• Standard atmosphere for testing

The atmosphere in which the physical testing is carried out shall be the standardatmosphere maintained within the following limits :

Humidity : ± 2%Temperature : ± 2°C

Note : For some materials which are known to be relatively unaffected by changes inrelative humidity, (e.g. polyester, acrylic) the tolerance of relative humidity canbe widened to ± 5%.

•• Atmosphere for preconditioning

The atmosphere used to partially dry the material before further treatment orconditioning. The atmosphere for preconditioning shall be maintained within thefollowing limits :

Humidity : 5 - 25 %Temperature : not exceeding 50 °C

BCF (Bulked Continuous Filament)

Continuous filament fibre containing a degree of crimp or bulk.

Beam

A cylinder usually with flanges on each end on which a defined number of ends arewound substantially parallel with identical length.

•• Back beam

A beam with a defined number of ends and defined length normally intended forsubsequent assembly with other back beams.

•• Warp knitting beam

A beam with a defined number of ends and length used for subsequent warp knittingoperation.

•• Weaver’s beam

A beam carrying the warp which has a defined number of ends of identical lengthinserted in the loom and used for weaving the fabric.


25

Bicomponent fibre

See : Multicomponent fibre.

Bishrinkage yarn

Yarn comprising filaments with two different shrinkage properties.

Boiling water shrinkage

See : Shrinkage.

Breaking elongation (deprecated term)

See : Elongation at break.

Breaking force (Synonym: Force at break)

The maximum force applied to a test specimen carried to rupture during a tensile test(See diagram).

Figure 3.1 : Force-Elongation-Diagram

Breaking strength (Synonym : Strength at break)

Term still commonly used, but improperly, for the average of the results of breaking forcemeasurements.

Breaking tenacity (Synonym : Tenacity at break)

The breaking force divided by the linear density of the unstrained material.

Force at Break

Force at Rupture

Elo

ng

atio

n

atB

reak

Elo

ng

atio

n

at

Ru

p-

ture

Elongation (%)

Fo

rce


26

Breaking toughness

The work required to achieve the breaking force of the test specimen expressed per unitlength and linear density of the unstrained material.

Bulked Continuous Filament

see BCF

Cabled yarn

A yarn with two or more components of which at least one is a folded yarn, combined byone or more twisting operations.Note : For certain industrial uses the word cord is used for folded or cabled yarns.

Chord modulus

See : Modulus

Clamps

The parts of a testing device which are used to grip the test specimen by means ofsuitable jaw faces.

Coating of steel filament

•• Mass of coating

The quantity of covering layer applied to the surface of the filament.

•• Thickness of coating

The average thickness of the coating layer.

•• Composition of coating

The quantity of each of the components expressed as a percentage of the total massof the coating

Coiling

The process of laying down a sliver, top or tow into successive layers within whichcircular spirals are regularly arranged.

Commercial mass

See : Mass

Compact cord

A cord comprising a number of filaments twisted in the same direction and with thesame lay length with a minimum cross-sectional area.


27

Conditioned state

A sample is in the "conditioned state" or "conditioned" for testing purposes when it hasbeen kept in the atmosphere for testing until moisture equilibrium has been reached.Equilibrium shall be considered to have been attained when the mass of the well-opened sample shows no progressive change between successive hourly weighings. Inthe case of certain fibres, preconditioning is necessary to ensure that moistureequilibrium is reached by absorption.

Conditioning

The process of bringing a textile material into moisture equilibrium with the standardatmosphere for testing.

Consignment

All the products of one defined type and quality, delivered to one customer against onedispatch note.

Consignment sample

A selection of containers representative of the whole consignment.

Constant rate of extension (CRE) dynamometer

A tensile testing machine, where one clamp is stationery whilst the other is moving witha constant speed throughout the test, and where the entire testing system is virtually freefrom deflection.

Container

The unit of packaging (e.g. carton, case, bag, bale, etc.).

Conventional allowance

The conventional allowance is an agreed percentage to be added to the oven-dry massof the material for the calculation of commercial mass and certain other properties.This allowance is normally fixed for each fibre type and includes the moisture regainwhich approximately corresponds with equilibrium under the standard atmosphere andfor some fibres, an allowance for substances removable during normal processing, e.g.the finish normally applied to impart the required properties to the textile material.See Mass.

Cord

See : Cabled yarn, Steel cord.

Cord of steel

See : Steel Cord


28

Cord thickness

A conventional way of expressing an average cord diameter.

Core (in steel tyre cord)

A filament, filaments or strand that serves as an extended axis about which otherelements can be wound.

Core-spun yarn

Yarn with filament (elastane, other elastic or inelastic) core and relatively inelastic staplefibres from a sliver twisted around the core with continuous turns in one direction.

Core-textured yarn

Yarn with filament (elastane, other elastic or inelastic) core covered by one or morerelatively inelastic cover yarns continuously textured together with the core entwined bythe filaments with false twist turns of randomly changing directions.

Core-twisted yarn

Yarn with filament (elastane, other elastic or inelastic) core and one or more relativelyinelastic cover yarns twisted with continuous turns in one direction.

Covered yarn (single or double)

Yarn with filament (elastane, other elastic or inelastic) core covered by one or morerelatively inelastic cover yarns continuously wrapped around the core in one or oppositedirections.

Crimp

The waviness of a fibre, yarn or tow.Note : This characteristic may be expressed numerically by the combination of the

crimp frequency either with the crimp contraction or -in the case of textured yarns-with the crimp elongation.

•• Crimp contraction (also : percentage crimp)

The contraction of a crimped fibre or a textured yarn owing to the development ofcrimp, expressed as a percentage of its straightened length.

•• Crimp elongation

The lengthening of a crimped fibre or of a textured yarn after development of crimpwhen it is straightened under specified tension expressed as a percentage of itsinitial length.


29

•• Crimp frequency

The number of crimps per unit of length of filament yarn, staple fibre or tow.Note : Different methods are in common use for expressing crimp frequency, based

on half or whole waves and on straightened or unstraightened length.These bases must therefore be specified in any quantification.

•• Crimp, latent

Crimp that can be developed by a thermal treatment or by tensioning and subsequentrelaxation.

•• Crimp liveliness

The tendency for a textured yarn to develop its crimp immediately after the reductionof an applied tension.

•• Crimp stability

The ratio of the crimp of a fibre or textured yarn after a specified treatment to thecrimp prior to treatment, expressed as a percentage.Note : The method for determination of crimp and the treatment must be reported.

Cross section

The shape of a fibre when viewed perpendicular to its axis.Note : The shape of man-made fibres can be influenced by the spinning process and

subsequent processing and treatments, such as texturizing.

Delustrant

A chemical substance added to the polymer in order to reduce the lustre or transparencyof a fibre.

Dip

A chemical composition applied to a cord or fabric to improve its adhesion to rubber orelastomers.

Direction of lay

See : Twist

Durability (Stability)

The ability of a material to retain its physical or chemical properties after exposure for aspecified time under defined conditions such as heat, chemical agents, light or otherenvironmental processes.


30

Dust ; fibre dust

Non-specific terms. Can cover many types of fibrous and non fibrous species, includingcontaminants, usually present as mixtures of particulate matter. Recommended specificterms for airborne fibrous material are fibre fly, particulates from fibres, respirable fibre-shaped particulates (RFP).

•• Fibre fly

Airborne fibres or parts of fibres (light enough to fly), visible as fibres to the humaneye.

•• Particulates from fibres

Airborne particles, not visible as fibres to the naked eye. May or may not be of thepolymer material of the fibre or have fibre shape under microscopic view.

•• Fibril

A subdivision of a fibre. A fibril can be attached to the fibre (fibrillated fibres) or canbe loose, independent.

•• Respirable fibre-shaped particulates (RFP)

Airborne particulates fulfilling the following dimensional conditions: length > 5 µm anddiameter < 3 µm and length/diameter ratio of > 3:1.

Edge crimped yarn

A textured filament yarn obtained by drawing heated filament yarn over an edge of smallradius of curvature.

Elasticity

That property of a material by virtue of which it tends to recover its original size andshape immediately after removal of a deforming force.

Elongation

The ratio of the extension of a test specimen to its initial length, expressed as apercentage.

•• Elongation at break

The elongation of a test specimen produced by the breaking force (See Fig. 3.1).

•• Elongation at rupture

The elongation of a test specimen corresponding to rupture (See Fig. 3.1).

•• Elongation at specified force

The elongation of a test specimen produced by a specified force.


31

•• Elongation at specified tenacity

The elongation of a test specimen produced by a specified tenacity.

•• Elongation between defined forces

The increase in length of a test specimen which results from subjecting it to twospecified forces.

End

An individual yarn used in or part of a specific textile assembly such as yarn sheets,warps, yarns on beam.

Extension

The increase in length of a test specimen produced by a force, expressed in units oflength.

False twist stretch yarn

A false twist yarn which has a high crimp elongation or high crimp contraction.

False twist yarn

A torsion textured yarn obtained by a continuous process applying high twist, heatsetting and untwisting.

Fibre

A morphological term for substances characterised by their flexibility, fineness and highratio of length to cross sectional area.

Fibre dust

See: Dust, fibre dust

Fibre length

•• Mean length:

The arithmetic mean of the lengths of staple fibres.Note : In the case of square cut staple fibres this mean is limited to the "central"

section of the frequency distribution.See Chapter 4: Statistics

•• Nominal length:

The length quoted on commercial documents.

Fibril

See: Dust, Fibre dust


32

Filament

A fibre of very great length, considered as continuous.See also: Steel Filament.

Filament yarn

A yarn composed of one or more filaments.Note : Filament yarns can have the following morphologies: flat, interlaced, twisted,

twistless, textured or combinations of these.

Finish

A chemical composition applied to yarns in order to facilitate processing.

Flame resistance

The property of a material whereby flaming combustion is slowed, terminated orprevented.Note : Flame resistance can be an inherent property of the basic material or it may be

imparted by specific treatment. The degree of flame resistance exhibited by amaterial during testing may vary with the test conditions.

Flare

The spreading of the filament ends or the strand ends at the cut end of a cord.

Flock

Very short fibres, intentionally produced for other purposes than spinning (e.g.: flocking).

Fly

See : Dust

Folded yarn (Synonym: Plied yarn)

A yarn in which two or more single yarns are combined by a single twisting operation.

Folding in layers

The process of placing a sliver, top or tow into successive layers in which each layer ismade of regular parallel folds.

Force

See : SI units Chapter

•• Force at break

See: Breaking force


33

•• Force at rupture

The final force just before complete rupture of a test specimen (See Fig. 3.1 : Force-Elongation diagram).

•• Force at specified elongation

The force associated with a specified elongation on the force-elongation curve.

Gauge length

The distance between two effective clamping points of a testing device.

Gear crimped yarn

Textured filament yarn obtained by passing the yarn between a pair of intermeshedtoothed wheels.

Giant carton

A container comprising a large number of packages arranged in several layers.

Gross mass

See : Mass.

Heat durability

The extent to which a material retains its useful properties at ambient air conditions,following its exposure to a specified temperature and environment for a specified timeand its return to ambient air conditions.

Heat resistance

The extent to which a material retains useful properties as measured during exposure ofthe material to a specified temperature and environment for a specified time.

High tenacity yarn

A yarn with a significantly higher breaking tenacity than others of the same genericcategory, generally used because of that main characteristic.Note : Currently the following lower limits are used for high tenacity yarns :


34

Table 3.1 : Limits for high tenacity filament yarns

Generic category offibre

Lower limit oftenacity (cN/tex)

Aramide 180

Polyamide/Nylon 53

Polyester 53

Viscose 28

Hot air shrinkage, after treatment

See : Shrinkage.

Hot air shrinkage, during treatment

See : Shrinkage.

Industrial fibre

Fibres intended for use in products other than non-protective clothing, household,furnishing and floor coverings selected principally but not exclusively for theirperformance and properties as opposed to their aesthetic or decorative characteristics.

Initial length

The length of a test specimen under specified pretension at the beginning of a test.Note : For a tensile test the initial length is measured between the two effective

clamping points.

Interlaced yarn (Synonym: Intermingled yarn)

A multifilament yarn in which cohesion is imparted to the filaments usually by passing theyarn through a turbulent air-, gas- or steam-jet without overfeed causing entwining of thefilaments and the formation of randomly distributed interlacing points.

Interlacing distance

The distance between adjacent interlacing points.

Interlacing frequency

The number of interlacing points per unit length.

Intermingled yarn

See : Interlaced Yarn.


35

Invoice mass

See : Mass.

Jaw faces

The elements of a clamp which grip the test specimen without damaging it and whichprevent slippage during the test.

Knit-deknit yarn

A textured filament yarn obtained by a process in which the filament yarn is knitted, heatset and subsequently unravelled.

Laboratory sample

A portion of the contents of the containers in the consignment sample to be taken to thelaboratory for testing.The laboratory samples must be taken in such a way that collectively they represent thewhole consignment.

Latent crimp

See : Crimp.

Lay

Term in common use in cordage and steel cord industry, similar to twist in the textileindustry.

•• Direction of lay:

The helical disposition of the component, of a filament, strand or cord. Direction of layis in the "S" or left hand lay ("Z" or right hand lay) when the components of a filament,strand or cord held vertically slope in the same direction as the middle part of theletter S (or Z).See : Twist.

•• Lang's lay

Cord in which the direction of lay in the stranding is the same as the direction of lay incabling the cord.

•• Length of lay

The axial distance required to make a 360 degree revolution of any element in strandor cord.

•• Ordinary or regular lay

Cord in which the direction of lay in the stranding is opposite to the direction of lay incabling the cord.


36

Linear density

The mass per unit length of an essentially linear structure, for example of a staple fibre,filament yarn, tow or cord.See Chapter 6 : SI units.

Lot

All the products of one defined type and homogeneous quality delivered to onecustomer against one dispatch note.Note : The term lot is sometimes used for the whole consignment and sometimes for a

part of a consignment. See : Consignment

Lubricant

A chemical composition such as a fatty or waxy substance applied to a yarn in order toreduce friction in subsequent textile operations, such as knitting.

Mass

See also Chapter 6 : SI units

•• Commercial mass

The mass obtained by adding to the oven-dry mass of the material the masscorresponding to the conventional allowance and any additions specified in theBISFA methods.

•• ΙΙ nvoice mass

The mass indicated on the invoice and used as a commercial basis for charging. InBISFA the invoice rnass should not normally differ from the commercial mass bymore than the tolerance of commercial mass.

•• Gross mass

The total mass of a consignment, or of any part of a consignment, including the fibreand the tare.

•• Net mass

The difference between the gross mass and the corresponding tare, determined atthe same time.

•• Oven-dry mass

The mass obtained by drying the fibre, usually after removal of added products suchas finish or oil and of extractable matters.


37

•• Tare

The sum of the masses of all the pallets, wrappers and containers, tie bands, and ifappropriate all the yam supports such as bobbins, tubes, relating to a consignment orto any part of a consignment.

•• Tolerance of commercial mass

The maximum permissible deviation between the value of the commercial mass asdetermined according to BISFA rnethods and the value indicated on the documentsof sale of the consignment. The tolerance of commercial mass is normally expressedas a percentage of the invoice mass.

Matrix fibre

Multicomponent fibre in which discrete and discontinuous portions of one or morepolymers are embedded in a matrix of another polymer.

Matrix fibril fibre

See : Matrix fibre.

Mean length

See : Fibre length.

Modulus (see also Fig. 3.1)

The property of a material representative of its resistance to deformation. In tensiletesting the modulus is expressed as the ratio of tenacity to strain.

•• Chord modulus

In a tenacity-strain curve, the ratio of the change in tenacity to the change in strainbetween two specified points on the curve.

Fo

rce

(Ten

acit

y)

Elongation [%]

Chord Modulus


38

•• Secant modulus

The secant modulus is a special case of chord modulus : starting at zero.

•• Tangent modulus

In a tenacity-strain curve, the ratio of the change in tenacity to the change in strainderived from the tangent at any point on the curve.

Modulus, wet

The modulus determined when the material is completely wet.In the definition of the generic name "modal", the term "wet modulus" is defined as thetenacity required to produce an elongation of 5 % when the specimen is completelyimmersed in water.

Moisture content

The amount of water contained in a material, expressed as a percentage of its totalmass (including moisture and any extractables).

Fo

rce

(Ten

acit

y)

Elongation [%]

Tangent Modulus

Fo

rce

(Ten

acit

y)

Elongation [%]

Secant Modulus


39

Moisture regain

The amount of water contained in the material expressed as a percentage of its oven-dry mass.

Monofilament yarn (Monofil)

Filament yarn consisting of a single filament.

Multicomponent fibre

Fibre composed of two or more fibre forming polymer components, which arechemically or physically different or both. Components can have arrangements such asside-by-side core-sheath or matrix. Where there are only two components, the fibre issaid to be bicomponent.

Multifilament yarn (Multifil)

Filament yarn consisting of two or more filaments.

Multiple wound yarn (Synonym: Assembled yarn)

A yarn without twist composed of two or more singles, folded or cabled yarns.

Net mass

See : Mass

Nominal length

See : Fibre length

Nominal linear density

The linear density mentioned on the documents of sale (contracts, invoices, etc.).

Open cord

A steel cord in which the wires have a periodic loose association which permits "rubber"to penetrate the cross-section.

Oven dry mass

See : Mass.

Package

A package consists of yarn or cord with its winding support, if used.Note : Packages may be of various shapes and winding patterns, e.g. bobbins, pirns,

cones, cops, hanks, cakes, cheeses, tubes, beams.


40

Permanent deformation

The unrecovered strain of an exercised specimen, measured after a specific recoveryperiod and expressed as percentage of the initial length of the specimen.

Plied yarn

See : Folded yarn.

POY

Abbreviation for partially oriented yam, used for filament yarns with a significant degreeof residual drawability. Such yarns are designed to be submitted to a further orientationprocess.

Preconditioning

The process of bringing a textile material to approximate equilibrium with theatmosphere for preconditioning.

Pre-dip

A chemical composition applied to a cord or fabric to improve the reactivity of thesurface.

Pretension

The specified tension applied to a test specimen preparatory to making a test.

Pulp

Pulp is a generic term for the processed fibrous material manufactured for different end-uses such as fibres, paper, compounds.

Relative humidity

The ratio, expressed as a percentage, of the pressure of water vapour actually presentin the atmosphere to the saturation pressure at the same temperature and at the sametotal pressure.

Residual torsion

The number of revolutions made by a specific length of steel cord when one end is heldin a fixed position and the other allowed to turn freely.

RFP

See : Dust

Roving

An indefinitely long assembly of staple fibres, substantially parallel, with slight twist,capable of being drafted in the later or final stages of preparation for spinning.See : Sliver.


41

Sample

A representative portion of a lot of material or of a consignment for testing or for recordpurposes.

Shrinkage

The decrease in length of a test specimen caused by a specified treatment, expressedas a percentage of the length of the untreated test specimen. The lengths are measuredbefore and during or after treatment under specified tensions.

•• Boiling water shrinkage

The decrease in length of a test specimen caused by a treatment in boiling water forspecified time, expressed as a percentage of the length of the untreated testspecimen. The lengths are measured before and after treatment under a specifiedpretension.

• Hot water shrinkage

The decrease in length of a test specimen caused by a treatment in hot water under aspecified temperature and time, expressed as a percentage of the length of theuntreated test specimen. The lengths are measured before and after treatment undera specified pretension. The water temperature to be applied is specified betweenbuyer and seller.

• Hot air shrinkage, after treatment :

The decrease in length of a test specimen caused by a treatment in hot air underspecified temperature and time, expressed as a percentage of the length of theuntreated test specimen. The lengths are measured before and after treatment undera specified pretension.

•• Hot air shrinkage, during treatment :

The decrease in length of a test specimen caused by a treatment in hot air underspecified temperature and time, expressed as a percentage of the length of theuntreated test specimen. The lengths are measured before (under a specifiedpretension) and during treatment (under a specified measuring tension).

Single yarn

A yarn composed of staple fibres (spun yarn), a single filament (monofilament) orseveral filaments (multifilament yarn), with or without twist.

Size

A chemical composition in solution or dispersion applied before weaving normally towarp, but sometimes to weft, to facilitate the weaving operations.


42

Sliver

An indefinitely long assembly of staple fibres, substantially parallel, without twist,capable of being drafted in preparation for spinning.See : Top, Roving.

Specimen

See : Test specimen.

Spun yarn

A yarn made of staple fibres usually bonded together by twist.

Square cut staple fibres

See : Staple fibre.

Stabilised false twist yarn

A yarn, having a low crimp elongation and a low crimp contraction, obtained by falsetwisting, followed by heat-setting in a state where it is only partly relaxed from thestraightened condition.

Standard atmosphere

See : Atmospheres

Staple fibre

A textile fibre of limited but spinnable length. For man-made fibres the three principalcategories are:

•• Square cut staple fibres:

Staple fibres obtained by cutting into bundles of essentially constant length; they arespecified by a single nominal length.

•• Stretch-broken fibres:

Staple fibres obtained by stretch-breaking a tow in a tow-to top process to a range oflengths up to a defined upper limit.

•• Variable length (or bias cut) staple fibres:

Staple fibres obtained by cutting in such a way as to deliberately introduce severallengths. Such fibres are specified by two finite nominal lengths corresponding to thelimits of the cut length.

Steel cord

A formed structure composed of two or more steel filaments when used as an endproduct or combination of strands or filaments and strands.


43

Steel filament

A steel fibre used as an individual element in a strand or cord.See : Filament.

Stiffness

Resistance to bending, characterised by the bending moment required to produce abent configuration under specified conditions.

Straightened length

The length of a test specimen under a specified tension sufficient to remove crimp.

Straightness

The ability of a steel cord to lie flat between two straight parallel lines which are aprescribed distance apart.

Strain

The ratio of the extension of a test specimen to its initial length.See : Elongation.

Strand

A general expression for linear textile assemblies, particularly yarns which arecomponents of ropes and cordage.Note for steel : A group of filaments twisted together to form a unit product to be

processed further. A strand may be considered as a cord if it is the endproduct for tyre reinforcement or if it may be an element in a morecomplex structure.

Strength at break

See : Breaking strength.

Stress

The resistance to deformation developed within a material subjected to an externalforce, expressed as force per cross-sectional area.Note : Sometimes wrongly used in textile testing for tenacity, which is force per linear

density.

Stretch-broken fibres

See : Staple fibre.

Stufferbox crimped yarn

Textured filament yarn obtained by overfeeding yam and compressing it into a chamber,which may be heated.


44

Tabby

A plain weave fabric. In the context of tyre cord fabric it refers to sections of closelyspaced weft yarns in a special section of fabric woven to provide a sample.

Tabby sample

The section of a tyre cord fabric between two tabbies.

Tangent modulus

See : Modulus.

Tangled yarn

Term sometimes used as alternative for interlaced yarn.See : Interlaced yarn.

Tare

See : Mass

Tenacity

Force divided by linear density.

Tenacity at break

See : Breaking tenacity

Tenacity at specified elongation

The tenacity associated with a specified elongation on the tenacity-elongation curve.

Tensile stress

The force per unit cross-sectional area of the unstrained specimen.

Tension

A force tending to cause the extension of a body.Note : An abbreviation for tensioning force. In fibres and yarns the tension applied is

usually based on the linear density of the material.

Tensioning force

See : Tension

Test specimen (Synonym : specimen)

A portion of a laboratory sample or, in certain cases, the entire laboratory sample to beused for a testing procedure.


45

Textured filament yarn

A filament yarn characterised by actual or latent filament crimps, coils or loops, with orwithout twist liveliness, by which it has, or can develop by after-treatment, bulk and/orstretch properties.

Titre (deprecated term)

See : Linear density.

Tolerance

The maximum permissible positive or negative deviation between the value of a quantityas determined according to BISFA methods and the value quoted for the consignment.Normally, the tolerance is a percentage of the quoted value.

Tolerance of commercial mass

See : Mass

Top

Synonym for sliver.Also a form of package in which sliver can be delivered, e.g.: ball top or bump top.

Torsion textured yarn

A textured filament yarn obtained by heat setting of a twisted filament yarn andsubsequently untwisting it.See : False Twist Yarn.

Toughness at break

See : Breaking toughness.

Tow

A large number of filaments, assembled without substantial twist usually intended to becut or stretch-broken for use in staple fibre or top form.

Twist

The helical disposition of the components of a single, folded or cabled yarn or roving.Twist is in the S (or Z) direction when the spirals of the yarn or roving held vertically slopein the same direction as the middle part of the letter S (or Z).See : International Standard ISO 2 (1973)


46

S ZNote : If the S/Z notation cannot be used (for example in numerical fields of databanks)

S should be designated as (-) and Z as (+).In steel cord the twist is called "direction of lay".

Twist factor

The value obtained when the twist is multiplied by the square root of the linear density ofthe yarn.

Note 1 :

1000

LD t TF ⋅=

where : TF = Twist Factort = Twist in turns per metreLD = Linear density in tex

Note 2 : In order to be able to make effective comparison of different fibre genericcategories in certain applications, e.g. tyre cords, it is necessary to take intoaccount the density of the fibres.

where : TFC = Twist Factor correctedt = Twist in turns per meterLD = Linear density in texp = Density in kg/m³

Twist level

The number of turns per unit length of a twisted yarn.

Twist liveliness

The tendency for a twisted yarn to untwist or for a torsion textured yarn to resume itstwisted shape.

p

LD t TFc ⋅=


47

Type of lay

See : Lay

Tyre cord fabric

A structure used in tyre manufacture, comprising a sheet of warp cords or yarns boundtogether by widely spaced weft yarns which are usually of cotton and have a distinctlylower linear density than the warp cords or yarns.

Variable length (or bias cut staple fibres)

See : Staple fibre

Weight

Deprecated term still commonly but improperly used for mass.See : Mass.

Wet modulus

See : Modulus, Wet.

Wire

See : Steel Filament.

Work to break

The total area under the force extension curve up to the breaking force.

Wrap

A filament wound helically around a steel cord.

Yarn

A textile product of substantial length and relatively small cross section, composed offibre(s) with or without twist.This general term covers all the specific types of yarns, e.g. single yarn, multiple woundyarn, filament yarn, spun yarn.

Yarn length

The length of yarn wound on a support measured under defined conditions.


48

4.1 Definitions

Accuracy of measurement

The closeness of agreement between a test value and the accepted referencevalue.

Uncertainty of measurement

Parameter, associated with the result of a measurement, that characterizes thedispersion of the values that could reasonably be attributed to the measurand.

Bias

The difference between the accepted reference and the measured values. In abroader sense the bias can also be the difference between:- averages of results of two test procedures ;- averages of results obtained by two operators, laboratories etc. using the

same test procedure.

Component of variance

Is a portion of a total variance caused by a specific source.

In this BISFA-Terminology booklet three components of variance are considered.They are expressed as standard deviations.

Single operator component (s0)

The variance solely caused by the operator(s).

Within laboratories component (st)

The variance caused by instrument(s), environment (test atmosphere) in thelaboratory except the variance due to operator(s).This component is zero (0) when there is only operator(s) variability.

Between laboratories component (sL)

The variance caused by different laboratories. This component is zero (0) whenthere is only one laboratory.

CHAPTER 4Statistical terms and definitions


49

Precision

The closeness of agreement between independent test results obtained understipulated conditions.

Repeatability

The maximum absolute difference to be expected (95% probability) between testresults(1) of two measurements carried out directly in succession under the samerepeatability conditions.

Repeatability conditions

The same laboratory, sample, operator, equipment, at short time interval (nocalibrations).

Reproducibility within laboratories

The maximum absolute difference to be expected (95% probability) between testresults(1) of two measurements carried out on identical laboratory samples withinlaboratories but at long time intervals (different days, different equipment, anddifferent operators).

Reproducibility between laboratories

The maximum absolute difference to be expected (95% probability) between testresults(1) of two measurements carried out on identical laboratory samples but indifferent laboratories (different time, different equipment, different operators).Note (1) : a test result is always the average of a standard number of n

determinations.

4.2 Basic statistics

Individual value

The result of any one observation (breaking force, linear density, etc.) in a seriesof tests is called the individual value. The individual value of the ith observation ina series of n observations is denoted by xi.BISFA tests frequently involve the examination of more than one test specimentaken from a laboratory sample or sample. The resultant individual values shouldfirst be used to determine the laboratory sample/sample arithmetic mean and it isthis mean which should then be used as the individual value in subsequentstatistical calculations.

Normal distribution

In this booklet it is assumed that individual values follow a normal distribution inwhich the standard deviation s is independent from the mean. This distributionhas a bell shape symmetrical around the mean. Characteristics of this distributionare :


50

data of % 99.7 contains s x

data of % 95.0 contains s .96x

data of % 68.3 contains s 1 x

3

1

±

±

±

Frequency

Frequency is the number of individual values in each class. The number ofindividual values in the jth class is denoted by nj, k represents the number ofclasses. lt is recalled that :

Frequency distribution

For a large number of individual values (n > 50) it is advantageous to arrangeindividual values into classes with the same interval; a tabulation or diagramshowing the numbers of such values falling into defined class intervals is called afrequency distribution or histogram. lt is conventional to include within an intervalany observation which falls precisely on its upper boundary.The central value of a class is defined as the value equidistant between the twoclass boundaries.The class containing the greatest number of individual values is called modalclass.

∑=

=k

1 jjn n

Pro

babi

lity

x-2sx-3s x+3sx+2sx-s x+sx

NormalDistribution


51

Arithmetic mean

The arithmetic mean of a series of n individual values x1 , x2 , x3, is the sum ofthese values divided by their number, n:

In a frequency table made of k classes, the arithmetic mean is:

Yj = central value of the jth classnj = frequency of the jth class

Overall arithmetic mean

It is the arithmetic mean of a set of individual values ignoring any sub-groups (seeindividual value) only if the sub-groups contain the same number of individualvalues.

Range (R)

The difference between the largest and the smallest values in a set ofobservations

Average range (R )

The average of a set of k ranges

(min) x - (max) x R =

n

x

n x ... x x

x

n

1 ii

n21∑==+++=

=+++=∑

=

n

yn

n

yn ... yn yn y

k

1 jjj

kk2211

m

x

m

x...x...xxx

m

1 jj

mj21∑

==+++++

=


52

Variance and standard deviation

The variance (s2) of a set of n individual values is the sum of the squares of thedifferences between each individual value and the arithmetic mean divided by(n - 1) :

The standard deviation of a set of individual values is the square root of thevariance:

These formulae can also be used for mean values when the tests have beendone with more than one test specimen from each laboratory sample, but in suchcases :

n = the number of samples

x i = the arithmetic mean of the sample

x = the overall arithmetic mean of laboratory sample

In the case of a frequency distribution, calculations are made with the followingformulae:

k

R

k

R ... R ... R R R

k

e

ke21∑

==+++

= 1e

( )1 - n

x - x s

n

1 i

2i

2∑

==

( )1 - n

x - x s

n

1 i

2i∑

==

( ) ( )1 - n

y - yn

s , 1 - n

y - y n

s

k

1 jjj

k

1 jjj ∑∑

== ==

22

2


53

Universe standard deviation

An estimation of a true standard deviation based on a long series of k groups ofmeasurements and each group of which consists of n observations.

where :

Each group contains the same number of observations n and has a mean notsignificantly different from the others. d2 and c2 are factors used in connectionwith sampling by variables and they depend on n. (see Table 4.1).

Table 4.1 : Factors for estimate σe

n d2 c2

2

3

4

5

6

7

8

9

10

1.1288

1.693

2.059

2.326

2.534

2.704

2.847

2.970

3.078

0.5642

0.7236

0.7979

0.8407

0.8686

0.8882

0.9027

0.9139

0.9227

Coefficient of variation

The ratio of the standard deviation to the arithmetic mean, expressed as apercentage :

2

e

2

e c

s or

d

R =σ=σ

k

s s and

k

R R

k

1 ii

k

1 i ∑∑

== == i

( ) 100 y

s (%) V or 100

x

s V ⋅=⋅=%


54

Confidence limits

In a consignment for which the individual measured values have practically anormal distribution, it is possible to define, symmetrically around the overallarithmetic mean x , an interval which contains in a given percentage of casesBISFA requires 95 %) the true arithmetic mean of the consignment under test.(This percentage is called confidence level)1

This interval from

is called the confidence interval.

are known as the confidence limits.

The half-length, c, of the confidence interval is thus for a given confidence level,the maximum value of the error made in estimating the true arithmetic mean2 ofthe consignment from the overall arithmetic mean. The half-length of theconfidence interval is given by the expression :

in which t is a coefficient, given in the following table as a function of n for therequired confidence level of 95 %, s is the standard deviation and n is the numberof individual values.

BISFA normally prefers to express the half-length c as a percentage C of theoverall arithmetic mean :

where V is the coefficient of variation.

1 Sometimes confidence level is expressed as a figure between 0 and 1, but (see ISO 2602) the expression as a percentage

is generally used.

2 BISFA considers that systematic errors are negligible, as the accuracy requirements on instruments are stringent

( ) ( ) c x to c - x +

( ) ( ) c x and c - x +

n

s t c ⋅=

( ) ( )n

(%)V t C or 100

x

c C =%⋅=%


55

Table 4.2 : Values t0,975 of Student’s t-distribution with degree of freedomequals n+1

Number oftests n

t-value Number oftests

n

t-value Number oftests

n

t-value

4 3.18 15 2.14 25 2.06

5 2.78 16 2.13 26 2.06

6 2.57 17 2.12 27 2.06

7 2.45 18 2.11 28 2.05

8 2.36 19 2.10 29 2.05

9 2.31 20 2.09 30 2.04

10 2.26 21 2.09 31 to40 2.03

11 2.23 22 2.08 41 to 60 2.01

12 2.20 23 2.07 61 to 120 1.99

13 2.18 24 2.07 121 to 230 1.97

14 2.16 > 230 1.96

Note : If a probability other than 95% is desired, those Student’s t can be found instatistical books.

Measurements made with single test specimens do not always give values thatare normally distributed. Therefore it is necessary to do independent tests on aseries of test specimens, all taken from the consignment. For each laboratorysample a number of test specimens is tested and the arithmetic mean of theindividual values for that laboratory sample is calculated. The standard deviationof the arithmetic means of each laboratory sample with respect to the overallarithmetic mean is calculated. The confidence limits of the overall arithmeticmean can then be calculated from this standard deviation, using for n the numberof laboratory samples that have been tested.

Number of tests

For some determinations it may be necessary to increase the number of tests inorder to obtain a required confidence interval. If n tests have been made giving astandard deviation s or a coefficient of variation V, the resulting confidenceinterval may be too large. In order to obtain a required length of confidenceinterval c* or C*, the number of tests must be increased by m additional tests :

n - C

V t m or n -

c

s t m

2

22

22 ==


56

where t is the value corresponding to n in the above Table 4.2. In such casescalculate the mean and its confidence interval from the result of all (m + n) tests,and verify that the new confidence interval is satisfactory.

4.3 Statistical Process Control Parameters (SPC)

Process capability (6 σσ )

The limits of variability in which a process operates under normal conditions. lfthis variability is within 6 σ, then the process is under statistical control.

Accuracy index (CA)

Index (expressed in percentage) indicating how close the process centering is tothe specified target

USL is the upper specification limitLSL is the lower specification limit.

Capability index (Cp)

Index relating the process capability to the specification tolerance

Quality index

Cpk

It is the capability index, on a single set of data adjusted for process centering.

Where : σe is the estimated standard deviation of the set of data considered.

010 LSL) - (USL 0.5

x - target Specified CA ⋅=

e

p 6

LSL- USL C

σ=

σ

σ=

3

LSL - x ,

3

x - USL min C

eepk

mean. arithmetic overall the is x where


57

lf both CA and Cp are known, then

Ppk

The performance index measured on different sets of data and adjusted forprocess centering

where: σs is the estimated standard deviation of the data considered.

=

100

C - 1 C C A

ppk

=

ss σσ 3

LSL - x ,

3

x - USL min Ppk


58

5.1 Textile yarnsA standard notation for yarn construction is set out in the international standardISO 1139, edition 1973. The notation reflects in a condensed form details of thecomponents of a yarn, including values of the linear densities, direction of twist,twist level, number of folds, etc of these components and/or characteristics suchas linear density resulting from this construction.

Two methods for the notation of yarns are available. The "single to fold" notationstarts from the linear density of the single yarn ; the "fold to single" notation startsfrom the linear density of the resultant yarn. The symbols used in both systemsare identical ; the differences are in the order of presentation, the use of themultiplication sign (x) in the single to fold notation, and of the solidus (/) in the foldto single notation. Distinction between the two methods does not apply to singlespun yarn, monofilament and multifilament yarns without twist, nor to multiplewound yarns.

The following symbols are used :

R : symbol for resultant linear density, to be put before its numerical value,

f : symbol for filaments, to be put before the number of filaments,

t0 : symbol for zero twist ; other twist values are represented by the number ofturns per metre of the twisted yarn, preceded by S or Z to indicate twistdirection.If the S/Z notation cannot be used, for example in numerical fields of databanks, "S" should be designated as (-) and "Z" as (+), (see internationalstandard ISO 2, edition 1973 and Definition "Twist" in chapter 3).

The notation is best illustrated by examples:The following are taken in part from ISO 1139, edition 1973

CHAPTER 5Designation of yarns in the tex system


59

Table 5.1 : Examples of notations of textile yarns in the tex system

Type of yarn “Single to fold” notation “Fold to single” notation

Single yarns

Spun yarn

Monofilament yarn without twist

Monofilament yarn with twist

Multifilament yarn without twist

Multifilament yarn with twist

40 tex Z660

17 dtex f1

17 dtex f1 S800R17.4 dtex

133 dtex f40

133 dtex f40S1000 ; R136 dtex

R17.4 dtex f1S800 ; 17 dtex

R136 dtex f40S1000 ; 133 dtex

Multiple wound yarns with

Similar components

Dissimilar components

40 tex S155 x 2

(25 tex S420 + 60 tex Z80)

Folded yarns with

Similar components


34 tex S600 x 2Z400 ; R69.3 tex

(25 tex S420 + 60 tex Z80)R89.2 tex

R69.3 tex Z4400/2S600 ; 34 tex

R89.2 tex S360/(S420 +Z80)25 tex + 60 tex

Cabled yarns with

Similar components


20 tex Z 700 x 2 S 400 x3 Z 200R 132 tex

(20 tex Z700 x 3 S400 + 34tex S600) Z200

R 132 tex Z 200/3 S 400/2Z 700;20 tex

R96 tex Z200/(S600 +S400/3 Z700) ; 34 tex

Covered yarns

Single covered

(56 dtex ; C39 dtex) TS800 (17 dtex f1) : R56 dtex

Symbol C : linear density of elastane core (stretched)

Symbol TS : direction of twist (here S)

Symbol R : resultant linear density of the covered yarn


60

Notes :- Prefixes and mutiples shall be written without space.- A space shall be used to separate the different characteristics of the yarn

construction.- x or / used to mark multiple yarn components shall be separated with spaces.- Units shall be written with a space in accordance with ISO 1000.

Addition of the resultant linear density in the "single to fold" notation, and of thesingle yarn linear density in the "fold to single" notation, is not obligatory; suchinformation is separated from the preceding notation by a semi-colon. If notneeded, the direction of twist and the twist level may be omitted; however, thedescription of twistless yarns may include the symbol for zero twist.

Values of linear density and of twist level used in commercial transactions areusually nominal values and are subject to agreed tolerances. Values of thesetolerances which apply to the products of BISFA members can be found in theappropriate BISFA booklets.

5.2 Steel tyre cordThe nomenclature system describes the construction of steel tyre cord.

The description of the construction follows the sequence of manufacture of thecord i.e., starting with the innermost strand or wire and moving outwards.

5.2.1 Format

The full description of the cord is given by the following formula:

(N x F) x D + (N x F) x D + (N x F) x D + F x D

Where:N = number of strandsF = number of filamentsD = nominal diameter of filaments expressed in millimetres

5.2.1.1 Each part shall be separated by a plus (+) sign.

5.2.1.2 Brackets may be used to differentiate a part that consists of morethan one component, i.e.

(1 x 4) x 0.20 + (6 x 4) x 0.20 + 1 x 0.15


61

5.2.1.3 When N or F = 1 they should not be included in order to obtain thesimplest formula, i.e.

4 x 0.20 + (6 x 4) x 0.20 + 0.15

5.2.1.4 If the diameter is the same for two or more parts in sequence, itneeds only be stated at the end of the sequence. The diameter ofthe spiral wrap shall always be stated separately, i.e.

4 + (6 x 4) x 0.20 + 0.15

5.2.1.5 When the innermost strand or wire is identical to the adjacentstrands or wires the formula may be simplified by stating only thesum of the identical components and brackets need not be used,i.e.

7 x 4 x 0.20 + 0.15

5.2.2 Cord lay length and lay direction

5.2.2.1 The sequence or order in the designation of the lay length and ofthe lay direction follows the sequence of manufacturing i.e.,starting with the innermost strand and moving outwards.

7 x 4 x 0.20 + 0.15

lay length 10/20/3.5lay direction S/Z/S

10/S is the lay length and direction of strands20/Z is the lay length and direction of the cord3.5/S is the lay length and direction of the spiral wrap

5.2.2.2 Direction of lay

The helical disposition of the components of a strand or cord aredesignated according to the general rules given below

- strand used as an end product : S

- ordinary or regular lay cord : strand Scord Z

- Lang's lay cord : strand and cord S

- spiral wrap : opposite to the direction of thecord lay


62

5.2.2.3 Length of lay

The nominal length of lay for steel cord constructions shall bebased on the ISO R 388 - R 20 Series.

5.3. Open cord constructions

Open cord constructions are designated by adding OC behind the corddescription.

As an illustration, some examples of designation of steel cord construction aregiven hereunder.

Table 5.2 : examples of designation of steel cord construction

Type of construction Lay length (mm) Lay direction

4 x 0.25 OC 14 S

2 + 7 x 0.22 + 0.15 6.3/12.5/5 SSZ

3 x 0.20 + 6 x 0.35 10/18 SZ

3 + 9 + 15 x 0.175 + 0.15 5/10/116/3.5 SSZS

3 + 9 + 15 x 0.22 + 0.15 6.3/12.5/18/3.5 SSZS


63

Introduction

The International System of units (SI) was adopted as the system of measuring units bythe 11th General Conference of Weights and Measures in 1960. The InternationalStandard ISO 1000 gives full details of the recommended units and the ways in whichthey should be used.

This chapter does not cover all aspects of the system, it is limited to those which are ofparticular interest to the fibres and textiles industry.

6.1 Base units of the International System (SI)

The International System is founded on the following seven base units

Table 6.1

Quantity Abbreviationor symbol

Base unit Abbreviationor symbol

Length L metre m

Mass m kilogram kg

Time t second s

Electric current I ampere A

Thermodynamic temperature T kelvin K

Amount of substance n mole mol

Luminous intensity I candela cd

CHAPTER 6Application of SI units to man-made fibres


64

6.2 Derived units

The units for the measurement of other physical quantities are exclusively derivedfrom these base units. Distinction is made between :

a) Derived units which are described in terms of base units

These units are expressed algebraically as a function of base units. Theirsymbols are obtained using signs of multiplication and division, e.g. unit ofspeed, metre per second (symbol: m/s).

b) Derived units having names and special symbols which are subdividedinto two groups

Units of general application

These units are designated not by expression involving the base units, but by thenames and special symbols as set out in Table 6.2.

Table 6.2

Unit Expression asfunctionQuantity Symbol

Name Symbol SI base unit Derived

SI unit

Force F newton N kg . m . s-2

Pressure, stress p pascal Pa kg . m-1. s-2 . N . m-2

Energy, work,quantity of heat

E joule J kg . m2 . s-2 N . m

Power P watt W kg . m2 . s-3 J . s-1

Frequency f hertz Hz s-1

Units of specified application

These consist mainly of multiples or sub-multiples of derived SI units and arerestricted to special uses ; in particular the unit tex with its multiples andsubmultiples specifically for the textile industry. See Table 6.3.


65

Table 6.3

Quantity Name Symbol DerivedSI unit

Linear density

Linear density offibres and yarns

tex tex

kg/m

1 tex = 1 mg/m1 tex = 1 g/km

6.3 Multiples and sub-multiples

The names and symbols of the most commonly used decimal multiples andsubmultiples of the units are formed by the addition of the following prefixes(Table 6.4)

Table 6.4

Multiplication factorof the unit

Prefix Symbol

109 giga G

106 mega M

103 kilo k

102 hecto h

10 (or 101) deca da

10-1 deci d

10-2 centi c

10-3 milli m

10-6 micro µ

10-9 nano n

The prefix shall be bound to the name and the symbol of the prefix shall likewisebe bound to the symbol of the unit. In certain cases non-decimal multiples andsub-multiples may be used. For example a second of time has as a multiple aminute and a radian has as sub-multiples a degree in minutes and seconds.


66

6.4 Principal SI units in use for textiles

Mass

The SI System of units replaces the notion of weight by that of mass to describe aquantity of matter.

Linear Density

The SI unit of linear density is the kilogram per metre (kg/m).In the man-made fibre industry linear density is expressed in dtex (symbol: dtex).A fibre which has a mass of n grams per 10000 metres of length is said to have alinear density of n dtex.

The recommended multiple and sub-multiples of the tex unit for use are given inTable 6.5.

Table 6.5

Name Symbol Definition

millitex mtex 1 mtex = 1 mg/km = 1 µg/m

decitex dtex 1 dtex = 1 dg/km = 0.1 mg/m

tex tex 1 tex = 1 g/km = 1 mg/m

kilotex ktex 1 ktex = 1 kg/km = 1 g/m

Force

The unit of force is the newton (N).One newton is the force which when applied to a body having a mass of onekilogram imparts thereto an acceleration of one metre per second, per second.The newton, its multiples and sub-multiples are used in the field of textiles for theexpression of force, such as tension, breaking force and force at specifiedelongation.

Tenacity

The units used are the centinewton per tex (cN/tex) or the millinewton per tex(mN/tex).This unit is used to quantify all expressions of force per linear density (e.g.breaking tenacity, tenacity at specified elongation).

Breaking toughness

The units used are J/g.


67

Pressure and stress

The unit of pressure and of stress is the pascal (Pa).One pascal is the force of one newton which is acting on an area of one squaremetre.

Temperature

The kelvin is the base unit for thermodynamic temperature and has wide scientificapplication but for practical purposes the degree Celsius is the unit in everydayuse.

The kelvin and the degree Celsius represent the same interval of temperature,but zero on the kelvin scale is at - 273,15°C.


68

Table 6.6 : Quantities and units used in BISFA methods

Former Unit

Quantity SI Units Symbol Name Symbol

ConversionFactor intoSI Units

Observations

Length metrekilometrecentimetremillmetremicrometre

mkmcmmmµm

yardmileinchinchone thousandthof an inch

ydmileinin

mil

0.9141.6092.5425.4

25.4

Forotherunitssee ISOstandard2947-1997

Twist number ofturnsper metre(x)

tpmnumber of turnsper inch tpi

39.4

Mass kilogramgram

kgg

poundounce

Lboz

0.45328.35 idem

Lineardensity

texdecitexktex

texdtexktex

denierdenierdenier

dendenden

0.1111.110.00011

idem

Density kilogram percubic metre

kg/m³ - - - - - - - - - idem

Force newton

centinewton

N

cN

pound forcekilogram forcegram force

lbfkgfgf

4.459.810.981

idem

Force perlinear density

centinewtonper texmillinewtonper tex

cN/tex

mN/tex

gram force perdenier

g/den 8.83 idem

Pressure pascal Pa millimetres ofmercury

mm Hg 133.3 idem

Toughness(specific work)

joule per gram J/g

(x) not an SI unit.

Note : To convert from a former unit to an SI unit on the same line, multiply thevalue expressed in the former unit by the value of this unit given in thecolumn “conversion factor into SI units".Example : 25 inches = 25 x 25,4 mm = 635,0 mm.

En

glis

hF

ren

chG

erm

anIt

alia

nS

pan

ish

Po

rtu

gu

ese

Cze

chT

urk

ish

Acc

ura

cy o

f m

easu

rin

gin

stru

men

t

Préc

isio

n d'

unin

stru

men

t de

mes

ure

Gen

auig

keit

eine

sM

essi

nstru

men

tsPr

ecis

ione

di u

nost

rum

ento

di m

isur

aPr

ecis

ión

de u

nin

stru

men

to d

em

edid

a

Exac

tidão

de

umin

stum

ento

de

med

ida

Přes

nost

měř

ícíh

ozaříz

ení

Ölç

üm c

ihazõnõn

hass

asiy

eti

Acc

ura

cy o

f m

easu

rem

ent

Préc

isio

n de

lam

esur

eG

enau

igke

it ei

ner

Mes

sung

Accu

rate

zza

della

mis

ura

Prec

isió

n de

lam

edid

aEx

actid

ão d

em

edid

aPř

esno

st měř

ení

Ölç

üm h

assa

siye

ti

Ad

hes

ion

Adhé

sion

Haf

tung

Ades

ione

Adhe

sión

Ades

ãoAd

heze

, přil

navo

stYa

põşm

a

Adhe

sion

forc

eFo

rce

d'ad

hési

onH

aftk

raft

Forz

a di

ade

sion

eFu

erza

de

adhe

sión

Forç

a de

ade

são

Adhe

zní s

ílaYa

põşm

a ku

vvet

i

Adhe

sion

, ru

bber

cov

erag

eAd

hési

on,

revê

tem

ent d

eca

outc

houc

Haf

tung

ein

erG

umm

i-be

schi

chtu

ng

Ades

ione

,riv

estim

ento

di

gom

ma

Adhe

sión

,re

cubr

imie

nto

deca

ucho

Ades

ão, c

ober

tura

de b

orra

cha

Adhe

ze p

ry�o

vého

povl

aku

Yapõşm

a gö

rünü

mü

Air

tex

ture

d y

arn

Fil t

extu

ré p

ar a

ir(T

asla

n)Lu

fttex

turie

rtes

Gar

nFi

lo te

stur

izza

to a

dar

iaH

ilo te

xtur

izad

o po

rai

reFi

o te

xtur

izad

o po

rar

Vzdu

chem

tvar

ovan

á ni

tÿH

avalõ

teks

türe

iplik

Atm

osp

her

esAt

mos

phèr

esKl

ima

Atm

osfe

raAt

mós

fera

sAt

mos

fera

sO

vzdu

�íO

rtam

(Klim

atik

)

Stan

dard

at

mos

pher

eAt

mos

phèr

est

anda

rdN

orm

alkl

ima

Atm

osfe

ra n

orm

ale

Atm

ósfe

ra n

orm

alAt

mos

fera

nor

mal

Nor

mál

ní o

vzdu

�íSt

anda

rd (k

limat

ik)

orta

m

Atm

osph

ere

for

test

ing

Atm

osph

ère

d'es

sai

Prüf

klim

aAt

mos

fera

per

l'esa

me

Atm

ósfe

ra p

ara

ensa

yoAt

mos

fera

de

ensa

ioO

vzdu

�í p

rozk

ou�e

níTe

st o

rtamõ

(Klim

atik

)

CH

AP

TE

R 7

Tra

nsl

atio

n o

f te

chn

ical

ter

ms


Atm

osph

ere

for

prec

ondi

tioni

ngAt

mos

phèr

e de

préc

ondi

tionn

emen

tKl

ima

für

Vork

ondi

tioni

erun

gAt

mos

fera

di p

re-

ambi

enta

men

toAt

mós

fera

par

apr

eaco

ndic

iona

-m

ient

o

Atm

osfe

ra p

ara

préa

cond

icio

nam

ento

Ovz

du�í

pro

před

klim

atiz

aci

Ön şa

rtlan

dõrm

aor

tamõ (

Klim

atik

)

Bea

mEn

soup

leBa

umSu

bbio

Pleg

ador

Rôl

o de

urd

ime

Vál

Leve

nt

Back

bea

mC

haîn

e de

fond

Zette

lbau

mSu

bbio

fraz

iona

lePl

egad

or p

oste

rior

Rôl

o de

urd

idei

raSn

ovac

í vál

Ara

leve

nt

Wea

ver�s

bea

mEn

soup

le d

etis

sage

Web

baum

Subb

io d

i tes

situ

raPl

egad

or d

eTe

jedo

rR

olo

de te

cela

gem

Osn

ovní

vál

Dok

uma

leve

ndi

War

p kn

ittin

g be

amEn

soup

le p

our

indé

mai

llabl

e(tr

icot

age

chaî

ne)

Teilk

ettb

aum

Subb

io d

i mag

lieria

in o

rdito

/ su

bbie

llope

r ind

emag

liabi

le

Pleg

ador

par

aTe

jedu

ría d

e Pu

nto

por U

rdim

bre

Rôl

o de

tece

lage

mde

mal

ha p

orur

dim

e

Plet

ařsk

ý v

álÇ

özgü

lü ö

rme

(Raş

el) l

even

di

Bic

om

po

nen

t fi

bre

Fibr

e à

deux

com

posa

nts

Bi-

Kom

pone

nten

fase

rFi

bra

bico

mpo

nent

eFi

bra

bico

mpo

nent

eFi

bra

bico

mpo

nent

eD

vous

lo�k

ové

vlák

noBi

kom

pone

nt (İ

kili)

elya

f

Bis

hri

nka

ge

yarn

Fil

à re

trait

diffé

rent

iel

Bi-S

chru

mpf

garn

Filo

bire

traib

ileH

ilo d

e fil

amen

tos

con

cont

racc

ión

dist

inta

Fio

de fi

lam

ento

sco

m d

ifere

ntes

enco

lhim

ento

s

Nitÿ

s dv

ojí s

rá�i

vost

íİk

i çek

mel

i ipl

ik

Bre

akin

g

elo

ng

atio

nAl

long

emen

t de

rupt

ure

Höc

hstz

ugkr

aft-

Deh

nung

Allu

ngam

ento

alla

forz

a m

assi

ma

Alar

gam

ient

o a

laro

tura

Alon

gam

ento

àro

tura

Ta�n

ost při

max

.ta

hové

síle

Kopm

a uz

amasõ

(%) (

Max

. yük

te)

Bre

akin

g f

orc

eFo

rce

de ru

ptur

eH

öchs

tzug

kraf

tFo

rza

(mas

sim

a) d

iro

ttura

Fuer

za d

e ro

tura

Forç

a de

rotu

raM

axim

ální

síla

při

taho

vém

nam

áhán

í,tr�

ná s

íla

Kopm

a yü

kü (M

ax.

yük)

Bre

akin

g s

tren

gth

Rés

ista

nce

deru

ptur

eZu

gfes

tigke

itFo

rza

a ro

ttura

Res

iste

ncia

a la

rotu

raR

esis

tènc

ia à

rotu

raPe

vnos

t při

přet

rhu

Kopm

a yü

kü (M

ax.

yük)

Bre

akin

g t

enac

ity

Téna

cité

de

rupt

ure

Rei

ssfe

stig

keit

orBr

uchf

estig

keit

inst

ead

ofFe

inhe

itsfe

stig

keit,

Fein

heits

bezo

gene

Höc

hstz

ugkr

aft

Tena

cità

alla

rottu

raTe

naci

dad

a la

rotu

raTe

naci

dade

à ro

tura

Poměr

ná p

evno

stpř

i max

imál

níta

hové

síle

Kopm

a da

yanõ

mõ ,

Muk

avem

et (M

ax.

yükt

e)

Bre

akin

g

tou

gh

nes

sEn

ergi

e de

rupt

ure

Fein

heits

bezo

gene

Höc

hstz

ugkr

aft-

Arbe

it,Br

uchz

ähig

keit

Lavo

ro a

rottu

raTe

naci

dad

a la

rotu

raTr

abal

ho d

e ro

tura

Rel

ativ

níde

form

ační

prá

ceBi

rim k

opm

a iş

i(M

ax. y

ükte

)


Bu

lked

C

on

tin

uo

us

Fila

men

t (B

CF

)

Fil c

ontin

u go

nfla

nt(fi

l tap

is B

CF)

Kont

inui

erlic

hge

kräu

selte

sFi

lam

entg

arn

Filo

con

tinuo

volu

min

izza

toFi

lam

ento

Con

tinuo

Volu

min

oso

Fila

men

to c

ontín

uovo

lum

inos

oO

bjem

ovan

éne

konečn

é vl

ákno

BCF

Cab

led

yar

nFi

l câb

léM

ehrs

tufig

er Z

wirn

(Kor

d)R

itorto

com

post

oH

ilo c

able

ado

Fio

com

cab

osKá

blov

aná

nitÿ

Katlõ

bük

ülm

üş ip

lik, K

ord

Cla

mp

sPi

nces

Klem

men

Mor

setti

Mor

daza

sPi

nças

Svor

kyKõ

skaç

lar

Co

atin

g (

of

stee

l fi

lam

ent)

Endu

ctio

nBe

schi

chtu

ng(S

tahl

filam

ent)

Riv

estim

ento

(di f

ilodi

acc

iaio

)R

ecub

rimie

nto

defil

amen

to d

e ac

ero

Rev

estim

ento

(de

filam

ento

met

álic

o)Po

vlak

(oce

lové

hovl

ákna

)Ka

plam

a (ç

elik

filam

entin

)

Co

ilin

gLo

ver

Band

abla

ge,

krei

sför

mig

Inva

satu

ra a

spi

rale

Pleg

ado

Enro

lam

ento

em

espi

ral

Nav

íjení

, stáče

níSp

iral s

erm

e (Ş

erit

,to

ps ,

tow

da)

Co

mm

erci

al m

ass

Mas

se c

omm

erci

ale

Han

dels

mas

seM

assa

com

mer

cial

eM

asa

com

erci

alM

assa

com

erci

alO

bcho

dní h

mot

nost

Tica

ri ağõrlõk

Co

mp

act

cord

Câb

le c

ompa

ctKo

mpa

ktco

rdC

ord

com

patto

Cab

le c

ompa

cto

Cor

da c

ompa

cta

Kom

pakt

ní k

ord

Kom

pakt

kor

d

Co

nd

itio

nin

gC

ondi

tionn

emen

tKo

nditi

onie

rung

Ambi

enta

men

to,

cond

izio

nam

ento

Acon

dici

onam

ient

oC

ondi

cion

amen

toKo

ndic

iono

vání

,kl

imat

izac

eKo

ndis

yonl

ama

,Şa

rtlan

dõrm

a ,

Koşu

llandõrm

a

Co

nd

itio

ned

sta

teEt

at c

ondi

tionn

éKo

nditi

onie

rter

Zust

and

Ambi

enta

men

to,

cond

izio

nam

ento

Esta

doac

ondi

cion

ado

Esta

do d

eco

ndic

iona

men

toKo

ndic

iono

vaný

stav

,kl

imat

izov

aný

stav

Kond

isyo

nlan

mõş

(şar

tlandõrõ

lmõş

) hal

Co

nsi

gn

men

tLo

tLi

efer

ung

Parti

taLo

tePa

rtida

Dod

ávka

Sevk

iyat

(Par

tisi /

Lotu

)

Con

sign

men

tsa

mpl

eEc

hant

illon

du lo

tPr

obe

aus

Lief

erun

gC

ampi

one

della

parti

taM

uest

ra e

scog

ida

Amos

tra d

a pa

rtida

Vzor

ek z

dod

ávky

Sevk

iyat

/ Lo

tnu

mun

esi ,

örn

eği

Co

nst

ant

rate

of

exte

nsi

on

(C

RE

) d

ynam

om

eter

Dyn

amom

ètre

àvi

tess

e d'

allo

ngem

enco

nsta

nte

Zugp

rüfg

erät

mit

kons

tant

erVe

rform

ungs

gesc

hw

indi

gkei

t

Din

amom

etro

ave

loci

tà c

osta

nte

dial

lung

amen

to

Din

amóm

etro

ave

loci

dad

cons

tant

ede

ala

rgam

ient

o

Din

amóm

etro

ave

loci

dade

cons

tant

e de

alon

gam

ento

Dyn

amom

etr (

trhac

íst

roj)

s ko

nsta

tní

rych

lost

ípr

otah

ován

í

Sabi

t ger

me

hõzlõ

muk

avem

et c

ihazõ

Co

nta

iner

Con

tene

urVe

rpac

kung

sein

heit

Col

loC

aja

o re

cipi

ente

Rec

ipie

nte

Jedn

otka

bal

ení

Amba

laj b

irim

i , K

oli

Co

nve

nti

on

al

allo

wan

ceTo

léra

nce

conv

entio

nnel

le (d

eco

nditi

onne

men

t)

Han

dels

zusc

hlag

Tass

oco

nven

zion

ale

dico

ndiz

iona

men

to

Tasa

con

venc

iona

lde ac

ondi

cion

amie

nto

Taxa

con

venc

iona

lde ac

ondi

cion

amen

to

Smlu

vní přir

á�ka

Tica

ri ağõrlõk

ekle

ntis

i (N

em ,

aviv

aj ,v

b. iç

in)


Co

rdC

âble

Kord

, meh

rstu

figer

Zwirn

Cor

dC

able

Cor

daKo

rdKo

rd

Cor

d of

ste

elC

âble

d'a

cier

Stah

lkor

dFu

ne d

i acc

iaio

Cab

le d

e ac

ero

Cor

da d

e aç

oO

celo

vý k

ord

Çel

ik k

ord

Cor

d th

ickn

ess

Epai

sseu

r du

câbl

eKo

rddi

cke,

ode

rKo

rddu

rchm

esse

r

Spes

sore

del

la fu

neEs

peso

r del

cab

leG

ross

ura

da c

orda

Tlou

�tÿk

a ko

rdu

Kord

kalõn

lõğõ

Co

reAm

eKe

rn (-

fade

n)An

ima

Núc

leo

Alm

a, n

úcle

oJá

dro

Kor ,

Nüv

e

Cor

e (in

ste

el ty

re

cord

)Am

e ou

fil d

'âm

eKe

rn (i

n St

ahlk

ord)

Anim

a, n

ucle

o(fi

lato

con

-, -d

elfil

ato)

in ty

re c

ord

d'ac

ciai

o

Núc

leo

(cab

le d

eac

ero

para

neum

átic

o)

Alm

a do

fio,

núc

leo

em ty

re c

ord

d'aç

oJá

dro

(v o

celo

vém

kord

u p

ropn

eum

atik

y)

Kor

(Çel

ik la

stik

kord

unda

)

Cor

e �

spun

yar

nFi

lé à

âm

eU

msp

innu

ngsg

arn

Fila

to c

on a

nim

aH

ilado

- N

úcle

ofio

com

alm

aJá

drov

á opře

dená

nitÿ

Kor i

pliğ

i , N

üvel

iip

lik

Cor

e �

text

ured

ya

rnFi

l te

xtur

é à

âme

Text

urie

rtes

Um

win

dega

rnFi

lato

con

ani

ma

test

uriz

zato

Hilo

text

urad

o-N

úcle

oFi

o te

xtur

izad

o co

mal

ma

Jádr

ová

text

urov

aná

nitÿ

Kor t

ekst

üre

ipliğ

i

Cor

e - t

wis

ted

yarn

Fil

reto

rdu

à âm

eU

mw

inde

garn

Fila

to c

on a

nim

arit

orto

Hilo

torc

ido

�N

úcle

oFi

o re

torc

ido

com

alm

aJá

drov

á ob

eska

náni

tÿKo

r bük

ümlü

iplik

Co

vere

d y

arn

Fil g

uipé

Um

man

telte

s G

arn

Filo

rico

perto

Hilo

recu

bier

toFi

o re

vest

ido

Opř

eden

á,ob

eska

ná n

itÿKa

plan

mõş

iplik

Cri

mp

Fris

ure

Kräu

selu

ngAr

ricci

atur

a, c

retto

Riz

ado

Fris

ado

Zkad

eřen

íKõ

võrcõk

Crim

p co

ntra

ctio

nC

ontra

ctio

n de

frisu

reKr

äuse

lkon

trakt

ion

Con

trazi

one

diar

ricci

atur

a (d

elcr

etto

)

Con

tracc

ión

por

rizad

oC

ontra

cção

de

frisa

doKo

ntra

kce

při

zkad

eřen

íKõ

võrcõk

kõs

alm

asõ

(% Kõs

alm

a)

Crim

p el

onga

tion

Elon

gatio

n de

frisu

reKr

äuse

ldeh

nung

Allu

ngam

ento

di

arric

ciat

ura

(del

cret

to)

Alar

gam

ient

o p

orriz

ado

Alon

gam

ento

de

frisa

doPr

odlo

u�en

ízk

adeř

ení

Kõvõ

rcõk

uza

masõ (

%U

zam

a)

Crim

p fre

quen

cyTa

ux d

e fri

sure

Kräu

selb

ogen

-fre

quen

zFr

eque

nza

diar

ricci

atur

a (d

elcr

etto

)

Frec

uenc

ia d

eriz

ado

Freq

uênc

ia d

efri

sado

Čet

nost

obl

oučků

při z

kadeře

níKõ

võrcõk

sõk

lõğõ

(Kõv

./cm

.)


Crim

p liv

elin

ess

Ner

vosi

té d

e fri

sure

Kräu

seln

eigu

ngN

ervo

sità

di

arric

ciat

ura

(del

cret

to)

Viva

cida

d d

elriz

ado

Viva

cida

de d

ofri

sado

Sklo

n ke

kad

eřen

íTe

kstü

rize

canlõlõğõ

Crim

p st

abilit

ySt

abilit

é de

fris

ure

Kräu

selb

estä

ndig

-ke

itSt

abilit

à di

arric

ciat

ura

(del

cret

to)

Esta

bilid

ad d

elriz

ado

Esta

bilid

ade

dofri

sado

Stál

ost z

kadeře

níKõ

võrcõk

kalõcõlõğõ

(sta

bilit

esi)

Crim

p, la

tent

Fris

ure,

late

nte

Kräu

selu

ng, l

aten

teAr

ricci

atur

a (c

retto

),la

tent

eR

izad

o la

tent

efri

sado

, lat

ente

Late

ntní

zka

deře

níPo

tans

iyel

kõvõrcõk

Del

ust

ran

tD

élus

trant

Mat

tieru

ngsm

ittel

Opa

cizz

ante

Agen

te d

eslu

stra

nte

Des

lust

rant

eM

atov

ací

pros

třede

kM

atlaştõrõ

cõ

Dip

Trem

page

Dip

Impr

egna

zion

eH

umec

tar

Ades

ãoÚ

prav

a na

máč

ením

(impr

egna

ce)

Bany

o

Du

rab

ility

Dur

é d�

usag

eBe

stän

digk

eit

Dur

abilit

àD

urab

ilidad

Dur

abilid

ade

Stab

ilita

Day

anõk

lõlõk

Du

st, f

ibre

du

stPo

ussi

ère

(de

fil,

fibre

s)Fa

sers

taub

Polv

ere,

pol

vere

di

fibra

Polv

o pr

oduc

ido

por

la fi

bra

Pó, p

ó de

fibr

aVl

áken

ný p

rach

Toz

, ely

af to

zu

Fibr

e fly

Parti

cule

de

fibre

vola

nte

Fase

rflug

Pulv

isco

lo d

i fib

reFi

bras

flot

ante

s F

ibra

s flu

tuan

tes

Úle

t vlá

ken

Uçu

ntu

Parti

cula

tes

from

fib

res

Parti

cule

de

fibre

sFa

serp

artik

elPa

rtico

lato

di f

ibre

Parti

cula

ridad

es d

ela

s fib

ras

Parti

cula

s de

fibr

asČ

ástic

e z

vlák

enLi

fsi m

adde

ler

Fibr

ilFi

brille

Fibr

illeFi

brilla

Fibr

illaFi

brila

Fibr

ilaFi

bril

Res

pira

ble

fibre

-sh

aped

pa

rticu

late

s (R

FP)

Parti

cule

s fib

reus

esre

spira

bles

Lung

engä

ngig

efa

serfö

rmig

ePa

rtike

l (LF

P)

inst

ead

of

Atem

bare

rFe

inst

aub

von

Fase

rn

Parti

cola

to fi

bros

ore

spira

bile

Form

a de

la fi

bra

trans

firab

lePa

rticu

las

de fi

bra

resp

iráve

isVl

áken

né č

ástic

e,kt

eré

lze

vdec

hnou

t So

luna

bilir

lif

şekl

inde

mad

dele

r

Ed

ge

crim

ped

ya

rnFi

l tex

turé

sur

arê

teKa

nten

kräu

selg

arn

Filo

cre

ttato

su

spig

olo

Hilo

riza

do p

or e

lbo

rde

Fio

frisa

do n

am

arge

mN

it zk

adeř

ená

ta�e

ním

pře

s hr

anu

Kena

ra s

ürtm

ete

kstü

re ip

liği

Ela

stic

ity

Elas

ticité

Elas

tizitä

tEl

astic

itàEl

astic

idad

Elas

ticid

ade

Elas

ticita

, pru

�nos

tEl

astik

iyet


Ela

stic

yar

nFi

l éla

stiq

ueEl

astis

ches

Gar

nFi

lo e

last

icito

Hila

do e

last

ico

Fio

elás

tico

Elas

tická

nitÿ

Elas

tik ip

lik

Elo

ng

atio

nAl

long

emen

t(p

ourc

enta

ge)

Deh

nung

(in

%)

Allu

ngam

ento

rela

tivo

perc

entu

ale

Alar

gam

ient

oAl

onga

men

toPr

odlo

u�en

íU

zam

a (%

)

Elon

gatio

n at

bre

akAl

long

emen

t de

rupt

ure

(pou

rcen

tage

)

Höc

hstz

ugkr

aft-

Deh

nung

Allu

ngam

ento

aro

ttura

Alar

gam

ient

o a

laro

tura

Alon

gam

ento

de

rotu

raTa

�nos

t při

max

.ta

hové

síle

Kopm

a uz

amasõ

(%) (

Max

. yük

te)

Elon

gatio

n at

ru

ptur

eAl

long

emen

t à la

rupt

ure

(pou

rcen

tage

)

Bruc

hdeh

nung

Allu

ngam

ento

alla

rottu

raAl

arga

mie

nto

a la

rupt

ura

Alon

gam

ento

àro

tura

Ta�n

ost při

přet

rhu

Kopm

a anõn

daki

uzam

a (%

)

Elon

gatio

n at

sp

ecifi

ed fo

rce

Allo

ngem

ent p

our

une

forc

e sp

écifi

ée(p

ourc

enta

ge)

Deh

nung

bei

fest

gele

gter

Zugk

raft

Allu

ngam

ento

afo

rza

spec

ifica

Alar

gam

ient

o a

una

fuer

za e

spec

ífica

Alon

gam

ento

afo

rça

espe

cífic

aTa

�nos

t při

dané

síle

Belir

li bi

r yük

teuz

ama

(%)

Elon

gatio

n at

sp

ecifi

ed

tena

city

Allo

ngem

ent p

our

une

téna

cité

spéc

ifiée

(pou

rcen

tage

)

Deh

nung

bei

fest

gele

gter

Fest

igke

it

Allu

gam

ento

ate

naci

tà s

peci

fica

Alar

gam

ient

o a

late

naci

dad

espe

cific

ada

Alon

gam

ento

ate

naci

dade

espe

cífic

a

Ta�n

ost při

dané

poměr

né p

evno

sti

Belir

li bi

rm

ukav

emet

teuz

ama

(%)

Elon

gatio

n be

twee

nde

fined

forc

es

(ED

F)

Allo

ngem

ent (

%)

entre

deu

x fo

rces

défin

ies

Deh

nung

zw

isch

enfe

stge

legt

enZu

gkra

ftgre

nzen

Allu

ngam

ento

perc

ento

Alar

gam

ient

o en

trefu

erza

s de

finid

asPe

rcen

tage

m d

eal

onga

men

toPr

odlo

u�en

í mez

ida

ným

i mez

ním

isi

lam

i

Belir

li ik

i yük

arasõn

da u

zam

a(%

)

En

dBo

ut (o

u fil

amen

t)Fa

den-

Ende

Cap

oC

abo

Pont

aO

snov

ní n

itÿU

ç ; ç

özgü

ipliğ

i /te

li

Ext

ensi

on

Allo

ngem

ent a

bsol

u(e

n un

ité d

elo

ngue

ur)

Läng

ung

Allu

ngam

ento

Alar

gam

ient

oAl

onga

men

toPr

ota�

ení

Uza

ma

(Uzu

nluk

birim

i ola

rak)

Fal

se t

wis

t st

retc

hya

rnFi

l fa

usse

tors

ion

àél

astic

ité c

onfé

rée

(FT)

Fals

chdr

allg

arn,

hoch

elas

tisch

(HE-

Gar

n)

Filo

ela

stic

izza

to a

fals

a to

rsio

ne (F

T)H

ilo d

e es

pum

a de

fals

a to

rsió

nFi

o es

tirad

o de

fals

a to

rção

Elas

tická

nitÿ

tvar

ovan

áne

prav

ým z

ákru

tem

Yala

ncõ b

üküm

lüst

reç

ipliğ

i

Fal

se t

wis

t ya

rnFi

l fau

sse

tors

ion

Fals

chdr

allg

arn

Filo

a fa

lsa

tors

ione

Hila

do d

e fa

lsa

tors

ión

Fio

de fa

lsa

torç

ãoN

itÿ t

varo

vaná

nepr

avým

zák

rute

mYa

lancõ b

üküm

lüte

kstü

re ip

lik

Fib

reFi

bre

Fase

rFi

bra

Fibr

aFi

bra

Vlák

noEl

yaf ,

Lif

Fib

re d

ust

Pous

sièr

e de

fibr

eFa

sers

taub

Polv

ere

di fi

bra

Polv

o de

la fi

bra

Pó d

e fib

raVl

áken

ný p

rach

Elya

f toz

u


Fib

re le

ng

thLo

ngue

ur d

e fib

reFa

serlä

nge

Lung

hezz

a de

llafib

raLo

ngitu

d de

la fi

bra

Com

prim

ento

de

fibra

Dél

ka v

lákn

aEl

yaf b

oyu

Fib

ril

Fibr

illeFi

brille

Fibr

illaFi

brilla

Fibr

ilaFi

brila

Fibr

il

Fila

men

tFi

lam

ent

Fila

men

tFi

lam

ento

, bav

aFi

lam

ento

Fila

men

toFi

lam

ent,

neko

nečn

é vl

ákno

Fila

men

t , K

esik

siz

(son

suz)

lif

Fila

men

t ya

rnFi

l con

tinu

Fila

men

tgar

n,En

dlos

garn

Filo

con

tinuo

Hilo

de

filam

ento

Fio

de fi

lam

ento

cont

ínuo

Nitÿ

z n

ekon

ečný

chvl

áken

Kont

inü

/ Fila

men

tip

lik

Fin

ish

Ensi

mag

eAv

ivag

e, S

chm

älze

Ensi

mag

gio

Ensi

maj

eEn

sim

agem

(aca

bam

ento

)Po

vrch

ová

úpra

va,

aviv

á�Te

rbiy

e m

adde

si ,

Yağ

, Fin

iş ,

Aviv

aj

Fla

me

resi

stan

ceAn

ti-fe

uFl

amm

hem

men

d

oder

: Fl

amm

wid

rig

Flam

mfe

stig

keit

Res

iste

nza

alla

fiam

ma

Res

iste

ncia

a la

llam

aR

esis

tent

e ao

fogo

Odo

lnos

t pro

tihoře

níG

üç tu

tuşu

rluk

Fla

reO

uver

ture

à la

coup

eAu

fspr

eize

nAp

ertu

raAr

der

Aber

tura

Nál

evko

vité

roz�

íření

Açõlm

a , Y

ayõlm

a ,

Flar

e

Flo

ckFl

ocFl

ock

Floc

kFl

ocad

oFl

oco

Vloč

kaFl

ok

Fo

lded

yar

nR

etor

sEi

nstu

figer

Zw

irnR

itorto

sem

plic

eH

ilo R

etor

cido

Fio

reto

rcid

oSk

aná

nitÿ

Katlõ

iplik

Fo

ldin

g in

laye

rsBa

mba

ner

Band

abla

gen

para

llel

Fald

are

a st

rati

Pleg

ado

en

capa

sD

obra

r em

cam

adas

Sklá

dání

do

vrst

evSe

rme

Fo

rce

Forc

eKr

aft,

Zugk

raft

Forz

aFu

erza

Forç

aSí

laKu

vvet

Forc

e at

bre

akFo

rce

de ru

ptur

eH

öchs

tzug

kraf

tFo

rza

(mas

sim

a) d

iro

ttura

Fuer

za a

la ro

tura

Forç

a de

rotu

raM

axim

ální

síla

při

taho

vém

nam

áhán

í,tr�

ná s

íla

Kopm

a yü

kü (M

ax.

yük)

Forc

e at

rupt

ure

Forc

e à

la ru

ptur

eBr

uchk

raft

Forz

a al

la ro

ttura

Fuer

za a

la ru

ptur

aFo

rça

à ro

tura

Síla

při

přet

rhu

Kopm

a anõn

daki

yük

Forc

e at

spe

cifie

d el

onga

tion

Forc

e so

usal

long

emen

tsp

écifi

é

Zugk

raft

bei

fest

gele

gter

Deh

nung

Forz

a ad

allu

ngam

ento

spec

ifico

Fuer

za a

alar

gim

ient

oes

pecí

fico

Forç

a a

alon

gam

ento

espe

cífic

o

Síla

při

dané

mpr

odlo

u�en

íBe

lirli

bir u

zam

ada

yük

Gau

ge

len

gth

Dis

tanc

e en

trepi

nces

Eins

pann

läng

eD

ista

nza

tram

orse

ttiD

ista

ncia

ent

rem

orda

zas

Dis

tânc

ia e

ntre

pinç

as (b

itola

)U

pína

cí d

élka

Çen

e ar

alõğõ


Gea

r cr

imp

ed

yarn

Fil t

extu

ré s

uren

gren

age

Zahn

rad-

kräu

selg

arn

Filo

cre

ttato

con

rulli

scan

alat

iH

ilado

riza

do c

onro

dillo

s ac

anal

ados

Fio

frisa

do p

or ro

los

Nitÿ

tvar

ovan

áoz

uben

ými k

oly

Diş

li te

kstü

re ip

liği

Gia

nt

cart

on

Car

ton

géan

tG

ross

verp

acku

ngC

onfe

zion

e gi

gant

eC

arto

n g

igan

teEm

bala

gem

gig

ante

Velk

é ba

lení

Mak

si k

utu

Gro

ss m

ass

Mas

se b

rute

Brut

tom

asse

Mas

sa lo

rda

Mas

a br

uta

Mas

sa b

ruta

Hm

otno

st s

oba

lem

,br

utto

Brüt

ağõ

rlõk

Hea

t d

ura

bili

tyD

urab

ilité

à la

chal

eur

Hitz

ebes

tänd

igke

itD

urab

ilità

al c

alor

eD

urab

ilidad

al c

alor

Dur

abilid

ade

aoca

lor

Tepe

lná

stab

ilita

Isõ d

ayanõk

lõğõ

Hea

t re

sist

ance

Rés

ista

nce

à la

chal

eur (

Ther

mo-

rési

stan

ce)

Wär

me-

best

ändi

gkei

tR

esis

tenz

a al

calo

reR

esis

tenc

ia a

l cal

orR

esis

tênc

ia a

oca

lor

Odo

lnos

t pro

ti te

plu

Isõ d

irenc

i

Hig

h t

enac

ity

yarn

Fil

haut

e té

naci

téH

ochf

este

s G

arn

Filo

ad

alta

tena

cità

Hila

do d

e al

tate

naci

dad

Fio

de a

ltate

naci

dade

Nitÿ

s v

ysok

oupo

mĕr

nou

pevn

ostí

Yüks

ekm

ukav

emet

li ip

lik

Ind

ust

rial

fib

reFi

bre

à us

age

indu

strie

lTe

chni

sche

Fas

erFi

bra

indu

stria

leFi

bra

indu

stria

lFi

bra

indu

stria

lPrům

yslo

vé v

lákn

oEn

düst

riyel

(sõn

ai)

elya

f

Init

ial l

eng

thLo

ngue

ur in

itial

eAu

sgan

gslä

nge

Lung

hezz

a in

izia

leLo

ngitu

d in

icia

lC

ompr

imen

to in

icia

lPočá

tečn

í dél

kaBaşl

angõ

ç uz

unluğu

Inte

rlac

ed y

arn

Fil e

ntre

lacé

Verw

irbel

tes

Gar

nFi

lo in

terla

ccia

toH

ilado

ent

rela

zado

Fio

entre

laça

doPr

oplé

taná

nitÿ

Dol

amalõ (

IMG

�li)ip

lik

Inte

rlac

ing

d

ista

nce

Dis

tanc

ed'

entre

lace

men

tVe

rwirb

elun

gs-

abst

and

Dis

tanz

a di

inte

ralla

ccia

men

toD

ista

ncia

de

entre

laza

mie

nto

Dis

tânc

ia d

een

trela

çam

ento

Vzdá

leno

st m

ezi

prop

lete

ným

i bod

yD

olam

a (IM

G)

aralõğõ

Inte

rlac

ing

fr

equ

ency

Fréq

uenc

ed'

entre

lace

men

tVe

rwirb

elun

gs-

frequ

enz

Freq

uenz

a di

inte

ralla

ccia

men

toFr

ecue

ncia

de

entre

laza

mie

nto

Freq

uênc

ia d

een

trela

çam

ento

Poče

t pro

plet

enýc

hbo

dů n

a je

dnot

kudé

lky

Dol

ama

(IMG

)sõ

klõğõ

Inte

rmin

gle

d y

arn

(s

yn :

in

terl

aced

)

Fil e

ntre

mêl

éVe

rwirb

elte

s G

arn

Filo

inte

rlacc

iato

Hila

doen

trem

ezcl

ado

(sin

ónim

o.:

entre

laza

do)

Fio

entre

mea

doPr

oplé

taná

nitÿ

Dol

amalõ (

IMG

�li)ip

lik

Invo

ice

mas

sM

asse

fact

urée

Rec

hnun

gsm

asse

Mas

sa d

a fa

ttura

reM

asa

a fa

ctur

arM

assa

de

fact

ura

Fakt

urov

aná

hmot

nost

Fatu

ra ağõ

rlõğõ

Jaw

sM

âcho

ires

Klem

mba

cken

Gan

asce

Mor

daza

sG

arra

s (p

inça

s)Č

elis

tiÇ

enel

er


Kn

it-d

ekn

it y

arn

Fil t

extu

ré p

artri

cota

ge-

détri

cota

ge

Stric

kfix

ierg

arn

Filo

imm

aglia

to e

dem

aglia

to (K

dK)

Hilo

tric

otad

o-de

stric

otad

o (K

dK)

Fio

trico

tado

-de

smal

hado

Nitÿ

tvar

ovan

ápo

stup

em p

lete

ní-

párá

ní

KDK

ipliğ

i

Lab

ora

tory

sa

mp

leEc

hant

illon

dela

bora

toire

Labo

rpro

beC

ampi

one

dila

bora

torio

Mue

stra

de

labo

rato

rioAm

ostra

de

labo

rató

rioLa

bora

torn

í vzo

rek

Labo

ratu

arnu

mun

esi

Lat

ent

crim

pFr

isur

e la

tent

eLa

tent

e Kr

äuse

lung

Arric

ciat

ura

(cre

tto)

late

nte

Riz

ado

late

nte

Fris

ado

late

nte

Late

ntní

zka

deře

níPo

tans

iyel

kõvõrcõk

Lay

Pas

Verle

gung

Com

met

titur

aAr

rolla

mie

nto

Enro

lam

ento

Vinu

tí ko

rdů

Sarõm

(Kor

d iç

in)

Dire

ctio

n of

lay

Sens

du

pas

Verle

gung

sric

htun

gSe

nso

dico

mm

ettit

ura

Dire

cció

n de

lar

rolla

mie

nto

Dire

cção

do

enro

lam

ento

Smĕr

vin

utí

Sarõm

yön

ü

Lang

�s la

y?

Stah

lcor

d-ko

nstru

ktio

n La

ngC

omm

ettit

ura

para

llela

(Lan

g)Ar

rolla

mie

nto

deLa

ngEn

rola

men

to d

eLa

ngSt

ejno

smĕr

né v

inut

í?

Leng

th o

f lay

Long

ueur

du

pas

déve

lopp

éVe

rlegu

ngsl

änge

Pass

o di

com

met

titur

aPa

so d

elar

rolla

mie

nto

Com

prim

ento

do

enro

lam

ento

Dél

ka v

inut

í,zá

krut

uSa

rõm u

zunl

uğu

Type

of l

ayTy

pe d

e pa

sSt

ahlc

ord-

kons

trukt

ion

Tipo

di

com

met

titur

aTi

po d

ear

rolla

mie

nto

Tipo

de

enro

lam

ento

Typ

vinu

tíSa

rõm ti

pi

Lin

ear

den

sity

Mas

se li

néiq

ueFe

inhe

itM

assa

per

uni

tà d

ilu

nghe

zza

Den

sida

d lin

eal

Mas

sa p

or u

nida

delin

ear

Dél

ková

hm

otno

st,

jem

nost

Num

ara

(İplik

, fiti

l ,el

yafta

)

Lo

tLo

tLi

efer

ung,

Los(

grös

se)

Lotto

Lote

Lote

Parti

e, (d

o)dá

vka

Parti

, Lo

t

Lu

bri

can

tLu

brifi

ant

Schm

ierm

ittel

,

Gle

itmitt

el

Lubr

ifica

nte

Lubr

ican

teLu

brifi

cant

eLu

brik

ant,

maz

adlo

Yağl

ayõcõ (

Finiş

,av

ivaj

) , L

ubrik

ant

,Kay

dõrõcõ

Mas

sM

asse

Mas

seM

assa

Mas

aM

assa

Hm

otno

stKi

tle ,

Kütle

Gro

ss m

ass

Mas

se b

rute

Brut

tom

asse

Mas

sa lo

rda

Mas

a br

uta

Mas

sa b

ruta

Brut

to, c

elko

váhm

otno

stBr

üt ağõ

rlõk

Tare

Tare

Tara

Tara

Tara

Tara

Tára

Dar

a

Net

mas

sM

asse

net

teN

etto

mas

seM

assa

net

taM

asa

neta

Mas

sa li

quid

aN

etto

, čis

táhm

otno

stN

et ağõ

rlõk


Ove

n-dr

y m

ass

Mas

se s

èche

Ofe

ntro

cken

mas

seM

assa

ani

dra

Mas

a an

hidr

aM

assa

ani

dra

Such

á hm

otno

stKu

ru ağõ

rlõk

Com

mer

cial

mas

sM

asse

com

mer

cial

eH

ande

lsm

asse

Mas

sa c

omm

erci

ale

Mas

a co

mer

cial

Mas

sa c

omer

cial

Obc

hodn

í hm

otno

stTi

cari

ağõrlõk

Invo

ice

mas

sM

asse

fact

urée

Rec

hnun

gsm

asse

Mas

sa d

a fa

ttura

reM

asa

a fa

ctur

arM

assa

da

fact

ura

Fakt

urov

aná

hmot

nost

Fatu

ra ağõ

rlõğõ

Tole

ranc

e of

co

mm

erci

al

mas

s

Tolé

ranc

e su

r la

mas

se c

omm

erci

ale

Tole

ranz

der

Han

dels

mas

seTo

llera

nza

della

mas

sa c

omm

erci

ale

Tole

ranc

ia d

e la

mas

a co

mer

cial

Tole

rânc

ia d

am

assa

com

erci

alO

dchy

lka,

tole

ranc

eob

chod

ní h

mot

nost

iTi

cari

ağõrlõk

tole

ransõ

Mat

rix

fib

reFi

bre

à m

atric

eM

atrix

fase

rFi

bra

a m

atric

eFi

bra

mat

rizFi

bra

mat

rizM

atric

ové

vlák

noM

atrik

s ya

põlõ

lif

Mo

du

lus

Mod

ule

Mod

ulM

odul

oM

ódul

oM

ódul

oM

odul

Mod

ül

Cho

rd m

odul

usM

odul

e sé

cant

Seka

nten

mod

ul(C

hord

mod

ul)

Mod

ulo

della

cor

daM

ódul

o se

cant

eM

ódul

o de

cho

rdM

odul

pru

�nos

ti(s

ečna

křiv

ky n

apĕt

í�

defo

rmac

e)

Tanj

ant m

odül

ü

Tang

ent m

odul

usM

odul

e ta

ngen

tTa

ngen

tenm

odul

Mod

ulo

tang

ente

Mód

ulo

tang

ente

Mód

ulo

tang

ente

Tang

ento

vý m

odul

(tečn

a ke

křiv

cena

pĕtí-

defo

rmac

e)

Teğe

t mod

ülü

Mod

ulus

, wet

Mod

ule

au m

ouillé

Nas

smod

ulM

odul

o a

umid

oM

ódul

o en

húm

edo

Mód

ulo

em h

úmid

oM

odul

za

mok

raIs

lak

mod

ül

Mo

istu

re c

on

ten

tH

umid

itéFe

ucht

igke

itsge

halt

Con

tenu

to d

ium

idità

Con

teni

do d

ehu

med

adTe

or d

e hu

mid

ade

Obs

ah v

lhko

sti

Nem

ora

nõ

Mo

istu

re r

egai

nTa

ux d

e re

pris

ed'

hum

idité

Feuc

htig

keits

aufn

ahm

eR

ipre

sa d

i um

idità

Rec

uper

ació

n de

hum

edad

Ret

oma

dehu

mid

ade

Vlhk

ostn

í přir

á�ka

Nem

alm

a

Mo

no

fila

men

t ya

rn (

Mo

no

fil)

Fil

mon

ofila

men

tM

onof

ilam

entg

arn

Mon

ofila

men

to,

mon

obav

aH

ilo M

onof

ilam

ento

Fio

dem

onof

ilam

ento

sN

itÿ z

nek

oneč

ného

vlák

naTe

k fil

amen

tli(M

onof

ilam

ent)

iplik

Mu

ltic

om

po

nen

t fi

bre

Fibr

e à

mul

ticom

posa

nts

Mul

tikom

pone

nten

Fase

rFi

bra

mul

ticom

pone

nte

Fibr

am

ultic

ompo

nent

eFi

bra

mul

ticom

pone

nte

Více

slo�

kové

vlák

noÇ

ok b

ileşe

nli

(Kom

poze

) ely

af

Mu

ltic

on

stit

uen

t fi

bre

Fibr

e à

mul

ticon

stitu

ants

Mul

ti-ko

nstit

uent

enFa

ser

Fibr

am

ultic

ostit

uent

eFi

bra

mul

ticon

stitu

yent

eFi

bra

mul

ticon

stitu

ida

Mul

tikon

stitu

entn

ívl

ákno

Çok

bileşe

nli

(Kom

poze

) ely

af

Mu

ltif

ilam

ent

yarn

(M

ult

ifil)

Fil

mul

tifila

men

tM

ultif

ilam

entg

arn

Mul

tifila

men

to,

mul

tibav

aH

ilo m

ultif

ilam

ento

Fio

mul

tifila

men

toN

itÿ z

nek

oneč

ných

vlák

enÇ

ok fi

lam

entli

iplik


Mu

ltip

le w

ou

nd

ya

rn (

syn

:

Ass

emb

led

ya

rn)

Fil a

ssem

blé

Gef

acht

es G

arn

Bina

to o

acc

oppi

ato

Hilo

de

arro

llado

múl

tiple

(sin

ómim

o:hi

lo a

sam

blad

o)

Fio

junt

oSd

ru�e

ná n

itÿBü

küm

süz

(kat

lõ)ip

lik

Net

mas

sM

asse

net

teN

etto

mas

seM

assa

net

taM

asa

neta

Mas

sa li

quid

aN

etto

, čis

táhm

otno

stN

et ağõ

rlõk

No

min

al le

ng

thLo

ngue

ur n

omin

ale

Nen

nlän

geLu

nghe

zza

nom

inal

eLo

ngitu

d no

min

alC

ompr

imen

tono

min

alJm

enov

itá d

élka

Nom

inal

(İtib

ari)

elya

f boy

u

No

min

al li

nea

r d

ensi

tyM

asse

liné

ique

nom

inal

eN

ennf

einh

eit

Den

sità

line

are

nom

inal

eD

ensi

dad

linea

lno

min

alD

ensi

dade

line

arno

min

alJm

enov

itá d

élko

váhm

otno

stN

omin

al (İ

tibar

i)ip

lik/fi

til/e

lyaf

num

arasõ

No

min

al t

itre

(No

min

al c

ou

nt)

Titre

nom

inal

Nen

ntite

rTi

tolo

nom

inal

eTí

tulo

nom

inal

Titu

lo n

omin

alJm

enov

itý ti

trN

omin

al (İ

tibar

i)ip

lik/fi

til/e

lyaf

num

arasõ

Op

en c

ord

Câb

le g

onflé

Offe

ner K

ord

Cor

d ap

erto

Cab

le a

bier

toC

orda

abe

rtaR

ozvo

lnĕn

ý oc

elov

ýko

rdAçõk

kor

d

Ove

n-d

ry m

ass

Mas

se s

èche

Ofe

ntro

cken

mas

seM

assa

ani

dra

Mas

a an

hidr

aM

assa

ani

dra

Such

á hm

otno

stKu

ru ağõ

rlõk

Pac

kag

eBo

bine

Aufm

achu

ngs-

einh

eit

Con

fezi

one

Uni

dad

de

arro

llam

ient

oEm

bala

gem

Cív

ka s

náv

inem

Sarõlõ i

plik

bobi

ni/m

asur

asõ/l

even

di ,

vb.

Per

man

ent

def

orm

atio

nD

éfor

mat

ion

perm

anen

tePe

rman

ente

Def

orm

atio

nD

efor

maz

ione

perm

anen

teD

efor

mac

ión

perm

anen

teD

efor

maç

ãope

rman

ente

Trva

lá d

efor

mac

eKa

lõcõ

defo

rmas

yon/şe

kil

bozu

lmasõ

Plie

d y

arn

Fil r

etor

sEi

nstu

figer

Zw

irnR

itorto

sem

plic

eH

ilo re

torc

ido

Fio

reto

rcid

oSk

aná

nitÿ

Bükü

mlü

-Kat

lõ ip

lik

PO

Y (

Par

tial

lyO

rien

ted

Yar

n)

Fil c

ontin

upa

rtiel

lem

ent

orie

nté

Teilo

rient

ierte

sFi

lam

entg

arn

Filo

par

zial

men

teor

ient

ato

Hilo

orie

ntad

opa

rcia

lmen

teFi

o pa

rcia

lmen

teor

ient

ado

Čás

tečnĕ

orie

ntov

aná

nitÿ

POY

Pre

con

dit

ion

ing

Préc

ondi

tion-

nem

ent

Vork

limat

isie

rung

Pre-

ambi

enta

men

toPr

eaco

ndic

iona

doPr

écon

dici

ona-

men

toPř

edko

ndic

e,př

edkl

imat

izac

eÖ

nko

ndis

yonl

ama/şa

rtlan

dõrm

a

Pre

-dip

Pré-

trem

page

Vord

ipPr

e-im

preg

nazi

one

Hum

ecta

ción

pre

via

Pré-

impr

egna

ção

Před

bĕ�n

éna

máč

ení

Ön

bany

o


Pre

ten

sio

nPr

éten

sion

Vors

pann

kraf

tPr

eten

sion

ePr

eten

sión

Pré-

tens

ãoPř

edpĕ

tíÖ

n ge

rme

Pu

lpPâ

te à

pap

ier

Pulp

Past

a (d

i leg

no)

Pulp

aPo

lpa

Buniči

naSe

lülo

z ha

mur

u

Reg

ula

r co

rdC

âble

ord

inai

reR

egul

ärer

(nor

mal

er) K

ord

Cor

d re

gola

reC

able

regu

lar

Cor

da re

gula

rPr

avid

elná

(ste

jnomĕr

ná)

kord

ová

nitÿ

?

Rel

ativ

e h

um

idit

yH

umid

ité re

lativ

eR

elat

ive

Luftf

euch

tigke

itU

mid

ità re

lativ

aH

umed

ad re

lativ

aH

umid

ade

rela

tiva

Rel

ativ

ní v

lhko

stBağõ

l (İz

afi)

hava

nem

liliği

Rel

axat

ion

rat

ioTa

ux d

e re

laxa

tion

Rel

axat

ions

-Ve

rhäl

tnis

Rap

porto

di

rilas

sam

ento

Rel

ació

n d

ere

laja

mie

nto

Indi

ce d

e re

laxa

ção

Rel

axač

ní p

omĕr

Rel

aksa

syon

ora

nõ

Res

idu

al t

ors

ion

Tors

ion

rési

duel

leR

estto

rsio

nTo

rsio

ne re

sidu

aTo

rsió

n re

sidu

alTo

rção

resi

dual

Zbyt

ková

torz

e(z

krut

)Ar

tõk to

rsiy

on /

bükü

m

Ro

vin

gM

èche

de

banc

(de

fibre

s di

scon

tinue

s)Vo

rgar

nSt

oppi

noM

echa

Mec

ha d

e ba

nco

ouac

abad

orPř

ást

Fitil

Sam

ple

Echa

ntillo

nPr

obe

Cam

pion

eM

uest

raAm

ostra

Vzor

ekN

umun

e , Ö

rnek

Sh

rin

kag

eR

etra

itSc

hrum

pfR

etra

zion

e (ri

entro

)En

cogi

mie

nto

Enco

lhim

ento

Srá�

ení,

srá�

ivos

tÇ

ekm

e

Boilin

g w

ater

sh

rinka

geR

etra

it à

l�eau

boui

llant

eKo

chsc

hrum

pfR

etra

zion

e al

l'eb

olliz

ione

Enco

gim

ient

o po

rag

ua h

irvie

ndo

Enco

lhim

ento

em

água

ferv

ente

Srá�

ení,

srá�

ivos

tza

var

uKa

ynar

sud

a çe

kme

Hot

wat

er s

hrin

kage

Ret

rait

à l'e

auch

aude

Hei

ssw

asse

r-sc

hrum

pfR

etra

zion

e in

acq

uaca

lda

Enco

lhim

ento

em

água

que

nte

Hot

air

shrin

kage

, af

ter t

reat

men

tR

etra

it à

l'air

chau

d,ap

rès

le tr

aite

men

tH

eiss

lufts

chru

mpf

(nac

h de

rBe

hand

lung

)

Ret

razi

one

ad a

riaca

lda

(dop

o il

tratta

men

to)

Enco

gim

ient

o po

rai

re c

alie

nte,

tram

ient

o po

ster

ior

Enco

lhim

ento

a a

rqu

ante

(dep

ois

detra

tam

ento

)

Srá�

ení,

srá�

ivos

tho

rkým

vzd

uche

m(p

o úp

ravĕ

)

Sõca

k ha

vada

çekm

e (İş

lem

sonu

nda)

Hot

air

shrin

kage

, du

ring

treat

men

t

Ret

rait

à l'a

ir ch

aud,

pend

ant l

etra

item

ent

Hei

sslu

ftsch

rum

pf(w

ähre

nd d

erBe

hand

lung

)

Ret

razi

one

(rien

tro)

ad a

ria c

alda

(dur

ante

iltra

ttam

ento

)

Enco

gim

ient

o po

rai

re c

alie

nte

dura

nte

eltra

tam

ient

o

Enco

lhim

ento

a a

rqu

ente

(dur

ante

otra

tam

ento

)

Srá�

ení,

srá�

ivos

tho

rkým

vzd

uche

m(bĕh

em ú

prav

y)

Sõca

k ha

vada

çekm

e (İş

lem

sõra

sõnd

a)

Sin

gle

yar

nFi

l sim

ple

Einf

achg

arn

Filo

sin

golo

Hilo

sen

cillo

Fio

sing

elo

Jedn

oduc

há n

itÿTe

k ka

t ipl

ik

Siz

eEn

colla

geSc

hlic

hte

Inco

llagg

ioEn

cola

doEn

cola

do�l

icht

aH

aşõl

Sliv

erR

uban

de

fibre

sFa

serb

and

Nas

tro, t

opC

inta

Mec

haPr

amen

Şerit


Sp

ecim

enEp

rouv

ette

Mes

spro

beC

ampi

one

Prob

eta

Amos

traZk

u�eb

ní v

zore

kN

umun

e , Ö

rnek

Sp

un

yar

nFi

lé d

e fib

reSp

innf

aser

garn

Fila

toH

ilado

Fiad

oPř

eden

á ni

tÿKe

sik

elya

f ipl

iği ,

Eğiri

lmiş

iplik

Sta

bili

sed

fal

se

twis

t ya

rnFi

l fau

sse

tors

ion

fixée

(FTF

)Fa

lsch

dral

lgar

n,ni

eder

elas

tisch

(Set

-Gar

n)

Filo

a fa

lsa

tors

ione

fissa

to (F

TF)

Hilo

de

fals

a to

rsió

nes

tabi

lizad

aFi

o de

fals

a to

rção

esta

biliz

ada

Stab

ilizov

aná,

nepr

avým

zák

rute

mtv

arov

aná

nit

Çift

fõrõn

lõ , y

alan

cõbü

küm

lü te

kstü

reip

lik

Sta

ple

fib

reFi

bre

disc

ontin

ueSp

innf

aser

Fibr

a di

scon

tinua

Fibr

a di

scon

tinua

Fibr

a em

ram

aSt

aplo

vé v

lákn

o,stří�

Kesi

k el

yaf

Leng

th o

f sta

ple

Long

ueur

des

fibr

esSt

apel

fase

rläng

eLu

nghe

zza

di ta

glio

Long

itud

de fi

bra

Com

prim

ento

da

ram

aD

élka

�tá

plu

Elya

f boy

u , K

esim

boyu

Squa

re c

ut s

tapl

e fib

res

Fibr

e di

scon

tinue

àco

upe

droi

teSp

innf

aser

mit

Rec

htec

ksch

nitt

Fibr

e a

tagl

ioqu

adra

toFi

bras

de

corte

cuad

rado

Fibr

a em

ram

a de

corte

qua

drad

oStří�

se čt

verc

ovým

řeze

mKe

sik

elya

f , n

orm

alke

sim

Varia

ble

leng

th (o

r bi

as c

ut) s

tapl

e fib

res

Fibr

e di

scon

tinue

àco

upe

en b

iais

Spin

nfas

er m

itva

riabl

erSt

apel

läng

e

Fibr

e a

tagl

iova

riabi

le (t

aglio

trian

gola

re)

Fibr

as c

orta

das

delo

ngitu

d va

riabl

e (o

corte

al s

esgo

)

Fibr

a em

ram

ade

corte

var

iáve

lStří�

s p

romĕn

livým

stap

lem

zís

kaná

řezá

ním

Değ

işke

n (v

aria

bl)

boyd

a ke

silm

iş e

lyaf

Stre

tch-

brok

en

fibre

sFi

bre

disc

ontin

ueob

tenu

e pa

rcr

aqua

ge p

arét

irage

(Fib

recr

aqué

e)

Rei

sssp

innb

and

Fibr

a di

scon

tinua

stra

ppat

aFi

bra

craq

uead

aFi

bra

conv

ertid

aStří�

s p

romĕn

livým

stap

lem

zís

kaná

trhán

ím

Ger

me-

kopa

rma

elya

f

Ste

el c

ord

Câb

le d

'aci

erSt

ahlk

ord

Cor

da (f

une)

d'ac

ciai

oC

able

de

acer

oC

orda

de

aço

Oce

lový

kor

dÇ

elik

kor

d

Ste

el c

ord

wra

pC

âble

d'a

cier

guip

age

Um

win

dung

bei

Stah

lkor

dC

orda

(fun

e)d'

acci

aio

a fil

oat

torc

iglia

to

Arro

llam

ient

o de

cabl

e de

ace

roC

orda

de

aço

de fi

oen

rola

doO

vinu

tí oc

elov

ého

kord

uÇ

elik

kor

d sp

irali

Ste

el f

ilam

ent

Fila

men

t mét

alliq

ue(a

cier

)St

ahlfi

lam

ent

Filo

met

allic

oFi

lam

ento

de

acer

oFi

lam

ento

de

aço

Oce

lové

vlá

kno

Çel

ik fi

lam

ent

Sti

ffn

ess

Rig

idité

Bieg

este

ifigk

eit

Rig

idità

-rigi

dezz

aR

igid

ezR

igid

ezTu

host

Bükü

lme

sertl

iği /

dire

nci

Str

aig

hte

ned

le

ng

thLo

ngue

ur d

éfris

ée(é

tirée

)En

tkrä

usel

te L

änge

Lung

hezz

a de

ldi

sarri

ccia

toLo

ngitu

den

dere

zada

Com

prim

ento

desf

risad

o (a

lisad

o)D

élka

po

vyro

vnán

ízk

adeř

ení

Kõvõ

rcõğõ a

çõlmõş

boy


Str

aig

htn

ess

Rig

idité

Infle

xibi

lität

Infle

ssib

ilità

Escu

adría

Infle

xibi

lidad

e(R

igid

ez)

Vyro

vnán

íD

üzgü

nlük

Str

ain

Allo

ngem

ent r

elat

ifD

ehnu

ng, r

elat

ive

Allu

ngam

ento

rela

tivo

Def

orm

ació

nAl

onga

men

tore

lativ

oPr

ota�

ení,

rela

tivní

Uza

ma

oranõ

Str

and

Toro

nLi

tze

Tref

olo

Cor

dón

Cor

dão

Pram

en, p

rova

zec

İp ,

Sici

m ;

Dam

ar (ç

elik

için

)

Str

eng

thR

ésis

tanc

eFe

stig

keit

Res

iste

nza

Res

iste

ncia

Res

istê

ncia

Pevn

ost

Day

anõm

Str

ess

Con

train

teSp

annu

ngSo

lleci

tazi

one

Esfu

erzo

Esfo

rço

Nam

áhán

íG

erilim

Stre

ss d

ecay

Chu

te d

e co

ntra

inte

Span

nung

sabf

all

Cad

uta

diso

lleci

tazi

one

Def

orm

ació

n de

bida

a la

fuer

zaEs

forç

o de

dete

rioza

ção

Pokl

es n

apĕt

íG

erilim

aza

lmasõ

Str

etch

-bro

ken

fi

bre

sFi

bre

disc

ontin

ueob

tenu

e pa

rcr

aqua

ge (F

ibre

craq

uée)

Rei

sssp

innb

and

Fibr

a di

scon

tinua

stra

ppat

aFi

bra

craq

uead

aFi

bra

conv

ertid

aStří�

s p

romĕn

livým

stap

lem

zís

kaná

trhán

ím

Ger

me-

kopa

rma

elya

f

Stu

ffer

bo

x cr

imp

ed y

arn

Fil t

extu

ré p

ar b

oîte

frisa

nte

Stau

chkr

äuse

lgar

nFi

lo a

rricc

iato

(cre

ttato

) con

cam

era

di c

retto

Hilo

riza

do c

on c

aja

de ri

zado

Fio

frisa

do e

m c

aixa

frisa

dora

Nitÿ

zka

deře

ná v

pĕch

ovac

í kom

oře

(Kõvõrcõk

kut

usun

da)

Sõkõştõrm

a te

kstü

reip

liği

Tab

by

Tabb

yKo

rdge

web

eabs

chn

itt (T

abby

)Ta

bby

Tabb

yTa

bby

Hla

dká

tkan

ina

(taft)

Tabb

y

Tabb

y sa

mpl

eEc

hant

illon

deta

bby

Tabb

ypro

beC

ampi

one

di ta

bby

Mue

stra

de

tabb

yAm

ostra

de

tabb

yVz

orek

hla

dké

tkan

iny

Tabb

y nu

mun

esi

Tan

gle

d y

arn

Fil e

nche

vêtré

Verw

irbel

tes

Gar

nFi

lo in

terla

ccia

toH

ilado

ent

rela

zado

Fio

emar

anha

doPo

cuch

aná

(zap

lete

ná) n

itÿD

olam

alõ (

IMG

�li)ip

lik

Tar

eTa

reTa

raTa

raTa

raTa

raTá

raD

ara

Ten

acit

yTé

naci

téFe

inhe

itsbe

zoge

neZu

gkra

ftTe

naci

tàTe

naci

dad

Tenc

idad

ePo

mĕr

ná p

evno

stM

ukav

emet

Tena

city

at b

reak

Téna

cité

de

rupt

ure

Fein

heits

bei

mBr

uch

Tena

cità

a ro

ttura

Tena

cida

d a

laro

tura

Tena

cida

de à

rotu

raPo

měr

ná p

evno

stpř

i max

imál

níta

hové

síle

Kopm

a da

yanõ

mõ ,

Muk

avem

et (

Max

.yü

kte)


Tena

city

at

spec

ified

el

onga

tion

Téna

cité

sou

sal

long

emen

tsp

écifi

é

Fein

heits

bezo

gene

Zugk

raft

bei

fest

gele

gter

Deh

nung

Tena

cità

ad

allu

ngam

ento

spec

ifico

Tena

cida

d a

unal

arga

mie

nto

espe

cific

ado

Tena

cida

de d

eal

onga

men

toes

pecí

fico

Poměr

ná p

evno

stpř

i dan

émpr

odlo

u�en

í

Belir

li bi

r %uz

amad

am

ukav

emet

Ten

sile

str

eng

thR

ésis

tanc

e à

latra

ctio

nZu

gfes

tigke

itR

esis

tenz

a al

latra

zion

eR

esis

tenc

ia a

latra

cció

nR

esis

tênc

ia à

tracç

ãoPe

vnos

t v ta

huKo

pma

yükü

Ten

sile

str

ess

Con

train

te d

etra

ctio

nZu

gspa

nnun

gSf

orzo

di t

razi

one

Esfu

erzo

de

tracc

ión

Esfo

rço

de tr

acçã

oN

apět

í v ta

huKo

pma

geril

imi

(Biri

m k

esit

alanõn

a)

Ten

sio

nTe

nsio

nZu

g(kr

aft)

Tens

ione

Tens

ión

Tens

ãoN

apĕt

íG

erm

e ku

vvet

i

Ten

sio

nin

g f

orc

eFo

rce

de te

nsio

nZu

gkra

ftFo

rza

dite

nsio

nam

ento

Fuer

za d

ete

nsio

nam

ient

oFo

rça

de te

nsão

Nap

ínac

i síla

Ger

me

kuvv

eti

Tes

t sp

ecim

en

(syn

on

ym:

spec

imen

)

Epro

uvet

te d

'ess

aiM

essp

robe

Prov

etta

Prob

eta

Prov

ete

Zku�

ební

vzo

rek

Num

une

, Örn

ek

Tex

tile

fib

reFi

bre

text

ileTe

xtilf

aser

Fibr

a te

ssile

Fibr

a te

xtil

Fibr

a te

xtil

Text

ilní v

lákn

oTe

kstil

ely

afõ /

lifi

Tex

ture

d f

ilam

ent

yarn

Fil c

ontin

u te

xtur

éTe

xtur

ierte

sFi

lam

entg

arn

Filo

con

tinuo

test

uriz

zato

Hilo

con

tinuo

text

urad

oFi

o co

ntin

uote

xtur

izad

oTv

arov

aná

nit z

neko

nečn

ých

vlák

en

Teks

türe

fila

men

tip

lik

Tit

re (

cou

nt)

Titre

Tite

rTi

tolo

Títu

loTi

tulo

Titr

Num

ara

(İplik

,fiti

l ,el

yafta

)

To

lera

nce

Tolé

ranc

eTo

lera

nzTo

llera

nza

Tole

renc

iaTo

lerâ

ncia

Tole

ranc

e, o

dchy

lka

Tole

rans

, Li

mit

Tole

ranc

e of

co

mm

erci

al

mas

s

Tolé

ranc

e su

r la

mas

se c

omm

erci

ale

Tole

ranz

der

Han

dels

mas

seTo

llera

nza

della

mas

sa c

omm

erci

ale

Tole

ranc

ia d

e la

mas

a co

mer

cial

Tole

rânc

ia d

am

assa

com

erci

alO

dchy

lka,

tole

ranc

eob

chod

ní h

mot

nost

iTi

cari

ağõrlõk

tole

ransõ

To

pR

uban

Fase

rban

dTo

pPe

inad

oTo

p (P

ente

ado)

Čes

anec

Şerit

, To

ps

To

rsio

n t

extu

red

ya

rnFi

l tex

turé

par

tors

ion

Tors

ions

text

urie

rtes

Gar

nFi

lo te

stur

izza

to a

tors

ione

Hilo

tex

turiz

ado

por

tors

ión

Fio

text

uriz

ado

por

torç

ãoN

itÿ tv

arov

aná

krou

cení

mYa

lancõ b

üküm

lüte

kstü

re ip

lik

To

ug

hn

ess

at

bre

akEn

ergi

e de

rupt

ure

Fein

heits

bezo

gene

Höc

hstz

ugkr

aft-

Arbe

it

Lavo

ro a

rottu

raTe

naci

dad

a la

rotu

raTr

abal

ho d

e ro

tura

Rel

ativ

níde

form

ační

prá

ceBi

rim k

opm

a iş

i(M

ax. y

ükte

)


To

ug

hn

ess

at

rup

ture

Ener

gie

à la

rupt

ure

Fein

heits

bezo

gene

Bruc

hkra

ft-Ar

beit

Lavo

ro a

rottu

rasp

ecifi

coTe

naci

dad

a la

rupt

ura

Trab

alho

à ro

tura

espe

cific

aH

ou�e

vnat

ost při

přet

r�en

íBi

rim k

opm

a iş

i(K

opm

ada)

To

wC

âble

de

filam

ents

(pou

r fib

res

disc

ontin

ues)

Kabe

lC

avo

di fi

latu

ra o

tow

(per

fibr

adi

scon

tinua

)

Cab

le (p

ara

fibra

sdi

scon

tinua

s)C

abo

Kabe

lEl

yaf b

andõ

, To

w

Tw

ist

Tors

ion

Dre

hung

Tors

ione

Tors

ión

Torç

ãoZá

krut

Bükü

m

Twis

t fac

tor

Coe

ffici

ent d

eto

rsio

nD

rehu

ngsb

eiw

ert

Coe

ffici

ente

di

tors

ione

Coe

ficie

nte

deto

rsió

nC

oefic

ient

e de

torç

ãoZá

krut

ový

fakt

orBü

küm

kat

sayõ

sõ

Twis

t lev

elN

ivea

u de

tors

ion

Dre

hung

zahl

Num

ero

di to

rsio

niN

ivel

de

tors

ión

Niv

el d

e to

rção

Poče

t zák

rutů

Bükü

m s

ayõsõ

Twis

t liv

elin

ess

Effe

t tor

que

Krin

geln

eigu

ngEf

fetto

torq

ueVi

vaci

dad

de la

tors

ión

Efei

to to

rque

, efe

itode

torç

ãoSk

lon

ke tv

orbě

zákr

utů

Bükü

m c

anlõlõğõ

Tyr

e co

rd f

abri

cTi

ssu

pour

pneu

mat

ique

sR

eife

nkor

dgew

ebe

Tess

uti p

erpn

eum

atic

iTe

jido

de c

able

para

neu

mát

icos

Teci

do p

ara

pneu

sTk

anin

a z

kord

ovéh

o vl

ákna

pro

pneu

mat

iky

Kord

bez

i

Wei

gh

tPo

ids

Gew

icht

Peso

Peso

Peso

Hm

otno

stAğõrlõk

Wet

mo

du

lus

Mod

ule

au m

ouillé

Nas

smod

ulM

odul

o ad

um

ido

Mód

ulo

en h

úmed

oM

ódul

o em

húm

ido

Mod

ul z

a m

okra

Isla

k m

odül

Wir

eFi

l tré

filé

mét

alliq

ueD

raht

Fila

men

to(m

etal

lico)

Alam

bre

Fila

men

to m

etál

ico

Drá

tTe

l

Yar

nFi

lG

arn

Filo

Hilo

Fio

Nitÿ

İplik


terminology.pdf

Documents

generic fibre names

rhodia performance fibres

statistical terms

bisfa definition of

related terms

designation of yarns

technical terms

morphological schemes